How many people are in the household. households

The family is an integral unit of society, and it is impossible to reduce its importance. Not a single nation, not a single civilized society could do without a family. The foreseeable future of society is also not conceivable without a family. For every person, the family is the beginning of the beginning. Almost every person associates the concept of happiness, first of all, with the family: happy is the one who is happy in his home.

The classical definition of a family says that a family is a small social group whose members are connected by marriage, parenthood and kinship, a common life, a common budget and mutual moral responsibility.

The family is a complex sociocultural phenomenon. Its specificity and uniqueness lies in the fact that it focuses almost all aspects of human life and goes to all levels of social practice: from the individual to the socio-historical, from the material to the spiritual. In the structure of the family, three interconnected blocks of relations can be conditionally distinguished: 1 - natural-biological, i.e. sexual and consanguineous; 2 - economic, i.e. relationships based on household, everyday life, family property; 3 - spiritual and psychological, moral and aesthetic, associated with feelings of marital and parental love, with the upbringing of children, with caring for elderly parents, with moral standards of behavior. Thus, only the totality of these connections in their unity creates a family as a special social phenomenon.

deep crisis of modern Russian society and family crisis are closely interrelated and have common roots. Society rests on the spiritual and moral foundations of the human soul, which are laid in the family, formed in it, grow out of it. From the family, a person takes out into the public and public life those qualities that become a source of creation or evil and destruction. Just as a sick cell creates sick organisms, so a spiritually flawed family reproduces morally unhealthy relationships in society.

Do we always think about the questions:

Why is this woman and this man getting married?

Why do people live in families?

- Is the family a personal matter for everyone or is it somehow connected with society?

Does society influence the family, or does society exert “pressure” on the family?

Has the family always existed?

Will the family survive in the future?

– Will the family withstand the severe trials that our society is going through today?

The scope of research is wide and varied. The processes of disintegration and formation of a family, the nature of the performance of its main functions, the characteristics of the relationship of spouses and the causes of family conflicts in the family, social and economic forces that determine her way of life - this is far from complete list only the main questions addressed by experts.

my goal term paper consider the family in the system of social relations.

The object of this course work: family. The subject of the study is the family in the system of social relations.

. The concept and essence of the family and household

One of the most important prerequisites for solving social problems is the study of the family and the family structure of the population. The following definition of family is generally accepted. Family- This is a small group based on marriage or consanguinity, whose members are connected by a common life, mutual assistance, moral and legal responsibility.

However, economists have added their own aspects to it, and they have such a definition. A family is a group of persons living together in the same living space, conducting a joint household and being in a relationship of kinship, marriage or guardianship.

In the USSR population censuses, a family was defined as a group of two or more persons related by kinship or property, living together and having a common budget. People living outside the family were divided into two categories - singles and people living separately from their families. The difference between them depended on whether the person in question had a regular material relationship with any of his relatives. People with such a connection (although this concept was not defined) were considered family members living separately, those without it were considered loners.

This division was introduced during the 1939 census and was maintained until the 1989 census inclusive. It did not make it possible to single out the category of the so-called institutional population in the census materials. Two completely different categories of people were mixed and could not be separated: those living independently, forming households of one person, and those who permanently live together, but do not lead a common household, but are fully or partially supported by the state, public or religious organizations (i.e. e. in institutions such as nursing homes, homes for the disabled, orphanages, chronic hospitals, monasteries, barracks, penitentiary and other institutions.

A smooth transition of statistics to the definition of a household occurred in 1994. During this period, statistics moved to criteria and definitions that correspond to international recommendations.

The following detailed definition of a household was adopted: a household is a socio-economic unit that unites people through relations that arise when organizing their joint life, i.e. maintaining a common household, living together, etc.

A household is:

1) several people living together in the same living quarters, who run a common household, jointly provide themselves with the most necessary things, pooling funds for running a common household;

2) one person who, accordingly, lives alone and provides for himself completely.

A household may include persons who are related by kinship, relationships arising from marriage, or who are not related at all by such relationships, or both.

If a person rents a dwelling from individual citizens, he is not a part of the household where he directly rents a dwelling. This would be considered an independent household of one or more persons.

As a result of processing the materials of the All-Russian Population Census of 2002, information was obtained on the number and groupings households, about types and sizes families belonging to households.

In the 2002 census, the concept of a household first appeared. The household- this is a group of people living in the same dwelling or part of it, jointly providing themselves with food and everything necessary for life, that is, fully or partially combining and spending their money. These people may be related by kinship or marriage, or unrelated, or both. The household could also consist of one person living independently and providing himself with food and everything necessary for life.

From the definition of the concept, it follows that a household united people (not necessarily relatives) leading a common household. And, conversely, if relatives living in the same premises ran a separate household, they were counted as independent households. People without a fixed place of residence, the homeless, were also considered households.

The 2002 census distinguished two types of households. Households living in conventional dwellings, as well as the homeless, are private households. Those who permanently live in institutions of social and medical care, barracks, places of detention, religious organizations are collective households.

In the 2010 census, a household is defined as a group of persons living in a dwelling house or apartment or part of a dwelling house or apartment, providing themselves with the necessary means of subsistence together and pooling all or part of their income, or a person living in a dwelling house, apartment, room or their parts and provide themselves with the necessary means of subsistence.

Households are divided into private households, collective households and homeless households.

Private households are a group of persons or one person living in residential premises (apartments, individual houses, dormitories, other residential premises) and non-residential premises adapted for housing.

Collective households are a group of persons permanently residing in social and medical institutions, in barracks, places of detention, religious organizations (monasteries, seminaries, etc.).

Households of the homeless are a group of persons or one person without a fixed place of residence (homeless).

The recommendations of the UN Statistical and Economic Commissions define the family. Family- a married couple without children or with children of any age, or one parent with children of any age who are not married and do not have children of their own. Fact cohabitation or joint housekeeping in this definition missing.

However, a household has a number of other definitions, for example, depending on the standard of living, it can also be called " household».

Household a small group of people who live in the same dwelling, pool some or all of their income and possessions, and consume certain types of products and services in common, primarily housing services and food.

1897 Then this unit was forgotten for a long time, and only the 2002 population census returned this indicator as a unit of account, along with the quantitative characteristics of marital status.

The household is a type of business entity and has a number of features and differences from the family category. The concepts of "family" and "household" are not identical, although they are closely interrelated.

Family from a sociological point of view, social system, realizing itself in two status characteristics - a social institution and a small social group. As a small group, the family is based on marriage or consanguinity, and its members are bound by common life, mutual moral responsibility and mutual assistance. The structure of the family expresses the totality of relations between its members, including family ties, as well as spiritual and moral relations. In scientific circulation, the concept of “family” was more widely used than “household”, which is explained more by ideological motives than purely scientific ones. It was believed that the “household” category was too neutral, indefinite, the “family” positively reflected social processes, the social value of this institution in life.

individual, society and state. Therefore, it was the family, and not the household, that was considered as the object of sociological study.

The scale of the institution of the family as an object of sociology, There are 34 million married couples in Russia, of which 3 million (10%) are in an unregistered marriage. Moreover, the number of married women is 65 thousand more than the number of married men (for comparison: in 1989 the difference was 28 thousand). The average number of children in a Russian family: 1.5 children in cities, countryside — 1,25

The concept of "household" is broader than the family, as it includes not only relatives, but also non-relatives and may be limited to one member. In foreign sociology, which traditionally uses this concept, a household (hausehold) is a lonely person or a group of people who have one address, share a common table once a day and (or) use a common living space. Russian sociology understands a household as “life, self-organized individual or a group of people living together. This definition is socially more precise. Unlike the family, the household is not a social institution. Members of a household may form a small group even if it is not a family group (for example, a group of cohabiting students), while a family is always a small group. But if one of the family members lives separately, then the composition of the small group exceeds the number of household members.

Household scale as an object of sociological research: 142.7 million Russians live in 52 million 707 thousand private households, i.e. 98% of the country's population. The average size of Russian households is 2.7 people.

In conditions market economy increased economic, economic functions of the household. In the study of economic behavior, consciousness, values ​​and social adaptation of household members, first of all, the structure of households is taken into account, as well as such indicators as the number of its members, demographic composition, family type.

Depending on the type of family, households can be:

• non-family;
• family, when cohabiting persons are spouses, relatives or in-laws (matchmaker, matchmaker, relatives by husband and wife). Most Russian households are family, and almost all families have households (family life is always connected with housekeeping and household organization). The main function of the family household is to organize the life and livelihoods of family members.

The number of family households depends on the number of families, the standard of living and the quality of life of the population, in particular, on the solution of the housing problem. Since Russia traditionally lacks housing and it has become too expensive for mass purchase, the number of family households (52.7 million) is less than those who are married (67.9 million). Many households consist of two families living together in the same area.

Most households (almost 60%) consist of one household member (7 million people). These are the so-called single households, which are primarily composed of pensioners. Half of them are over 70 years old. Therefore, they are also called after family, i.e. households of older people, mostly women, who had a family in the past.

According to the 1994 micro-census, single households in Russia accounted for 20%. In the UK in 1961, single people formed 3.9% of the total number of British households, and 30 years later (in 1992) - 11.1%. The numerical composition of Russian households is presented in Table. 4.14.

As can be seen from the table, the vast majority of Russian households (about 80%) belong to family households consisting of two or more persons related by marriage or blood relationship or property.

Table 4.14. Size of Russian households by the number of their members

mixed household includes other persons besides the family, such as a nanny, a housekeeper, etc.

group household consists of friends, partners who permanently live in the household and take part in its organization and life support.

In addition, households differ in completeness:

• complete nuclear family household - a married couple with or without children;
• single-parent family household - single parents who have either never been married, are widowed, or are divorced and separated and live with unmarried children of any age;
• extended family household - parents living with children who are married.

The general structure is given in table. 4.15.

Distribution of households by socio-territorial structure: in the city there are 39.233 million, in rural areas - 13.474 million. one %). To study the household as an object of economic sociology, the quantitative indicators adopted in population statistics are mainly used.

Table 4.15. Structure of family households in Russia (data from the 1989 population census and the 1994 microcensus), % of the number of households with two or more persons

The question of the household as an object of analysis has been updated in connection with the study of social relations in the economic sphere and the development of the private sector of employment. At the same time, the study of households is based on a number of particular sociological theories, primarily the sociology of the family, the sociology of labor and the sociology of employment.

As the results of the study show, the development of households is associated with the use of land, including various forms of subsidiary farming - a dacha, a garden, a personal plot, etc. of which they own land plots of 6-8 acres acquired in Soviet times.

The subsidiary farm of an urban family has a pronounced vegetable-growing specialization. Families with children under the age of 18 are more often than others (56% vs. 49% in childless families). According to the results of household surveys, family households, for which household farming is the main source of subsistence, are the lowest income group of the population.

Rosstat traditionally conducts sample surveys of household budgets, the results of which serve the tasks of statistical monitoring of the standard of living of the population. These surveys are carried out quarterly in all subjects of the Russian Federation and cover 49,175 households. The sample does not include collective households consisting of persons in hospitals, nursing homes, boarding schools and other institutional settings.

According to the results of a sample survey of household budgets in 2006, the average resources for each household member per month amounted to 7052 rubles. Wherein cash expenses of the total available resources accounted for 87.9%, the increase in savings was only 7.5%, and the cost of in-kind food receipts was 3%. This structure of household resources indicates a low level of the majority Russian population. This indicator is associated with stratification and socio-economic stratification of the population. Note that the distribution of cash income by 20% groups of the population in all countries, except for Russia, by the World Bank estimated on the basis of national data of surveyed households.

The evolution of Russian households in modern conditions determines new types of social adaptation of families to a market economy. From this point of view, the spread of the domestic economy is an indicator of negative trends in the country, when the determining factor in choosing a development model is not the situation in real sector economy, in production (employment, wages, status growth, production behavior), and factors related to family structure: the ratio of able-bodied and incapacitated family members, the availability of skills, social ties, etc. At the same time, “the home economy does not lead to accumulation and development, but only contributes to the survival of the household and the satisfaction of family needs.”

The sphere of domestic economy lies in the area of ​​immeasurable economy, which K. Polanyi called "substantial economy". Human actions in such an economy are motivated by other motives, "than the maximization of profit or welfare." The basic motive in such an economy is the life support of a person and his family. The behavior of a person - a member of the household is distinguished by a certain irrationality and is largely due to traditions and social values.

Distribution of income between households

Households play two roles:

• as the main consumers of goods and services
• as providers of economic resources.

Households as the main consumers of goods and services

This assumption is valid, although they are consumed not only by households, but also by themselves, who, in the course of production activities consume so-called investment goods and services - machinery and equipment, raw materials and materials, financial and intermediary services. Moreover, a large consumer of goods and services is a company that purchases both investment goods (for utilities, power plants, etc.) and consumer goods (for the army, schools, orphanages, etc.). Finally, goods and services are consumed, many of which are created for this purpose (consumer cooperatives, etc.). Nevertheless, households remain the main buyers, especially of consumer goods and services. For example, in Russia in 2002 households consumed 50% of the country's gross domestic product.

Households as the main providers of economic resources for firms

This is an even larger assumption than the previous one, but it is still true in the end. Households are the owners all over the world. and knowledge (especially in the form of education) also belongs not so much to firms and the state as to individuals, i.e. households. IN developed countries they are also the main owners of natural resources (especially land) and capital (through holding bank deposits, as well as shares, stocks and bonds of firms). Therefore, the bulk of income from developed countries comes to households through rent from natural resources, interest and profit from invested capital, income from entrepreneurial abilities and knowledge. Households leave part of these incomes at the disposal of firms for their further development, part of the income is given to the state in the form of taxes, receiving part of it back in the form of social transfers. But even after that, households remain the main recipients of income. So, in Russia in 2000, out of 6.5 trillion rubles. net disposable income (that is, after paying taxes and receiving social transfers) almost 4 trillion received by households, 1.1 trillion by firms (enterprises) and 1.5 trillion by the state, and non-profit organizations had no profits, but losses.

Distribution of income between households

In economics, it is important not only what the incomes of all households combined are, but also how these incomes are distributed among households. In 2002, 46% of the cash income of all Russian households was concentrated in the hands of 20% of the population(moreover, the bulk of these incomes were in the hands of the richest 5% of the population), but in the hands of the poor and the poorest 60% of the population - 31% of cash income.

The first group of the population shows limited demand for Russian-made goods, preferring high-quality imports, and the bulk of the population focused on Russian goods does not have enough money to buy these goods (especially housing and durable goods), spending their cash income mainly for food or, due to poverty, mainly by hand in personal subsidiary plots in the villages and on garden, garden and summer cottages around the cities.

strong social differentiation Russian households are also reflected in their role as providers of economic resources. Thus, the excessive concentration of cash income in the hands of a small group of Russian households and the resulting fear of losing these incomes as a result of their possibly more even distribution (for example, through a revision of the results of privatization or an increase in rent for the use of state natural resources) pushes them to a significant export of capital from the country (directly or through Russian companies). At the same time, the majority of Russian households do not have sufficient income to save money, let alone invest it in Russian economy through banks or the purchase of securities.

The Federal State Statistics Service summed up the results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census, obtained as a result of automated processing census sheets.

1. Number and distribution of the population

According to the All-Russian population census conducted as of October 14, 2010, permanent population Russian Federation amounted to 142.9 million people.

The census took into account 90,000 citizens of the Russian Federation who, as of the date of the census, were abroad on a long-term business trip through state authorities and members of their households living with them (in 2002, 107,000).

In addition, the census took into account 489 thousand people temporarily (less than 1 year) in the territory of the Russian Federation and permanently residing abroad (in 2002 - 239 thousand people).

The Russian Federation ranks eighth in the world 1 in terms of population after China (1335 million people), India (1210 million people), USA (309 million people), Indonesia (238 million people), Brazil (191 million people) ), Pakistan (165 million) and Bangladesh (147 million).

Compared to the 2002 census, the population has decreased by 2.3 million people, including in urban settlements- by 1.1 million people, in rural areas - by 1.2 million people.

Urban to rural ratio amounted in 2010 to 74% and 26%, respectively.

The population of the Russian Federation lives in 2,386 urban settlements (cities and urban-type settlements) and 134,000 rural settlements.

Changes in the placement of the urban population are characterized by the following data:

93% of the urban population lives in cities (in 2002 - 90%), the rest urban population lives in urban-type settlements.

Accommodation of the rural population characterized by the following data:

During the intercensal period, the number of rural settlements decreased by 8.5 thousand villages and villages. This happened due to the inclusion of rural settlements within the boundaries of cities and urban-type settlements, as well as their liquidation by decisions of local authorities in connection with natural decline and migration outflow of the population to other settlements. At the same time, the census recorded 19.4 thousand rural settlements in which the population actually did not live. Compared to the last census, the number of such settlements has increased by 48 percent.

2. Distribution of the population on the territory of the Russian Federation

Population by federal districts changed as follows:

3. Age and sex composition

According to the 2010 census, women outnumber men by 10.8 million. In 2002, this excess was 10.0 million people.

There were 1163 women per 1000 men in 2010 and 1147 in 2002.

According to the 2010 census, the predominance of the number of women over the number of men is noted from the age of 30 (in 2002 - from the age of 33).

Significant changes have taken place in age group population.

According to the results of the All-Russian population census of 2010 average age population of the country was 39 years (in 2002 - 37.7 years).

The age-sex pyramid clearly illustrates the changes that have taken place during the intercensal period.

4. Marital status, fertility

Number couples amounted to 33 million (in 2002 - 34 million). Of the total number of married couples, 4.4 million (13%) were in an unregistered marriage (in 2002 - 3.3 million, or 9.7%).

The marriage structure of the population aged 16 and over is characterized by the following data:

In addition, 1.8 thousand people under the age of 16 indicated that they were married, of which 1.1 thousand people were unregistered (in 2002, respectively, 3.7 thousand people and 2 2 thousand people).

According to the 2010 census, the birth rate among women aged 15 and over living in private households is characterized by the following data:

The average number of children born by women decreased from 1513 in 2002 to 1469 in 2010 per 1000 women. . - 1993).

Of the total number of women aged 15 and over who gave birth, 19% of women aged 15-19 gave birth to their first child, 54% aged 20-24, 19% aged 25-29, aged 30 -34 years - 5.3%, aged 35 years and over - 1.9% of women.

5. Number and composition of households

In 2010, there were 54.6 million private households 3 in which 141.0 million people lived, or 99% of the total population of Russia. By size, private households (hereinafter - households) are distributed as follows:

The average household size (average number of household members) in Russia has decreased and amounted to 2.6 people (in 2002 - 2.7 people). The low average household size in Russia as a whole is due to the presence of a large number of households consisting of one and two people, such households make up more than half of all private households.

Among households with two or more people, 17.9 million households (44%) have children under the age of 18 (in 2002, households with children under the age of 18 accounted for 52%). During the intercensal period, the number of households without children under 18 increased by 15%.

Households with 1 child still dominate in both urban and rural households.

In collective households (these are people living in orphanages, boarding schools for orphans and children left without parental care, stationary social service institutions, barracks, places of deprivation of liberty, monasteries and similar specialized institutions), 1.8 million people, and in 2002 - 2.3 million people. During the 2010 census, 34 thousand homeless households were recorded (in 2002 - 68 thousand), which include almost 64 thousand people (in 2002 - 143 thousand people).

6. National composition, language skills, citizenship

In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, nationality during the survey of the population was indicated by the respondents themselves on the basis of self-determination and was recorded by the census workers strictly from the words of the respondents. By revising national composition population, it should be borne in mind that the population of individual nationalities could be affected by the fact that the population had the right not to answer the question of nationality. In this regard, in 2010, 5.6 million people (almost 4.0%, in 2002 - 1.5 million people, or 1%) do not have information about their nationality, of which about 3.6 million people received information from administrative sources, and 2 million people did not identify their nationality.

The change in the population of the most numerous nationalities is characterized by the following data4:

Of the total number of private households consisting of 2 or more people, 84% of households are mono-ethnic, where all members of the household belong to the same nationality.

In 2010 proficiency in Russian 138 million people indicated (99.4% of those who answered the question about knowledge of the Russian language), in 2002 - 142.6 million people (99.2%). Among the townspeople, 101 million people (99.8%) spoke Russian, and among the rural population - 37 million people (98.7%).

Among other languages the most common are English, Tatar, German, Chechen, Bashkir, Ukrainian, Chuvash.

Possession of the Russian sign language of the deaf was indicated by 121 thousand people.

population citizens of the Russian Federation amounted to 137.9 million people (99.4% of persons who indicated citizenship), 0.7 million people have citizenship of other states and 0.2 million people are stateless. Of the total number of citizens of the Russian Federation, 79 thousand people have two citizenships. More than 4.1 million people do not have citizenship on the census form.

The change in the citizenship of the Russian population during the intercensal period can be seen from the following data:

7. The level of education of the population

The 2010 census took into account 110.6 million people aged 15 and over with basic general education and above, representing 91% of this age group. Compared to 2002, the number of people with the above level of education increased by 1.2 million people (1.1%).

The dynamics of the level of education of the population aged 15 years and over is as follows:

Of the total number of people with higher vocational education 1.1 million people (4.3%) have a bachelor's degree, 25.1 million people (93%) have a specialist 5, and 0.6 million people (2.3%) have a master's degree.

Among specialists with higher professional education, 707 thousand people have postgraduate education (in 2002 - 369 thousand people).

There are 596,000 candidates of sciences and 124,000 doctors of sciences in Russia. There are 265,000 women (44%) among Candidates of Sciences, 41,000 (33%) among Doctors of Sciences. By age, candidates of science are dominated by people of working age (65%), among doctors of science - people older than working age (51%).

The number of people with incomplete higher education has increased (by 44%), while 68% of them continue their education.

The number of people with secondary (complete) general education slightly increased (by 189,000 people, or by 0.9%). At the same time, the number of people aged 15 and over with basic general and primary education has decreased.

It should be noted that the proportion of the illiterate population aged 10 years and over is decreasing. If in 2002 the proportion of illiterates in this age group was 0.5%, then in 2010 it was 0.3%. Among the illiterate population, 42% are persons aged 60 and over (67% in 2002).

8. Livelihoods

In 2010, 103.6 million people had one source of livelihood, 33.0 million people had two sources, and 2.2 million people had three sources or more.

The types of sources of livelihood and the number of people who named them and the main source are characterized by the following data:

9. Economic activity of the population

Change in the economic activity of the population aged 15-64 years old living in private households in the intercensal period is characterized by the following data:

The economic activity of the population increased by 6.1%, while the growth was due to an increase in employed population(by 8.8%) while reducing the number of unemployed (by 16%).

The number of economically inactive population (for example, non-working pensioners, students, housewives, persons who do not have and do not job seekers) decreased by 18%, and their share among the population of private households aged 15-64 was 25% against 31% in 2002.

In 2010, out of 109 million people aged 15-72 living in private households, 72 million (66%) were economically active, while 32 million (29%) were economically inactive and 5 million ( 5%) did not indicate economic activity.

Almost 66 million people (or 91%) of the economically active population aged 15-72 are employed in the economy, and 6.3 million (or 9%) are unemployed. Among the unemployed, 2.8 million people, or 44%, are young people aged 15-29.

In 2010, 1.7 million employed people (2.5%) indicated that they had more than one job.

Of the total number of people aged 15-72 employed in the economy, the absolute majority - 61.6 million people (94%) - are employed. Compared to 2002, the number of employees increased by 5.8%. The number of employers employing employees to carry out their activities amounted to 1.4 million people (in 2002 - 923 thousand people).

Much is now being said about the high cost of housing, about the low rates of housing construction. But what is the need for housing that exists in Russia on this moment? This question was asked by the Institute of International Economic and Political Studies (IMEPI) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which devoted a special study to this problem.

To begin with, it is necessary to clearly distinguish such categories as demand and need. Demand is the ability to pay, and need is a more evaluative category, which is associated with the definition of the standard of living in society and the realization of the right to housing. In Russia, for example, the measure of needs is often taken as the so-called social standard - 18 square meters. m area per person. Officially, the scale of the need for housing is expressed in the number of citizens who are on the waiting list for better housing conditions - now it is about 4.4 million families, or 9% of the total.

But the size of living space does not fully reflect housing needs. There is a basic need to have a roof over your head, and other factors are superimposed on it, which reflect the preferences of each individual household. Allocating a separate dwelling to each household does not solve the housing problem. Not only is there a surplus of housing relative to the number of households and a variety of housing in all parts of the country, the structure of distribution of housing is also important.

Structure of households in Russia

At present, it is quite difficult to assess the need for housing in our country. On the one hand, there is a decrease in the population, and migration no longer ensures growth. On the other hand, the need for housing depends on the number of families and households. Unlike a family, a household may include non-relatives and may consist of one person. The 2002 census counted 52.7 million private households, in which 142.8 million people live, or 98% of the total population of Russia. By size, private households are distributed as follows (see table).

Thus, despite the decline in the population, the need for housing increases as the number of households grows: the young want to live separately, the elderly live longer, the number of divorced increases. To meet this need, it is necessary to build new houses. But those already built fall into disrepair, become uninhabitable if they are not restored or replaced with new ones. The average area per inhabitant in Russia is 20.2 sq. m (in 1998 - 18.8 sq. m) - this is more than the social norm. But be aware of the paradoxes of averages, this figure is adjusted for household size and the presence of children, which, as the data show, significantly affect the size of housing.

If we consider the distribution of households by the number of rooms, then one room is occupied by approximately 16% of households, two rooms - by 41.6%, three or more rooms - by 42.3% of households.

On average, there are 1.2 people per room in Russia, i.e., a significant part of the population does not have a separate room.

Criteria for needing housing

Significant disparities in the distribution of housing require clarification of certain criteria for "housing need". These include the following concepts.

Overcrowding - more than one household lives in the same building. There are two forms of overpopulation. Firstly, families living in the same apartment may not have family ties - this is the so-called communal apartment. According to official data, in Russia 2.2% of households live in communal apartments, in Moscow this figure is higher - about 3%. This also includes hostels. Although their share is declining, currently 1.4% of households have a vest in dormitories (for comparison: approximately 74% of households have a separate apartment, 17.5% of households - a separate house). Secondly, overpopulation implies the presence of family ties. It can be determined if household members are on the waiting list for housing.

The concept of low quality housing stock"includes two parameters - dilapidated and dilapidated housing (old buildings unsuitable for habitation) and uncomfortable housing (in which there is no hot water, gas, electricity, elevators, etc.). The level of improvement of the housing stock can be judged by the following figures: currently in the city housing stock 87% of the area is equipped with water supply, 85% with sewerage, 88% with central heating, 80% with bathroom, 77% with hot water supply, 69% with gas.

In Russia, a significant amount of housing is dilapidated and dilapidated - it is approximately 91 million square meters. m total area. And his specific gravity in the housing stock is increasing: if in 1995 its share was 1.4%, now it has reached 3.2%. According to official data, residential buildings older than 30 years make up 62% of the total housing stock, and the degree of deterioration of a third of the housing stock exceeds 60%.

Problems with; rent and public Utilities: Households spend more than a certain percentage of their income on housing and utilities. Currently, the average rent is about 19% total income Russian family.

Social indications - there are categories of citizens who, according to objective indications, need a separate room. First of all, these are people suffering from certain types of diseases and having a disability. Moreover, in the latter case, a person needs specially equipped housing (for example, the presence of ramps). At present, for example, in Russia there are almost 11 million people with disabilities, or 76.2 people per 1,000 people.

The check, please

Currently, the housing stock in the Russian Federation is 2.85 billion square meters. m. Is it enough to solve the housing problem and provide the population with decent housing? According to official estimates, the need is another plus 2.6 billion square meters. m - you need to build almost as much as you already have - a task that is hardly feasible in the foreseeable future.

According to statistics, there are now about 56 million apartments in Russia, and the number of households is approximately 53 million. It turns out that in our country there is even a physical surplus of housing stock. Especially when you consider the process of reducing the country's population. In accordance with demographic forecasts, by 2016 the population of Russia will amount to 134.4 million people, that is, it will decrease compared to. 2001 by 10.4 million people, or 7.2%.

A survey conducted by the Public Opinion Foundation showed that the shortage and high cost of housing worries an average of 17% of respondents. At the same time, in the age group from 18 to 35 years, this problem was noted by 25% of respondents. inequality in living conditions is gradually becoming more significant than income stratification.

The household

(House hold)

The household is a separate cell of society that supplies the economy with resources and uses the money received for them.

Definition of a household, classification, types and types, financial relations of households and their role in the development of market relations

Home improvement is the definition

Household, household (household) is an economic unit that supplies the economy with resources and uses the proceeds from them to purchase final products. Received money divided into household consumption and savings.

Household (household, peasant yard, home group, economic group) (household)- this a separate cell of society within which the production of a public good takes place, its consumption, as well as the reproduction of labor power, that is, the person himself.

An economic unit consisting of one or more people. It ensures the production and reproduction of human capital. It makes its own decisions consumer market. It is the owner of some factor of production ( , capital, work force). Strives to meet your needs as best as possible.

All residents of a housing unit sharing a common household.

Household (household) is the basic unit of consumption for most consumer goods. Household appliances (TVs, refrigerators, home computers), furniture, housing, food are consumed by the household rather than by individuals. The consumption patterns of each member of the household are interdependent. So, for example, buying a bicycle for a child often means reducing the possibility of buying a coat for another family member.

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Among all private households with children under the age of 18, more than 6.5%, or 1396 thousand, are households with 3 or more children.

Almost 5 million children live in such "large" households:

Analyzing the choice of a classification option for its intended purpose, i.e., areas of practical application, one can see the peculiarity of families and households intended for housing construction design.

Household and its types

The household is the basic unit of consumption for most consumer goods. Household appliances (TVs, refrigerators, home computers), furniture, housing, food are consumed by the household rather than by individuals. The consumption patterns of each member of the household are interdependent. So, for example, buying a bicycle for a child often means decline the possibility of buying a coat for another family member.

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The terms "family" and "household" are distinct, although they are sometimes used interchangeably. A family is a group of two or more people who are related by blood, marriage or adoption and live together.

A nuclear family is a group consisting of a father, mother, and child(ren) living together. The nuclear family has several variations:

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This is a family with one of the parents, formed as a result of a divorce or death of the other parent. In both cases, it is more common for children and mother to stay together as a nuclear family;

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The extended family is the nuclear family plus other relatives such as grandparents, uncles and aunts. Extended families are typical for the countries of the East, common in the Russian Federation, but not typical for the United States.

The household has a direct impact on consumption and therefore its characteristics must be taken into account for the development of marketing decisions. It also plays a decisive role in the socialization of children as consumers. The family household is the main mechanism for the transmission of cultural values ​​and social class values ​​to the next generation.

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Consumer behavior of a household depends on its structure, stage life cycle And process buying decisions. All these factors determine the strategy for analyzing the market situation for goods and services consumed by families or households.

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Due to the different meanings given in different states to the concept of a household, there are different types households. Since the composition of a group of people forming a household can change over time, households go through certain cycles of development and decline. Economists have developed the concept of household life cycle stages.

Family households are the most common. The main thing for this classification of households is the presence of a family whose household is the core of the household.

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The household and the family are united by the interdependence of the consumption of each member of the household on the consumption of others. Like a family, household expenses are agreed between members according to some rules.

However, a distinction should also be made between household activities as a broader concept and running the household as the family's domestic economy.

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The family household is the main mechanism for the transmission of cultural values ​​and social class values ​​to the next generation.

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The family household is the main environment for the formation of future consumers, which is called consumer socialization. Consumer socialization is process the acquisition by young people of skills, knowledge and attitudes that affect their functioning in the market as consumers. Consumer socialization occurs as the transfer of cultural values ​​from one generation to another in a nuclear (with both parents) or extended family (for example, in an orphanage or in a family of several generations).

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non-family household

Non-family households include non-family and public types of households.

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The term out-of-family household can be used to refer to a household in which one person runs his own household alone or a group of people who are not related by marriage, but who have a common one. This household can also be formed by divorced spouses or people who may form a family in the future.

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It is also possible to single out collective public households, when people are forced to live in the same room and run a common household. Examples of such households are residents of hostels, boarding schools, boarding schools for the elderly, monasteries and other (institutional) institutions, united in a group with a common budget. The definition of a public collective household includes military personnel living in separate garrisons, patients who are in hospitals for a long time, prisoners serving long sentences, etc.

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Household Features

Definition of a household in different countries may be different, but General characteristics households make it possible to distinguish this phenomenon in all countries. To characterize a group of people, consisting of one or more people, as an independent economic unit list the main features of the household:

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Households are usually made up of family farms. However, these concepts, although close, do not coincide. It is no coincidence that the UN recommendations for statistical accounting of households give such a definition of them: “a person or group of persons united in order to provide everything necessary for life”, in which the family is not mentioned at all.

One of the key criteria for distinguishing a household from a family is the presence of separate budgets for each household. For example, a family consisting of relatives of three generations (grandfather, grandmother, father, mother and grandchildren) can carry out their activities both within one household (living together) and several, living separately and having different budgets.

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In the first case, a family coincides with a household; in the second case, it consists of several households. At the same time, this criterion is relative. On the one hand, the isolation of budgets does not exclude both returnable and gratuitous monetary and in-kind "subsidies" from members alone. big family others, even if they live separately. On the other hand, in families living together, considered as a single household, in addition to contributions to the general family budget, each family member also has personal means of subsistence.

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It should be emphasized that the degree of proximity of the concepts of "family" and "household", as a rule, is associated with the sociocultural characteristics of society, with society's attitudes towards the elderly, also depends on religion, on the prevailing morality and economic mentality. It is widely believed that in the Romanesque countries(Italy, Spain, countries Latin America) traditionally families and households are close to each other, in any case, less atomized than in the Anglo-Saxon countries (for example, in USA). This means that usually a young Italian, even if he starts his own family, still continues to closely communicate with his parents and other relatives, helping them and receiving material support from them. On the contrary, in USA It is generally accepted that young Americans “break away” from parents and other family members early, “forging their way in life” only at the expense of own funds and effort.

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It is also necessary to distinguish the concept of "household" from the actual activities of housekeeping - the "home economy". "Home Economy" includes economic activity exclusively inside the house: its cleaning, cooking, household budget, childcare, etc. The concept of "household" is much broader. Household activities include both non-market housekeeping and market interaction with other entities. market economy.

The role of the household in the modern world

In the life of each member, the role of the household is so significant that sometimes he cannot exist separately, but more often he tacitly considers such participation beneficial. People who earn and the strongest members of the household find it necessary to share privileges with the weak, as they see some sense in this. Therefore, household incomes are formed from the earnings of members outside the household, but by their tacit consent they are distributed according to the needs of the other members. Expenses of households per member do not depend on the amount of his earnings outside the household.

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The main meaning of the household is the reproduction of the spiritual, moral and physical strength of each member of the household. This is the main difference between the household and the family, since the purpose of the family is the sexual satisfaction of members and the birth of children.

Household Functions

The defining function for the household is the function of reproduction (replenishment costs and accumulation) of human capital. The concept of "human capital" refers to the totality of knowledge, skills, and experience that are inseparable from a person, by realizing which an individual creates material conditions for himself and his loved ones.

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Households with many members usually have a "head of the family" - an informal leader. It is to him that both the authority and responsibility are transferred to represent the interests of the household, make the most important decisions and manage the family budget. Within a household, there is often a “division of spheres of influence”, when different people have priority in solving different issues (one of the typical situations is the husband “earns money”, and the wife brings up the children). At the same time, it is assumed that each of the members of the household strives to the best of his ability to contribute to his activities, helping all his relatives. Superiority within a household is determined primarily by the social status of its various members and their income levels. But of great importance are also the characteristics of the characters, the desire and ability to lead within this small group. It is not uncommon for families where the head is actually just the less successful in the “outside world” spouse or spouse.

The existence of the "head" of the family and the situation of power relations implies the presence of another important function of the household - the protection of the weaker members of the household by the stronger ones. This implies, first of all, the transfer to adults of the right to control over the younger and elderly members of the household, in return for which the latter are guaranteed care.

Households as Market Entities

Between members of one household, a natural exchange of services and goods is characteristic, but due to the fact that household finances are spent due to the general consent of all family members and for the common good, the household acts as a single organism in the market. In most countries of the world economic statistics takes into account the number of households and household consumption.

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Income households are funds received by members from outside, which are used to purchase goods and services that satisfy the immediate material, spiritual and social needs of household members. The essence of the household lies not only in serving the needs of individual members through the conduct of a common household, but also in the external interaction of household members with other entities in the interests of the entire household.

Households are organized economic entities that conduct economic activities to meet needs.

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At present, with changes in society, the number of one-person households has increased, as well as non-family households in which people live who are not related by kinship or marriage. The purpose of the household is to maximize the satisfaction of the desires and needs of all its members, but thanks to the group (collective) decision-making mechanism, the interests of the entire household as a whole are taken into account in the first place. For family households, the care of children comes to the fore - their health, upbringing and getting a good education.

Household finances

The structure of income and expenses of households largely depends on the conditions of the external environment in which they carry out their activities. At the same time, it is possible to single out the most important groups of both income and expenses, which are common to all types of households.

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Unlike the budget of the company and the state budget, the household budget does not always keep accurate accounting costs and incomes, many cost items are not planned, financing of individual items is sporadic and is carried out according to the residual principle (there is “free” money - I bought a ticket to the cinema, there is no money - I started watching TV).

Household (household) finances, like the finances of society as a whole, are economic monetary relations on the formation and use of funds Money in order to provide material and social conditions life of the members of this economy and their reproduction. Being a link in the financial system at the level of an individual family, they are the primary element of the socio-economic structure of society. Unlike commercial finance enterprises and organizations that are crucial in the creation, primary distribution and use of the value of gross domestic product (GDP) and national income, household finance has not yet become a priority financial system and play a subordinate, albeit important, role in the totality of financial relations.

The essence of household finance finds its manifestation in functions. Currently, they perform two basic functions:

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Ensuring the vital needs of the household (in particular, the family) is the initial and main function household finance, it creates real conditions for the existence of members of the economy. Development market relations significantly influenced the form of manifestation of this function - for example, in period natural economy, the products created by the members of the economy satisfied their needs, and the exchange of surplus products arose rarely, in small quantities and in the neighborhood.

As a result of commodity-money relations, the emergence, and then the expansion of the market, the following occurred: the expansion of the material, social, cultural and other needs of households; creation and growth of household funds; the emergence of a monetary fund - the budget of the household, designed to provide material benefits.

The distribution function is the primary distribution of the national income and the formation of the primary incomes of the economy, when primary incomes are created. income in the form of salaries, pensions, benefits. At the same time, funds within the household are distributed among the members of the household through the formation, distribution and use of cash funds. The income generated in the course of such a redistribution must ensure a correspondence between the material and financial resources of the economy and, above all, between the size of monetary funds and their structure, on the one hand, and the volume and structure of the means of production and consumer goods, on the other. This function includes three consecutive steps: the formation, distribution and use of funds.

The financial resources of the household directly form the household budget (see Table 1). In terms of its material content, the household budget is a form of formation and use of the cash fund of this economy, it combines the total income of household members and expenses that provide for their personal needs. The funds of the household budget are constantly lacking due to the expansion of the needs of household members. The lack of budget funds forces household members, in addition to selling labor at the main place work and receiving remuneration under employment contracts, conduct personal subsidiary farming, carry out individual labor and entrepreneurial activities, rent and durable items for rent, purchase and sell securities etc.

Within the framework of the budget, separate cash USD - CAD are formed.

Gross household income includes:

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In-kind income - mainly consists of products received in personal subsidiary plots or in kind from agricultural enterprises, and consumed on the farm, as well as benefits provided by the state and various enterprises, subsidies, gifts in kind (without accounting accumulated savings;

Cash income is the amount of money that a household has to cover its costs, they are the predominant part of the household income and are formed from such sources.

Monetary income is formed from the following sources:

- Payment labor of members of households (families), received when fulfilling labor agreements upon employment, as well as bonuses, additional payments, permanent wage increases, payments by employers for socio-cultural purposes: benefits, payment transport services, vouchers, etc.;

Income from entrepreneurial activity in the form of profit, dividends, interest on securities and deposits, rent, etc.;

State social payments (transfers): pensions, allowances and other payments from the budget and off-budget social funds.

In our country, the ratio between these three sources of income has changed dramatically from time to time. Under the dominance of state property, payments from the budget were also the main income of households. With the development of market relations, the role of the second source of replenishment of the budget of the household (family) began to increase.

However, even today wages remain the main benefit in many households (families). The value of a particular type of source in a particular family is determined by its social composition. Thus, there are households where wages are almost 100% of cash income (a working married family without children). There are households where cash income is generated only through state social transfers (for example, retired spouses raising young grandchildren). The structure of household income is also influenced by the place of residence - in the city or in the countryside.

Household wages

Wage today is the main source of income for members of many households (families). According to Article 129 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, wages are remuneration for work, depending on the qualifications of the employee, the complexity, quantity, quality and conditions of the work performed, as well as compensation and incentive payments.

The majority of workers (more than 60%) work in the non-state sector of the economy, where the size wages(as well as the amount of bonuses, additional payments, allowances, etc.) is entirely determined by the management of the enterprise based on the size of the wage fund created at the enterprise, the quality, significance and intensity of the labor activity of specific employees. regulates only one thing for them - the wages of employees of enterprises, regardless of the form of ownership, cannot be set below the minimum wage determined by the state (minimum wage).

The fall in real wages industries forces ordinary workers to more actively use traditional ways to increase their wages. The main ones, among which are:

For pieceworkers - an increase in production volumes due to an increase in labor efficiency or overtime;

For persons on time payment- part-time work in the same organizations, expansion of service areas, etc.;

Part-time work in other organizations in free time from the main job.

Income from business activities of household members

The second place in terms of importance is occupied by income from entrepreneurial activity, which includes the income of members of the household (family) from commercial activities, which is carried out without the formation of a legal entity. faces. These activities fall into three categories:

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Private unorganized trade;

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Home-based and handicraft production;

Entrepreneurship in the field of self-employment and private practice is currently extremely diverse and provides the population with almost all types of services of a domestic and socio-cultural nature (construction and repair of apartments - 26%, sale dogs and cats - 24%, tutoring and training - 16%, repair of household appliances - 6%, car repair - 5.5%, medical services- 4.7%, veterinary care - 3%, services of housekeepers, nannies, tutors - 2.4%, astrology, fortune-telling - 2%, transfer from foreign languages- 1.5%, computer typing - 1.5%, others - 7.6%).

One of the sources of household income is transactions with property - these are transactions with real estate (apartments, cottages, land plots etc.). But there is a huge degree of risk here and it must be taken into account, because sometimes unexpected expenses can be received instead of the expected income. So, for example, having bought an apartment for 3 million rubles. today, and sold for 2.8 million rubles. in a week you can be at a significant loss.

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In the course of reforming the country, the capitalization of the population's money savings is becoming increasingly important as a means of extracting additional income and protecting temporarily free funds from inflation. Monetary savings reach 20% of all incomes of households (families). To date, four main forms of their use have developed in Russia: investments to personal property; bank deposits; purchase valuable papers

Income from personal subsidiary farming;

Income from personal subsidiary plots accounts for an average of 7% of the total income of urban households (families) and 29% of rural households. Manual agricultural labor in the light of new prices may be more cost-effective for many household members than going to work every day.

- Pensions

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A significant share in the benefits of households (families) is and various benefits. The main part of the pensions and benefits received by the population is paid by. Therefore, each recipient of pensions and benefits must know the social well in order to control the correct calculation of the payments due to him and to fully enjoy the rights and benefits granted to him.

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In addition to the state, members of a household (family) can receive benefits and other social payments from economic incentive funds from their place of work. The type of benefit, its amount and conditions of provision are completely determined by themselves, based on their capabilities, social security of workers and other considerations.

In the total amount of household income, an insignificant part is occupied by income from rent and sale of property, royalties, gifts, etc.

Household income in the form of public social transfers

Household cash income also includes state social transfers - these are, first of all, pensions, benefits and other payments from budget funds different levels and off-budget funds of the state.

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A pension is a monthly state cash payment, the right to receive, which is determined in accordance with federal law of Russia "On Pension Provision", and which is provided to citizens in order to compensate them for earnings (income) lost due to the termination of public service upon reaching the established law length of service upon entering the labor pension for old age (disability); or in order to compensate for harm caused to the health of citizens during the passage military service, as a result of radiation or man-made disasters, in the event of disability or loss of a breadwinner, upon reaching the established law age; or disabled citizens in order to provide them with a means of subsistence.

Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to a pension, subject to the conditions stipulated for various kinds state pensions pension provision, as well as foreign citizens and stateless persons permanently residing on the territory of the Russian Federation - on the same grounds as citizens of the Russian Federation, unless otherwise provided by law, international treaties of the Russian Federation. Financing pensions are funded from the federal budget.

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In accordance with the pension legislation, there are the following types pensions:

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Seniority pension - assigned to federal civil servants and military personnel;

old age pension;

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Disability pension - assigned to military personnel, participants in the Second World War, citizens awarded the badge "Inhabitant of besieged Leningrad", citizens who suffered as a result of radiation, man-made disasters; social pension - assigned to disabled citizens.

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Household cash expenditure

Cash expenditures of a household (family) are actual expenses for the acquisition of material and spiritual values ​​necessary for the continuation of a person's life, which include expenses not directly related to consumption. They play a very important role in the reproduction of the labor force of individual members of the household. In modern conditions in the Russian Federation there is decline real costs due to a decrease in the profitability of certain groups of the population. This leads to qualitative changes in society: deterioration in the health of the population, a reduction in life expectancy, and a drop in the birth rate.

Household spending can be classified according to different criteria.

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According to the degree of regularity:

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Fixed expenses (food, utilities, etc.);

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Regular expenses (for clothes, transport, etc.);

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One-time expenses (for treatment, durable goods).

According to the degree of need:

Priority (necessary) expenses - for food, clothing, medicine;

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Secondary (desirable) expenses - education, insurance premiums;

Other expenses (other).

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Purpose of use:

- Consumer spending(for the purchase of goods and payment for services);

Payment of mandatory payments;

Savings and savings in deposits and securities;

Buying a foreign currencies;

So, household expenses represent the actual expenses for the acquisition of material and spiritual values ​​necessary for life.

Consumption expenditures of household members

The purchase of goods and services is the main item of expenditure in the budget of a modern household (family) and accounts for three-quarters of all household expenses. The amount of family expenses for the purchase of goods and services depends on the level of retail prices, the family's needs for specific benefits, the amount of its cash income, as well as the amount of taxes and other obligatory payments paid by the family.

It helps to reduce the family's costs for the purchase of goods and services, satisfying part of its need through natural self-sufficiency by growing food on a personal subsidiary plot, collecting forest gifts (mushrooms, berries, etc.) or receiving payment in kind in agricultural enterprises; manufacture of some wealth(construction of a house, furniture, etc.); or the performance of services by certain family members. Reduces current consumer spending availability of stocks of food, clothing, high availability of durable items, carried out at the expense of costs previous periods. The importance of providing free services and assistance by the state (health, education, subsidies) is great. On the other hand, the use of available cash savings, purchases of goods on credit and with money taken in .

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The cost structure for the purchase of goods is dominated by the cost of food, and there are differences in rural and urban areas. In rural areas, almost 1/3 of the costs are provided by subsistence farming (in the city - 7%). Non-industrial goods(clothes, shoes, furniture, household appliances) make up almost ⅓ in the city, and 1/5 in the countryside.

The share of costs for services is constantly increasing. The expenses of families in the city for housing, housing and communal services, medicines, as well as for travel in public transport have especially increased. Separate types services have risen in price so much that they simply fell out of the budget of an ordinary citizen (clothes cleaning, public laundry, bathhouse). However, new types of paid services (health care, education) appeared, which began to occupy a large share of the family's expenses.

The quantitative composition of the household (family) also affects the structure of final consumption costs. Households consisting of one person are in a more advantageous position. With an increase in the number of households, the situation worsens - the share of food costs decreases and the share of natural products from personal subsidiary plots increases.

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The structure of consumer spending differs sharply in families with different levels of per capita income. For poor families, the purchase of goods is concentrated on cheap food products, the expenditure on services - on those that are difficult to reduce (transport, housing and communal services). In high-affluence families, a large share of the costs goes to expensive durables, personal vehicles, housing, and various services.

Compulsory and voluntary payments by individual household members

The second group of monetary costs of households is mandatory and voluntary payments. Mandatory payments include taxes, fees, duties, deductions that are levied by executive bodies authorities in the budgets of different levels and in off-budget funds . Voluntary payments are made by individual members of households on their own initiative to insurance companies. organizations when insuring against various risks, non-state pension funds, charitable USD/CAD and etc.

Mandatory and voluntary payments occupy a small share in family budget Nevertheless, given the low level of real incomes, they hit hard on the taxpayer's pocket. There are few opportunities to reduce this cost item, especially if taxes withheld from wages. The main thing here is a clear knowledge of the current tax legislation. Knowing your rights and obligations as a taxpayer will help each citizen to control the correctness of the mandatory payments withheld from him, to fulfill his financial obligations to the state in a timely manner, which prevents the appearance of additional costs in the form of punitive tax sanctions.

Members of the household, as citizens of the Russian Federation, pay various mandatory payments, of which there are more than 15, and above all, these are federal and local taxes and fees. TO federal taxes from the population include: tax on income from physical. persons, tax on property transferred from inheritance and donation, transport tax, government duty , customs taxes from individuals etc. Among local taxes, the main ones are property tax with physical persons, land tax, etc.

The most important in terms of its severity on the payer is the income tax, which is levied on total income in cash and natural form, expressed in rubles and foreign currency on the date of receipt of income.

In addition to direct taxes, households also pay indirect taxes. Direct taxes discussed above are only a small part of all taxes paid by household members. The main share of taxes coming from individuals to the state treasury falls on indirect taxes invisible to them, contained in the price of the product and paid upon its purchase. These include value added tax, excise taxes,. The level of commodity prices is increased not only by indirect, but also by direct taxes: a single social tax, organizations, corporate property tax, customs duties and a number of other federal, regional and local taxes, which in total increase the price of the product (works, services) by about one and a half to two times.

Household Savings and Accumulation

The transition to the market and freedom of enterprise created an opportunity for a special category of households to accumulate funds, saving them for the acquisition of expensive values ​​(land, houses, Vehicle) or for capitalization by investing in securities, bank deposits.

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Cash savings and savings are formed by the population for various reasons. Sometimes this is a forced measure caused by a shortage of goods, or the desire to save up a certain amount for a "rainy day" or to buy an expensive thing (for this reason, savings are formed in both rich and poor families). Another reason characteristic of wealthy families is high level income, allowing you to send part of the funds to savings, to extract additional income by investing in securities, bank deposits etc. Generally high level family savings and their growth in market conditions testify to the strengthening of family finances.

Money savings and savings accumulated in banks serve as a source of expansion credit relations. Consumer loan replenishes the cash income of household members and contributes to an increase in effective demand for goods and services. Especially important is the consumer loan for the Russian Federation, where the standard of living is relatively low, and credit opportunities banking system need additional capital.

As mentioned above, the financial resources of the household form the budget of the household (family). For clarity, we should consider the budget of a family with an average income, it combines the total income of family members and expenses that provide for their personal needs. The Kovalchuk family: husband - works as a driver, wife - works as an accountant in a bank, daughter, 15 years old, studies at school, son, 5 years old, goes to kindergarten.

Budget surplus - 4,000 rubles.

Based on the results of the above table, we can say that the budget of this family was drawn up systematically and without deficits. So the total monthly income of the Kovalchuk family is 37,000 rubles, its main sources are the salary of a husband and wife of 25,000 rubles, property income of 7,000 rubles, and other sources of income of 5,000 rubles. At the same time, the amount of expenses is 33,000 rubles, where a significant part is occupied, their amount reaches 26,000 rubles, other expenses amount to 2,000 rubles, and the savings of the Kovalchuk family, deposited in a bank account, amount to 5,000 rubles.

So, the Kovalchuk family has 4,000 rubles left in free cash.

Household Financial Relations

Household finances are a set of monetary relations regarding the creation and use of funds of funds that the household and its individual participants enter into in the course of their socio-economic activities.

It is known that financial relations are, as a rule, monetary in nature. Where there is no provision for the movement of cash and (or) their equivalents, there are no financial relations (in this case, we abstract from some specific ones, for example, transactions formalized by barter agreements).

Housekeeping in a market economy is impossible without the use of money, which means that there is a real basis for the emergence of financial relations at the household level.

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However, it is known that not all monetary relations can be considered financial. These can hardly include, for example, exchange relations (C - M - C), into which the household constantly enters.

Therefore, it seems quite justified, although not indisputable, the position of a number of economists who believe that only monetary relations arising from the formation and distribution of funds of funds can be considered finance.

A household in a market economy cannot be outside financially, it constantly enters into such relations that arise both within the household and with market entities external to the household.

Domestic finances of the household

The internal finances of a household include relations that arise between its participants regarding the formation of family cash funds that have various purposes: insurance reserve to maintain the level of current consumption; cash reserve to increase the level of capital expenditures; cash fund for the purpose of its further investment, etc.

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A household may enter into a financial relationship:

With other households about the formation and use of joint funds (these do not include reciprocal exchange relationships, in which households can also participate);

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With companies operating in various fields material production or production of services and acting as employers in relation to household members regarding the distribution of part of the produced gross domestic product in its value form;

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With commercial banks regarding the attraction of consumer loans, their repayment; regarding the placement of temporarily free funds in bank accounts;

With insurance organizations regarding the formation and use of various types of insurance funds;

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With the state on the formation and use of budgetary and off-budget funds.

Economic Behavior of Households

According to the point of view that dominates modern neoclassical economic science, household activities are based on a universal principle - the rational maximization of wealth. It is assumed that household members act like “human computers”: having complete information, they consciously and prudently use all available opportunities to maximize their well-being.

The external social environment largely determines the goals and behavior of households. Existence in a market, planned (command-administrative) and transitional economic systems will have significant differences.

The difference is connected, first of all, with the peculiarity of the goals.

In a market economy, the main target function of a household can be defined as the maximization of welfare in the implementation of consumer choice under budget constraints. This means that the household strives to have as many goods as possible, and when buying, the main problem is not the availability of goods, but the lack of money. Under these conditions, members of the household are mainly concerned with increasing their income, striving to "make a career." At the same time, leisure is perceived, first of all, as a way to “gain strength” for work, and not as an end in itself.

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It should be noted that traditional household activities are changing in market economies. Relatively high remuneration for work, the widespread involvement of women in labor activities outside the home often make a number of traditional household rituals irrational - cooking homemade lunches and dinners, cleaning the house, or even raising children.

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If spouses can earn a lot, then very often they completely devote themselves to a business career, and housekeeping (especially if it is “not a joy, but a burden”) is shifted to third parties (housekeepers, nannies, etc.). Of course, the weakening of the role of the household leads to a weakening of the unity of the household. This is reflected in the instability of family relations, when the family is sacrificed for the sake of the “cause”.

Since the weakening of the unity of households and the destruction of families are perceived negatively by society as a whole, the state creates special incentives in a market economy. In particular, the system of social benefits is designed to help households (poor families, single mothers with children), and not individuals.

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Thus, the state determines the "rules of the game", but does not directly interfere in the internal life of households. Back in the old days, in all Western European countries, the principle of inviolability of personal life was proclaimed (“my home is my fortress”). To this day, it strictly prohibits the state from intervening in the life of households, except in special situations (for example, when parents abuse children).

Reality, however, does not quite match this model. The behavior of households is largely determined by their social environment, moral system, existing formal restrictions and informal rules. The goals of household activity differ in different economic systems. If in some societies maximizing wealth means maximizing income, in others it means maximizing one's prestige in the eyes of others or maximizing religious piety. Another obvious limitation of the rationality of household behavior is the limited ability of people to adequately perceive and process the information received. A typical example is the choice of shopping in a supermarket, where a household member has to choose between hundreds of varieties of cheese, sausages and other items. A person is not able to make a completely rational decision, because he simply cannot process all this array of data.

But the limited rationality of households does not remove the problem of everyday choice for them. IN economic sphere their choice is carried out in three aspects:

The choice between employment and leisure. Necessary condition such a choice is personal freedom, the absence of non-economic coercion to work (for a peasant household under feudalism or for a Soviet household, this problem did not exist);

The choice between current and future consumption, i.e. dividing their income into consumption and savings. Revenues received are generally not spent immediately, but may be deferred if current revenues exceed mandatory current spending;

The presence of savings dictates the need for a "portfolio" choice of the type of savings, i.e. the choice between keeping savings in cash or investing them, as well as choosing between different areas of investment in order to generate income (keeping money in a bank, investing in stocks, bonds, buying foreign currency, real estate.

The role of households in the development of market relations

The household is one of the most important market institutions. The role of households in the development of market relations is relatively large and is determined by the following points:

First, households provide required level consumer demand, without which the functioning of the market mechanism is impossible;

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Secondly, household savings are a source of savings and investments, which is very important in a developing economy;

Thirdly, households are the subjects of supply in the market for factors of production (entrepreneurial ability and labor);

Fourthly, it is the household that is the basis for the formation of production and the implementation of human capital;

Fifth, the ability of households to establish a family business contributes not only to the growth of personal well-being, but also to the development of a market economy as a whole.

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Concept new economy households, which has been developed since the mid-60s of this century, has largely improved the studies of neoclassical microeconomics. In particular, it rejects the rigid division of economic entities into enterprises as places of production and households as places of consumption; it is assumed that production is also carried out in the latter. The new household economy is based on the premise that households make the best use of the resources at their disposal, paying special attention to the distribution of market and non-market activities of their members. The main provisions of this theory are as follows:

Household members benefit only from so-called "true" consumer goods (purchasing goods on the market through intra-household production);

Household members, focusing on the limited time factor, make long-term and short-term decisions. This refers to three types of activities: market activities related to income generation; domestic work and leisure activities that are non-market in nature.

The concept of the new household economy needs to be taken into account economic types activities that do not receive a monetary value, in particular the domestic work of household members. However, there are a number of problems with estimating the production of "true" consumer goods. Evaluation methods can be different: the use of prices for similar goods, services on the market, the calculation of production costs. However, the practical application of these methods has significant limitations and difficulties.

Households play the following roles in the economic system:

Act in the market as buyers of goods and services produced by firms;

Provide the same firms with factors of production;

They save a part of the total income generated in the economy by acquiring real and financial assets.

Economic relations are diverse, they exist at all stages of the reproduction process, at all levels of management. At the same time, homogeneous economic relations that constantly arise in any sphere of socio-economic activity form the content of an independent economic category.

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Household Economic Efficiency

The end result of the functioning of households is the standard of living and the level of well-being. The concept of disposable household resources is used as a real indicator of the well-being of the population. They include household cash expenditures (excluding financial assistance relatives and alimony) and income from personal subsidiary plots and other sources. The available resources of households form the basis for determining the level and quality of life.

The standard of living characterizes the quantity and quality of consumed material and spiritual goods and services, i.e. the degree of satisfaction of the needs of the population. Households produce and carry out one part of the vital goods on their own in their households, and the other is purchased in the markets. The scale of production of goods and services by households' own resources is affected by the level of development of productive forces, the conditions and order of distribution in society. It is on these factors that the efficiency of the household economy depends.

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In this regard, the level of well-being or quality of life of the population can serve as an indicator of household efficiency.

The level of well-being includes, in addition to the level of consumption of vital goods, the conditions of work and life of households, the duration of free time, the organization of leisure, social guarantees and individual freedom. To assess the level of well-being of the population, the UN recommends using several groups of indicators. The main ones are:

Consumption of food and non-food goods and services;

Housing conditions of the family;

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Working conditions and level of employment of the able-bodied population;

Indicators of birth rate, death rate and life expectancy of the population;

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Education and culture of the population;

Household income and expenditure;

Cost of living and building a house;

Increase in the cost of consumer prices;

Sanitary and hygienic working conditions of the population;

Organization of recreation;

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Social guarantees;

Transport security;

There is a close relationship and interdependence between these indicators.

Indicators of the level and quality of life reflect the main aspects of the life of households, however, there are also non-market aspects, such as the length of free time, the state of environment etc. In the CIS republics, for example, most households own garden plots, to which they devote 80% of their free time, and a large number of households are located in unfavorable ecological areas.

Household Economic Development Analysis

At present, the approach to the concept of the household as a separate economic unit of the global economic system states is highly ambiguous. It should be noted a few negative sides development of household finance management in the country.

The income part of the household budget is not sufficiently dependent on social payments, which characterizes the instability of the general income of the population and its vulnerability in the face of economic collapses. For example, the ongoing MFC indicates to us the social vulnerability of the population (a sharp decline in wages, as well as increased unemployment, immediately revealed low unemployment benefits, pensions, etc.), sharp reductions in income - led to a decrease in purchasing abilities of the population, which led to a decrease in the pace of production and, as a result, job vacancies at enterprises.

One of the global problems of the state in regulating the budget of households is the lack of clear control over the prices of the consumer basket. Often, we observe the following picture: by increasing social payments to the population, thereby trying to create a financial "safety cushion" of household income - we do not control a parallel increase in the prices of the consumer basket of the population, which increases the expenditure side of the budget and does not bring really tangible profit from the increase in social . payments.

Also, it is worth noting the global problem of the households themselves - the analysis of their own costs by households is also at a low level. Credit practice consumer lending in our country show us the lack of a clear understanding of their own costs and revenues. An ordinary picture, when an individual household, having not calculated the stability of its income, takes loans against them in banks, which, with the slightest change in income downwards, leads to the emergence of debts from households to banks.

In general, it is also necessary to note the positive trends in management household finance in Russia.

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Strengthening Regulatory Control retail prices, the fight against mass superprofits of monopolies;

Gradual transition to the system of cashless payments, bank cards, which makes it possible to more accurately analyze the financial flows of the population in economic structure states;

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Presidential programs to support small and medium-sized businesses, subsidies commercial banks for these purposes contributes to the development of entrepreneurial activity in the country;

Increasing public confidence in national currency confirmed by the growth of the global deposit portfolio in Financial Institute Countries (in commercial banks), which increases the investment turnover financial flow in the country.

From the above, it should be concluded that the state is actively developing in the field of analysis and management household finances and it brings certain results. However, much remains to be rethought and changed in existing system regulation of household finances, because the mentality of the population of our country does not allow blindly introducing the experience of foreign economic systems.

See what "Household" is in other dictionaries:

the household- the household … Spelling Dictionary

the household- HH household household