Economically active and inactive population. Employment and unemployment statistics - Economic statistics (Yakovleva A.V.)

The entire population of the country is divided into economically active and inactive population. Economically active population- this is a part of the population offering their labor for the production of goods and services. Economically inactive population Is the population outside the labor force. It includes:

Children under the age of 16;

Pensioners;

Students;

Household workers;

Persons who have stopped looking for work, having exhausted all the possibilities for obtaining it;

Persons unwilling to work.

The economically active population includes two categories - employed and unemployed. Employed persons are considered who, during the period under review:

Performed work for hire for remuneration;

Temporarily absent from work due to vacation, days off, illness, strike, etc. reasons;

We performed work without pay in a family business.

In turn unemployed persons 16 years of age and older are recognized who, during the period under review:

Did not have a job (profitable occupation);

We were actively looking for work;

We were ready to get to work.

Thus, in order to be considered unemployed, it is not enough for a person to simply not work, but it is necessary to satisfy the other two criteria mentioned above. In particular, an active job search involves contacting employment services, the administration of enterprises, placing advertisements in the press, trying to organize their own business, etc. Students, pensioners and disabled people are counted as unemployed if they are actively looking for work and are ready to start it.

The previous paragraph spoke about the possibility of voluntary unemployment: workers who are not satisfied with the current market price of labor simply do not offer their labor for sale, preferring leisure. Such unemployed persons are not counted in official statistics as unemployed. The focus of economists and government agencies there is forced unemployment when workers are ready to work, looking for work, but cannot find it.

The percentage of unemployed in the entire economically active population is called unemployment rate.

In Russia, as in other countries, to collect data on employment, unemployment, wages, etc. organized regular sample surveys. The disadvantage of this method of assessing unemployment is its overestimation. Thus, many people who do not really want to work, and therefore are not actively looking for work, can classify themselves as unemployed in the hope of receiving benefits. On the other hand, those employed in the shadow economy often call themselves unemployed.

According to the results of surveys, the number of economically active population in our country by the end of January 2006 was 74.1 million people, or about 51% of the total population. Of these, 5.7 million people, or 7.7% of the economically active population, were classified as unemployed. At the same time, 1.8 million people, or 2.4% of the economically active population, were registered as unemployed in the bodies of the state employment service.

At the same time, starting from 1999 the economic growth is gradually improving the employment situation in our country. In particular, from November 2000 to January 2006, the number of unemployed decreased by about 19%. The share of the unemployed in the economically active population is also decreasing - the unemployment rate (Table 4-1):

Tab. 4-1. The number of unemployed (in thousand people) and the unemployment rate (in%)

At the same time, in Ukraine, like in a number of other countries, the problem of hidden unemployment is very acute. It is about employees of enterprises sent on administrative leave with partial pay or without pay. These persons are not considered unemployed as long as they have not severed formal ties with their employers. But at the same time, many of them are looking for another job and are ready to start it, i.e. are essentially unemployed.

1. The concept of the labor market and its statistical study

Labor market is a system of economic, social,

organizational, legal measures and institutions that coordinate and regulate the distribution and use of labor.

Labor market statistics study: labor supply and demand, but also issues of wages, working conditions, professional training and a number of other problems necessary to determine labor market policy.

The composition and objectives of the statistical study of the labor market

Labor market statistics include: statistics labor resources, statistics of the economically active population, employment and unemployment, statistics of working hours, statistics of labor conflicts.

Indicators of the level of employment and unemployment, average wages and others are important macroeconomic indicators that characterize the state and development of the economy. Labor market information is urgently needed by the main social partners of the labor market - employers 'and workers' organizations. It is widely used in the analysis of the standard of living of the population and the competitiveness of economic sectors.

Transition to market economy in Russia caused significant changes both in the system of indicators of labor market statistics, and in the methodology of their calculation.

In statistical practice, such categories have been introduced as the economically active population, unemployment, labor costs, labor conflicts, which in conditions planned economy were not analyzed in labor market statistics.

The main tasks of labor market statistics at the present stage are:

study of current data on the economically active population, employment, unemployment, employment structure by industry and profession;

research of data on the movement of labor;

study of data on funds of time, their structure, as well as calculation of indicators of the use of working time;

research of data on labor costs, their structure and dynamics;

study of data on labor conflicts, as well as the calculation of indicators characterizing labor conflicts by industry, causes of occurrence, etc.

6. Introduction of international statistical standards, which are adapted to the conditions of a market economy.

The labor force is divided into 2 categories:

1. economically active population;

2. economically inactive population.

Economically active population - this is the part of the population that offers its labor for the production of goods and services.

International statistical standards state that the term “economically active population” can have two meanings depending on the length of the period to which it is applied. If the economically active population is determined for a short period equal to a week or a day, then it is implied population active during this period, to which the term "labor" is also applied, if for a long period, then it is meantusually active population.

Economically inactive population- This is the population that is not part of the labor force (including those under the age established for accounting for the economically active population). The economically inactive population is measured in relation to the surveyed period and includes the following categories:

pupils and students, listeners and cadets of full-time education (including master's and postgraduate studies);

old age pensioners preferential terms and persons receiving survivor's pensions when they reach retirement age;

persons receiving disability pensions;

persons engaged in housekeeping, caring for children, etc. persons who have stopped looking for work, having exhausted all the possibilities of obtaining it, but who can and are ready to work;

other persons who do not need to work regardless of their source of income.

Data on the economically inactive population are developed: by sex, age groups, educational level and other characteristics. Comprehensive information about the economically inactive population is an important and necessary part of information about the labor market, since, on the one hand, there is a constant transition of part of the population from the state of the economically active population to the state of the economically inactive population (retirement, admission to study with a break from work, temporary cessation of the labor activity of women in connection with the birth of children, etc.), and on the other, part of the population constantly joins the economically active population (students after graduation educational institutions, women who resume work, who were previously engaged in caring for children and the household, retirees who are starting to work again for various reasons, part of the population entering working age and offering their services in the labor market, etc.).

Calculation of the total number of economically active population

The calculation of the total number of the economically active population is determined as follows:

Economically active population =Employed +Unemployed

Labor force participation rate

The active population or labor force is the most commonly used indicator of the economically active population. The coefficient of economic activity of the population is defined as the ratio between the size of the economically active population and the size of the entire population of the country:

where P e. as - the number of economically active population pert- date;

P t - total population pertth date.

2. Composition of the population by actual participation in production

Labor resources- this is the able-bodied part of the population with the physical and intellectual abilities for work, capable of producing material goods or providing services.

The number of labor resources is calculated using 2 methods:

· Demographic (according to the sources of formation);

· Economic (based on actual employment);

Demographic method - the workforce includes:

1) the population in TSPV, with the exception of disabled people of I and II groups;

2) the number of working adolescents under the age of 16;

3) employed persons of retirement age.

Economic method - the number of labor resources is obtained as the totality of the entire actually employed population, including:

1) working pensioners and adolescents;

2) persons in TSPV, employed in household and childcare;

3) students with a break from work over 16 years old;

4) unemployed.

The economically active population includes two categories - employed and unemployed.

TO busy includes persons of both sexes aged 16 years and older, as well as persons of younger ages, who in the period under review:

a) performed work for hire for remuneration, money or paid with them in in kind, as well as other work that brings income, independently or with partners, both with and without involvement employees regardless of the timing of receiving direct payment or income for their activities;

b) were temporarily absent from work due to: illness or injury; days off; annual leave; various kinds of vacations with or without pay, time off; holidays initiated by the administration; strikes and other reasons;

c) performed work without pay in a family business.

When assigning or not assigning a person to the number of employed, the criterion of one hour is used, according to which work for one hour in the reporting period in the field of economic activity is sufficient for this person to be assigned to the number of employed.

International standards specify that the criterion of one week or one day applies to the reporting period. In Russia, in the survey of employment, the number of employed includes persons who worked one hour or more in the surveyed week.

The application of the criterion of one hour is due to the fact that it is necessary to cover all types of employment that may exist in the country, including short-term, casual and other types of irregular employment. This allows you to determine the total cost of labor, which in economic analysis is correlated with the size of products, income from economic activity and other quantities.

TO unemployed includes persons aged 16 and over who, during the period under review:

a) did not have a job (or an occupation that generates income);

b) looking for a job;

c) were ready to start work.

When assigning a person to the category of unemployed, all three criteria specified above must be taken into account.

In Russia, there are certain criteria by which a person is officially classified as unemployed: he must live in the territory of the Russian Federation for more than 6 months, have no earnings, be registered with the employment service, and be ready to start a suitable job. An unemployed person is entitled to benefits and free vocational training. A university graduate can also receive unemployed status.

Registration of the unemployed population

Registration of the unemployed is carried out by surveying households, registering the unemployed or registering unemployment benefits. In the Russian Federation, an unemployed citizen is recognized as an able-bodied citizen who does not have a job or earnings, is registered with the employment service in order to find a suitable job, who is looking for a job and is ready to start it. In Russia, the decision on recognizing a citizen as unemployed is made by the employment service at the place of residence no later than 11 days from the date of application. The following documents are submitted to the employment service: passport; work book or document replacing it; a document certifying professional qualifications; certificate of average earnings for the last three months at the last place of work (for the first time job seekers who do not have a profession (specialty), the employment service is provided with a passport and a certificate of education).

2. Characteristics of the relative indicators of the labor market

Forspecificationsmarketlaborare usedrelativesomeindicators, among which are:

- employment rate of the population;

- the unemployment rate;

Persons engaged in housekeeping, caring for children, sick relatives, etc.;

Persons desperate to find a job, i.e. who have stopped looking for work;

Persons who do not need to work, regardless of the source of income.

According to the legislation of the Republic of Belarus, labor resources include:

working-age population: men from 16 to 60 years old, women from 16 to 55 years old (except for unemployed persons with disabilities of labor and war of groups 1 and 2 and non-working men and women of working age who receive old-age pensions on preferential terms);

the population is older and younger than the working age, employed in social production.

The creation of production is always associated with the people who work in the enterprise (firm). The correct principles of organizing production, optimal systems and procedures play, of course, an important role, but production success depends on specific people, their knowledge, competence, qualifications, discipline, motivation, ability to solve problems, receptivity to learning.

At the same time, labor relations are perhaps the most difficult problem of entrepreneurship, especially when the collective of an enterprise numbers tens, hundreds and thousands of people. Labor relations cover a wide range of problems related to the organization of the labor process, training and recruitment of personnel, the choice of the optimal wage system, the creation of social partnership relations at the enterprise.

Personnel (labor personnel) of the enterprise - the main composition of qualified employees of the enterprise, firm, organization.

Typically, the workforce of an enterprise is divided into production personnel and personnel employed in non-production units. Production personnel - workers employed in production and its maintenance - constitute the bulk of the labor resources of the enterprise.

In the process of analyzing labor resources, the following tasks are solved:

the provision of workplaces of the production unit with personnel in the professional and qualified staff required for production is assessed (provision of production with labor resources);

the qualitative use of labor resources (working time) in the production process is studied;

a general assessment of the dynamics and implementation of the labor productivity plan is carried out;

the influence of technical and economic factors on the level of labor productivity is measured;

a system of factors influencing labor productivity indicators is determined;

the impact of factors on the identified deviations of the reported indicators of labor productivity from their basic values ​​is quantitatively measured;

examines the composition and structure of the payroll in the context of groups, categories of personnel and types of payments;

produced factor analysis payroll;

generalizes the influence of labor factors on the results of the enterprise.

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The most important part of socio-economic statistics is labor statistics. Its indicators characterize the number, composition, regional distribution and use of labor resources; use of working time; the level and dynamics of labor productivity; labor costs, labor costs, conditions, labor protection and labor safety and other phenomena and processes. Labor statistics are covered in full in the industry statistics course. This topic discusses the indicators of the number of labor resources and working hours.

The main tasks of labor market statistics are:

• collection of information on the number of employed and unemployed as two components of the labor force;
• study of the state and trends in Russian market labor through indicators of employment and unemployment;
• study of the composition of the employed and unemployed according to different characteristics (sex, age, industries and sectors of the economy, by regions of the country and other characteristics) in order to regulate the labor market, develop programs to increase the level of employment, employment of the unemployed, their professional retraining etc.

Employed and unemployed

The entire population of the country can be divided into two groups: economically active and economically inactive population.

- this is the part of the population that offers its labor for the production of goods and services.

The economically active population (also called labor force) includes two categories - employed and unemployed.

Employed persons include persons of both sexes aged 16 and over, as well as persons of younger ages, who in the period under review:

• performed work for hire for remuneration, money or paid with them in kind, as well as other work that generates income;
• were temporarily absent from work due to: illness or injury; days off; annual leave; various kinds of vacations with or without pay, time off; vacations initiated by the administration; strikes and other reasons;
• performed work without pay in a family business.

When assigning or not assigning a person to the number of employed, the criterion of one hour is used. In Russia, in the survey of employment, the number of employed includes persons who worked one hour or more in the surveyed week. The use of this criterion is due to the fact that it is necessary to cover all types of employment that may exist in the country - from permanent to short-term, casual and other types of irregular employment.

The unemployed are persons aged 16 and over who, during the period under review:

• did not have a job (or an occupation that generates income);
• looking for a job;
• were ready to get to work.

This definition is consistent with the methodology The International Organization labor (ILO). When assigning a person to the category of unemployed, all three criteria specified above must be taken into account.

Is a population that is not part of the labor force. This includes: pupils and students; pensioners; persons receiving disability pensions; persons engaged in housekeeping; persons who have stopped looking for work, having exhausted all the possibilities of obtaining it, but who can and are ready to work; other persons who do not need to work regardless of the source of income.

- ensure the supply of labor in the labor market for the production of goods, performance of work and provision of services. That is, they want to work, but at the same time they can both work and look for work. Accordingly, the economically active population is divided into two categories: the number of those employed in the sectors of the economy and the number of unemployed.

The economically active population is part of the labor force. The economically active population changes in individuals in relation to a certain period of time.

The number of people employed in the sectors of the economy Is an indicator that characterizes the demand for labor in the labor market. The higher the demand for labor, the higher the employment rate in the economy. Every economy strives for population indicators.

Number of unemployed- This is the excess of supply over demand for labor in the labor market. Usually, the supply exceeds the demand for labor, which objectively determines the availability. This does not exclude the opposite situation in certain sectors of the labor market (regional, by type of activity).

Economically inactive population

Economically inactive population- these are persons capable of work (they are included in the labor force), but they cannot be classified as either to or to.

Economically inactive population Is a population that is not part of work force... This includes: pupils and students; pensioners; persons receiving disability pensions; persons engaged in housekeeping; persons who have stopped looking for work, having exhausted all the possibilities of obtaining it, but who can and are ready to work; other persons who do not need to work regardless of the source of income.

The categories of economic activity of the population considered above do not imply that once having entered a group, a person remains there forever. The labor market has a highly dynamic nature, therefore, one should consider not only the size of each group for a certain period of time, but also the movement (flows) of people between various groups... The diagram below illustrates a dynamic labor market model.

In a market economy, the possibility of unemployment is allowed able-bodied population ... The reasons for the economic passivity of this part of the population are social status, material security, housekeeping, raising children, or the hopelessness of employment. In russia, this category of the population numbers several million people. The primary task of statistics is to study employment, that is, the degree of satisfaction of the supply of labor. The study also examines the number, composition, territorial distribution and reasons for economic passivity.

Indicators of employment and level refer to the main characteristics of the socio-economic situation of the country and the state of the labor market.

In the 90s. On the Russian labor market there was a decrease in the supply of labor, the largest decline was in 1998. The number of the economically active population, despite a slight increase in 1999 and 2000, did not reach the level of 1992, was less by 3.3 million people. On a large scale, there was a decrease in the demand for labor. The number of people employed in the economy during this period decreased by 6.4 million people, or by 9%. There was a release of labor from state enterprises and organizations in connection with a decline in production, a redistribution of labor between sectors of the economy, a transition from the state to the private sector, but in general, with a decrease in the number of employed, the number of unemployed systematically increased. Unemployment rate ( specific gravity unemployed in the economically active population) in 1998 reached 13.2% and until 2000 remained at a high level.

Economic activity ratio

It is the ratio of the economically active population to the total population.

Task

The economically active population in Russia in November 2009 amounted to 72.8 million people

• number of employed 65.0 million people
• total population - 144.9 million people.

Find the number of unemployed, the coefficients of economic activity, employment and unemployment.

The economically active population includes both employed and unemployed, therefore,

• The number of unemployed = 72.8 - 65 = 7.8 million people.
• Economic activity ratio = (72.8 / 144.9) * 100% = 50%
• Employment ratio = 65 / 72.8 = 0.9
• = 7,8 / 72,8 = 0,1

Task

• Average annual population: 148,300 thousand people
• Total employed in the economy: 67,100 thousand people.
• Number of unemployed: 6410 thousand people

Find: the number of the economically active population (EAP), the coefficient of economic activity of the population, the coefficient of employment and the coefficient of unemployment of the population.

• EAN = 67100 + 6410 = 73510 thousand people.
• EAN coefficient = 73510/148300 = 0.5
• Employment ratio = 67100/73510 = 0.91
• Unemployment rate = 6410/73510 = 0.09

Task

The number of employed and unemployed as of the date was:

Find: the average number of employed, unemployed, economically active population for the year, the coefficients of employment and unemployment for this period.

1. The average number of employed and unemployed is calculated using a simple chronological average formula.

2. The economically active population is the sum of the employed and unemployed.

• EAN = 718 + 73.25 = 791.25

3.K employment = 718 / 791.25 = 0.91
4. To unemployment = 73.25 / 791.25 = 0.09

Economically active population

Based on the materials of sample surveys of the population on employment problems: 1992, 1995. - at the end of October; 2000-2007 - at the end of November. Since 2006 - including data on the Chechen Republic.

See also Population statistics: calculation of birth rates, mortality, natural increase, and the intensity of migration turnover.

Population by age:

• younger than able-bodied: age: 0-15 years.
• able-bodied: 16-59 men and 16-54 women.
• older than able-bodied.

Economically active population- ensure the supply of labor in the labor market for the production of goods, performance of work and provision of services. That is, they want to work, but at the same time they can both work and look for work. Accordingly, the economically active population is divided into two categories: the number of those employed in the sectors of the economy and the number of unemployed.

Employed persons include:

• employees of working age;
• persons working for themselves;
• family workers (including work without pay);
• employers;
• members of cooperatives;
• collective farmers and people employed in the household;
• employees of retirement age;
• employed persons under working age.

Unemployed:

• did not have a job (other profitable occupation);
• were looking for work in any form;
• were ready to get to work.

Economically inactive population is a population that is not part of the labor force. This includes: pupils and students; pensioners; persons receiving disability pensions; persons engaged in housekeeping; persons who have stopped looking for work, having exhausted all the possibilities of obtaining it, but who can and are ready to work; other persons who do not need to work regardless of the source of income.

Population of the country = Economically active population + Economically inactive population

According to the status of employment, the entire employed population is divided into two groups: employed and self-employed.
Employed (salaried workers)- these are persons whose activities are carried out under the direct control of the employer (or persons authorized by the employer). On working conditions and remuneration, they conclude an employment agreement (contract) with the head of an organization of any form of ownership or an individual.
Self-employed are persons employed in own enterprises... They are responsible for the state of affairs in the enterprise. Their remuneration depends on financial results activities.
The following groups are self-employed:

• employers (they hire employees independently or with business partners, it can be a legal entity or an entrepreneur without education legal entity, but using the labor of hired workers);
• self-employed (work independently without hiring employees on a permanent basis);
• members of production cooperatives (each member of the cooperative participates on an equal footing in solving production and management issues);
• unpaid family workers (the activities of these persons are headed by a relative living in this household, the degree of their participation in entrepreneurial activity different in time, participation in solving various issues).

An example. The following data are available on the number of economically active and economically inactive population (thousand people):
Employees of working age ....................... 920
Individuals working on an individual basis ... ............ 120
Unpaid Family Workers ... 25
Employers ................................................. .....................15
Members of cooperatives ................................................ ........... 150
Rural workers ................................................ .............. 90
Persons who do not have a job and are looking for it (previously worked) ........ 145
First time job seekers ............................................ 5
Younger people ............................................... ......50
Students of working age with a break from work ............. 150
Household and childcare workers 150
Pensioners and disabled people ............................................... ... 520
Employed persons of retirement age .......... 30
Employed persons under working age .......................... 10
Non-working persons of working age who do not need to work ......... 30
Persons who have been unemployed for a long time, who have stopped looking, but are ready to work .............. 5
Calculate: 1) the number of economically active population, including: a) employed; b) unemployed; 2) the number of economically inactive population; 3) the coefficient of economic activity of the population, employment and unemployment. Group the population by status in employment and determine the structure of employment.

Solution... Let's define the following indicators:
1. Number of employed:
З = 920 + 120 + 25 + 15 + 150 + 90 + 30 + 10 = 1360 thousand people.
2.Number of unemployed:
B = 145 + 5 = 150 thousand people.
3.Number of economically active population:
EA = W + B = 1360 + 150 = 1510 thousand people.
4.Number of economically inactive population:
ENA = 50 + 150 + 150 + 520 + 30 + 5 = 905 thousand people.
Population of the country = Economically active population + Economically inactive population = 1510 + 905 = 2415
5. Coefficient of economic activity:
K ea = EA / Population of the country = 1510/2415 = 62.5%
6. Employment rate:
K z = Z / EA = 1360/1510 = 90.1%
7. Unemployment rate:
K b = B / EA = 150/1510 = 9.9%
Population grouping by status in employment.
Employees = 920 + 90 + 30 + 10 = 1050
Self-employed = 120 + 25 + 15 + 150 + 0 = 310