General characteristics of India. Complete Lessons - Knowledge Hypermarket

Introduction

The term "labor resources" originated in the early years of Soviet power and was used in an environment of centralized management of the country's human resources. In conditions when, along with the right to work, the obligation of every able-bodied citizen to work (or study with a break from work) was enshrined in law, persons who did not work for a long time without good reason were prosecuted and could be punished with imprisonment. Strict statistical accounting of the working-age population - labor resources (along with natural, material and financial resources) was one of the elements of centralized planning of the economy.

Since mid-1993, Russian statistics have switched to the one recommended by international conferences of labor statisticians and The International Organization labor classification system of the population, according to which it is divided into economically active and economically inactive.

The main resource of each enterprise, the quality and efficiency of the use of which depends on the results of the enterprise and its competitiveness are labor resources.

One of the main and currently known factors of production, and often the main and most costly, is labor.

The decisive factor in the development of production always and everywhere is human labor. Labor, as a general condition for the exchange of substances between man and nature, is an eternal and natural condition for human life.

A prerequisite for the labor process is the combination of an employee who has a set of physical and spiritual abilities for work - labor force, with the means of production. Consequently, the main productive force of society is labor resources.

The complexity and versatility of the problems of increasing the efficiency of the use of labor resources is due to their organic relationship with all phases of social reproduction, which predetermines the need for their comprehensive study.

In our time, the demographic situation has a great influence on the formation of the labor market. The main trends in the demographic development of Russia at the present time and in the near future are determined by the interaction of the following groups of factors:
- the deformation of the age pyramid of the population of Russia as a result of world wars and social cataclysms of the 20th century;
- an aging population;
- the presence in Russia of all types of migration;
- a protracted demographic crisis.

The above-described tendencies towards a sharp decline in the birth rate, a continuing increase in mortality, and a decrease in the rate of natural increase to negative values ​​are very stable, since they have developed over the past 20-40 years, and the current economic crisis only aggravates their manifestation.

Over the past 40 years, mortality has been steadily increasing in Russia, the birth rate has not grown, and since the mid-1980s it has also begun to decline rapidly. This led to the fact that, since 1992, mortality has steadily exceeded the birth rate.

The dynamics of mortality in Russia is as follows:

Since 1998, its gradual decline has begun;

The reduction in mortality will be 10-15% higher in those age groups where excess mortality has been especially high over the past 20 years, namely in the ages from 15 to 60 years.

For the same reasons, the rate of decline in mortality among men will be higher than that of women.
Negative reproduction tendencies, which persist for a long time, usually lead to depopulation, which is an undesirable reality for Russia, since it can negatively affect the possibility of restructuring the national economy and overcoming the current most severe crisis.

If current trends continue, the population of most of Russia's territories will halve every 28 to 30 years.

The standard of living is determined, first of all, as the provision of the population with the necessary material goods and services, a sufficient level of their consumption and the degree of satisfaction of reasonable (rational) needs. This is how well-being is understood. To increase the standard of living, it is necessary to increase the level of wages. The standard of living is largely determined by the income of the population, on the size of which the degree of satisfaction of the personal needs of the population in material benefits and services mainly depends.

Work remuneration is the main indicator of the standard of living. Salary is a multifaceted, multifunctional category. It is the most important element of distributional relations, one of the main social factors economic development, increasing the competitiveness of the national economy. By shaping the motivation for effective, productive and high-quality labor, it stimulates the growth of production of goods and services, ensures effective consumer demand and the expansion of the domestic market, and affects the labor market conditions. On the other hand, the level of remuneration determines the possibilities of reproduction of the labor force, taking into account modern criteria of health, education, professional training, and thereby influences the qualitative characteristics of labor potential.

Wages are a very complex economic phenomenon that reflects the interaction of many economic processes. For the employer, wages are a significant component of production costs, and he tries to minimize them, especially per unit of output, both by way of more rational workload of the employee during working hours, and through more efficient organization of labor and production, raising its technical level, as well as stricter labor rationing. For an employee wage is the income that he receives in exchange for his labor at the employer's enterprise, and he is naturally interested in increasing this income both by increasing the price of labor in the labor market and by applying more labor efforts to get more earnings. The confrontation of these two tendencies, the strength of which is also determined by a number of others - both economic and socio-political factors, determines the level and dynamics of wages.

In connection with the problems discussed above, the rural population is decreasing.

The object of the study of this course project is the labor force, in particular, the economic and statistical analysis of labor resources, the effectiveness of their use in the AICFZAO "Taremskoye" of the Pavlovsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region.

The main goal is to study and analyze the availability of labor resources at the Taremskoye agricultural and industrial complex of the Pavlovsk region.

Objectives: to analyze the presence and composition of employees at the enterprise for the period 2002 - 2006; consider the system of indicators of the efficiency of the use of labor resources in the economy; determine the main factors affecting the efficiency of the use of labor resources and conduct their statistical analysis.

When studying this topic, the following research methods were used: the grouping method, the index method of analysis, the correlation method, the time series method, the method of absolute growth and the average annual growth rate, multivariate correlation analysis, graphic and other economic and statistical methods.

1. Indicators of the availability, composition and provision of labor resources in AICFZAO "Taremskoye" Pavlovsky district.

A prerequisite for the development of social production, the main productive force is the population - that part that has a set of physical and spiritual abilities that allow it to work. The able-bodied population acts as a part of the population, limited by certain age limits. Working age boundaries are mobile in nature and are determined by socio-economic conditions and physiological characteristics of human development.

Socio-economic conditions play a decisive role in the regulation of the boundaries of the working age of the population. The maximum age limit corresponds to the physiological limit of participation of older ages in labor activity, provided for by the law on pension provision... The initial boundary is determined by the physiological development of young people, their knowledge, level of education, and the duration of education.

Thus, the formation of age groups of the working-age population is determined by the objective conditions not only of the physiological development of people, but, above all, of social relations. This is largely reflected in the formation of the demographic structure of the working-age population, in its distribution over the territory of the country.

Labor resources include that part of the working-age population that has the necessary physical data, knowledge and skills of work in the relevant industry, i.e. labor resources include, on the one hand, those people who are employed in the economy, and on the other, not busy but able to work. Thus, the workforce consists of real and potential employees.

For men, the working age is 44 years (from 16 to 59 years old inclusive), and for women - 39 years old (from 16 to 54 years old inclusive).
The population of the Russian Federation as of January 1, 1996 was 147 million people. In terms of population, Russia ranks 6th in the world, behind China (1232 million people), India (939 million people), the United States (266 million people), Indonesia (196 million people), Brazil (157 million people). .people).

Economically active population (labor force) - a part of the population that offers its labor for the production of goods and services. The economically active population excludes the employed and unemployed.

The personnel of the enterprise (labor force) are all persons employed under the contract, regardless of age and location.

In APKFZAO "Taremskoye" the average number of employees, in contrast to other enterprises, is decreasing. So in 2002, 2005, 2006. the number of men is greater than that of women, and in 2004 it was the other way around. But the average number of all employees since 2002. until 2006 also decreases, on average by 18.3%, including permanent workers by 15.1%. This is evidenced by Table 1.

Based on the data in the first table, you can find out what proportion each of the employees make up of the total number of employees (table 2).

Thus, permanent employees make up the largest share of those employed at the Taremskoye agricultural and industrial complex of the Pavlovsk region: in 2002. make up 63.2%, in 2006. - 65.6%. And the workers of trade and public catering in 2002. make up the smallest - 2.6%, and in 2006. the smallest share are seasonal and temporary workers - 1.8%.

Table 1.1

The presence and composition of the personnel of APKFZAO "Taremskoye" of the Pavlovsk region

Pace and factors economic growth

The set of basic development factors (natural and human resources, capital in monetary and real form, science and technology) forms the economic potential of the country, which in turn is the basis of its development and at the same time is the result of previous economic growth. The economic potential can be considered not only from the standpoint of production and the availability of resources necessary for its implementation, but also from the standpoint of their consumption. The closest analogue of the concept of economic potential in the system of economic categories is the productive forces. It should be borne in mind that they include both functioning and unused, but available resources that can be included in the country's economic turnover. The size of the economic potential, the structure and combination of basic factors used in the production process largely predetermine the possibilities, direction and nature of economic growth. Today, in terms of economic potential, India ranks 4th in the world.

Economic growth in India is critically based on domestic factors and is focused primarily on its own needs and domestic market, and the main sectors of the economy have a relatively wide endogenous development base (for example, agriculture, in principle, should provide the population with food)

In many respects, the determining factor for the development of India is the demographic factor and the state of the labor market. The initial characteristic of the demographic potential is the size of the population, which directly determines both the size of the labor force and the consumer potential of the country, as well as the possibilities for their further growth.

India is the second (after China) state in the world in terms of population, according to The World Bank... The country has enough high rates annual growth population - 1.6%. This country has a large working-age and economically active population. The abundance and low cost of labor can be attributed to positive factors. However, all residents of the country can be viewed from two points of view - as one of the types of resources, or as a huge mass that the state needs to maintain. In this sense, the consequences of the "demographic explosion" of the 50s-70s are deeply contradictory. In the socio-economic conditions of India, it led to a significant increase in the unused or ineffectively used share of labor resources, the “eating up” by the numerically growing population of a significant part of the increase in national income, aggravation of the food problem, and complication for the state of the choice between economic and social imperatives of development. And although the peak of the "population explosion" has already passed in general, demographic problem has not yet lost its urgency and complicates the solution of social and economic problems.

Only a large number of labor resources is not enough to implement stable economic growth, since if there are huge volumes of low-skilled labor, the latter can become a brake on economic development, i.e. labor potential is also determined quality characteristics labor force: its educational and professional qualification level, living conditions that have an impact on labor productivity. For all these indicators, India has seen noticeable, albeit uneven across the country's regions, progress. Already in 2006. in India, according to UNESCO, government spending education accounted for 4.1% (5% on average in the world), the adult literacy rate reached 60%, specific gravity pupils in the respective age groups: primary education - 95%, secondary - 52%, higher education - 10%.

The present and the future of the country's economy are highly educated people. The development of labor resources is at the center of all economic activity. In the XXI century. the most integrated factor of the economy is services in the field information technologies... There are Indian IT professionals working all over the world, high level which are future investments in the economy, and the technologies that were created in India are able to fully integrate the economy and society.

India is the youngest nation in terms of the age of its citizens. This indicator is considered to be key for prospective economic development, since a young nation, multiplied by its education, is a fertile ground for the dynamic movement of society as a whole. The main reason India could soon become the second largest economy in the world is that many international companies already foresee a serious “demographic crisis” in China. Due to the policy of “One family, one child,” there will soon be a shortage of young workers. By 2020, India will have 116 million able-bodied people of this age, and China - 94 million.

Thus, India's great asset is its workforce. This diversified society is able to provide the market with any advanced products. It provides a fertile environment for new ideas and experimentation in all areas.

There is such an aspect as the "brain drain" from India to the United States. Even with a large population, India cannot afford to lose some of its most skilled workforce. Today, India needs to strive to increase its place in the IEE system, which will be greatly facilitated by the retention of the best specialists.

The nature of economic growth is largely determined by the structure and volume of available natural resources. India is one of the states whose agricultural resources are sufficient for self-sufficiency in food and agricultural raw materials for the manufacturing industry.

Land resources are the natural wealth of the country, since most of the soil is highly fertile. Livestock resources are significant. Forests cover 22% of India's area, but there is not enough timber for household needs. India's mineral resources are significant and varied. The main deposits are located in the north-east of the country, where the largest iron ore and coal basins, manganese ore deposits are located, which creates favorable conditions for the development of industries. The minerals of South India are diverse: bauxite, chromite, brown coal, graphite, mica, diamonds, gold. There is oil in the state of Gujarat on the continental shelf. At the same time, it should be emphasized that the country does not have a sufficient set of minerals required for modern industrial production. In addition, mineral reserves alone cannot provide the conditions for sustainable economic growth.

The economic potential is also indirectly expressed in a set of indicators characterizing the development of the industry as a whole, the manufacturing industry, including heavy and especially the production of machinery and equipment. According to these indicators, India occupies an important place among the developing countries.

New industries are highlighted based on the use and production of information technologies. Long-term investments in science and technology are starting to pay off, creating a powerful technological base for the modern Indian economy. While much of rural India remains in poverty, new, urban, dynamic information technology centers are emerging across the country. Indian cities such as Bangalore, Chennai (Madras), Mumbai (Bombay) and Hyderabad are becoming hubs for software and technical support, the forefront of the Indian modern economy.

It should be emphasized that the size of the country and its budget allow maneuvering investments, “cutting out” and channeling the necessary funds into the right time on the development of key areas of science, technology and economy, taking into account their future, and not immediate impact. Thanks to this, India has made a significant step forward in the implementation of such nationwide science-intensive programs as geological exploration, nuclear, electronic, space and others.

Under the conditions of scientific and technological revolution, science took a special place in the composition of the productive forces, and the leading role in the economic potential passed to its scientific and technical component. Among developing countries, India stands out noticeably in terms of the number of higher educational institutions and by the number of students. The country has such a training base that it renders significant assistance to other developing countries in personnel training. At the same time, the training of technical personnel in the Indian higher education system is still underrepresented.

An important role in the formation of scientific and technical potential belongs to the financing of R&D, and one of the indicators financial security science is the share of R&D expenditures in GDP. In terms of these indicators, already at the end of the 70s, India approached the level of some developed countries. With financial leverage, India is seeking to shift research into areas more closely related to economic development. Half of the funds are allocated by the government to finance R&D in the defense, space and nuclear industries - directly to scientific research and to the introduction of developments in industry.

The increase in growth rates is explained by significant industrialization processes, overcoming the backwardness of the socio-economic structure of the economy, and the strengthening of national capital.

Economic development problems

The country is slowly declining poverty and unemployment. 26% of the population is below the poverty line. The income of the population does not allow them to purchase a minimum of food. Industrial consumer goods are bought by the wealthy elite (5-10%) of the population.

As a result, a dual, dualistic market remains in the country. The stagnation of effective demand for basic necessities, which the majority of the population needs, is combined with an increase in effective demand for durable goods.

Among the problems of the Indian economy, it should be noted, in particular, the following:

· Strong dependence on imports of crude oil (due to imports, the country satisfies 77% of the needs for this product). Proven reserves of coking coal are very limited, the quality of thermal coal is poor, the country is experiencing chronic power outages and shortages;

· Due to the fact that almost 26% of the country's inhabitants live below the poverty line, the state is forced to spend significant funds to ensure their minimum subsistence level through various kinds of benefits, grants, subsidies;

· In the main sectors of the economy, state corporations still dominate, which negatively affects the development of competition and other market mechanisms;

· "Overregulated" and bureaucratized administrative decision-making processes, widespread corruption;

· Underdeveloped infrastructure;

· Numerous problems of agriculture, which is associated with the life of a huge number of Indians, incl. a small number of modern farms, low mechanization of agricultural production, a lack of storage facilities for agricultural products, a large number of intermediary structures, the dependence of agriculture on weather conditions, etc .;

· High unemployment rate, which ranges from 9% in rural areas to 12% in cities.

In 2008. India's GDP exceeded the $ 1 trillion mark (tab.), Thanks to which the country entered the club of trillionaire states, becoming its twelfth member. Overcoming the barrier was facilitated by the strengthening of the national currency of India, the rupee, against the dollar. However, analysts emphasize that the country's economy is overheated, and such a rapid strengthening of the rupee will play against Indian exporters. In India, however, they are confident in continued economic growth.

Many experts note, comparing the republic with China (a giant in the production of goods) that "if India plays its cards right, it can become the world leader in the production of services."

Addressing issues related to improving the environmental and material living conditions of Indian citizens, raising the level of education of the country's population, resolving social conflicts, legal regulation in the field of labor migration, raising the standard of living of all citizens in general, will help India in the near future to become the biggest surprise in the world economy. If the country continues to follow the course of economic reforms, then in the near future it will be among the fastest growing economies in the world and become one of the main centers of foreign investment. It is likely that along with India's economic success, its global political influence will also grow, having a beneficial effect on the development of the world economy as a whole.

Structural shifts

India has undergone significant changes in recent decades. They were driven by the service sector, whose share rose from 40% in 1990 to 50% in 2004. In terms of the share of services in GDP, India surpasses the level of low-income countries per capita. The speed, quality and complexity of the type of services offered for sale are increasing and strive to meet international standards.

Trade, hotel business, transport and communications developed at the fastest pace. The government views the information and computer technology sector as one of the leading sectors to strengthen the country's position in the global economy. India is fast becoming a major force in the information technology sector. The potential is increasingly being tapped by global software giants such as Microsoft, Hughes, and Computer Associates, which have made significant investments in India. A number of multinationals are taking advantage of the relative cost advantage and highly skilled workforce available in India and have established service and order centers in India with the aim of meeting the needs of their customers around the world.

The capital market is developing rapidly. Extensive financial and banking sector contributes to the rapid growth of the Indian economy. The sector also houses a number of national and state financial institutions. These include foreign and institutional investors, investment funds, leasing companies, venture capital ventures. In addition, the country has a developed stock market, including 23 stock exchanges, with over 9,000 registered companies, capitalization is 26% of GDP. Indian stock markets are rapidly transforming towards a market that is modern in terms of infrastructure in accordance with world practice, such as derivative trading in futures, special trading conditions for some stocks, trading via the Internet, etc. Indian companies use external sources of finance on a large scale.

An extensive financial and banking sector supports India's fast growing economy. The country can be proud of a wide and developed banking network. The sector also houses a number of national and state financial institutions. They include foreign and institutional investors, investment funds, leasing companies. India has a developed stock market with over 20 stock exchanges with over 10,000 registered companies. Indian capital is moving rapidly towards a market that is modern in terms of real infrastructure, as well as in the best traditions of the international economy.

Posted on /

Introduction

Chapter 1 Main features of economic development

Economic growth rates and factors

Economic development problems

Structural shifts

Chapter 2. India as the largest country in the BRIC

2.1 Share of GDP in the world

2.2 Share in world trade

2.4 Science and technology

2.5 Dynamics of capital outflow and inflow

Conclusion

Bibliography

Application

Introduction

India is a developing agro-industrial country with a developed industry, it is included in the group of countries with low per capita income. One of the largest countries in the world. India occupies 2.4% of the world's territory and accounts for 17.00% of the world's population. Population - 1.173 billion people (2010) (Table 1) (Fig. 1), the second place in the world after China. The annual growth rate is 1.6% (Table 4), the number of deaths and births per 1000 inhabitants is 8.18 and 22.2, respectively (2006), the migration coefficient is 0.07. Life expectancy - 64 years (men - 63 years, women - 64 years). (2008) (Table 4) According to estimates, in the next 20 years the population of the country will increase by 300 million people.

India is located in the south of Asia. In the northwest, it borders with Pakistan and Afghanistan; in the north - with China, Nepal and Bhutan; in the east - with Myanmar and Bangladesh. In the south, the Strait of Polk and the Gulf of Manar separate it from Sri Lanka, to the southwest is the Republic of Maldives. The sea border between India and Indonesia runs along the Great Channel between the islands of Greater Nicobar and Sumatra.

The country has significant mineral resources, has large reserves of iron ore, bauxite, chromite, manganese ore, large deposits of copper and tungsten ores. In terms of production, the country is one of the 10 largest farms in the world.

In recent years, India has seen a steady economic growth, influencing the current trends in the world markets for raw materials, primarily oil, and finished goods. India's economic dynamics and social progress are contributing to the growing role of the Asian region in the world economy and politics. A huge and constantly growing market, developing infrastructure, flexible regulatory environment, incentives, a stable state and a good economic outlook make India an attractive investment destination. The growing domestic demand in this country is considered as the main factors determining the investment attractiveness of India.

The relevance of the topic is determined by the growing role of India in the economy of the Asian region and in world politics in general. Of interest is the analysis of the most relevant aspects of economic policy, factors that ensure not only the rapid growth of the national economy, but also the creation of the basic prerequisites for its modernization and diversification.

The growing and deepening interest of Russia and India in the establishment of mutually beneficial political, trade and economic relations forms the essential relevance of the topic.

Relations between India and Russia are in the nature of a strategic partnership that serves as a solid foundation for bilateral interaction, both cultural and economic. The geopolitical interests of the two countries have much in common.

Fig. 1. Population of India and China, pers.

Chapter 1 Main features of economic development

1.1 Rates and factors of economic growth

The combination of basic development factors (natural and human resources, capital in monetary and material form, science and technology) forms the economic potential of the country, which in turn is the basis of its development and at the same time is the result of previous economic growth. The economic potential can be considered not only from the standpoint of production and the availability of resources necessary for its implementation, but also from the standpoint of their consumption. The closest analogue of the concept of economic potential in the system of economic categories is the productive forces. It should be borne in mind that they include both functioning and unused, but available resources that can be included in the country's economic turnover. The size of the economic potential, the structure and combination of basic factors used in the production process largely predetermine the possibilities, direction and nature of economic growth. Today, in terms of economic potential, India ranks 4th in the world.

Economic growth in India is largely based on domestic factors and is focused mainly on its own needs and the domestic market, and the main sectors of the economy have a relatively wide endogenous development base (for example, agriculture, in principle, should provide the population with food)

In many respects, the determining factor for the development of India is the demographic factor and the state of the labor market. The initial characteristic of the demographic potential is the size of the population, which directly determines both the size of the labor force and the consumer potential of the country, as well as the possibilities for their further growth.

India is the second (after China) state in the world in terms of population, according to the World Bank (Fig. 1, table 1). The country has a fairly high rate of annual population growth - 1.6% (Table 4). This country has a large working-age and economically active population. The abundance and low cost of labor can be attributed to positive factors. However, all residents of the country can be viewed from two points of view - as one of the types of resources, or as a huge mass that the state needs to maintain. In this sense, the consequences of the "demographic explosion" of the 50s-70s are deeply contradictory. In the socio-economic conditions of India, it led to a significant increase in the unused or ineffectively used share of labor resources, the “eating up” by the numerically growing population of a significant part of the increase in national income, aggravation of the food problem, and complication for the state of the choice between economic and social imperatives of development. And although the peak of the “demographic explosion” has generally passed, the demographic problem has not yet lost its acuteness and complicates the solution of social and economic problems.

Only a large number of labor resources is not enough to implement stable economic growth, since if there are huge volumes of low-skilled labor, the latter can become a brake on economic development, i.e. labor potential is also determined by the qualitative characteristics of the labor force: its educational and professional qualification level, living conditions that affect labor productivity. For all these indicators, India has seen noticeable, albeit uneven across the country's regions, progress. Already in 2006. in India, according to UNESCO, public spending on education amounted to 4.1% (5% on average in the world), the adult literacy rate reached 60%, the proportion of students in the corresponding age groups: primary education - 95%, secondary - 52 %, higher - 10%.

The present and the future of the country's economy are highly educated people. The development of labor resources is at the center of all economic activity. In the XXI century. the most integrated factor in the economy is information technology services. All over the world there are Indian IT specialists, whose high level is a future investment in the economy, and the technologies that were created in India are able to fully integrate the economy and society.

India is the youngest nation in terms of the age of its citizens. This indicator is considered to be key for prospective economic development, since a young nation, multiplied by its education, is a fertile ground for the dynamic movement of society as a whole. The main reason India could soon become the second largest economy in the world is that many international companies already foresee a serious “demographic crisis” in China. Due to the policy of “One family, one child,” there will soon be a shortage of young workers. By 2020, India will have 116 million able-bodied people of this age, and China - 94 million.

Thus, India's great asset is its workforce. This diversified society is able to provide the market with any advanced products. It provides a fertile environment for new ideas and experimentation in all areas.

There is such an aspect as the "brain drain" from India to the United States. Even with a large population, India cannot afford to lose some of its most skilled workforce. Today, India needs to strive to increase its place in the IEE system, which will be greatly facilitated by the retention of the best specialists.

The nature of economic growth is largely determined by the structure and volume of available natural resources. India is one of the states whose agricultural resources are sufficient for self-sufficiency in food and agricultural raw materials for the manufacturing industry.

Land resources are the natural wealth of the country, since most of the soil is highly fertile. Livestock resources are significant. Forests cover 22% of India's area, but there is not enough timber for household needs. India's mineral resources are significant and varied. The main deposits are located in the north-east of the country, where the largest iron ore and coal basins, manganese ore deposits are located, which creates favorable conditions for the development of industries. The minerals of South India are diverse: bauxite, chromite, brown coal, graphite, mica, diamonds, gold. There is oil in the state of Gujarat on the continental shelf. At the same time, it should be emphasized that the country does not have a sufficient set of minerals required for modern industrial production. In addition, mineral reserves alone cannot provide the conditions for sustainable economic growth.

The economic potential is also indirectly expressed in a set of indicators characterizing the development of the industry as a whole, the manufacturing industry, including heavy and especially the production of machinery and equipment. According to these indicators, India occupies an important place among the developing countries.

New industries are highlighted based on the use and production of information technologies. Long-term investments in science and technology are starting to pay off, creating a powerful technological base for the modern Indian economy. While much of rural India remains in poverty, new, urban, dynamic information technology centers are emerging across the country. Indian cities such as Bangalore, Chennai (Madras), Mumbai (Bombay) and Hyderabad are becoming hubs for software and hardware exports, the front lines of India's modern economy.

It should be emphasized that the size of the country and its budget allow one to maneuver investments, “cut out” and direct the necessary funds at the right time to the development of key areas of science, technology and economy, taking into account their future, and not immediate returns. Thanks to this, India has made a significant step forward in the implementation of such nationwide science-intensive programs as geological exploration, nuclear, electronic, space and others.

Under the conditions of scientific and technological revolution, science took a special place in the composition of the productive forces, and the leading role in the economic potential passed to its scientific and technical component. India stands out among developing countries in terms of the number of higher education institutions and the number of students. The country has such a training base that it renders significant assistance to other developing countries in personnel training. At the same time, the training of technical personnel in the Indian higher education system is still underrepresented.

An important role in the formation of scientific and technical potential belongs to the financing of R&D, and one of the indicators of the financial support of science is the share of R&D expenditures in GDP. In terms of these indicators, already at the end of the 70s, India approached the level of some developed countries. With financial leverage, India is seeking to shift research into areas more closely related to economic development. Half of the funds are allocated by the government to finance R&D in the defense, space and nuclear industries - directly to scientific research and to the introduction of developments in industry.

The increase in growth rates is explained by significant industrialization processes, overcoming the backwardness of the socio-economic structure of the economy, and the strengthening of national capital.

1.2 Problems of economic development

The country is slowly declining poverty and unemployment. 26% of the population is below the poverty line. The income of the population does not allow them to purchase a minimum of food. Industrial consumer goods are bought by the wealthy elite (5-10%) of the population.

As a result, a dual, dualistic market remains in the country. The stagnation of effective demand for basic necessities, which the majority of the population needs, is combined with an increase in effective demand for durable goods.

Among the problems of the Indian economy, it should be noted, in particular, the following:

strong dependence on imports of crude oil (due to imports, the country satisfies 77% of the needs for this product). Proven reserves of coking coal are very limited, the quality of thermal coal is poor, the country is experiencing chronic power outages and shortages;

due to the fact that almost 26% of the country's inhabitants live below the poverty line, the state is forced to spend significant funds to ensure their minimum subsistence level through various kinds of benefits, grants, subsidies;

state-owned corporations continue to dominate the main sectors of the economy, which negatively affects the development of competition and other market mechanisms;

"overregulated" and bureaucratized administrative decision-making processes, widespread corruption;

underdeveloped infrastructure;

numerous problems of agriculture, which is associated with the life of a huge number of Indians, incl. a small number of modern farms, low mechanization of agricultural production, a lack of storage facilities for agricultural products, a large number of intermediary structures, the dependence of agriculture on weather conditions, etc .;

high unemployment rate, which ranges from 9% in rural areas to 12% in cities.

In 2008. India's GDP exceeded the $ 1 trillion mark (tab.), Thanks to which the country entered the club of trillionaire states, becoming its twelfth member. The strengthening of the national currency of India, the rupee, against the dollar helped to overcome the barrier. However, analysts emphasize that the country's economy is overheated, and such a rapid strengthening of the rupee will play against Indian exporters. In India, however, they are confident in continued economic growth.

Many experts note, comparing the republic with China (a giant in the production of goods) that "if India plays its cards right, it can become the world leader in the production of services."

Addressing issues related to improving the environmental and material living conditions of Indian citizens, raising the level of education of the country's population, resolving social conflicts, legal regulation in the field of labor migration, raising the standard of living of all citizens in general, will help India in the near future to become the biggest surprise in the world economy. If the country continues to pursue the course of economic reforms, then in the near future it will be among the fastest growing economies in the world and become one of the main centers of foreign investment. It is likely that along with India's economic success, its global political influence will also grow, having a beneficial effect on the development of the world economy as a whole.

1.3 Structural changes

India has undergone significant changes in recent decades. They were driven by the service sector, whose share rose from 40% in 1990 to 50% in 2004. In terms of the share of services in GDP, India surpasses the level of low-income countries per capita. The speed, quality and complexity of the type of services offered for sale are increasing and strive to meet international standards.

Trade, hotel business, transport and communications developed at the fastest pace. The government views the information and computer technology sector as one of the leading sectors to strengthen the country's position in the global economy. India is fast becoming a major force in the information technology sector. The potential is increasingly being tapped by global software giants such as Microsoft, Hughes, and Computer Associates, which have made significant investments in India. A number of multinational corporations are taking advantage of the relative cost advantage and highly skilled workforce available in India and have established service and order centers in India with the aim of meeting the needs of their customers around the world.

The capital market is developing rapidly. A vast financial and banking sector is contributing to the rapid growth of India's economy. The sector also houses a number of national and state financial institutions. They include foreign and institutional investors, investment funds, leasing companies, venture capital enterprises. In addition, the country has a developed stock market, including 23 stock exchanges, with more than 9,000 registered companies, the volume of capitalization is 26% of GDP. Indian stock markets are rapidly transforming towards a market that is modern in terms of infrastructure in line with global practices such as derivatives trading in futures, special trading conditions for certain stocks, online trading, etc. Indian companies use external sources of finance on a large scale.

An extensive financial and banking sector is supporting India's fast growing economy. The country can be proud of a wide and developed banking network. The sector also houses a number of national and state financial institutions. They include foreign and institutional investors, investment funds, leasing companies. India has a developed stock market with over 20 stock exchanges with over 10,000 registered companies. Indian capital is moving rapidly towards a market that is modern in terms of real infrastructure, as well as in the best traditions of the international economy.

Chapter 2. India as the largest country in the BRIC

Despite the weak development of "pure" science, India is the world's leading center for some types of high-tech services, in particular software and business outsourcing, engineering. It achieved this through an effective innovation support system. According to Goldman Sachs forecast, India should show the most impressive economic growth.

2.1 Share of GDP in the world

India is in 12th place in terms of GDP at current prices. It is about 1.210 billion US dollars (Table 7) (Fig. 2). FY09-2010 GDP Growth - about 1.3% (Table 2). When recalculated according to the UN methodology at “purchasing power parity”, India ranks fourth in terms of GDP in the world after the United States, China and Japan. India's GDP in terms of "purchasing power parity" is about 3.23 trillion. US dollars, the volume of GDP per capita for this indicator is about 3045 US dollars.

In the structure of GDP, the share of industrial and agricultural sectors continues to decline (21 and 22%, respectively), while the share of infrastructure and service sectors (57%) is constantly growing.

FY09-2010 Annual Average Inflation amounted to 4.7%. (Table 2) External debt as of June 2009 amounted to USD 294.94 billion (Table 3). The level of gold and foreign exchange reserves exceeded USD 130 billion. Foreign direct investment in the Indian economy in 2008-2009. amounted to $ 34.9 billion (Table 5), portfolio - $ 235.4 billion (Table 5).

FY 2008-09 India's foreign trade turnover reached $ 324.9 billion (Table 6), exports - $ 125.2 billion, imports - $ 199.7 billion. (Table 6). The basis of Indian exports is agricultural and industrial raw materials, food and textile products, precious stones and products from them, machinery and equipment, software. The largest trading partners of India are the USA, China, Japan.

The main sectors of the economy have the following share in the production of GDP: agriculture - 31%, industry and construction - 28%, transport and communications - 7%, and the service sector - 34%. The national per capita income is about $ 300 per year. Only about 5% of the population has a per capita income above the American average; the size of the middle class is 250 million. At the same time, about 26% (2007) of the population live below the official poverty line.

The public sector plays an important role in the development of the national economy of India, providing production of 28% of GDP and 39% of industrial output. State-owned enterprises account for 100% of oil production and processing, 98% of coal, 94% of electricity generation, 80% of steel production. As mentioned above, the public sector occupies leading positions in such areas as the defense industry, nuclear energy, railway, aviation and maritime transport, communications. Programs are being implemented for partial privatization of the public sector through the sale of up to 49% of shares to financial and credit institutions, and later to private individuals.

The private sector predominates in agriculture, mechanical engineering, chemical, light, food and medical industries, construction, trade, and road transport. The private sector also includes Indian monopolies such as BIRLA, TATA, THAPAR, SINGHANIA and others. Their names are given by the surnames of their owners, as a rule, these are whole dynasties of businessmen. Some of the Indian monopolies are among the richest corporations in the world.

The largest monopoly is the TATA Group of Companies, with an annual capital turnover of $ 14 billion and a profit of $ 10.37 billion, or 2.4% of India's GDP. The Group accounts for 6% of the country's export potential. The interests of the Group are concentrated in such industries as: metallurgy, heavy engineering, chemistry, power engineering, information science and telecommunications, automotive, hotel business, production of tea, coffee, consumer goods, incl. - leather goods, investment, finance and economic consulting.

India's external debt to GDP ratio has improved significantly, with external debt at 20% in March 2008, one of the lowest among developing countries. The external debt itself currently exceeds $ 294 billion (early 2009). Economic development in different states is very uneven - in application both to sectors and industries, and regions and states of the country. If in 1980/81 FY. the highest indicator of the level of per capita income (2,674 rupees in the state of Punjab) exceeded the lowest (917 rupees in the state of Bihar) 2.9 times, then in 1992/93 f.y. this gap was already 3.31 times (10,857 rupees in Punjab and 3,280 rupees in Bihar). Regional uneven development serves as a breeding ground for various autonomist and separatist tendencies. In terms of gross national product, India's economy ranks 12th in the world ($ 1 trillion). India's economy is growing by 9% (2008-2009), which puts it in second place (after China) among the fastest growing countries in the world. Annual per capita income is less than $ 1,000 (roughly 120 in the world), which is comparable to incomes in other poor countries.

Fig. 2. GDP in USD, 2009

The main reasons for this are the huge and growing population of India (about 1.2 billion) (Table 1), underdeveloped infrastructure, a huge gap between the rich and the poor, as well as the territorially uneven development of the economy. A third of Indians live below the poverty line.

2.2 Share in world trade

India's external trade turnover for 2008-2009 is -324.7 billion US dollars (Table 6). Exports are 125.2 billion US dollars, imports are 199.7. Largest exporters: United Arab Emirates, USA, Singapore, UK, Netherlands, Germany (Table 6) (Figure 3)

Fig. 3 The largest importers: China, United Arab Emirates, USA, Saudi Arabia, Germany, Iran, Switzerland. (Table 6) (Fig. 4)

India has achieved impressive success in foreign economic activity. Exports are increasing annually by an average of 10-13%, while imports have stabilized. The rupee exchange rate is becoming more and more stable. The inflation growth rates are kept at the level of 6-8% (Table 2). India's foreign economic liberalization continues, and to a large extent the country has abandoned its protectionist policy, and has lifted administrative bans on the import of raw materials and equipment by private entrepreneurs. The maximum level of import tariffs in 15 years has been reduced from 400% to 65%. With the aim of encouraging exports, the government has devalued the rupee by 24% and removed most of the restrictions on exchange. The rupee is now effectively a convertible currency. Foreign investments, which were previously limited in every possible way, began to be encouraged: for example, for foreign investors to buy blocks of shares in Indian enterprises, special permits are no longer required if the block of shares does not exceed 51%.

A protectionist mechanism has been put in place by the Government of India to provide adequate protection for the rights of domestic producers. Changes in the tariff policy were expressed, first of all, in the maximum increase in the rates of import customs duties on certain types of goods, the own production of which in India is of decisive importance for the country's economy.

A number of agricultural and horticultural products that were previously on the free import list were subject to caps on customs duties. In relation to such "sensitive" goods, the relevant decrees of the Government of India were adopted in order to legislatively fix the increase in customs tariff rates. It was also decided to amend the Forcing Trade Act of 1992 in order to give legal force to government actions as temporary, necessary and safeguard against the consequences of the abolition of quantitative restrictions.

Increased import duties have been introduced to protect domestic producers:

on imports of agricultural products such as wheat, rice, corn, other grains, copra and coconut oil, classified as government-traded goods. Similarly, imports of petroleum products, including gasoline, diesel fuel and aviation fuel, classified as government-traded goods are carried out. Urea (urea) is also imported through the state trade mechanism;

the import of all goods is subject to such existing regulatory legal acts of internal regulation as the Law on Counterfeiting of Food Products, the Regulation on Meat Products, the Procedure for Control over the Collection, Processing and Waste of Tea;

the import of textile materials using unauthorized dyes is prohibited;

the import of foreign alcoholic beverages, prepared food and tea is subject to existing internal health and hygiene regulations.

India's share in world trade is less than 1%. The government has set the task of achieving at least 20% annual growth in exports.

To implement the tasks of increasing the country's share in world trade, attention is being paid to measures and means of promoting exports, and the search for new mechanisms to promote its expansion is accelerating.

In the export-import policy of India (EIP) for 2002-2008. It is planned to create such conditions for the development of exports that would allow achieving the goal set in the 10th five-year plan and the Medium-Term Export Strategy - to increase by 2008 the share of India in world trade from 0.7% to 1%. The volume of exports by 2009 increased from 46 to more than 125 billion US dollars (Table 6).

Export-import policy for 2002-2008 consolidates and develops previously adopted decisions aimed at developing exports and increasing the competitiveness of Indian goods by creating favorable conditions for exporters that would not contradict the WTO rules and would not be discriminatory towards local producers focused on the domestic market.

The new proposals formulated in the export-import policy for 2002-2008 are structurally combined into six main areas:

Measures for the further development of special economic zones

Measures to increase exports in such sectors of the economy as agriculture, handicrafts, small and medium-sized businesses, leather, textile and jewelry industries;

Measures to develop the export of high-tech products;

Measures to increase the volume and expand the geography of exports;

Measures to reduce transaction costs and simplify the regulation of export-import transactions;

Measures to further develop export promotion schemes.

India is a major exporter of labor. There is a large outflow of skilled workers and student youth from the country. Natives of India hold a prominent place among researchers and engineers in the United States. Emigrants provide a large inflow of funds - over $ 50 billion. in 2007.

In general, India's position in the structure of international economic relations reflects the increasing influence of external factors, their increasing importance in the development of the country, which reflects the general trend towards the internationalization of economic life.

2.3 Share in world production

For several years after gaining independence, India depended on help from other countries for food shortages. Over the past 40 years, food production has grown steadily, mainly due to the expansion of irrigation land and the widespread use of high-quality, high-yield seeds, fertilizers and pesticides. India has a huge supply of grains and is also an exporter of grains. Revenues, especially tea and coffee, are the main exports. India is the largest tea producer in the world, with an annual production of about 470 million tons, 200 million tons of which are exported. India also contains about 30% of the world spice market, with exports of about 120,000 tons per year. With the aim of strengthening the sector, creating infrastructure for processing, transporting and storing grain and food, the status of infrastructure was granted, which implies exemption from taxes.

After a decade of reforms, the manufacturing sector is preparing to meet the needs of the new millennium. Investments in Indian companies reached record levels by 1994 and many multinationals decided to open stores in India to take advantage of the improved financial climate. With a view to further growth in the industrial manufacturing sector, foreign direct investment was allowed on an automatic route in almost all industries with some restrictions. Structural reforms were undertaken under the excise regime with the aim of introducing a flat rate and simplifying procedures and rules. Companies in the manufacturing sector have come together in their core competencies, forging links with foreign companies in order to acquire new technologies, management expertise and access to foreign markets. The advantageously low costs associated with manufacturing in India have established India as an attractive manufacturing sector and a source for global markets.

Light industry is a traditional branch of the Indian economy. India has a strong textile base based on natural fabrics. In the production of cotton fabrics, India is one of the leading countries in the world, and in the production of jute products (technical, packaging, furniture fabrics, carpets) it takes first place. The largest centers of the cotton industry are Bombay and Ahmedabad, and the jute industry is Calcutta.

The textile industry has a significant place in both the Indian economy and the international economy. Its contribution to the Indian economy is manifested in the production of manufactured goods, employment of the population and the receipt of foreign exchange. The Indian textile industry has advantages over other major textile producing countries in terms of the cost of raw materials and labor costs in the production of various types of textile products.

Excellent management, high productivity and experience have brought an increasing number of global car manufacturers to India. Suzuki and Hyundai have established an export center for their world renowned vehicles in India.

In world production, despite the huge basic shifts in the Indian economy, the country stands out for its raw materials and basic industries. In the early 2000s, India accounted for 60% of world production of mica, 30 peanuts, 28%, 21% rice, 11% milk and sugar, 10% wheat. India is one of the largest producers of rubber and coffee.

Labor productivity remains low. In terms of overall competitiveness, the Indian economy ranks 34th in the world. Today, Indian companies successfully compete in international markets in pharmaceuticals, steel, cement and automotive parts.

For decades India

Territory - Cape Verde archipelago, located at a distance of 620 km from the West African coast with total area 4,033 sq. km. The relief is mountainous. The climate is tropical.

State in the Caribbean to the east of Puerto Rico in the Lesser Antilles archipelago, consists of two closely spaced islands with a total area of ​​442 sq. km.

Territory. Population. State structure... History. Economy. Monetary sphere. Social politics. Economy. The science. Economic relations with Russia.

The study foreign economic activity RF in the context of the development of the world economy. Research on the dynamics of exports (fuel and energy products, timber, pulp and paper products) and imports ( production machines and equipment) of Russia.

The main features of developing countries. general characteristics economic situation developing countries. The role of developing countries in the global economy.

The Republic of India is located in South Asia on the Indian subcontinent, washed by the waters of the Indian Oceans in most of the Indo-Gangetic lowland. In addition to the mainland, its territory includes the Lakkadiv islands in the Arabian Sea, as well as the Andaman and Nicobar islands in the Bay of Bengal ...

Territory: archipelago in the Persian Gulf near the coast Saudi Arabia total area of ​​665 sq. km, consists of 35 islands, partially artificial.

A group of 138 islands in the Atlantic Ocean east of the United States with a total area of ​​58.8 square meters. km, overseas territory of Great Britain.

During the classes

India (Republic of India)

• Area - 3165.6 thousand km (7th place among the states of the world)
• Population - 1020.0 million people. (2nd place)
• GDP (2000) - $ 1825 billion (5th place)
• GDP per capita - $ 1,800 (135th place)
• State system: parliamentary federal republic within the Commonwealth

India is a country of ancient civilization. In the III millennium BC. NS. Dravidians who lived in the valley of the river. Indus, created the original Harappan civilization. Around the 15th century BC NS. the tribes of the Aryans came to northern India, drove the Dravids to the south. From these ancient peoples descend the modern Indians.

Cultural and historical features of the country

Throughout its history, India has managed to preserve ancient cultural traditions, while simultaneously adopting new customs and ideas from conquerors and immigrants, and spreading its cultural influence to other regions of Asia.

In Indian society, traditional family values ​​are highly respected.

• Architecture

Indian architecture is one of the areas in which the diversity of Indian culture is most vividly represented. Much of India's landmarks, including such remarkable monuments as the Taj Mahal and other examples of Mongolian and South Indian architecture, are a mixture of ancient and diverse local traditions. different regions India and abroad.

• Literature

The earliest works of Indian literature were transmitted orally over the centuries, and only later were they written down. These include Sanskrit literature - the Vedas, the Mahabharata and Ramayana epics, the Abhigyana Shakuntala drama, and the classical Sanskrit Mahakavya poetry - and the Sang Tamil literature.

Features of the economic and geographical location and natural conditions

Administrative divisions

The main features of the EGP of India are:

• Located in South Asia, almost symmetrically to the Northern Tropic

• Washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean; off the southern shores of India there are sea routes from the Mediterranean to the Pacific Ocean

• Has a number of unresolved territorial issues with Pakistan and China, complicates relations between the countries

• Relief makes it difficult to develop economic ties with northern neighbors

Natural conditions of India

Natural conditions India is diverse:

• Relief:

Himalayas - a chain of ridges with an average height of 3-4 thousand meters in the north of the country

Highlands Deccan

• Climate:

The territory is located in the tropical and subequatorial zones with a typical monsoon climate

Annual temperature - +25 ... +27 С

Diamond cut

Agriculture of India

The dominant branch of the Indian economy, has a pronounced crop focus

In terms of agricultural production, the state ranks 4th in the world and is one of the largest producers of tea, peanuts, sugar cane, legumes, jute, and some spices.

2nd place in the world (after China) for rice production, 3rd place for tobacco production, 4th place for wheat and cotton production

Types of agriculture in India

• Livestock

15% of the world's cattle population (draft)

Small cattle

Poultry

Pig breeding

Marine and river fishing

• Plant growing

Cereals (rice, wheat, millet)

Legumes (beans, peanuts)

Technical

Tobacco growing

Spices (black pepper, cloves, cardamom)

Bananas and pineapples (1st place in the world)

Almost all types of transport are represented on the territory of India:

• Railway (length 62 thousand km, 5th place in the world, most of the railways are narrow-gauge; 10.5 thousand km are electrified)

• Automobile (the length of motorways is more than 30 thousand km, the total length of motor-carriage roads is 1600 thousand km)

• Sea (carries out most of the country's foreign trade traffic, 90% of the sea freight turnover falls on eight main ports, the largest of which is Mumbai)

• Air (serves international and domestic airlines, many transit flights from Europe to Southeast Asia and Australia)

• India is an extremely peaceful state that has never invaded other countries in the last 100,000 years of history.

• The name "India" comes from the name of the Indus River, in the valley of which the houses of the first settlers were located. The Aryan believers called the river Indus Sindh.

• Chess was invented in India.

• India is the most democratic country in the world, it is also the sixth largest country in the world, and one of the most ancient civilizations.

• India has the largest number post offices in the world!

• The Lotus Temple in India is one of the most visited temples in the world, with more than 50 million people crossing the threshold per year.

• The largest employer in India is Indian railways providing jobs for more than a million people.

• India was one of the richest countries during British rule in the early 17th century. Christopher Columbus, attracted by the wealth of India, went in search of a sea route to India, but arrived in America and discovered it by mistake.

• Algebra, trigonometry and computation also originated in India. Quadratic equations were used by Sridharacharya as early as the 11th century. The largest number that most Greeks and Romans used was 106 while the Indians used the numbers 10 * 53 (i.e. 10 to the power of 53) with specific names as early as 5000 BC. during the Vedic period. Even today, the largest number used is Tera - 10 * 12 (10 to the power of 12).

• By 1896, India was the only source of diamonds in the world (

In the modern global development of the world economy, the most important, if not the main, resource is labor resources (labor), i.e. people capable of producing goods and services.

Labor resources are the economically active part of the working-age population with the physical and spiritual abilities necessary to carry out useful activities in social production. The quality of labor resources is determined by the psychological and physical health of the nation, the level of general and special education, accumulated production experience, and the general cultural level.

The number of labor resources depends on the emerging demographic situation in each national economy and the world as a whole.

The most important demographic parameters are population size, its age structure and growth dynamics.

According to the UN methodology, the population is divided into three age groups:

1) from 1 to 14 years old;

2) from 15 to 64 years old;

3) 65 years of age and older.

The active part of the population includes the age group from 15 to 64 years old.

The world's population currently exceeds 7 billion people. Compared to the beginning of the twentieth century, it has increased more than 4 times. According to available estimates, in 2000-2005. the average annual population growth is ~ 75 million people. 1 More than 90% of the increase is in developing countries.

According to the UN, every minute the world's population is increasing by 157 people, of which in developed countries 4 people are added (27 people are born and 23 people die); in developing countries - 153 people are added per minute (237 people are born, 84 people die). 2

In general, the average annual rate of population growth in the world at the turn of the XX / XXI centuries. decreased by almost 2 times in comparison with 1950 and amount to 1.4%. At the same time, in developed countries, the average annual population growth rates are at the level of 0.6% and tend to decrease. These countries account for less than 15% of the world's population. In developing countries, population growth rates are at 1.6% (the highest rate is over 2% in sub-Saharan Africa). Of the ten largest countries in terms of population, seven are in developing countries (Table 12).

Table 12 - Top 10 countries by population, 2010

(million people)

Calculated: Russia in the APR: prospects for integration. Book 1. - Vladivostok: FEFU, 2001.

As for the age structure, here the trend is multidirectional, broken down by groups of countries. For developed countries, where the living standard of the population is quite high (on average, $ 30 thousand per capita), with low birth and mortality rates, life expectancy increases, and along with it the proportion of the population is "65 years and older", while the proportion of the working-age population decreases ... Demographic aging (demographic crisis) in developed countries is a natural process, which is based on the success of medicine and an increase in the quality of life. Population aging has economic implications. Even labor productivity will rise, and a slower employment growth in the context of a shrinking labor force is likely to have an impact on a decline in GDP growth. Therefore, the solution to the “shortage” of labor resources will, to a certain extent, be solved through migration from less developed countries. According to scientists, by the beginning of the XXI century. the total number of international migrants has exceeded 150 million people, or about 2.5% of the world's population. 1

The opposite trend is observed in the group of developing countries, where (with the exception of the NIS), against the background of a low standard of living, its duration is reduced and the share of the working-age population is growing (Table 13).

Table 13 - Life expectancy contrasts by country

According to UN statistics, 20% of the world's population is young people between the ages of 18 and 24. Moreover, in sub-Saharan Africa, this age category is 1/3 of the population. 1

The current demographic situation in developing countries, especially in less developed countries, leads to an exacerbation of social and environmental problems, food shortages, increased unemployment, and the persistence of poverty.

According to available forecasts, until 2025 in a number of countries (Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iraq, Yemen, etc.) the demographic priority of youth will remain, which will intensify the population.

Unemployment is due to the excess of continuation of work of the relevant profile and qualifications of applicants, under the number of available jobs.

Unemployed citizens are considered to be able-bodied citizens who are looking for work, registered at the labor exchange and who have no real opportunity to get a job in accordance with their education, labor skills (the indicator of unemployment is the ratio of the number of unemployed to the active part of the population).

At the present stage of development of the world economy, where the role of scientific and technological progress is increasing, the qualitative characteristics of labor resources are of particular importance in solving the above problem. World practice confirms the existing strong relationship between economic growth and the cost of general education, vocational training and health care, i.e. “Investments in people”, and the profitability of such investments in the long term is higher than investments in physical capital. In modern practice, such investments are no longer viewed as unproductive costs, but are considered one of the most profitable types of investments. According to available data, in developed countries public spending on education on average exceeds 5% of GDP, while in developing countries the same indicator is about 2%. And in this regard, for developing countries, especially for the least developed of them, there is an acute problem of eliminating illiteracy of the adult population, which directly affects the qualifications of personnel, their productivity, the degree and effectiveness of participation in the international division of labor (this problem will be discussed in more detail below) ...

Terms and concepts

Economic resources

Natural resources

Exhaustible / inexhaustible resources

Labor resources

Economically active population

Unemployment

Migration

Questions and tasks for independent work

1. What is the classification of natural resources?

2. How are natural resources distributed in the world economy?

3. Are there problems in the use of natural resources in the 21st century?

4. What factors determine unemployment among the active part of the able-bodied population?

5. What is the role of the adult literacy level in the development of the economic potential of countries?