General economic and geographical characteristics of Asia. General characteristics of overseas Asia - Knowledge Hypermarket

On the territory of Asia, there are several dozen countries with different political systems and living standards, with amazing and dissimilar cultures. Russia also partially belongs to Which states does Foreign Asia include? The countries and capitals of this part of the world will be listed in the article.

What is called overseas Asia?

A foreign territory is the part of the world that does not belong to Russia, that is, these are all Asian countries, except for Russia. In geographical literature, foreign Asia is divided into four large regions... So, there are Central, Eastern, Southern and Front (Western). - this is Russian territory, and, naturally, foreign Asia does not belong to it. The countries and capitals of this are absolutely different from each other, they are unique and inimitable.

The table below gives an alphabetical list with the names of the capitals.

Developed countries of overseas Asia and their capitals

Among the most highly developed countries the world is Singapore (capital - Singapore). It is a small island nation with high level life of the population, which is mainly engaged in the production of electronics for export.

Tokyo), also engaged in the creation of electronic equipment, is among the ten most prosperous countries in the world. Almost all countries of overseas Asia and their capitals are rapidly developing. For example, Qatar, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan are among the five fastest growing (in terms of GDP growth) economies in the world.

Not everyone should be ahead ...

Overseas Asia and their capitals: Bangladesh (capital - Dhaka), Bhutan (capital - Thimphu), Nepal (capital - Kathmandu). These and some other countries cannot boast of either a high standard of living or special achievements in industry. Still, overseas Asia (countries and capitals are listed in the table above) plays an important role in the global economy. The largest financial centers are located in the largest part of the world on the planet: Hong Kong, Taipei, Singapore.

What are the features of SOEs in overseas Asia

How many states are there in modern overseas Asia

What sub-regions is Asia divided into

What is the manifestation of the heterogeneity of the countries of foreign Asia

What is the demographic situation in overseas Asia

How the population is located on the territory of foreign Asia

What are the levels and rates of urbanization in Asia

What are the features of the ethnic composition of the population

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FOREIGN ASIA GENERAL DESCRIPTION

PLAN - LESSON SCHEME GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREIGN ASIA GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION TERRITORIAL COMPOSITION OF THE SUBREGION OF ASIA UNHOMOGENEITY OF COUNTRIES POPULATION DEMOGRAPHIC SITUATION LOCATION Issues of Ethnicity Lesson in Asia? 2. How many countries are there in modern overseas Asia? 3. What sub-regions is Asia divided into? 4. What is the manifestation of the heterogeneity of the countries of foreign Asia? 5. What is the demographic situation in overseas Asia? 6. How is the population distributed over the territory of foreign Asia? 7. What are the levels and rates of urbanization in Asia? 8. What are the features of the ethnic composition of the population? NATURAL RESOURCES

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF FOREIGN ASIA The territory of foreign Asia stretches from north to south for almost 7 thousand km, and from west to east for more than 10 thousand km. Most of the Asian countries are large, China and India are giants, but there are also micro-states - Singapore, Bahrain, Qatar. Three features can be distinguished in the EGP of the region: 1. Neighboring position of countries (unites the region) 2. Seaside position of most countries (provides access to the seas of 3 oceans) 3. The deep position of some countries (complicates relations with other countries) Exercise. Justify these features, give specific examples.

general characteristics Overseas Asia. 48 states UBREGIONS East and Central Asia South-East Asia South Asia 5 states 11 states Area 32 million km 2 Population 3.7 billion people. 1. China 2. Mongolia 3. North Korea 4. South. Korea 5. Japan Southwest Asia Central Asia 7 states 20 states 5 states 1. Myanmar 2. Laos 3. Vietnam 4. Thailand 5. Cambodia 6. Malaysia 7. Brunei 8. Singapore 9. Indonesia 10. Timor Leste 11. Philippines 1. Pakistan 2. India 3. Nepal 4. Bhutan 5. Bangladesh 6. Sri Lanka 7. Maldives 1. Georgia * 12. Iraq 2. Armenia * 13. Kuwait 3. Azerbaijan * 14. Bahrain 4. Syria 15. Qatar 5. Turkey 16. United Arab Emirates 6. Cyprus 17. Oman 7. Lebanon 18. Afghanistan 8. Jordan 19. Iran 9. Palestine 20. Yemen 10. Israel 11. Saudi Arabia 1. Kazakhstan * 2. Uzbekistan * 3. Turkmenistan * 4. Tajikistan * 5. Kyrgyzstan * (* - states within the CIS)

REGIONNYAZI The share of Asian regions in the area and population is 32 million km 2 = 20% of the land area 3.7 billion people. = 60%

UNHOMOGENEITY OF ZII COUNTRIES The countries of Asia are very different. They differ in the size of the territory and natural resources, the level of development, political structure, etc. This is huge China and India, and a tiny Maldivian republic. This is Kuwait, where billions of tons of oil are hidden, and where the annual national income per inhabitant is more than $ 25,000, and poorest countries with incomes less than $ 200 (Afghanistan, Bhutan). These are semi-feudal monarchies (Nepal), bourgeois and socialist republics, etc. The differences were especially sharp after World War II. Japan made an unprecedented breakthrough in the development of productive forces, overtaking dozens of states. Malaysia, Singapore and South Korea have achieved notable successes.

Heterogeneity of Asian countries EDC * NIS * Oil-producing countries Developing supercountries Least developed * EDC - economically the developed countries* NIS - new industrialized countries* RS - developing countries Other RS ​​* Israel Japan South Korea Singapore NAME! China India REMEMBER! The heterogeneity of countries and the colonial past aggravates territorial, political and ethnic problems in the region. Territorial disputes: India-Pakistan Iran-Iraq India-China Japan-Russia Greece-Turkey Korea is divided by a demarcation line into the DPRK and the Republic of Korea. Relations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority are still far from a complete settlement. In 1948, the Communist Party came to power in North Korea. Five years of struggle led to the fact that in 1953 the Korean Peninsula was divided into two countries.

N POPULATION A ZII Reproduction of the population of Asia is characterized by a high natural increase (see the map of the atlas "Natural population growth"), in most countries it is more than 20 people / year per 1000 inhabitants. In the countries of East and Central Asia, demographic policy has already led to a significant decrease in the birth rate and natural population growth. Natural population growth - more than 30 - 25 - 30 - 20 - 25 - 15 - 20 - 10 - 15 - 5 - 10 China Beijing Iran Kazakhstan Delhi Japan Conclusion: Reproduction of the population of foreign Asia is characterized by: fast rates; average life expectancy - 64 years PVS * * - sex-age structure Next slide

GENDER AND AGE STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION OF ASIA The high share of EAN * caused labor migration in the region. Center of attraction labor migrants became the countries of Southwest Asia. For example, in the UAE, Kuwait, 80 - 90% of all employed are migrants. The main areas of activity of migrants: - oil industry; - transport; - services sector; - construction. * - economically active population of the south and south-east. A. LABOR MIGRATION SOUTH-W. A. ZAP. EUROPE SEV. AMERICA

POPULATION POSITION Population distribution is highly uneven, population density varies from country to country: in Bangladesh it is 950 people / km 2, while in Mongolia 1.5 people / km 2. Mongolia Bangladesh max min Coastal plains, valleys and river deltas of the Desert, semi-desert, high mountains, trails. Forests Analyze the map. Which sub-region of Asia has the highest population density and which is the lowest? NUMBER 1. China - 1.3 billion people. 2. India - 1 billion people. 3. Indonesia - 200 million 4. Bangladesh - 150 million 5. Pakistan - 140 million 6. Japan - 125 million

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION The main impact on the distribution of the population is provided by the process of urbanization, the share of the urban population is growing rapidly in the region there is a "urban boom", China and India occupy the 1st and 2nd places in the world in terms of the number of urban residents, however, as diagram a large proportion of the population lives in countryside... Village Gorod Rural settlement is characterized by a village form. Among the Mongols, Afghans and other peoples, where a nomadic way of life is preserved, the main type of dwelling is a yurt or a tent. Philippine village URBANIZATION LEVELS Japan - 80% China - 35% India - 30% 1st and 2nd place in terms of the number of citizens AGLOMERATIONS Tokyo - 18.5 million people. Shanghai - 13.4 million Kolkata - 12 million Bombay - 11 million Tokyo High rates of urban population growth are leading to the emergence of slums, i.e. the process of false urbanization is expressed.

ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION OF ASIA The ethnic composition of foreign Asia is very mosaic! 1000 peoples 600 languages ​​MOST COUNTRIES ARE MULTINATIONAL (INDIA AND INDONESIA - MORE THAN 150 PEOPLES, PHILIPPINES - 100, CHINA - MORE THAN 50, VIETNAM, MYANMAR, THAILAND - MORE THAN 30 PEOPLES. ASIA IS THE HOMELAND OF THE WORLD IS RELIGIOUS AND RELIGIOUS. countries leads to the emergence of interethnic and religious conflicts, many of which proceed under the slogans of separatism - a policy that aims to create their own national state entity. (For example, the Kurds are a people numbering about 20 million people. that they were part of Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria For a long time, the leaders of the Kurdish national movement have been seeking the creation of an independent state of Kurdistan, including by armed means.

N NATURAL RESOURCES OF FOREIGN ASIA

N NATURAL RESOURCES OF FOREIGN ASIA The Asian region possesses great natural resources and is distinguished by their diversity. Basins of coal, iron-heat and manganese ores are concentrated within the Chinese and Indian platforms. Ores of non-ferrous and rare metals prevail within the Alpine-Gimolaisky and Pacific Ocean fold belts. The main wealth of the region, which determines its role in the international geographical division labor is oil. One of the world's largest oil and gas provinces is located in the Persian Gulf region (Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar. There are large oil and gas reserves in Indonesia, Myan-m. Prospective deposits have been found in the shelf the zone of the seas washing the Indian subcontinent and the Malay archipelago World-significant reserves of iron and manganese ores are found in the bowels of India, chromites - in Turkey and the Philippines.From Myanmar to Indonesia stretches the world's largest tin-tungsten belt.

Table 10 - Demographic-socio-economic indicators of the world, Foreign Asia

General economic and geographical characteristics of Asia

Foreign Asia is the largest region in the world in terms of area and population, and it retains this primacy, in essence, throughout the entire existence of human civilization. The area of ​​Foreign Asia is 27 million km 2, it includes more than 40 sovereign states. Many of them are among the oldest in the world. Foreign Asia is one of the centers of the origin of mankind, the birthplace of agriculture, artificial irrigation, cities, many cultural values ​​and scientific achievements. The region is mainly composed of developing countries.

Geographical position... general review

The region includes countries of different sizes: two of them belong to the giant countries, the rest, mainly, to fairly large countries. The boundaries between them run along well-defined natural boundaries. EGP of Asian countries is determined by their neighboring position by the coastal position of most countries, deep location some countries. The first two features have a beneficial effect on their economy, and the third makes it difficult for external economic relations... The political structure of the countries is very diverse: Japan, Malaysia, Thailand, Nepal, Bhutan, Jordan are constitutional monarchies, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Brunei, Oman are absolute monarchies, the rest of the states are republics.

Natural conditions and resources

The region is extremely homogeneous in terms of tectonic structure and relief: within its limits, the greatest amplitude of heights on earth is noted, both ancient Precambrian platforms and areas of young Cenozoic folding, grandiose mountainous countries and vast plains are located here. As a result, the mineral resources of Asia are very diverse. The main basins of coal, iron and manganese ores, and nonmetallic minerals are concentrated within the Chinese and Hindustan platforms. Ores predominate within the Alpine-Himalayan and Pacific fold belts. But the main wealth of the region, which also determines its role in the MGRT, is oil. Oil and gas reserves are explored in most of South-West Asia, but the main fields are located in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran. Asia's agro-climatic resources are heterogeneous. Vast tracts of mountainous countries, deserts and semi-deserts are not very suitable for economic activity, with the exception of animal husbandry; the provision of arable land is low and continues to decline (as the population grows and soil erosion increases).

Population

The population of Asia is 3.1 billion people. All countries in the region, with the exception of Japan, belong to the 2nd type of population reproduction, and now they are in a state of the so-called "population explosion". Some countries are fighting this phenomenon by pursuing a demographic policy (India, China), but most countries do not pursue such a policy, the rapid growth of the population and its rejuvenation continue. At the current rate of population growth, it could double in 30 years. Among the subregions of Asia, East Asia has moved farthest from the peak of the population boom. Ethnic composition Asian population It is also extremely complex: more than 1,000 peoples live here - from small ethnic groups numbering several hundred people to the largest nations in the world. The four peoples of the region (Chinese, Hindus, Bengalis and Japanese) make up over 100 million each. The peoples of Asia belong to about 15 language families. There is no such linguistic diversity in any other large region of the planet. The most ethnolinguistically complex countries: India, Sri Lanka, Cyprus. East and South-West Asia, with the exception of Iran and Afghanistan, is more homogeneous. National composition... The complex composition of the population in many parts of the region (India. Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Iraq, Turkey, etc.) leads to acute interethnic conflicts. Foreign Asia is the homeland of all major religions, all three world religions were born here: Christianity, Buddhism, Muslims. Among other national religions, it is necessary to note Confucianism (China), Taoism, Shintoism. In many countries, interethnic contradictions are based precisely on religious grounds. The population of foreign Asia is unevenly distributed: the population density ranges from 1 to 800 people. by 1 km 2. In some areas, it reaches 2000 people. per 1 km 2 The growth rate of the region's urban population is so high (3.3%) that this growth has come to be called the "urban explosion". But despite this, in terms of urbanization (34%), Asia Abroad is in the penultimate place among the regions of the world. For rural settlement, the village form is most characteristic.

Farm

The role of overseas Asia as a whole in the world economy has grown significantly in recent decades. But the differences in the levels of development and specialization of individual countries are expressed here better than in overseas Europe.

There are 6 groups of countries:

1. Japan - occupies a separate position, as it is the "power number 2" of the Western world, the only member of the G7 in this region. According to many important indicators, it occupies a leading position among the economically developed countries of the West;

2. China and India - also made great strides in economic and social development for a short time. But in terms of per capita indicators, their successes are still small;

3. the newly industrialized countries of Asia - the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore, as well as ASEAN members Thailand and Malaysia. The combination of a profitable EGP and cheap labor resources made it possible, with the participation of Western TNCs, to carry out in the 70-80s. restructuring the economy on the Japanese model. But their economies are export-oriented;

4. oil-producing countries - Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and other countries of the Persian Gulf, which thanks to "petrodollars" for short term managed to go the path of development, which would have taken them several centuries. Now not only oil production is developing here, but also petrochemistry, metallurgy and other industries;

5. countries with a predominance of mining or light industry in the industrial structure - Mongolia, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Jordan.

Agriculture

In most Asian countries, the bulk of the EAN is engaged in agriculture. In general, the region is characterized by a combination of commodity and consumer economy, landlord land tenure and peasant land use, a sharp predominance of food crops in crops. The food problem in many countries has not yet been resolved; in South and Southeast Asia, tens of millions of people are on the verge of hunger. In accordance with the distribution of agro-climatic resources, population and traditions, 3 large agricultural regions have developed: the rice-growing region (covering the monsoon sector of East, Southeast and South Asia) combined with tea cultivation in the higher parts; region of subtropical agriculture (Mediterranean coast); the rest of the territory is dominated by the cultivation of wheat, millet, and pasture animal husbandry.

Ecology

As a result of the low culture of farming, the negative anthropogenic impact in foreign Asia is rampant. As a result of intensive mining without environmental protection, extensive agriculture, and an increase in the number of inhabitants, air pollution, depletion of water resources, soil erosion, land alienation, deforestation, and depletion of natural biocenoses occur. Frequent conflicts and wars in the region only exacerbate the situation. For example, the Gulf War led to acid rains, dust storms, massive soot and oil pollution of waters and soils, caused irreparable damage to the fauna and flora of the region. Ecocide is also not less notorious during the American aggression in Vietnam, when forests were deliberately destroyed over an area of ​​about 0.5 million km 2 over the course of several years.

Territory - 9.6 million km 2. Population - 1 billion 222 million people since 1995 Capital - Beijing.

The PRC, the third largest country in the world and the first in terms of population, is located in central and eastern Asia. The state borders on 16 countries, 1/3 of the borders are in the CIS countries. The economic and geographical position of the PRC is very beneficial, since being located along the Pacific coast (15 thousand km), the country has access to the sea from the most remote inland corners through the Yangtze River. The coastal position of the PRC contributes to the development of its economy and foreign economic relations. China is one of the oldest states in the world, which emerged in the XIV century BC, has a very complex history. Due to the obvious benefits of its position, the richness of natural and agro-climatic resources throughout its existence, China has attracted the eyes of various conquerors. Even in ancient times, the country surrounded itself with the partially preserved Great Wall of China. In the last century, China was a pro-colony of England, after being defeated in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. The country was divided into spheres of influence between England, France, Germany, Japan and Russia. In 1912, the Republic of China was formed. In 1945, after the defeat of the Japanese invaders with the help of the USSR, the People's Revolution took place. In 1949, the PRC was proclaimed.

Natural conditions and resources

The country is located within the fractured Chinese Precambrian Platform and younger sites. In composition with this, the eastern part is mainly low-lying, and the reserved is elevated and mountainous. Various mineral deposits are associated with various tectonic structures. In terms of their supply, China is one of the leading countries in the world, distinguished primarily by its reserves of coal, ores of non-ferrous and ferrous metals, rare earth elements, and chemical raw materials. In terms of oil and gas reserves, China is inferior to the leading oil countries of the world, but the country is ranked 5th in the world in terms of oil production. The main oil fields are located in North and North-East China, basins of inland China. Among the ore deposits, the Anshan iron ore basin, located in Northeast China, rich in coal, stands out. Non-ferrous metal ores are concentrated mainly in the central and southern provinces. The PRC is located in temperate, subtropical and tropical climatic zones, with a sharply continental climate in the west, and monsoon in the east, with a large amount of precipitation (in summer). Such climatic and soil differences create conditions for the development of agriculture: in the west, in arid regions, livestock and irrigated agriculture are mainly developed, in the east, on the especially fertile lands of the Great Plain of China, agriculture predominates. Water resources The PRC is very large, the eastern, more populated and highly developed part of the country is most provided with them. River waters are widely used for irrigation. In addition, the PRC ranks 1st in the world in terms of theoretical hydropower resources, but their use is still very small. The forest resources of China are generally quite large, concentrated mainly in the northeast (taiga coniferous forests) and in the southeast (tropical and subtropical deciduous forests). They are used extensively on the farm.

Population

China is the first country in the world in terms of population (almost 1300 million people, or 20% of all inhabitants of the Earth), and it has been holding the palm for probably many centuries. In the 70s, a demographic policy aimed at reducing the birth rate began in the country, since after the formation of the PRC (in the 50s), due to a decrease in mortality and an increase in living standards, the rate of population growth increased very quickly. This policy has borne fruit and now the natural growth in China is even below the world average. China is a young country (under the age of 15 - 1/3 of the population). Differs in the intensity of labor migration, both within the country and abroad. The PRC is a multinational country (there are 56 nationalities), but with a sharp predominance of the Chinese - about 95% of the population. They live mainly in the eastern part of the country, in the west (in most of the territory) there are representatives of other nationalities (Guans, Hui, Uighurs, Tibetans, Mongols, Koreans, Manchurs, etc.). Despite the fact that the PRC is a socialist country, Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism are professed here (in general, the population is not very religious). On the territory of the country is the world center of Buddhism - Tibet, occupied by China in 1951. Urbanization is developing rapidly in the PRC.

Farm

The PRC is an industrial-agrarian socialist country that has been developing at a very fast pace lately. Economic modernization is proceeding at different rates in different regions of China. In East China, special economic zones(FEZ), using their advantageous seaside location. This strip occupies 1/4 of the country's territory, 1/3 of the population lives here and 2/3 of GNP is produced. The average income per inhabitant is 4 times that of the more backward inland provinces. The territorial structure of the country's economy is represented mainly by the existing large industrial centers, a large role is played by Agriculture, which employs most of the economically active population(EAN). In terms of GDP, China has come to the 2nd place in the world, although in terms of GNP per capita it has not yet reached the world average (about $ 500 per year).

Energy

China is one of the world's leading producers of energy and electricity. The power industry in China is coal (its share in the fuel balance is 75%), oil and gas (mainly artificial) are also used. Most of the electricity is generated by thermal power plants (3/4), mainly coal-fired. The hydroelectric power station accounts for 1/4 of electricity generated. There are two nuclear power plants, 10 tidal stations, and a geothermal station has been built in Lhasa.

Ferrous metallurgy - based on its own iron ore, coking coal and alloy metals. China ranks first in the world in iron ore production, and second in steel production. The technical level of the industry is low. Of greatest importance are such major factories in the country as in Anshan, Shanghai, Broshen, as well as in Bensi, Beijing, Wuhan, Taiyuan, Chongqing.

Non-ferrous metallurgy. The country has large reserves of raw materials (1/2 of the produced tin, antimony, mercury is exported), but aluminum, copper, lead, zinc are imported. In the north, south and west of China there are mining and processing plants, and in the east - the final stages of production. The main centers of non-ferrous metallurgy are located in the provinces of Liaoning, Yunnan, Hunan, Gansu.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking - occupies 35% of the industry structure. Keeps high specific gravity production of equipment for the textile industry, electronics, electrical engineering, and the automotive industry are rapidly developing. The structure of manufacturing enterprises is diverse: along with modern high-tech enterprises, handicraft factories are widespread. The leading subsectors are heavy machine building, machine tool building, and transport machine building. The automotive industry (6-7 place in the world), electronics and instrument making are developing rapidly. The predominant part of China's engineering products is produced by the coastal zone (over 60%), and mainly in large cities (the main centers are Shanghai, Shenyang, Dalian, Beijing, etc.).

Chemical industry. It relies on coke and petrochemical products, mining chemical and plant raw materials. There are two groups of industries: mineral fertilizers, household chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

Light industry is a traditional and one of the main industries, it uses mostly natural (2/3) raw materials for its own. The leading sub-industry is textile, which provides the country with a leading position in the production and export of fabrics (cotton, silk and others). The sewing, knitwear, leather and footwear subsectors are also developed.

The food industry is extremely important for a country with such a large population, the leading is the processing of grain and oilseeds, the production and processing of pork (2/3 of the volume of the meat industry), tea, tobacco and other food products are developed. As before, the country has developed the production of traditional subsectors: textile and clothing.

Agriculture - provides food for the population, supplies raw materials for the food and light industries. The leading sub-sector of agriculture is crop production (rice is the basis of the Chinese diet). Wheat, corn, millet, sorghum, barley, peanuts, potatoes, yame, taro, cassava are also grown; industrial crops - cotton, sugar cane, tea, sugar beets, tobacco and other vegetables. Livestock remains the least developed sector of agriculture. The basis of livestock breeding is pig breeding. Vegetable growing, poultry farming, beekeeping, and silkworm breeding are also developed. Fisheries play a significant role.

Transport - provides mainly the connection of seaports with the hinterland. 3/4 of all cargo transportation is provided by railway transport. Along with the recent increase in the importance of marine, automotive and aviation, the use of traditional species transport: animal-drawn, pack, transport carts, bicycle and especially river.

Internal differences. In the early 1980s, in order to improve planning in China, three economic zones were allocated: Eastern, Central and Western. The eastern one is the most developed; the largest industrial centers and agricultural regions are located here. The center is dominated by the production of fuel and energy, chemical products, raw materials and semi-finished products. The western zone is the least developed (animal husbandry, processing of mineral raw materials).

Foreign economic relations. Foreign economic relations have been developing especially widely since the 80-90s, which is associated with the formation of an open economy of the country. The volume of foreign trade is 30% of China's GDP. In exports, the leading place is occupied by labor-intensive products (clothing, toys, footwear, sporting goods, machinery and equipment). Imports are dominated by mechanical engineering products, Vehicle.

Territory - 3.28 million km 2. Population - 935.5 million people. The capital is Delhi.

The Republic of India is located in South Asia on the Indian subcontinent. It also includes the Laccadive Islands in the Arabian Sea and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal. India shares borders with Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar. The maximum length of India - from north to south - 3200 km, from west to east - 2700 km. India's EGP favors economic development: India is located on sea trade routes from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean, halfway between the Near and The Far East... Indian civilization originated in the third millennium BC. NS. For almost two centuries, India was a colony of England. India gained independence in 1947, and in 1950 it was proclaimed a republic within the British Commonwealth. India is a federal republic of 25 states. Each has its own legislature and government, but with a strong central government.

Natural conditions and resources

The main part of the territory is located within the Indo-Gangetic lowland and the Deccan plateau. India's mineral resources are significant and varied. The main deposits are located in the north-east of the country. Here are the largest iron ore and coal basins, manganese ore deposits; this creates favorable conditions for the development of heavy industry sectors. The minerals of South India are diverse: bauxite, chromite, magnesite, brown coal, graphite, mica, diamonds, gold, monazite sands, ferrous metal ores, coal; in the state of Gujarat and on the continental shelf - oil. The climate of the country is mainly monsoon subtropical and tropical, in the south it is equatorial. The average annual temperature is about 25 ° C, only in winter in the mountains it drops below 0 °. The distribution of precipitation by seasons and across the territory is uneven - 80% of it falls in the summer, the largest amount is received by the eastern and mountainous regions, the least - by the northwest. Land resources are the natural wealth of the country, since a significant part of the soil is highly fertile. Forests cover 22% of India's area, but there is not enough forest for economic needs. Rivers in India have great energy potential and are also the main source of artificial irrigation.

Population

India is the second largest country in the world in terms of population (after China). The country is very high rates reproduction of the population. And although the peak of the "population explosion" has generally passed, demographic problem has not yet lost its sharpness. India is the most multinational country in the world. Representatives of several hundred nations, nationalities and tribal groups live in it, who are at different stages of socio-economic development and speak different languages. They belong to the Caucasian, Negroid, Australoid races and the Dravidian group. The peoples of the Indo-European family predominate: Hindustans, Marathi, Bengalis, Biharts, etc. The official languages ​​in the country are Hindi and English. More than 80% of the inhabitants of India are Hindus, 11% are Muslims. The complex ethnic and religious composition of the population often leads to conflicts and increased tensions. The distribution of the population of India is very uneven, since for a long time, fertile lowlands and plains in the valleys and deltas of rivers, on the sea coasts were first settled. The average population density is 260 people. by 1 km 2. Despite this high figure, there are now sparsely populated and even deserted areas. The level of urbanization is quite low - 27%, but the number of big cities and cities-"millionaires" is constantly increasing; in terms of the absolute number of citizens (220 million people), India ranks second in the world. But, nevertheless, most of the population of India lives in crowded villages.

Industry, energy

India is a developing agro-industrial country with huge resources and human potential. Together with traditional Indian industries (agriculture, light industry), the mining and manufacturing industries are developing. Currently, 29% of GDP is accounted for by industry, 32% - in agriculture, 30% - in the service sector.

Energy. The creation of the energy base in the country began with the creation of hydroelectric power plants, but among the newly built in last years power plants are dominated by thermal power plants. The main source of energy is coal. Nuclear energy is also developing in India - 3 nuclear power plants are operating. Electricity production per capita is still very small.

Ferrous metallurgy. This is a growing industry. The current level is 16 million tons of steel (1993). The industry is represented by enterprises located mainly in the east of the country (Calcutta-Damodar industrial belt), as well as in the states of Bihar, Adhra Pradesh, etc.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is also developed in the east. The aluminum industry, based on local bauxite, stands out.

Mechanical engineering. India produces a variety of products for machine tools, transport engineering (TVs, ships, cars, tractors, airplanes and helicopters). The industry is developing intensively. The leading centers of mechanical engineering are Bombay, Kolkata, Madras, Hyderabad, Bangalore. In terms of the volume of production of the radio-electronic industry, India came in second place in foreign Asia. The country produces a variety of radio equipment, color televisions, tape recorders, communication facilities.

Chemical industry. In a country with such a role of agriculture, the production of mineral fertilizers is becoming extremely important. The importance of petrochemicals is also growing.

Light industry is a traditional branch of the economy, the main directions are cotton and jute, as well as sewing. There are textile factories in all major cities of the country. In India's exports, 25% are products of the textile and clothing industry.

The food industry is also traditional; it produces products for the domestic and foreign markets. Indian tea is the most widely known in the world.

Transport. Among other developing countries, India's transport is quite developed. In the first place in terms of importance are railway transport in domestic traffic and sea transport in external ones.

Services sector. The largest producer of motion pictures. Second only to the United States. In recent years, the development of software products for the largest US corporations (1st place in the world) has been developed.

Agriculture

India is a land of ancient agricultural culture, one of the most important agricultural regions in the world. Agriculture employs 3/5 of the EAN in India, but the use of mechanization is still insufficient. 4/5 of the value of agricultural products comes from crop production, agriculture needs irrigation (40% of the sown area is irrigated). The main part of arable land is occupied by food crops: rice, wheat, corn, barley, millet, legumes, potatoes. The main industrial crops in India are cotton, jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and oilseeds. India has two main agricultural seasons - summer and winter. Sowing of the most important crops (rice, cotton, jute) is carried out in the summer, during the summer monsoon rains; in winter, wheat, barley, etc. are sown. As a result of several factors, including the "green revolution," India is fully self-sufficient in grain. Livestock production is much inferior to crop production, although India ranks first in the world in terms of livestock. Only milk and animal skins are used, meat is practically not consumed, since the Indians are mostly vegetarians. Fishing is of considerable importance in coastal areas.

Foreign economic relations

India is still weakly involved in the MGRT, although foreign trade is of considerable importance for its economy. The main export items are light industry products, jewelry, agricultural products, medicines, fuel resources; the share of machinery and equipment is growing. The largest trading partners are the USA, Germany, Japan, Great Britain, Hong Kong.

Territory - 377.8 thousand sq. km. Population - 125.2 million people (1995). The capital is Tokyo.

Geographical position, general information

Japan is an archipelago country located on four large and almost four thousand small islands stretching in an arc of 3.5 thousand kilometers from northeast to southwest along the eastern coast of Asia. The largest islands are Honshu, Hokaido, Kyushu and Shikoku. The shores of the archipelago are highly indented and form many bays and coves. The seas and ocean washing Japan are of exceptional importance for the country as a source of biological, mineral and energy resources. The economic and geographical position of Japan is determined, first of all, by the fact that it is located in the center of the Asia-Pacific region, this contributes to the active participation of the country in the international geographical division of labor. During the feudal period, Japan was isolated from other countries. After the unfinished bourgeois revolution of 1867-1868, it embarked on the path of rapid capitalist development. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, it became one of the imperialist powers. In the XX century, Japan entered and participated in three major wars (Russo-Japanese and two world wars). After the end of World War II, the armed forces were disbanded and reforms were carried out. In 1947, the emperor lost his power (according to the constitution); now Japan is a constitutional monarchy. Supreme body state power and the only legislative body is parliament.

Natural conditions and resources

The geological basis of the archipelago is underwater mountain ranges. About 80% of the territory is occupied by mountains and hills with a highly dissected relief of an average height of 1600 - 1700 m. There are about 200 volcanoes, 90 are active, including the highest peak - Mount Fuji (3 776 m.) Frequent earthquakes and tsunamis. The country is poor in minerals, but coal, lead and zinc ores, oil, sulfur and limestone are mined. The resources of its own deposits are small, so Japan is the largest importer of raw materials. Despite the small area, the length of the country in the meridional direction led to the existence on its territory of a unique complex of natural conditions: the island of Hokkaido and northern Honshu are located in the zone of a temperate maritime climate, the rest of Honshu, the islands of Shikoku and Yushu are in the humid subtropical tropical climate. Japan is in the active monsoon zone. The average annual precipitation ranges from 2 to 4 thousand mm. The soils of Japan are mainly slightly podzolic and peaty, as well as brown forest and red soil. About 2/3 of the territory, mainly mountainous areas, is covered with forests (more than half of the forests are artificial plantations). Coniferous forests predominate in northern Hokkaido, mixed forests in central Honshu and southern Hokkaido, and subtropical monsoon forests in the south. There are many rivers in Japan, full-flowing, fast and rapids, unsuitable for navigation, but providing a source for hydropower and irrigation. The abundance of rivers, lakes and groundwater has a beneficial effect on the development of industry and agriculture. V post-war period on the Japanese islands escalated ecological problems... The adoption and implementation of a number of laws on environmental protection reduces the level of environmental pollution.

Population

Japan is among the top ten countries in the world in terms of population. Japan became the first Asian country to switch from the second to the first type of population reproduction. Now the birth rate is 12%, the death rate is 8%. Life expectancy in the country is the highest in the world (76 years for men and 82 years for women). The population is nationally homogeneous, about 99% are Japanese. Among other nationalities, the number of Koreans and Chinese is significant. The most common religions are Shinto and Buddhism. The population is unevenly distributed over the area. The average density is 330 people per km 2, but the coastal regions of the Pacific Ocean are among the most densely populated in the world. About 80% of the population lives in cities. 11 cities are millionaires. The largest urban agglomerations are Keikhin. Hanshin and Chuke merge into the Tokyo megalopolis (Takaido) with a population of over 60 million.

Farm

The growth rate of the Japanese economy was one of the highest in the second half of the 20th century. The country has largely undergone a qualitative restructuring of the economy. Japan is in a post-industrial stage of development, which is characterized by a highly developed industry, but the most growing area is the non-manufacturing sector (services, finance, R&D). Although Japan is poor natural resources and import raw materials for most industries, in terms of the output of many industries, it takes 1-2 place in the world. Industry is mainly concentrated within the Pacific industrial belt.

Power engineering. Mainly uses imported raw materials. In the structure of the raw material base, oil is in the lead, the share of natural gas, hydropower and nuclear energy is growing, and the share of coal is decreasing. In the electric power industry, 60% of the capacity comes from thermal power plants and 28% from nuclear power plants, including Fukushima, the most powerful in the world. Hydroelectric power plants are located in cascades on mountain rivers. In terms of hydropower generation, Japan occupies the 5th place in the world. In Japan, resource-poor is actively developing alternative energy sources.

Ferrous metallurgy. In terms of steel production, the country ranks 2nd in the world. The share of Japan in the world market of ferrous metallurgy is 23%. The largest centers operating almost entirely on imported raw materials and fuel are located near Osaka, Tokyo, in Fujiyama.

Non-ferrous metallurgy. Due to the harmful effect on environment the primary smelting of non-ferrous metals is decreasing. Converting plants are located in all major industrial centers.

Mechanical engineering. Gives 40% of production industrial production... The main sub-sectors among the many developed in Japan are electronics and electrical engineering, radio industry and transport engineering. Japan firmly occupies the 1st place in the world in shipbuilding, specializing in the construction of large-capacity tankers and bulk carriers. The main centers of shipbuilding and ship repair are located in the largest ports (Yokohama, Nagasaki, Kobe). In terms of car production (13 million units per year), Japan also ranks first in the world. The main centers are Toyota, Yokohama, Hiroshima. The main enterprises of general mechanical engineering are located within the Pacific industrial belt - complex machine tool building and industrial robots in the Tokyo region, metal-intensive equipment in Osaka, machine tool construction in the Nagai region. The country's share in the world output of the radio-electronic and electrical engineering industry is exceptionally large. In terms of the development of the chemical industry, Japan occupies one of the first places in the world. Pulp and paper, light and food industries are also developed in Japan.

Agriculture in Japan remains an important industry, although it provides about 2% of GNP; 6.5% of EAN are employed in the industry. Agricultural production is focused on food production (the country provides 70% of its own needs in it). 13% of the territory is cultivated, in the structure of crop production (it gives 70% of agricultural products). The leading role is played by the cultivation of rice and vegetables, horticulture is developed. Livestock raising is intensively developing (cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming). Due to the exceptional place of fish and seafood in the diet of the Japanese, the country fishes in all regions of the World Ocean, has more than three thousand fishing ports and has the largest fishing fleet (over 400 thousand vessels).

Transport. All types of transport are developed in Japan, with the exception of river and pipeline transport. In terms of the volume of cargo transportation, the first place belongs to road transport(60%), second place - marine. The role of rail transport is declining, while the role of air transportation is growing. Due to very active foreign economic relations, Japan has the largest merchant fleet in the world.

Territorial structure of the economy

The territorial structure of the economy is characterized by a combination of two completely different parts. The Pacific belt is the socio-economic core of the country ("front part"). The main industrial areas, ports, transport routes and developed agriculture are located here. The peripheral zone ("rear part") includes areas where timber harvesting, animal husbandry, mining, hydropower, tourism and recreation are most developed. Despite the implementation of the regional policy, the smoothing of territorial disparities is proceeding rather slowly.

External economic ties Japan.

Japan actively participates in MRI, foreign trade takes a leading place, capital export, production, scientific and technical and other ties are also developed. The share of Japan in world imports is about 1/10. Mainly raw materials and fuel are imported. The country's share in world exports is also more than 1/10. Manufactured goods account for 98% of exports.

Large cities are growing especially rapidly; a collective image of an Asian (eastern) city was formed. ECONOMY Differences in the level of development and specialization of individual countries are expressed in Asia much more clearly than in foreign Europe. Most countries are going through a transitional stage from feudal to capitalist relations. The economy of the newly industrialized countries (NIS) is developing especially rapidly ...

The two regions were not very long-lasting and were carried out mainly in the form of political, ideological and military confrontation. The influence of China on the penetration of tea into Central Asia was most likely indirect. First of all it comes about trade. At the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century. Chinese tea in the form of pressed tiles was very popular in Central Asian cities. According to Ch. ...

Foreign Asia covers an area of ​​27 million km 2. The population is over 3 billion people. The economic and geographical position is determined by three features. First, 74th, the neighboring state of the countries. Secondly, the seaside location. Thirdly, the deep position of the countries.

The main mineral wealth of the countries of foreign Asia is oil. Its production determines the place of the region in the international division of labor.

Natural resource preconditions for the development of agriculture create two problems: a lack of land resources and the rational use of agro-climatic resources, especially moisture.

Population reproduction is characterized by the second type and state of the population explosion. The ethnic composition includes more than 1,000 peoples who belong to different linguistic groups and families. Most of the countries of overseas Asia belong to multinational states. Overseas Asia is home to three world religions. In most countries, the state religion is Islam. The distribution of the population is highly uneven. Urbanization has a particular impact on accommodation.

According to the development of industry in the region, six groups of countries are distinguished:

1) Japan;

2) China and India;

3) newly industrialized countries of Asia (Korea, Singapore);

4) a group of oil-producing countries;

5) countries with developing mining and light industries;

6) least developed countries (Laos, Yemen).

The bulk of the economically active population in the countries of overseas Asia is engaged in agriculture. In the structure of agriculture, rice sowing, trophic farming, the cultivation of millet crops, subtropical agriculture and pasture farming are distinguished.

6.3. General characteristics of the African continent

The territory of Africa stretches from north to south for 8 thousand km, and from west to east - 7.5 thousand km. African countries are small in size, but larger than European ones. The economic and geographic position is characterized by two features. First, the seaside location. Secondly, the deepest position.

The natural conditions and resources of Africa are very diverse. Africa ranks first in reserves of gold, diamonds, bauxite, manganese, cobalt and vanadium ores. Mineral 5th raw material is of high quality and is mined in an open way. The richest country in minerals is South Africa.

Agroclimatic resources are characterized by two features: lack of moisture and heat supply.

Africa has the highest population growth rates in the world. The ethnic composition includes from 300 to 500 ethnic groups. Most of them are at the tribal and national level. The official languages ​​are the languages ​​of the former metropolises: French, English and Portuguese.

The population density in Africa is several times less than in Europe and Asia, resulting in a very low level of urbanization.

The mining industry occupies a leading position in the structure of the industry. This industry defines Africa's place in the international division of labor. The second place in the industrial structure is occupied by tropical and subtropical agriculture.

Africa ranks last among the world's regions for industrial development, agricultural productivity and development transport network... In most 1077? countries dominated by the colonial type of sectoral structure of management. Its main feature is the one-sided agrarian and raw material development of the economy, which has reached the stage of monoculture. Monocultural specialization is a narrow specialization of the country's economy in the production of raw materials or food products intended for export.

Dear students! My student Artemy Shumsky prepared a presentation for studying the topic "General characteristics of foreign Asia" at the lessons of geography. I really hope that this presentation will help you study the topic more deeply, and the slides will help form visual images of the studied phenomena of the socio-economic and political life of Asia.

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General characteristics of foreign Asia The work was done by a student of 10 "A" class Shumsky Artemy 1 Supervisor: teacher of geography Kurbatova Elena Evgenievna

Table of contents General characteristics Regions Sub-regions Territorial features Political Map Foreign Asia (1 page, 2 page) Mineral resources (1 page, 2 page) Population (1 page, 2 page) Ethnic composition of the population (1 page, 2 page Population distribution (1 page, 2 page) Agriculture Environmental protection Conclusion 2

General characteristics Foreign Asia covers an area of ​​27.7 million km² with a population of more than 3.8 billion people. This means that in terms of area it is second only to Africa, and in terms of the number of inhabitants it ranks first, accommodating more than half of the world's population, more precisely about 7 billion people. On the political map of Foreign Asia, 48 states are marked, included in 5 sub-regions, many of which have an ancient history. This region is one of the centers of the birth of human culture, the birthplace of the first cities, artificial irrigation of the earth, siege weapons, gunpowder. Most of the countries in the region are classified as developing countries. 3

Regions 4

Regions Subregions 5

Regions 6

Territorial features The territory of Foreign Asia stretches from north to south for 7 thousand km, and from west to east - more than 10 thousand km. Most of the Asian countries are large, China and India are giant countries. There are also microstates - Singapore, Bahrain, Qatar. The borders between the countries of Overseas Asia often run along well-defined natural boundaries, like the Himalayas. EGP of the countries of Foreign Asia is characterized by three main features: 1. Neighborhood, which unites the countries of each subregion 2. The coastal position of most countries, access to the most important world trade routes 3. The deep location of some countries, such as Mongolia, which in general is not very profitable Mongolia is the largest state in the world with no access to the sea. 7

Overseas Asia Political Map 8

Political Map of Overseas Asia The political map of Overseas Asia has undergone colossal changes over the past two centuries. Before World War II, most of the region's population lived in colonies and semi-colonies. At the moment, most of the states in the region are sovereign. However, the region is the scene of many territorial disputes, such as the dispute between the People's Republic of China and Taiwan. Most of the countries in the region are republics, but the monarchical form of government has not yet ceased to be relevant in the region. In particular, the region contains most of the countries with an absolute monarchy - Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar. The UAE can also be included in this list, which is a federal state, consisting of seven emirates, each of which is a micro-state with an absolute monarchy. nine

Mineral resources The region's mineral resources differ in their diversity, which is obvious. Basins of coal, iron and manganese ores, and nonmetallic minerals are concentrated within the Chinese and Hindustan platforms; non-ferrous and rare metals, such as aluminum and tungsten, prevail within the Alpine-Himalayan and Pacific fold belts. But undoubtedly, the main treasure of the region is oil. The largest deposits are located in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran and the United Arab Emirates. Also, searches are carried out on the shelf of the marginal seas of East and Southeast Asia. ten

Mineral resources 1 1

Population size Foreign Asia is firmly in first place in terms of population among other regions of the planet: its share in the world population is about 60%, i.e. about 3.8 billion people. This is explained by the fact that the region as a whole is at the stage of a population explosion. Average population growth in the region - 20 people / year per 1000 inhabitants Demographic situation is one of the most important problems in the region, which, in addition to everything, causes and complicates other problems, both environmental and social. In addition, according to forecasts, the population of Overseas Asia in 2025 may reach 4.6 billion people. In this regard, many countries in the region are pursuing a demographic policy to reduce the birth rate and natural population growth. 12

Population size The high proportion of EAN, or economically active population, has caused labor migration in the region. The countries of South-West Asia have become the center of attraction for labor migrants. For example, in the UAE, Kuwait, 80 - 90% of all employed are migrants. The main areas of activity of migrants: - oil industry; - transport; - services sector; - construction. 13

Ethnic composition of the population A huge number of peoples live on the territory of Foreign Asia - more than 1000. Among them there are very large peoples, and very small ones, scattered in the mountains. As you know, Foreign Asia is the homeland of all three main (world) religions - Christianity, Islam and Buddhism, as well as many other less widespread, but no less significant religions of religions, such as Confucianism and Taoism. Religions in the region have a huge impact on politics, economy, culture, customs, reproduction, etc. The complexity of the ethical composition in the region often leads to interethnic and religious conflicts. Most of these conflicts date back to colonial and semi-colonial times, and usually take place under the slogan of separatism, as in the case of the Kurds.1 4

Ethnic composition of the population 1 5

Population distribution Population distribution is very uneven: in Bangladesh it is about 950 people / km 2, while in Mongolia it is about 1.5 people / km 2 1 6

Placement of the population The so-called process of urbanization has the main influence on the placement of the population. The share of the urban population is growing rapidly in the region there is a "urban boom", China and India occupy the 1st and 2nd places in the world in terms of the number of urban residents, respectively. Despite this, a large proportion of the population lives in rural areas 1 7

Agriculture The leading branch of the economy of the countries of Foreign Asia is agriculture, which employs the vast majority of the population. The agricultural development of the territory is not the same. It is greatest in Bangladesh, where about 70% of the total area is plowed up, and in India more than 50%. The lowest rates - 10-15% - are in China, Afghanistan, Jordan, Iran. Livestock development in Asia is lower than in other parts of the world. eighteen

Environmental protection The negative impact of human activities on the environment has become widespread in the region... This is due to the fact that there is a tendency to the development of "dirty industries", open mining, etc. The region is also prone to natural disasters such as floods. At the moment, in a number of countries of Foreign Asia, much attention is paid to environmental protection measures, but this cannot prevent cataclysms. Smog in Shanghai 1 9

Conclusion Overseas Asia is one of the most economically (and not only) powerful regions in the world. According to stock exchange China will overtake the United States in 2020 by all economic criteria. Japan is the most high-tech country in the world. China and India are seen as superpower candidates. In the end, we shouldn't forget that the US is proposing to China to create the G2, a coalition of the two most powerful countries on the planet. In general, we can say that Asia is the most extraordinary region in the world. twenty

End Thank you for your attention! 2 1