The position of Western Siberia relative to transport routes. Characteristics of the transport network of the West Siberian region

Transport and economic relations. The transport routes of Western Siberia are characterized by high traffic density. In addition to the main Siberian railway line, the South Siberian Railway was built, which played an important role in the development of the productive forces of Kuzbass and Altai. Lines departed from it in the northern and southern directions. A railway was also built: Irtyshskaya - Karasuk - Kamen - on - Ob - Altaiskaya.

The new railway line is: Tyumen - Tobolsk - Surgut - Nizhnevartovsk - Urengoy.

To a large extent, inter-regional and intra-regional transportation of goods in Western Siberia is carried out along the rivers of the Ob - Irtysh basin. Particularly widespread in Western Siberia were pipeline transport and power lines. Of great importance is the motor road - the Chuysky tract, which provides communications with Mongolia. Air transport is of great importance for passenger and cargo transportation.

Railway transport.

In the north, the rail network continues to take shape. From the previously built railway to the oil production centers Tyumen - Tobolsk - Surgut - Nizhnevartovsk, a main line was laid to Urengoy (the center of the largest gas production area).

The basis of the railway network is formed by parts Trans-Siberian(Chelyabinsk-Omsk-Novosibirsk-Krasnoyarsk), Central Siberian(Irtysh - Korsun - Kamen-on-Ob - Altai) and South Siberian(Kulunda - Barnaul - Artyshta - Novokuznetsk - Taishet) highways located on the territory of the district.

The railways Tomsk - Asino - Bely Yar - Ivdel - Ob, Tavda - Sotnik (for transporting timber and timber), Tyumen - Sotnik - Surgut - Nizhnevartovsk - Urengoy (for the development of oil and gas resources), Kiya - Shaltyr - Achinsk ( for the connection of Kuzbass with Eastern Siberia).

Automobile transport.

Road transport in Western Siberia is important for economic development region. Currently, the network of paved roads in the Siberian region is poorly developed. The expansion of the road network is mainly due to the development of new mineral deposits, to connect them with each other, as well as with large settlements, industrial bases, ports and railway stations. The road network also includes public highways, their main part is concentrated in the southern and central regions of the region.

The most important car roads: Tyumen - Omsk, Tyumen - Surgut, Kemerovo - Barnaul, the motorway towards Krasnoyarsk, as well as the Chuisky tract towards Mongolia.

Road transport in Western Siberia also mainly carries out intra-regional transportation, delivering goods to railway stations, river ports and consumers. In terms of the length of paved roads, Western Siberia ranks 5th in the country (68.3 thousand km).

Water transport.

An important role for the economic development of the region is played by water transport routes. Large river ports are located in Novosibirsk, Tobolsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Surgut and Barnaul.

River transport in Western Siberia performs main function- delivery of various cargoes to the areas of oil and gas production in the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets districts. A significant part of the northern delivery, carried out with the help of river vessels, occurs during the spring flood, when goods are delivered by high water along small and medium rivers to the deep regions of Western Siberia.

Pipeline transport.

Siberia is the main supplier of oil and gas, so pipeline transport is rapidly developing in this region. The world's largest trunk pipeline system, Druzhba, which linked the socialist countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, also runs through Siberia. This pipeline also supplies oil to non-CIS countries. Among the most famous oil pipelines of the Siberian region are Surgut-Perm-N.Novgorod-Yaroslavl-Ryazan-Novolipetsk, Surgut-Kurgan-Ufa-Almetyevsk and others.

The entire gas pipeline system of the country is interconnected into the Unified Gas Supply System of Russia. It makes it possible to provide gas to settlements along the gas pipeline route, create new jobs and generate income for the region's budget. The gas pipelines of the Siberian region are also included in the Unified Gas Supply System of Russia, they include Urengoy-Surgut-Ufa-Novopskov, Ugengoy-Kursk-Kiev-Uzhgorod, Urengoy-Medvezhye-Ukhta-Yaroslavl-Moscow. The development of the main network of pipelines allows developing local infrastructure and improving the lives of the inhabitants of the region.

Accelerated development of oil and gas resources in the territory Western Siberia led to the development of all kinds transport and first of all - pipeline and railway.

Building railways in the region intensively began after the Great Patriotic War, when the South Siberian Railway (Kulunda - Barnaul - Taishet), the Central Siberian Railway (Irtyshskaya - Karasuk - Kamen-on-Obi - Altaiskaya) were put into operation.

Of great importance was the railway in the section Tatarsk - Kulunda, which connected the Trans-Siberian Railway with the Central Siberian and South Siberian Railways. Then the railway Tomsk - Asino - Bely Yar was laid to transport timber and timber. Timber roads built in the 60s were Ivden - Ob and Tavda - Sotnik. Of great importance was the railway Kiya - Shantyr - Achinsk, which connected Kuzbass with Eastern Siberia.

The development of oil and gas resources required the construction of the railway line Tyumen - Tobolsk - Urengoy - Yamburg with a branch from Surgut to Nizhnevartovsk. This highway can be extended to Norilsk or Salekhard and further to Yamal. The density of railways in the region for 1965-1995. increased by 2.8 times and is 34 km per 10 thousand square meters. km (on average in Russia - 51 km).

The district spends a huge amount of living and materialized labor, material and monetary resources on moving the mass of products. Total fare, including loading and unloading operations, amount to approximately 2 billion rubles. (at old prices). Volume capital investments in transport by the beginning of 1996 reached 30% of the total investment in the national economy of the region.

The economy of Western Siberia is characterized by the fact that the costs associated with the transportation of products are very significant. The share of costs for rail transport, occupied with the transportation of coal, is 38%, oil - 45%, oil products - 28%, timber and timber - 20%, chemical goods - 12%, rolled ferrous metals - 10%.

The number of workers and employees in all types of transport in 1995 in the country amounted to almost 5 million people, or 7% of the total number of people employed in the national economy. In Western Siberia, the number of people employed in transport is higher. It is over 8%.

Currently, the region is a major supplier of gas (500 million tons), oil (200 million tons), coal (50 million tons), ferrous and non-ferrous metals (5 million tons), chemical products (7 million tons), timber and timber products ( 7 million tons), etc. In 1995, 950 million tons of cargo was sent from Western Siberia, and 170 million tons arrived in the region. Calculations show that 80% of the shipped cargo falls on fuel resources.

The main flow of goods in Western Siberia has a western direction, it accounts for 75% of the export and almost 60% of the import of all goods. The peculiarity of inter-district communications is that 78% of cargo from the region goes by pipeline, 17% by rail and 5% by road.

Upon the arrival of goods, the leading place is occupied by rail transport (82%), the second place - by road (17%) and the third - by air (1%). In intra-regional transportation, the picture is different: rail transport accounts for 68%, river transport - 12%, road transport - 12.2%, pipeline transport - 0.8%.

If in the formation of the pipeline water transport for 1965-1995 While great success has been achieved (the length of the pipeline in the region is 25,000 km), the construction of hard-surfaced roads has been very modest. In terms of the length of paved roads, Western Siberia ranks fifth in the country (66.5 thousand km). The share of the district in terms of territory is 14%, in terms of the length of roads - 9.8%.

The river transport of Western Siberia plays an important role in intraregional communications. More than 6 million tons of cargo is transported annually along the river routes. The river transport of the Ob-Irtysh basin is an essential addition to the railway transport. The development of new territories in the Middle Ob and the Far North necessitated a wider use of waterways. For this purpose, the construction of the Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk and Tobolsk river ports was carried out. Maritime transport acquired great importance for the Tyumen North, which began with the passage of ships by the Kara Sea in early spring to the north of the Yamal Peninsula.

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….3

1. General characteristics of the West Siberian economic region. ……...4

1.1 Analysis of economic geographical location West Siberian Economic Region……………………………………………………………………………………….…4

1.2 Economic and geographical characteristics of industries industrial production West Siberian economic region, their role in the Russian production potential. ………………………………………………….…6

2. Development of transport in the West Siberian economic region. ………..…eight

3. Prospects for the development of Western Siberia…………………………………………………………..11

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..….13

Literature…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..14

Introduction:

To date Russian economy is in a deep crisis, and one of its most important tasks is to integrate into the world economic system, which is based on global markets goods and services that operate in conditions of market competition at the intra- and interstate levels. The transport services market, along with information and financial markets ensures the vitality and stability of the functioning of the entire system.

Transport is an important link in the economy Russian Federation, without which the normal functioning of any sector of the economy, not a single region of the country is possible. Stabilization of the situation in the economy, its rise is impossible without solving the main problems of the transport complex.

Economic zoning is the basis of the territorial management of the national economy of Russia. The system of economic regions is the basis for building material and other balances in the territorial context in the development of targeted and regional programs. Economic zoning serves as a prerequisite for improving the territorial development of the economy and is of paramount importance for the organization of regional economic management. This is especially important at the present time, when the regions of Russia have gained economic independence.

Economic zoning, inextricably linked with the specialization of regions in certain types of production, is one of the factors in raising the productivity of social labor and the rational and efficient distribution of productive forces.

The modern economic region is an integral territorial part of the national economy of the country, which has its own production specialization, other internal economic relations. The economic region is inextricably linked with other parts of the country by the social territorial division of labor as a single economic entity with strong internal ties.

The purpose of this work is to characterize the distribution of productive forces and transport in the West Siberian economic region. 3

1. General characteristics of the West Siberian economic region.

1.1 Analysis of the economic and geographical position of the West Siberian economic region.

“Western Siberia is distinguished by the largest reserves and production base of natural gas (85% of proven reserves and 92% of production), oil (70% of proven reserves and 68% of production) and coal (46% of proven reserves and 42% of production).”

“The main coal basin of Western Siberia is the Kuznetsk. The geological reserves of coal here are 905 billion / t (up to a depth of 600 m - 211 billion tons). There are 90 mines and cuts united in the Kuzbassugol, Prokopyevskugol, Yuzhkuzbassugol and Kemerovougol combines. A significant proportion of coal suitable for coking. Kuznetsk coals are generally characterized by high calorific value, low ash content and sulfur content. Most of them are classified as easily enriched. The thickness of the coal seams here is on average about 4 m (more than in the Donbass), but there are also seams up to 20–50 m thick. last years open pit coal mining has spread widely, which has significantly reduced the average cost of mining in the basin. Some mines have mastered hydraulic mining and hydrotransportation of coal. The average annual productivity of mines in Kuzbass is higher than the national average. The increase in the share of gas and low-caking coals in the coke mine is one of the factors in the rational use of Kuzbass coals. The Itatskoye brown coal deposit of the Kansk-Achinsk basin is located in the Kemerovo region. Their geological reserves are 60 billion tons, the average thickness of the layers is 55 m, they lie shallow. Here is one of the cheapest types of thermal coal in the country. With a large capacity of power plants that can be built, the cost of electricity can be very low. It is important to use Italian coals as a chemical raw material.

In 2005, 164,341 thousand tons of hard coal were mined in the Kemerovo Region. This is 51966 thousand tons of coal more than in 1970. In general, there is an increase in coal production. From 1970 to 1990, production increased, but the growth rate decreased (1970 - 113,000 thousand tons; 1975 - 137,000 thousand tons; 1980 - 145,000 thousand tons; 1990 - 149,834 thousand tons). “Then the decrease began: most of the mines were

old, the average depth of underground work reached a critical level, the danger of rock bursts, landslides, fires and gas emissions increased. Fatal accidents have become commonplace. The quality of the coal produced also deteriorated. collapsed financial system, powerful strikes shook the coal industry in 1989 - 1990. The general decline in production led to a significant decrease in the demand for coal. The lack of state budget funds, which has been growing since 1991, the physical and moral deterioration of mining equipment, the crisis in the social sphere, the decline in discipline and labor productivity - all these negative phenomena have been growing. The only way out was the restructuring of the entire coal industry, ie. transferring it to the rails of a market economy”. By 1995, coal production had dropped to 99,336 thousand tons. And then the rise begins again (2000 - 115090 thousand tons; 2005 - 164341 thousand tons).

A distinctive feature of the oil resource base of Western Siberia is a large number of major deposits. Giant fields such as Samotlor have been identified and are being developed here (“one of the largest in the world, was discovered in 1965 and brought about $245 billion to the state budget during development, while the cost of developing operation did not exceed $27 billion; for this 16,700 wells have been drilled here and 3.3 billion tons of oil have been pumped out"), Mamontovskoye, Fedorovskoye, Priobskoye. The rapid commissioning of the largest deposits into commercial development was the determining factor that allowed the record short time to create a powerful oil-producing complex on the territory of Western Siberia. In total, about 400 oil fields, more than 30 oil and gas and oil and gas fields, and about 80 oil and gas condensate fields have been discovered in Western Siberia. Currently, 44 of the 50 largest fields in Western Siberia are under development, many of which have entered the stage of declining oil production.

Western Siberia also has over 45 trillion m of predicted natural gas reserves, mostly located in remote areas and at depths of over 3,000 m.

In the flat part of Western Siberia, namely in the Tyumen and Tomsk regions, huge but little-used peat reserves are concentrated, reaching 100 billion tons, or 50-60% of the total Russian reserves.

The region has 16% of agricultural land and 15% of arable land in Russia. 4/5 of all arable land is located in the south of the ZSER, within the Altai Territory, Omsk and Novosibirsk regions, where fertile chernozem, chestnut and alluvial soils of river valleys dominate. With proper agricultural practices and optimal moisture, these soils can provide high yields.

Western Siberia is one of the most important areas of grain farming and animal husbandry in Russia. The main branch of agriculture is crop production. The main crop is spring wheat. In the south of Western Siberia, camels and yaks are also bred, and in the Far North, within the tundra and forest-tundra, reindeer breeding and fur farming are developed.

1.2 Economic and geographical characteristics of industrial sectors of the West Siberian economic region, their role in the Russian production potential

The development of Western Siberia for many years was determined by the needs of the state. Thanks to the large-scale development of natural resources, financed by the state, the region has become the main energy and raw material base and the basis financial stability country. During the reform years, the West-Siberian region continued to play the role of a financial "sponsor" of the country. Moreover, its role has increased: due to the export of mineral resources and products of their processing, more than two-thirds of the country's foreign exchange earnings are provided. Raw material orientation of the region caused a significantly smaller loss of industrial potential in comparison with European regions in the years of reform. Almost 35% of the West Siberian Plain is occupied by swamps. More than 22% of the entire territory of the plain is peat bogs. Currently, there are 3,900 peat deposits in the Tomsk and Tyumen regions with a total peat reserves of 75 billion tons. The Tyumen thermal power plant operates on the basis of the Tarmanskoye deposit.

The fuel and energy complex is represented not only by enterprises for the production of energy fuel, but also by a fairly large system of thermal power plants on the middle Ob and individual energy centers in the areas of oil and gas production. 6

The wood chemical complex is represented mainly by logging and woodworking industries. A significant part of the timber is exported in an unprocessed form (roundwood, ore stand, firewood). The stages of deep wood processing (hydrolysis, pulp and paper, etc.) are not sufficiently developed. In the future, a significant increase in logging is planned in the Tyumen and Tomsk regions.

The machine-building complex has been formed mainly in Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen, Ishim and Zladoukovsk. Machine-building enterprises produce equipment and machines for the oil and gas and forest industries, transport, construction, and agriculture. Many enterprises are still insufficiently focused on meeting the needs of the subdistrict

The industrial and construction complex is focused on ensuring the reconstruction and new construction of oil and gas chemical and timber enterprises. Row building materials supplied by the Kuznetsk-Altai subdistrict. There is a certain shortage in the construction base for the creation of civil structures.

The agro-industrial complex of the complex as a whole specializes in the cultivation and processing of grain. On a small scale, in places where industrial crops are grown - flax, hemp, sunflower - there is a primary processing of flax - curly and hemp, and oil production. The livestock branch of the agro-industrial complex includes butter and dairy, milk canning plants and meat, leather, wool, and sheepskin processing plants.

Carpet weaving is an ancient craft of the region (in Ishim and Tobolsk there are mechanized carpet factories). Locally

M and imported raw materials are used by enterprises of the textile, leather and footwear industries. The main centers for processing agricultural raw materials are Omsk, Tyumen, Tomsk, Yalutorovsk, Tatarsk, Ishim.

Fishery complex - fishing in rivers and lakes, sea fishing in the Gulf of Ob, fish processing and canning. This complex is served by a network knitting factory in Tyumen and a shipyard in Tobolsk, bases for the receiving and transport fleet. Container and tin-can production is located at fish processing plants.

2. Development of transport in the West Siberian economic region.

The development of the transport system of Western Siberia is facilitated not only by the presence of a variety of natural resources (oil, gas and timber in the north, coal and vast agricultural land, giving large-tonnage products in the south), but also by a favorable economic and geographical position.

The transport routes of Western Siberia are characterized by high traffic density. In addition to the main Siberian railway line, the South Siberian Railway was built, which played an important role in the development of the productive forces of Kuzbass and Altai. A number of lines departed from it in the northern and southern directions.

A railway was also built: Irtyshskaya - Karasuk - Kamen-on-Obi - Altaiskaya. The new railway line is: Tyumen - Tobolsk - Surgut - Nizhnevartovsk - Urengoy. To a large extent, inter-district and intra-district transportation of goods in Western Siberia is carried out along the rivers of the Ob-Irtysh basin. Particularly widespread in Western Siberia were pipeline transport and power lines. Of great importance is the motor road - the Chuysky tract, which provides communications with Mongolia. Air transport is of great importance for passenger and cargo transportation, without which it is difficult to imagine the implementation of regular internal and external relations.

A feature of interregional relations is the predominance of exports over imports. The region exports oil, gas, coal, lumber, metal, non-ferrous metal ore concentrates, etc. Machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, and consumer goods are imported.

Relying mainly on the fact that ZSER occupies a leading position in the extraction of fuel and energy resources, the transport complex of Western Siberia is of great importance, which is most developed in the southern steppe zone, where the latitudinal Trans-Siberian and Central Siberian railways pass with a branch towards South Kazakhstan ( Turksib).

In the north, the rail network continues to take shape. From earlier

After the construction of the railway to the oil production centers Tyumen - Tobolsk - Surgut - Nizhnevartovsk, a main line was laid to Urengoy (the center of the largest gas production area). At present, preparations are being made for the pioneer construction of a railway frame in the Nadym-Pur-Tazovsky and Yamal gas industrial regions, and it is planned to connect the West Siberian North with the Norilsk industrial region in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Highways are also important. Based on the properties and importance of roads in the economy and social sphere, developed by the "Concept for the construction of main roads in the West Siberian region" determines the feasibility of forming the following main roads:

* Highway in the latitudinal direction "Nizhnevartovsk - Surgut - Khanty-Mansiysk - Sovetsky"

The direction of development of this road outside the county is provided by:

* to the west - the city of Ivdel - the city of Serov (Sverdlovsk region) - the city of Perm with entry into the general transport infrastructure of the European part of Russia and into the northern transport corridor;

* to the east - Tomsk, with entry into the transport corridor along the main Siberian railway line. With the formation of this road, the second latitudinal road of Russia will be formed, which in the future should be of great national importance.

* Motor road in the meridional direction "Tyumen - Tobolsk - Surgut - Noyabrsk - Purovsk Station" with further development to the cities of Nadym, Salekhard and Vorkuta. This is the only road that today provides the exit of vehicles from the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous regions on the Russian road network.

* A motor road formed in the meridional direction of Nadym - Nyagan (along the gas pipeline corridor) with access to the latitudinal road and, subsequently, to the city of Urai - the village of Mezhdurechensky - the city of Tyumen.

Both meridional highways, in addition to a great impact on the socio-economic development of autonomous regions, in the future

other modes of transport, form a major north-south transport corridor. In the north - this is an entry into the Northern Sea Route, in the south (through Kazakhstan) - an entry into the transport network of the Asian region.

Railways serve mainly interregional and transit traffic, and automobile transport deals mostly with domestic transportation.

River transport in Western Siberia performs the main function - the delivery of various cargoes to the areas of oil and gas production in the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets districts. To a lesser extent, it is used for the transportation of local goods and trade with Kazakhstan. A significant part of the northern delivery, carried out with the help of river vessels, occurs during the spring flood, when goods are delivered by high water along small and medium rivers to the deep regions of Western Siberia. The main river of the region is the Ob with its numerous tributaries, which flows into the Kara Sea. The Ob ranks first in terms of basin area and third in terms of water content.

Sea transport is not in demand in Western Siberia due to the impossibility of entering sea ​​vessels in the shallow Ob Bay. An exception is the experimental delivery by sea of ​​goods intended for the gas workers of Yamal, but it is held back by the absence of seaports here.

3. Prospects for the development of Western Siberia.

The main directions in the prospective development of individual industrial complexes of the West Siberian region will be the following:

In the fuel and energy complex - a significant increase in gas production on the Yamal Peninsula; development of new unique deposits; building new system gas pipelines, including the implementation of the largest projects: Yamal - Europe, Yamal - Krasnodar Territory - Turkey; development of oil and gas resources of the Kara Sea continental shelf; revival of Samotlor; increase in oil production, including through production from low-productivity reservoirs, the use of new resource-saving methods of production.

In the petrochemical complex - deep processing of raw materials, production of liquefied gas, chemical products, organic synthesis, motor fuels, pharmaceutical products in the Tobolsk petrochemical complex, Tyumen, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Uvatsky district.

In the timber industry complex - the development of the timber processing industry and wood chemistry, it is planned to create the production of plywood and chipboard in the Kondinsky district, in the village of Priobye a pulp and paper production is planned.

In mechanical engineering - the implementation of structural restructuring, the conversion of the defense complex, reorientation to the production of equipment for the oil, gas, forestry industries, means of transport and consumer goods.

In the construction industry - the creation of a system of unified self-supporting

construction and installation organizations capable of performing turnkey work; creation of small enterprises for the production of bricks, slates, tiles, cement, metal and wood parts; creation of production facilities for the production of light metal structures, insulation, reinforced concrete products.

In the agro-industrial complex - the implementation of land reform, the development of animal husbandry, vegetable growing, and potato growing. In the regions of the North - the development of reindeer breeding, stable cattle breeding, greenhouse and greenhouse farming for growing vegetables; approval of the diversity of forms of ownership, the development of rural infrastructure, the establishment of priority prices for industrial and agricultural products, the creation of incentives for the priority development of the food industry.

The most important areas for the prospective development of the region are transport construction, especially railways in resource development areas in the Far North, including the Yamal Peninsula, reconstruction of existing railways, including those on the Trans-Siberian Railway, river ports, construction of automobile and logging roads, etc. d.

In the future, more attention should be paid social development small peoples living in Siberia, improving the environmental situation in their areas of residence, taking measures to ensure the livelihood of these peoples. Among the tasks of protection environment the main one is the conservation of ecosystems.

Thus, the transport complex of the West-Sbirsk economic region plays an integral role in its development. 12

Conclusion:

This work was devoted to identifying and studying the main problems of the transport complex of the West Siberian economic region and the prospects for its development.

To understand the specifics of transport as a special area material production, a whole complex of features characteristic only for the transport complex was considered.

The West Siberian region is one of the most promising regions of the country, but nevertheless, for its further successful development, large investments are needed. This is mainly due to technical updates. The internal problems of the region are also acute.

In connection with the "shock" industry, the ecology of Western Siberia suffers. And, although the persons responsible for this are trying to improve the situation, the problem is still quite acute.

Thus, we can conclude about the importance of the West Siberian region for Russia in geographical and economic terms.

Literature:

Voronin, V.V. " Economical geography Russian Federation, at 2 p.m., p. 1. /V.V. Voronin. - Samara: SGEA; 1997.- 453 p.

Gromov, N.N. "Unified transport system"./N.N. Gromov, T.A. Panchenko, A.D. Chudnovsky. –M.; Transport, 2000.-234 p.

"Regional Economics" / Ed. prof. T.G. Morozova. – M.: UNITI, 1999.

Vavilova, E.V. Economic Geography and Regional Studies: Tutorial(for universities in economics and specializations), - 2nd ed. / E.V. Vavilov. - M.: Gardarik, 2005. - 267 p.

Vidyapin, V.I. Economic geography of Russia / V.I. Vidyapin. -M.: Finance and statistics, 2004. -489 p.

Gladky, Yu.N. Economic geography of Russia./Yu.N. Gladky, V.A. Dobroskok., S.P. Semyonov - M.: Gardarika, 2003. - 128 p.

Pomus, M.I. Western Siberia / M.I. Pomus. - M.: Lawyer, 2004. - 174 p.

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Course work

by discipline Economic geography transport

on the topic of " Economic-geographical characteristic transport systems Wapadno - Siberian economic district"

Yaroslavl 2013

Vconducting

Transport is an important component of Russia's economic complex. Its share in the total number of people employed in the country's economy is approximately 7%, in production assets - 20%. Functionally, as elsewhere, transport transports people and goods here, contributes to the formation of inter-sectoral, intra-district, inter-district and interstate relations. However, in Russia, due to the vast spatial extent of the country, the uneven distribution of natural resources, population, production across its territory, the role of transport in ensuring the normal functioning of the economy is immeasurably increasing.

The transport system of Russia includes rail, road, inland water, sea, pipeline, and air transport. In the conditions of Russia, for the transportation of bulk cargo over medium and long distances, as well as passengers in suburban (local) and long-distance (intercity) communications, rail transport is the most efficient. It provides 1/3 of the cargo turnover and 2/5 of the country's passenger traffic. In terms of cargo turnover among modes of transport, it is second only to pipeline transport (more than 52%), but significantly exceeds sea (8.4%), road (4.2%), river (2.5%) and air. In terms of passenger traffic, only two types of transport stand out along with it - automobile (about 42%) and air (16%). The share of other types of transport - river and sea - in the transportation of passengers is negligible and amounts to tenths and hundredths of a percent, respectively.

The leading role of railway transport in the transport system of Russia is due not only to the natural, economic, and other features of the country (the length and natural and climatic conditions of its territory, the geography of natural resources, the location of the economy, cities and other settlements, the direction and nature of the historically established territorial and economic ties etc.), but also by a number of its technical and economic advantages over other modes of transport (it is distinguished by reliability, rhythm of movement regardless of the season, climatic conditions of the area, versatility, i.e., the ability to transport almost all types of cargo , high carrying and throughput capacity, relatively high speed and relatively low cost of transportation, etc.).

The modern railway network of Russia (equally road, pipeline networks, waterways etc.) developed over a long period of time within the territory of one country (first Russia, then the USSR). After the collapse of the USSR into a number of independent states, the railway network of our country remains closely connected with the railways of the newly independent states, that is, it is part of a single territorial entity - a single transport system of the CIS. It is from these positions that it is necessary to consider its geography, that is, the direction, starting and ending points of its individual highways.

The previously formed geography of Russian railways has not undergone significant changes over the recent period of time. The European part of the country has the most dense and extensive network of railways. The railway network was formed here, primarily taking into account the geographical position of Moscow, the port cities of the Baltic and Black Sea basins, the needs of coal and metallurgical bases in the South of the country and the Urals, and the economy of the Central region of Russia. 11 radially located highways depart from Moscow in different directions, connecting the Center with all economic regions of Russia and the CIS countries. economic geographic rail transport

The topic of this course work is "Economic and geographical characteristics of the transport system of the West Siberian economic region."

The largest West Siberian economic region of Russia includes Altai region, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk and Tyumen regions, Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous regions, the Republic of Altai.

The West Siberian economic region occupies a vast area to the east of the Ural Mountains, extending almost to the Yenisei. But the extension from north to south is especially great. In the west, the region borders on the Northern and Ural economic regions, in the south - on Kazakhstan, in the east - on the East Siberian region. In the south of the region, the Trans-Siberian Railway crosses the largest Siberian rivers (Ob and Irtysh).

Possessing the richest natural resources, the region has favorable prerequisites for economic development, but the peculiar natural and climatic conditions greatly complicate the situation.

About 15 million people live on the territory of Western Siberia. Western Siberia is distinguished by oil, gas and coal production, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, precision and heavy engineering, chemical, nuclear and timber industries, as well as hunting, fishing, beekeeping and other industries and crafts are developed.

The West Siberian economic region is also distinguished by its scientific and educational complex, in which there are about 60 higher educational institutions. Of these, 6 technical universities, dozens of research institutions of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, hundreds of branch research institutes and design and survey organizations. The best scientific institutions of the Academy of Medical Sciences, the Russian Academy of Education, Agriculture and other academies function here.

Structurally course work consists of 3 chapters, introduction. conclusion, list of used sources and applications.

1. General characteristics of the economic region

1.1 Characteristic accommodation productive forces economic district

Western Siberia is Russia's most important region for the extraction of gas, oil, and coal. It also specializes in the production of electricity, steel, rolled products, chemical products obtained from the processing of oil, gas and coal, energy-intensive products, machinery, durum wheat. By oil and natural gas reserves this region ranks first in the country. The oil reserves of Western Siberia amount to 13.8 billion tons, which is comparable with Iraq (13.2), Kuwait (13.1), Iran (12.1 billion tons). The region produces ¾ of Russian oil and 9/10 of gas, 2/5 of coal, 1/7 of the production of ferrous metal, 1/7 of chemical fiber, 1/6 of the gross grain harvest and 1/8 of the production of meat and milk.

The largest oil and gas fields have been explored in the sedimentary rocks of the Tyumen and Tomsk regions, where one of the richest oil and gas provinces in the world has been discovered. Western Siberia accounts for more than ¼ of the world's natural gas reserves, approximately 35% of the balance oil reserves in the world.

Vast forests contain 1/8 of all timber reserves in Russia. And agricultural land makes up 1/5 of all and more than ½ in the East.

1/6 of the country's main production assets are concentrated here, which is twice as much as in neighboring Eastern Siberia. The capital-labor ratio in industry is the highest, but due to the high capital intensity and insufficient use of the means of production, the return on assets is low. Depreciation of fixed assets exceeds the average.

Western Siberia compares favorably in the East with a better supply of labor resources, which is a very favorable factor in economic development.

Significant intellectual potential. The contingent of people with higher and secondary specialized education is relatively larger than the national average.

The peculiarities of the settlement of the territory, the number and structure of the population, as well as the availability of natural resources, largely determine the specialization of the entire economy of the region.

About half of the total population of Siberia lives in Western Siberia and Far East. The number of inhabitants here was constantly growing: from 1926 to 1996 it more than doubled. The average population density is 5 people per 1 km, i.e. half the average for Russia. But it ranges from 0.1 or less in the Far North to 50 people per 1 km or more in the Kuznetsk Basin. The most densely populated are the southern steppe and forest-steppe plains and foothills along the Trans-Siberian Railway and to the south of it. In the last three decades, the areas of the West Siberian North have been intensively developed. But the northern part of the region is located within the Arctic and subarctic belts and is influenced by the Arctic Ocean. This zone of the Far North of the ZSED is uncomfortable for living and farming. In the taiga and tundra zones, settlements are located along rivers. Fairly dense and evenly spaced rural settlements in forest-steppe and steppe. Here the villages are larger than in the taiga zone.

About 85% of the population of Western Siberia are Russians. The second place in terms of numbers is occupied by Ukrainians. Altaians (Republic of Altai) and Shors live in the mountainous southern regions, Siberian Tatars live in the south of the taiga and forest-steppe, and Kazakhs live in the steppe regions. Indigenous peoples live in the northern autonomous regions: Khanty, Mansi, Nenets, Komi, Selkups.

The industrial development of the region caused a rapid growth of the urban population (almost 12.5 times over the past 70 years). But on this moment Population growth has stopped and a slight decrease is observed (in 2005, the population decreased by 276,239 people compared to 2000). The number of employed people is increasing, but so is the unemployment rate (on average, in 2005 it doubled compared to 2005). There is a tendency to increase the birth rate.

Large cities have grown: Novosibirsk, Omsk, Barnaul, Tomsk, Tyumen. More than 100 thousand inhabitants each have 16 cities of the region. Most of them are concentrated in Kuzbass: Kemerovo, Novokuznetsk, Prokopyevek, Leninsk-Kuznetsky, Kiselevsk, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Belovo, etc. Various types of local systems of urban settlements have been formed in the region:

1) large urban agglomerations - "crossroads" at the intersection of railway lines with large rivers (Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tyumen, Tomsk, Barnaul, etc.), where, along with multifunctional cities along the railways, there are medium and small towns - workers' settlements serving agriculture and transport processing agricultural raw materials;

2) mining urban agglomerations of Kuzbass in places of coal development and use - centers of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemistry, mechanical engineering; here, almost continuous "clumps - chains" of urban settlements, mainly coal mining, adjoin the large multifunctional Kemerovo and Novokuznetsk;

3) base cities in the areas of development of oil and gas fields (Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Strezhevoy, Nefteyugansk, Noyabrsk, Novy Urengoy, Nadym, etc.) with rotational, stationary and mobile camps;

4) administrative and economic centers in the regions of the Middle Ob and Ob North (Khanty-Mansiysk, Salekhard, etc.). In the southern zone, many cities have favorable conditions for industrial development: they are well supplied with water, construction sites, and communication routes.

The highest population density is Tyumen region, because it was here that the country's largest oil and gas complex. The Kemerovo region ranks second in terms of numbers due to the fact that this region has the largest coal basin - the Kuznetsk one (in 2005, 164,341 thousand tons of coal were mined, which is 49,251 thousand tons more than in 2000). Thus, there is a direct relationship between the volume of mining and population.

Under the factors, prerequisites for the territorial division of labor are understood the most important resources and conditions of social production, which are distinguished by significant territorial differentiation both in terms of their presence and in terms of economic indicators, as well as the technical and economic conditions for the location of production (material intensity, electrical intensity, heat capacity, water intensity).

As mentioned earlier, the availability of natural resources largely determines the specialization of the region. And this primarily concerns the West Siberian economic region, the merits of which are determined by the superconcentration of fuel and energy resources of world importance (oil, gas and coal) and the relative proximity to the areas of their consumption, primarily in the European part of the country and in Europe (CIS countries and far abroad). With the help of pipeline transport, oil and gas are transported over a distance of several thousand kilometers, which provides Western Siberia with the status of a base region in the organization of the Eurasian gas and oil markets. In this regard, heavy industry has been predominantly developed here. The Kemerovo region specializes in it, which produces 40% of the region's electricity, 98% of iron ore, iron and steel, 90% of ferrous metal rolled products, 99% of coal, and 11% of iron and steel pipes. The Novosibirsk region specializes in cast iron and steel pipes. Altai Krai is a major center of the food industry.

The territorial division of labor and the rational market specialization of regions, when organizing correct economic relations between regions and within them, contribute to an increase in the level of economic development, the necessary expansion of production and an increase in its efficiency. In connection with the rational market specialization of the West Siberian economic region, there is an increase in the gross regional product (GRP): in 2005 it increased by about 3 times compared to 2000. In this regard, there is a trend towards an increase in per capita cash income.

It should be noted again that Western Siberia is distinguished by the largest reserves and production base of natural gas (85% of proven reserves and 92% of production), oil (70% of proven reserves and 68% of production) and coal (46% of proven reserves and 42% of production). ).

The main coal basin of Western Siberia is the Kuznetsk. The geological reserves of coal here are 905 billion / t (up to a depth of 600 m - 211 billion tons). There are 90 mines and cuts united in the Kuzbassugol, Prokopyevskugol, Yuzhkuzbassugol and Kemerovougol combines. A significant proportion of coal suitable for coking. Kuznetsk coals are generally characterized by high calorific value, low ash content and sulfur content. Most of them are classified as easily enriched. The thickness of the coal seams here is on average about 4 m (greater than in the Donbass), but there are also seams up to 20–50 m thick. Some mines have mastered hydraulic mining and hydrotransportation of coal. The average annual productivity of mines in Kuzbass is higher than the national average. The increase in the share of gas and low-caking coals in the coke mine is one of the factors in the rational use of Kuzbass coals. The Itatskoye brown coal deposit of the Kansk-Achinsk basin is located in the Kemerovo region. Their geological reserves are 60 billion tons, the average thickness of the layers is 55 m, they lie shallow. Here is one of the cheapest types of thermal coal in the country. With a large capacity of power plants that can be built, the cost of electricity can be very low. It is important to use Italian coals as a chemical raw material.

In 2005, 164,341 thousand tons of hard coal were mined in the Kemerovo Region. This is 51966 thousand tons of coal more than in 1970. In general, there is an increase in coal production. From 1970 to 1990, production increased, but the growth rate decreased (1970 - 113,000 thousand tons; 1975 - 137,000 thousand tons; 1980 - 145,000 thousand tons; 1990 - 149,834 thousand tons). Then the decrease began: most of the mines were old, the average depth of underground work reached a critical level, the danger of rock bursts, landslides, fires and gas emissions increased. Fatal accidents have become commonplace. The quality of the coal produced also deteriorated. The financial system collapsed, powerful strikes shook the coal industry in 1989-1990. The general decline in production led to a significant decrease in the demand for coal. The lack of state budget funds, which has been growing since 1991, the physical and moral deterioration of mining equipment, the crisis in the social sphere, the decline in discipline and labor productivity - all these negative phenomena have been growing. The only way out was the restructuring of the entire coal industry, ie. transfer it to the rails of a market economy. By 1995, coal production had dropped to 99,336 thousand tons. And then the rise begins again (2000 - 115090 thousand tons; 2005 - 164341 thousand tons).

A distinctive feature of the oil resource base of Western Siberia is a large number of major deposits. Giant fields such as Samotlor have been discovered and are being developed here (one of the largest in the world, was discovered in 1965 and during the development brought about $245 billion to the state budget, while the cost of developing operation did not exceed $27 billion; during this time 16,700 wells were drilled here and 3.3 billion tons of oil were pumped out), Mamontovskoye, Fedorovskoye, Priobskoye. The rapid commissioning of the largest fields into industrial development was the determining factor that made it possible to create a powerful oil production complex in Western Siberia in record time. In total, about 400 oil fields, more than 30 oil and gas and oil and gas fields, and about 80 oil and gas condensate fields have been discovered in Western Siberia. Currently, 44 of the 50 largest fields in Western Siberia are under development, many of which have entered the stage of declining oil production.

The Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug of the Tyumen Region is considered the leader in oil production not only in the Western Economic Zone, but also throughout Russia, in which oil production has been intensively growing in recent decades: in 1965, the first million tons of oil were obtained, and in 1980 already 304,917 thousand tons; in 1990 - 305981 thousand tons. Then production fell sharply, because due to the reduction in funding, the volume of geological exploration work unacceptably decreased, and as a result, the increase in oil reserves decreased, and in 1995 amounted to 169179 thousand tons, after which resumed production growth and by 2005 amounted to 268,002 thousand tons. The oil and gas region with an area of ​​about 2.2 million km2 occupies almost the entire West Siberian Plain north of Tyumen, Omsk and Tomsk. For the first time, natural gas of industrial importance was discovered here in 1953 (Berezovskoye field), and oil was found in 1960 in the basin of the river. Kondy. In 1961, oil and gas fields were discovered in the Middle Ob. In the West Siberian oil and gas province, tectonically connected with the West Siberian Plate, with productive deposits of the Jurassic, Cretaceous and Paleozoic periods at depths from 700 m to 4 km, six regions are distinguished containing mainly oil resources: Priuralsky and Frolovsky in the west , Sredneobsky and Kaimysovsky in the center, Vasyugansky and Paiduginsky in the east. These districts are located in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug of the Tyumen Region and partly in the Tomsk Region. Half of the territory promising for oil and, especially, for gas, is located beyond the Arctic Circle.

The main gas resource and gas producing region of Western Siberia (and the whole of Russia) is located in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. In total, according to RAO Gazprom, there are almost 21 trillion m3 of gas in the region, including 6.7 trillion m3 at the largest Urengoyskoye field.

The leader in gas production is the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, in which in 2005 production amounted to 557,776 million m3. This exceeds the level of gas production in 1990 by 12,579 million m3, although the level of production decreased from 1990 to 2000 to 510,234 million m3.

The increase in gas production in Western Siberia is primarily due to the involvement in the development of fields on the Yamal Peninsula, where 10.4 trillion m3 of gas has already been explored at 25 fields. Since the end of 1999, four large fields have been developed here: Bovanenkovo ​​(the design volume of gas is determined at 115 billion m3 per year; in the future, the design volume of gas production will increase to 140 billion m3 per year; to single system gas supply, it is necessary to build a gas transmission system with a total length of 2451 km, including a new gas transmission corridor from Bovanenkoye to Ukhta with a length of about 1100 km), Kharasaveyskoye (annual production volume is 38 billion m3 of gas, located in the northwestern part of the Yamal Peninsula on the coast of the Kara Sea), Kruzenshternskoye (located in the YNAO and reserves are 1.67 trillion m3) and Novo-Portovskoye.

The gas production reserve includes the fields of the Gydan region, which includes the largest region of the YNAO - Tazovsky (with an area of ​​167.2 thousand km2 and a length from north to south - more than 700 km) and the largest Rusanovskoye and Leningradskoye located on the shelf of the Kara Sea.

In Western Siberia, there are also over 45 trillion m3 of predicted natural gas reserves, mainly located in remote areas and at depths of more than 3 thousand meters.

In the flat part of Western Siberia, namely in the Tyumen and Tomsk regions, huge but little-used peat reserves are concentrated, reaching 100 billion tons, or 50-60% of the total Russian reserves.

The potential capacity of the region's hydropower resources is great. The hydropower potential of the large rivers of Western Siberia reaches 16 million kW, but cannot be used due to the threat of large floods in the flat areas. Otherwise, oil and gas fields, the best agricultural lands, large tracts of forests, many settlements may fall into the flood zone, transport conditions will become more difficult due to the appearance of early autumn freeze-ups and later opening of rivers in spring, fisheries will be seriously affected.

The iron ore base of the ZNER is distinguished by significant deposits - Narymskoye, Kolpashevskoye and Yuzhno-Kolpashevskoye, located in the central part of the Tomsk region, which are currently not being developed due to the low iron content in the brown iron ore occurring here. Richer deposits of magnetite ores are being developed in Gornaya Shoria in the south of the Kemerovo region (mining is about 3 million tons), but their resources are not enough to provide a powerful local ferrous and metallurgical base. Such a problem can be solved by developing the rich magnetite ores of Beloretsky (discovered in 1774; explored reserves are 289.2 million tons; deposits are found at a depth of 0 to 15 m; the ore contains 31.1% iron) and Inka (discovered in 1952; explored reserves of iron ore over 160 million tons, ore bodies occur at a depth of 0 to 400 m, the iron content in the ore is over 45%) deposits in the Altai Territory.

The Usinskoe deposit of manganese ores in the south of the Kemerovo region belongs to the category of large ones, however, it contains poor refractory carbonate ores and is therefore included in the reserves for the needs of the local ferrous metallurgy base.

Within Western Siberia, the length of which from north to south is almost 3000 km, latitudinal natural zones are successively replaced: steppe, forest-steppe, forest, forest-tundra, tundra. The forest resources of Western Siberia make up a significant (12%) part of the forest fund of Russia. The total forested area here reaches about 81 million hectares, and the timber stock is 9.8 billion m3 (third place in the country after the Far East and Eastern Siberia). Almost 80% of timber reserves are located in the forested Tyumen and Tomsk regions. The quality of West Siberian timber is generally poor, since most of the forests grow in wetlands. About 67% of the forested area is occupied by coniferous forests, while in the south of the region there are fewer of them, since birch groves are characteristic of the forest-steppe zone.

The region has 16% of agricultural land and 15% of arable land in Russia. 4/5 of all arable land is located in the south of the ZSER, within the Altai Territory, Omsk and Novosibirsk regions, where fertile chernozem, chestnut and alluvial soils of river valleys dominate. With proper agricultural practices and optimal moisture, these soils can provide high yields.

Western Siberia is one of the most important areas of grain farming and animal husbandry in Russia. The main branch of agriculture is crop production. The main crop is spring wheat. In terms of the area of ​​sown crops in Western Siberia, as well as in Russia as a whole, the Altai Territory is the leader, where in 2005 5219.3 thousand hectares were under sown crops. This feature is due to the presence of large areas fertile lands and favorable soil and climatic conditions. But these areas are decreasing every year, mainly due to desertification and drought. For example, in 1990 they amounted to 6380 thousand hectares, after 5 years already 5832.6 thousand hectares and in 2000 they amounted to only 5344.9 thousand hectares. The Altai Territory is also the leader in Western Siberia in the cultivation of potatoes, although in general there is a downward trend in crops: the peak occurred in 1995 (104.1 thousand hectares), and by 2005 the sown area decreased by 16.4 thousand hectares. In addition, horses are bred in the Altai Mountains. Animal husbandry is also well developed here. Altai Territory ranks third in Russia in terms of the number of cattle, in 2005 there were 865 heads (but this is exactly 2 times less than in the Republic of Bashkortostan). In the south of Western Siberia, camels and yaks are also bred, and in the Far North, within the tundra and forest-tundra, reindeer breeding and fur farming are developed.

1.2 Analysis economic and geographical provisions economic district

An important feature of the economic and geographical position of Western Siberia is its location at the crossroads of railways and the great Siberian rivers, contiguity with the economically highly developed European part of the country, especially the Urals, and proximity to Eastern Siberia. All this became the fundamental principle of its economic development. Firstly, there was the possibility of receiving great help from the Urals, the Center and other regions of the European part of the country, and secondly, the needs of both the eastern and western neighbors of the region also stimulated the use of its natural resources. The southern border of the ZSED is the state border with Kazakhstan, China (in a very small area) and Mongolia. In the north, the region faces the Kara Sea of ​​the Arctic Ocean.

The advantages of the economic and geographical position of Western Siberia are determined by the superconcentration of fuel and energy resources of world importance (oil, gas and coal) and the relative proximity to the areas of their consumption, primarily in the European part of the country and in Europe (CIS countries and far abroad). With the help of pipeline transport, oil and gas are transported over a distance of several thousand kilometers, which provides Western Siberia with the status of a base region in the organization of the Eurasian gas and oil markets.

Large-scale fuel cargo flows are formed here and various cargoes are transited between the European and eastern regions of Russia, as well as between the countries of Europe and the Far East. For this, the Trans-Siberian railway and highways are used, laid in the direction of Eastern Siberia (to Transbaikalia) and Mongolia - the Chuisky tract. The Northern Sea Route is also of great importance for the life support of the northern regions, in the long term - for the export of hydrocarbon resources produced on the coast and shelf of the Kara Sea. All terrestrial latitudinal highways of the ZSER in the meridional direction are conveniently crossed by the Ob-Irtysh waterway used to deliver goods along numerous rivers to the deep regions of Western Siberia, as well as along the Irtysh to Kazakhstan.

Profitable transport position Western Siberia is complemented by favorable conditions for the development of agro-industrial, machine-building and petrochemical complexes in its central, steppe part, and coal-metallurgical and machine-building complexes in the mountainous southeast. The development of these complexes allows the district to occupy a central position in the formation of commodity markets for ferrous metals, coking coal, oil refining and organic synthesis products, as well as grain and meat and dairy products.

The negative aspects of the economic and geographical position of Western Siberia are associated with the extreme climatic conditions of its Arctic and northern regions, which create inconvenience for living and increase the cost of economic activity, in particular, the extraction of hydrocarbons, as well as with the high water content of the West Siberian Plain - frequent floods and flooding of settlements and industrial centers and with environmental tension in the areas of fuel extraction, the location of ferrous metallurgy and petrochemical facilities. On the present stage To the inconveniences of the regional EGP, one can add the temporary unsettledness of the long border with Kazakhstan, from where smuggled goods and drugs penetrate into the territory of Western Siberia.

The West Siberian economic region is one of the 11 economic regions of the Russian Federation, consists of 9 federal subjects:

Kemerovo region (The administrative center of the region is the city of Kemerovo)

Novosibirsk region (The administrative center is the city of Novosibirsk)

Omsk region (The administrative center is the city of Omsk.)

Tomsk region (The administrative center is the city of Tomsk)

Tyumen region (The administrative center is the city of Tyumen)

Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug (The administrative center is the city of Khanty-Mansiysk)

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (The administrative center of the Okrug is the city of Salekhard)

Republic of Altai (Capital - the city of Gorno-Altaisk)

Altai Territory (The administrative center is the city of Barnaul)

Population - 14 "609" 919 people. (2013), area - 2,454,084 sq. km.

The 3rd largest region of the country and the most densely populated in the eastern economic zone.

The population of the region is multinational: 90% of the Russian population.

Cities-millionaires - Novosibirsk, Omsk

Novosibimrsk is the third largest city in Russia and the thirteenth largest city in Russia, has the status of an urban district. Founded in 1893, received city status in 1903.

Trade, business, cultural, industrial, transport and scientific center of federal importance; full member of the Association of Siberian and Far Eastern Cities.

Novosibirsk performs the functions of the administrative center of the Siberian Federal District, the Novosibirsk Region and the Novosibirsk Region, which is part of it; the city is also the center of the Novosibirsk agglomeration - the largest in Siberia.

By the combination of these features, Novosibirsk is often unofficially referred to as the capital of Siberia (see also: Alternative Capital of Russia).

The city is located on the Priobsky plateau, adjacent to the Ob River valley, next to the reservoir formed by the dam of the Novosibirsk hydroelectric power station.

The urban area covers an area equal to 502.1 km² (50,210 ha).

According to the estimates of Rosstat as of April 2013, the number of people living within the boundaries of the city crossed the mark of 1.5 million people and amounted to 1,523,801 people; According to this indicator, Novosibirsk is still in third place after Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Ommsk is a city in Russia, the administrative center of the Omsk region. Capital of the State of Russia (White Russia) from 1918 to 1920

Population - 1.154 million people according to the 2010 census within the boundaries of the municipality (2nd place in Siberia, 8th place in the Russian Federation).

Major transport hub. A large industrial center: light, food, printing, chemical, petrochemical and aerospace industries.

Barnauml is a city (founded in the 1730s, city status since 1771) in Russia, the administrative center of the Altai Territory (since 1937). It is located in the south of Western Siberia at the confluence of the Barnaulka River with the Ob.

The area of ​​the city is 322.01 km², urban population-- 649,573 people, the city is the 19th in terms of population in Russia. Together with subordinates settlements, including rural population- 41,575 people, within the boundaries of the urban district, the population is 691,149 people. A large industrial, cultural and educational center of Siberia: 9 state universities, 5 theaters, museums, architectural monuments of the 18th-20th centuries.

In table. 1 shows the characteristics of the economic region in terms of population density (data as of January 1, 2013).

Table 1

Characteristics of the economic region by population density

The total urban population is 71%. The most urbanized are the Kemerovo region, where the number of urban residents reaches 87%, and the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - 91%. At the same time, in the Republic of Altai, 75% of the population are rural residents.

The area varies in population density. Very high population density in the Kemerovo region. -- about 32 people/km2. The minimum density in the polar Yamal-Nenets district is 0.7 people/km2.

The economically active population of Western Siberia was 50%, slightly above the national average. About 21% of the working population was employed in industry, and about 13.2% in agriculture.

The level of general unemployment in Western Siberia was below the Russian average only in the Tyumen region. In other regions, it exceeded the national average. In terms of the level of registered unemployment, all regions were in the worst position relative to the average Russian indicator (1.4%), except for the Novosibirsk region. Most registered unemployed in the Tomsk region - 2.1% economically active population. In the oil-producing Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug, their number is 1.5 times higher than the average for Russia.

The ethnic composition of the population of Western Siberia is represented by Slavic (mainly Russians), Ugric and Samoyedic (Khanty, Mansi, Nenets) and Turkic (Tatars, Kazakhs, Altaians, Shors) peoples. The Russian population numerically predominates in all regions of the ZSER. The Nenets, who are part of the Samoyedic language group of the Uralic family, live mainly in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and are its indigenous people. The Khanty and Mansi, who are part of the Ugric group of the Ural family, live in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. Turkic peoples - Kazakhs and Tatars live in the steppe and forest-steppe zones, and Altaians and Shors - in the mountainous regions of Altai and Mountain Shoria in the Kemerovo region.

The Russian population of Western Siberia is mainly Orthodox, believing Tatars and Kazakhs are Muslims, Altaians and Shors are partly Orthodox, some adhere to traditional pagan beliefs.

2. Economic and geographical characteristics of the most important branches of industrial production of the region, their role in the Russian production potential

2.1 Economic-geographical characteristic fuel and energy to m plexus

The fuel and energy complex of the region occupies a leading position in the industrial structure - in 2001 it accounted for 56.2% of commercial industrial output.

In terms of electricity generation, the region ranks 4th in Russia, behind the Central, Ural and East Siberian economic regions; 57% of electricity consumption falls on industry, 14% - household services, 7% - construction. The annual electricity consumption of the region is over 125 billion kWh. The cost of producing 1 kW of electricity here costs 3 times less than in the European zone.

In Surgut, two thermal power plants with a total capacity of 8.1 million kW were built, operating on associated gas. The Urengoy and Nizhnevartovskaya power plants operate on natural gas, and the Tom-Usinskaya and Belovskaya power plants use Kuzbass coal.

2.2 Economic-geographical characteristic black and color m e thallurgy

Ferrous metallurgy (3.4%) is a specialized branch of the region. The Kuznetsk Iron and Steel Works (KMK), built in 1932, produces over 3 million tons of steel per year, including railway rails, beams, channels, sheet, ball-bearing, transformer steel and other types of rolled products. The West-Siberian Metallurgical Plant, with a capacity of more than 8 million tons of steel per year, is focused on the needs of the Siberian engineering industry and mainly produces medium- and small-section rolled products, as well as wire.

There are two converting plants - Novosibirsk and Gurevsky, Novokuznetsk ferroalloy plant, Kemerovo and Za-rinsky (Altai Territory) coking plants.

The West Siberian Metallurgical Plant operates on imported raw materials (94%). Iron ore is supplied from Korshunovsky (Irkutsk region) and Lisakovsky (Kazakhstan) deposits.

It is expedient to supply ore from the Kursk magnetic anomaly. When transporting, an empty one can be used, which transports coal from Kuzbass to the Central Black Earth region, and ore back. This will reduce transport costs for transportation of iron ore by 1.5 times.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is represented by Novokuznetsk aluminum, Belovsky zinc, Novosibirsk tin (the only one in Russia) plants, as well as Zmeinogorsky and Zolo-Tushinsky polymetallic mines. In addition, the Aktash mercury plant operates on the basis of the development of the Chagan-Uzun mercury mine. On the territory of Gorny Altai (Altaiskoye deposit) and Gornaya Shoria (Salairskoye deposit) gold is mined.

2.3 Economic-geographical characteristic engineering to m plexus

The machine-building complex began to take shape in the 1930s. 20th century During the Great Patriotic War, 150 machine-building enterprises from the European zone were evacuated to the region, which subsequently made it possible to satisfy 25% of the needs of the national economy in machines and mechanisms through their production on the spot.

The share of production of tools, spare parts and equipment is low, because there is no specialized production of spare parts and special equipment in the region.

In the structure of the machine-building complex, specialization and cooperation are poorly developed; the share of detailed specialization is insignificant, which has been developed only in tractor, agricultural engineering and car building.

There is not a single specialized plant for the production of castings, forgings, stampings, welded structures and plastic products for mechanical engineering. The production of these products is carried out in the workshops of machine-building enterprises. Due to the insufficient technical equipment of these workshops and the low scale of production, the cost of 1 ton of casting is 3-5 times more expensive than at specialized plants.

On the territory of Western Siberia, it is effective to place metal-intensive, energy-intensive branches of mechanical engineering. In metal-intensive industries, compared with the European zone, the reduced costs increase slightly (0.6%), while in labor-intensive industries they amount to 3.4%.

2.4 Economic-geographical characteristic chemical e sky and petrochemical O th complex

The chemical complex is based on local raw materials. The largest nodes of the chemical complex of Western Siberia are Kemerovo, Tomsk, Tobolsk, Omsk and Barnaul.

The development of the chemical industry in the region can be divided into two stages. At the first stage (20s - 50s of the 20th century), it developed in two directions: the chemistry of salts (in the Altai Territory) and coal chemistry (in the Kemerovo region). The formation of coal chemistry took place in parallel with the development of ferrous metallurgy based on coke roasting.

At the second stage (from the end of the 1950s), petrochemistry was developed as a result of the construction of the Tuimazy - Omsk - Irkutsk oil pipeline. On the basis of hydrocarbon raw materials, a large complex is being built in Omsk for the production of technical carbon black, rubber, plastics, tires, rubber products, etc. In cooperation with him, petrochemical enterprises are developing in Barnaul.

Since 1967, when an oil pipeline was laid from the Middle Ob region (Ust-Balyk - Omsk), the petrochemistry of the region has been using its own raw materials. At the end of the 70s. 20th century the oil pipeline Nizhnevartovsk - Aleksandrovsk - Anzhero-Sudzhensk - Krasnoyarsk - Angarsk is being built. The construction of the largest complex in Tomsk for the production of polypropylene, ethylene, methyl alcohol, carbamide resins, as well as household goods from plastics is connected with its construction. In the 80s. 20th century a petrochemical complex begins to take shape in Tobolsk, but its construction has been delayed due to ongoing reforms in the country.

Plastics production is also located in Tyumen, Novosibirsk and Kemerovo. The chemical and pharmaceutical industry was developed in Novokuznetsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk and Anzhero-Sudzhensk.

The location of the chemical industry is greatly influenced by the availability of cheap fuel. In the West Siberian economic region, compared with the European zone, it is economically profitable to locate the production of viscose fibers (savings in capital costs of production will be 37--40%), staple fibers (46--50%), ethylene and propylene (37--41% ), synthetic rubber (50--56%), synthetic resins and plastics (25-30%).

2.5 Economic-geographical characteristic construction complex

The production of building materials is dispersed throughout the ZSER. The main producer of cement here is the Kemerovo region, reinforced concrete structures - the Tyumen region, and the production of building bricks is carried out in Novosibirsk region. Moreover, the average production of building materials in 2005 was approximately 2 times less than what was achieved in 1990. Building stones used for cladding buildings, in the construction of metro stations, paving city streets and for the construction of monumental complexes are mined in Western Siberia in the Altai.

2.6 Economic-geographical characteristic forest, woodworker a poking and pulp and paper industry

The timber and timber processing complex of Western Siberia is represented by the removal of timber and its mechanical processing. There is no pulp and paper production in the region.

The forests to the south of the Trans-Siberian Railway have been depleted by irrational cuttings of previous years (the forest cover here does not exceed 20%). Most of the forests are located in areas with a low level of economic development.

Only half of wood raw materials are processed, annually 6-7 million cubic meters. m of waste from logging and sawmilling are not used, although they could replace 20-22 million cubic meters. m of commercial wood.

2.7 Economic-geographical characteristic agribusiness O mental complex

In the southern part of the region there is a zone of forest-steppe and steppe, which has fertile soils, resources of heat and moisture; agriculture and cattle breeding, as well as wheat production, are well developed here. Western Siberia occupies the 2nd place (13.6%) in terms of sown area, yielding to the Volga (22.0%) region. Western Siberia produces 12% of the country's wheat, 11% of milk and 12% of meat.

Industrial crops - sugar beet, sunflower, curly flax and fiber flax - occupy 1.7% of arable land.

Cultivation of sugar beet in the region is associated with a great risk, since the harvest can be lost during the June drought, which is frequent in Western Siberia, and during the rainy cold autumn. The beet harvest coincides with the grain harvest season, with almost half of the crop harvested by hand, in the rain, and often in frost. The average beet yield is 110 c/ha, or 2 times less than in the Central Black Earth, and 2.3 times less than in the North Caucasus regions. The quality of sugar beets grown in the Altai Territory is 4-5 times lower than in these regions.

3. Characteristics of the transport system of the economic region

3.1 General characteristic transport systems

The transport system of Western Siberia combines all types of communications, but their role and location in different parts of the region are different: in the south, the importance of railways and pipelines sharply prevails. In the same place, in the south, almost all highways pass. The role of water transport here is very limited and is reduced mainly to the transportation of goods and passengers to the northern regions, where, on the contrary, river transport retains its leading position. At the same time, aviation plays a particularly important role in the northern half of Western Siberia.

Relying mainly on the fact that ZSER occupies a leading position in the extraction of fuel and energy resources, the transport complex of Western Siberia is of great importance, which is most developed in the southern steppe zone, where the latitudinal Trans-Siberian and Central Siberian railways pass with a branch towards South Kazakhstan ( Turksib).

The transport routes of Western Siberia are characterized by high traffic density.

In the north, the rail network continues to take shape. From the previously built railway to the oil production centers Tyumen - Tobolsk - Surgut - Nizhnevartovsk, a main line was laid to Urengoy (the center of the largest gas production area). At present, preparations are being made for the pioneer construction of a railway frame in the Nadym-Pur-Tazovsky and Yamal gas industrial regions, and it is planned to connect the West Siberian North with the Norilsk industrial region in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Highways are also important. Based on the properties and significance of highways in the economy and the social sphere, the developed "Concept for the construction of main roads in the West Siberian region" determines the feasibility of forming the following main roads:

1. Highway in the latitudinal direction "Nizhnevartovsk - Surgut - Khanty-Mansiysk - Soviet"

The direction of development of this road outside the county is provided by:

2. To the west - the city of Ivdel - the city of Serov (Sverdlovsk region) - the city of Perm with entry into the general transport infrastructure of the European part of Russia and into the northern transport corridor;

3. To the east - the city of Tomsk, with entry into the transport corridor along the main Siberian railway line. With the formation of this road, the second latitudinal road of Russia will be formed, which in the future should be of great national importance.

4. Motor road in the meridional direction "Tyumen - Tobolsk - Surgut - Noyabrsk - st. Purovsk" with further development in the cities of Nadym, Salekhard and Vorkuta. This is the only road that today ensures the exit of vehicles from the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs to the road network of Russia.

5. Motor road, formed in the meridional direction of Nadym - Nyagan (along the corridor of gas pipelines) with access to the latitudinal road and, subsequently, to the city of Urai - the village of Mezhdurechensky - the city of Tyumen.

Both meridional highways, in addition to a great impact on the socio-economic development of the autonomous regions, in the future with other modes of transport, form a major north-south transport corridor. In the north - this is an entry into the Northern Sea Route, in the south (through Kazakhstan) - an entry into the transport network of the Asian region.

Railways serve mainly inter-regional and transit traffic, while road transport is mainly engaged in intra-regional transportation.

River transport in Western Siberia performs the main function - the delivery of various cargoes to the areas of oil and gas production in the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets districts. To a lesser extent, it is used for the transportation of local cargo and trade with Kazakhstan. A significant part of the northern delivery, carried out with the help of river vessels, occurs during the spring flood period, when goods are delivered by high water along small and medium rivers to the deep regions of Western Siberia. The main river of the region is the Ob with its numerous tributaries, which flows into the Kara Sea. The Ob ranks first in terms of basin area and third in terms of water content.

Maritime transport is in little demand in Western Siberia due to the impossibility of sea vessels entering the shallow Ob Bay. An exception is the experimental delivery by sea of ​​goods intended for the gas workers of Yamal, but it is held back by the absence of seaports here.

For passenger and cargo transportation, air transport is of great importance, without which it is difficult to imagine the implementation of regular internal and external relations.

Air lines of all-Russian significance pass through the south of the West Siberian region. Air transport in Western Siberia accounts for most of the freight and passenger traffic. All regional centers and many other, even small, cities are connected by regular air communication. In addition, in the northern regions, transportation by ordinary cars on winter roads and freezing rivers and by all-terrain vehicles adapted for moving through swamps is becoming more and more common.

A feature of interregional relations is the predominance of exports over imports. The region exports oil, gas, coal, lumber, metal, non-ferrous metal ore concentrates, etc. Machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, and consumer goods are imported.

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The transport system of Western Siberia combines all types of communications, but their role and location in different parts of the region are different: in the south, the importance of railways and pipelines sharply prevails. In the same place, in the south, almost all highways pass. The role of water transport here is very limited and is reduced mainly to the transportation of goods and passengers to the northern regions, where, on the contrary, river transport retains its leading position. At the same time, aviation plays a particularly important role in the northern half of Western Siberia.

Relying mainly on the fact that ZSER occupies a leading position in the extraction of fuel and energy resources, the transport complex of Western Siberia is of great importance, which is most developed in the southern steppe zone, where the latitudinal Trans-Siberian and Central Siberian railways pass with a branch towards South Kazakhstan ( Turksib).

The transport routes of Western Siberia are characterized by high traffic density.

In the north, the rail network continues to take shape. From the previously built railway to the oil production centers Tyumen - Tobolsk - Surgut - Nizhnevartovsk, a main line was laid to Urengoy (the center of the largest gas production area). At present, preparations are being made for the pioneer construction of a railway frame in the Nadym-Pur-Tazovsky and Yamal gas industrial regions, and it is planned to connect the West Siberian North with the Norilsk industrial region in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Highways are also important. Based on the properties and significance of highways in the economy and the social sphere, the developed "Concept for the construction of main roads in the West Siberian region" determines the feasibility of forming the following main roads:

1. Highway in the latitudinal direction "Nizhnevartovsk - Surgut - Khanty-Mansiysk - Soviet"

The direction of development of this road outside the county is provided by:

• 2. To the west - the city of Ivdel - the city of Serov (Sverdlovsk region) - the city of Perm with entry into the general transport infrastructure of the European part of Russia and into the northern transport corridor;
• 3. To the east - the city of Tomsk, with entry into the transport corridor along the main Siberian railway line. With the formation of this road, the second latitudinal road of Russia will be formed, which in the future should be of great national importance.
• 4. Motor road in the meridional direction "Tyumen - Tobolsk - Surgut - Noyabrsk - st. Purovsk" with further development in the cities of Nadym, Salekhard and Vorkuta. This is the only road that today ensures the exit of vehicles from the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs to the road network of Russia.
• 5. Motor road, formed in the meridional direction of Nadym - Nyagan (along the corridor of gas pipelines) with access to the latitudinal road and, subsequently, to the city of Urai - the village of Mezhdurechensky - the city of Tyumen.

Both meridional highways, in addition to a great impact on the socio-economic development of the autonomous regions, in the future with other modes of transport, form a major north-south transport corridor. In the north - this is an entry into the Northern Sea Route, in the south (through Kazakhstan) - an entry into the transport network of the Asian region.

Railways serve mainly inter-regional and transit traffic, while road transport is mainly engaged in intra-regional transportation.

River transport in Western Siberia performs the main function - the delivery of various cargoes to the areas of oil and gas production in the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets districts. To a lesser extent, it is used for the transportation of local cargo and trade with Kazakhstan. A significant part of the northern delivery, carried out with the help of river vessels, occurs during the spring flood period, when goods are delivered by high water along small and medium rivers to the deep regions of Western Siberia. The main river of the region is the Ob with its numerous tributaries, which flows into the Kara Sea. The Ob ranks first in terms of basin area and third in terms of water content.

Maritime transport is in little demand in Western Siberia due to the impossibility of sea vessels entering the shallow Ob Bay. An exception is the experimental delivery by sea of ​​goods intended for the gas workers of Yamal, but it is held back by the absence of seaports here.

For passenger and cargo transportation, air transport is of great importance, without which it is difficult to imagine the implementation of regular internal and external relations.

Air lines of all-Russian significance pass through the south of the West Siberian region. Air transport in Western Siberia accounts for most of the freight and passenger traffic. All regional centers and many other, even small, cities are connected by regular air communication. In addition, in the northern regions, transportation by ordinary cars on winter roads and freezing rivers and by all-terrain vehicles adapted for moving through swamps is becoming more and more common.

A feature of interregional relations is the predominance of exports over imports. The region exports oil, gas, coal, lumber, metal, non-ferrous metal ore concentrates, etc. Machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, and consumer goods are imported.