Provide a geographic description of Pakistan. Presentation on the topic "characteristics of the economic and geographical location of Pakistan"

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Flag and coat of arms

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Pakistan map

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General information about the country

• Capital - Islamabad
• Area - 803 940 km²
• Population - 6th in the world, 159 652 399 people.
• Density - 202 people / km²
• GDP - 26th in the world $ 360.8 billion Per capita - $ 2221
• Currency - Pakistani rupee
• Internet domain - .рk
• Calling code - +92
• Time zone - UTC +5

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Islamabad Faizal Mosque

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Currency - 100 rupees

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Political and economic-geographical position of the country

The form of government is the Presidential Republic, consisting of 4 provinces (Punjab, Sindh, Northwest Frontier and Baluchistan). The head of state is the president, who is elected by the federal parliament (upper house (Senate) and lower house (National Assembly)) for a term of 5 years. state power represented by the Supreme Court (whose members are appointed by the President) and the Federal Islamic Sharia Court. The government, confirmed by the president, is formed and chaired by the prime minister, who usually represents the majority party or coalition in the National Assembly.

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The Senate is made up of 100 members, elected by the lower house of the federal parliament and the provincial legislatures on a majority basis. The term of office of the Senate is 6 years. One third of the Senate membership is renewed every 2 years. The National Assembly consists of 342 deputies, 272 of whom are elected by the population by direct secret ballot by proportional representation for a term of 5 years. 60 places were given to women, 10 places are reserved for representatives of religious minorities.

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Political leaders

• President - Asif Ali Zardari
• Prime Minister - Yusuf Reza Gillani

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Administrative division

• Baluchistan
• North-West Pogranichnaya
• Punjab
• Stolichnaya
• Tribes
• Azad-Kashmir
• North

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Natural conditions

Pakistan is located in the northwest of South Asia, stretching 1,500 km from southwest to northeast. Within Pakistan, three orographic regions can be distinguished - plain east, mid-mountain west and high-mountain north. In the south, the territory of Pakistan is washed by the waters of the Arabian Sea, which forms low, weakly indented shores.

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Pakistani nature

• The climate in Pakistan is dry continental tropical, in the north-west - subtropical, in the mountains in the north of the country - more humid with a pronounced altitudinal zonation.
• The largest river in Pakistan is the Indus, the basin of which belongs to most of the country.

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General characteristics of the population

Ethnic composition: Punjabis, Sindhi, Pashtuns, Baluchis, etc. The majority of believers 97% are Muslims (Sunnis 77%, Shiites 20%), Christians, Hindus. State languages ​​- Urdu and English; at the same time, 60% of the population speaks Punjabi, 16% Pashto, 12% Sindhi. Over 60% of the population is literate, the higher education system is considered to be of a fairly high quality.

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Pakistani population

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Sex composition of the population

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The average age of the population is 19.7 years for men and 20.0 years for women. Average life expectancy for men is 61.3 years, for women 63.1 years, total - 62.2 years. 39.3% of Pakistan's population are citizens under the age of 14, 56.5% are citizens between 15 and 64 years old and 4.2% are over 65 years old. The plight of women in society leads to their high mortality, therefore, the male population prevails in Pakistan. For every 1000 women, there are 1,047 men.

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Rural Pakistani

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Education system

There are 2 education systems in Pakistan. Traditional system introduces students to Islamic disciplines and gives knowledge of Urdu, Arabic and sometimes also Persian. The most conservative teaching remains in the religious schools of madrasahs operating at mosques. In the higher schools of this system, dar-ul-ulum, students receive solid theological training for 5-15 years. As a result, the graduate becomes a respected scientist - an ulema. The two most famous dar-ul-ulum operate in Karachi and Lahore.

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Branches of international specialization of the economy

• Pakistan is an agro-industrial country. Most of the labor force is employed in agriculture.
• In 1952, the first natural gas deposits were discovered in Baluchistan, but then they were found in Sindh and Punjab. 7 oil fields were discovered. Oil reserves are estimated at 300 million barrels. Other minerals include coal, chrome ores, marble, table salt, limestone, uranium, phosphorites, barite, sulfur, precious and semiprecious stones.

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In April 2005 Pakistan started car production own production REWO. There is also an assembly plant for KAMAZ vehicles in Karachi.

Pakistan - located in Southwest Asia, between 60 ° 55` and 75 ° 30`E and 23 ° 45` and 36 ° 50`N and stretches from southwest to northeast for almost 1500 km. Area: total - 803.94 sq. Km.

Most of the territory is highlands and mountainous regions, the northern and northwestern parts are represented mainly by mountains and uplands, the eastern and southeastern parts are represented by the low-lying flat plain of the Indus. The highest peak in the country is Tirichmir, 7690 m. In the north, the Himalayan and Hindu Kush ridges rise. It is washed by the waters of the Arabian Sea in the south, bordered by Iran in the southwest, Afghanistan in the northwest and north, China in the northeast and India in the east. Land borders: India - 2,912 km, Afghanistan - 2,430 km, Iran - 909 km, China - 523 km.

Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world, with the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia. Pakistan is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, World trade organization, an observer in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, a member of the G33 developing countries, the Group of 77 developing countries.

Pakistan is a federal republic consisting of 4 provinces (Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly the Northwest Frontier Province) and Baluchistan). In addition to the provinces, Pakistan also includes the Federally Administered Tribal Territories and the Gilgit-Baltistan and Free Kashmir regions (the latter is de jure recognized by Pakistan as an independent state, but in fact is part of it), contested by India.

Relief of Pakistan

Within Pakistan, two large orographic regions are clearly distinguished - the Indus Plain (the western part of the Indo-Gangetic Plain) and the mountains and hills bordering it from the west and north, belonging to the systems of the Iranian Highlands and the Hindu Kush and the Himalayas, formed mainly during the era of Alpine orogenesis. The Indian Plain arose on the site of a vast foothill foredeep, to which considerable reserves of natural gas and oil are confined. Significant deposits of brown coal, chromite ore and other minerals have been discovered in the mountains.

The Indian Plain is one of the largest alluvial plains in the tropical zone, stretching from the foothills of the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea for 1200 km with a width of up to 550 km. Almost all of its territory is located below 200 m and is characterized by a monotonous flat relief. Three parts are distinguished within its boundaries: the northern part - Punjab (or Five Rivers), formed by the Indus and its five large tributaries (Dzhelam, Chinab, Ravi, Bias and Sutlej); Sindh - the middle and lower reaches of the Indus; and the Thar desert east of Sindh.

In the north of the plain, there are numerous debris removal cones cut by rivers. In Sindh, in the interfluves, traces of an ancient river network have been preserved, indicating a greater flooding of the plain in the past. The Indus Delta is formed by several active channels, dead estuaries and a series of ancient sandy coastal ramparts. In the Thar desert, there are dunes, dunes, sand ridges in combination with salt marshes, takyrs and salt lakes in depressions. The absolute height of this region is from 100 to 200 m. From the south, the desert is framed by the saline lowlands of the Big Kachsky Rann, flooded with sea tides and during heavy rainfall.

The mountains of Pakistan are young folded ridges composed of crystalline shales, limestones, sandstones and conglomerates. The highest ridges are dissected by river valleys and gorges and are crowned with snowfields. In the extreme north, the axial ridges of the Hindu Kush partly enter the borders of Pakistan with the peak of Tirichmir (7690 m), which is the highest point of the country. To the east is the Hinduraj ridge, the southwestern end of which is separated from the border ridge Spingar by the Khyber Pass (1030 m), the most important pass used for communication between Peshawar and Kabul. In the northeast, the western spurs of the Himalayas enter the territory of Pakistan. In the north of Pakistan, between the Indus Plain and the mountains, there is the Potwar sandstone plateau with an average altitude of 300–500 m, bordered from the south by the Salt Ridge (up to 1500 m).

The western part of Pakistan is occupied by the plateau and mountains of Baluchistan, which are the southeastern framing of the Iranian highlands. The average heights of these mountains usually do not exceed 2000–2500 m. Such are, for example, the Suleimanovy mountains, which are elongated in the submeridional direction and abruptly drop off to the Indus valley. However, in the north of these mountains there are also higher individual peaks (up to 3452 m). The Kirthar meridional ridge with steep slopes facing the Indus Valley almost reaches the coast of the Arabian Sea and decreases from 2440 m in the north to 1220 m in the south.

The Makran Mountains, consisting of several subparallel ridges up to 2357 m high, flank the Baluchistan plateau from the south. From the north, it is bordered by the border mountains of Chagai, where there are extinct volcanoes. Further to the northeast, the Tobakakar ridge stretches (up to 3149 m), at its western end is the Khojak (Bolan) pass, through which a strategically important route from Quetta to Kandahar (Afghanistan) passes.

Natural disasters are not uncommon in the mountains of Pakistan. So, in the highlands, avalanches often descend, mudflows, rockfalls, glacial pulsations (serdzhi) occur. There are a number of seismically hazardous areas. In 1935, the city of Quetta was badly damaged by an earthquake.

Hydrology of Pakistan

The largest river in Pakistan is the Indus, the basin of which belongs to most of the country. The rivers in the west are either endless or have a local flow into the Arabian Sea. The main tributary of the Indus is the Sutlej, which collects water from the main rivers of the Punjab (Chinab, Ravi, Dzhelam, Bias) and gives water to large irrigation canals (Dipalpur, Pakpattan, Panjnad). On large rivers, there is a summer flood, caused by monsoon rains and melting of glaciers in the mountains.

Pakistan climate

The climate in Pakistan is dry continental tropical, in the north-west - subtropical, in the mountains in the north of the country - more humid with a pronounced altitudinal zonation. Winter on the plain is warm (12-16 ° C, on the coast up to 20 ° C), in the highlands it is harsh (down to -20 ° C). Summers are hot (in deserts 35 ° C, on the coast 29 ° C, in the mountains and on the plateaus of the Iranian Highlands 20-25 ° C), in the highlands - frosty (at altitudes from 5000 m - below 0 ° C). Annual precipitation ranges from 50 mm in the Thar desert, to 100-200 mm in Sindh, 250-400 mm in the valleys and plateaus of the Iranian highlands, 350-500 mm in the foothills and 1000-1500 mm in the mountains in the north of the country. Most of the precipitation falls during the southwestern monsoon (July - September), within the Iranian Highlands - in the winter and spring.

Powerful winds are not uncommon, and in summer they bring dusty and hot dry air masses from the territory of the Registan, Sindh, Rasht, Kharan, Thal and others deserts, and in winter - cold from the mountainous regions. Such contrasting natural and climatic conditions lead to the formation of many local areas - even two slopes of the same valley can have completely different weather from each other. Moreover, even within the same season, the regions of the country differ markedly from each other in terms of weather. In the south, the cool season brings dry days and cold nights, while in the northern mountains it rains at this time, and frosts can be at night. During the hot season, the south is stiflingly hot and humid, while the north is quite comfortable and even pleasant weather. In the wet season, rains literally flood the narrow belt of Punjab from Lahore to Islamabad, and in the north it is dry and almost cloudless for a year.

Soils and flora of Pakistan

On the Indus Plain, fertile alluvial soils are widespread in river valleys and semidesert serozem soils in the interfluves. In mountainous areas, chestnut, brown forest, subalpine and alpine mountain meadow and meadow-steppe soils are successively replaced from bottom to top. In the intermontane depressions of Baluchistan, sandy desert soils and salt marshes are widespread, in the south of Sindh - salt marshes, and within the Thar desert - barren sands.

The Indus Plain is dominated by herbaceous-shrub semi-desert (Punjab) and desert (Sindh) vegetation. Excessive plowing and grazing of livestock, intensive water withdrawal, and tree vegetation have led to a decrease in river flow, landscape degradation and an expansion of the area of ​​anthropogenic deserts. The sparse vegetation is dominated by wormwood, capers, camel thorn, and saltwort. Cereals settle on the fixed sands. Individual trees and groves, usually mangoes and other fruit trees, grow along roads, around villages and wells.

Gallery forests of Euphrates poplar and tamarisk are preserved in places along the river valleys. Thanks to artificial irrigation, large areas in the Indus basin and its tributaries have been transformed into a system of oases where rice, cotton, wheat, millet and other crops are grown.

The highlands of Baluchistan are dominated by desert vegetation with characteristic thorny cushion forms (acanthus, astragalus, etc.). Wormwood and ephedra are widespread. Higher in the mountains there are sparse forests of olive, pistachio, juniper.

In the mountains in the north and north-east of Pakistan, coniferous and deciduous forests have survived, occupying approx. 3% of the country's area. In the Salt Ridge, located between the Dzhelam and Indus rivers and forming the southern edge of the Potvar plateau, as well as in the foothills of the Himalayas and some other regions of the country, peculiar subtropical light forests of evergreen xerophytic species grow. It is dominated by wild olives, acacias and dwarf palms. In the mountains at an altitude of 2000–2500 m above sea level. significant areas are occupied by tall-stemmed forests of evergreen broad-leaved species, mainly oaks and chestnuts. Above, they are replaced by majestic forests of Himalayan cedar (Cedrus deodara), long-coniferous pine (Pinus longifolia), fir and spruce. A dense shrub layer of magnolia, laurel and rhododendron is often developed in them.

Mangrove forests grow in the Indus Delta and on the coast of the Arabian Sea.

Fauna of Pakistan

The fauna of Pakistan is represented by Indo-African, Central Asian and Mediterranean species. Large mammals in the mountains include the leopard, snow leopard, brown and white-breasted bears, foxes, wild goats and rams, and the Persian gazelle; on the plains - hyenas, jackals, wild boars, antelopes, gazelles, kulans, wild donkeys, numerous rodents. The world of birds is diverse (eagles, vultures, peacocks, parrots). There are many snakes, including poisonous ones, crocodiles are found in the Indus. Invertebrates include scorpions, ticks, and malaria mosquitoes. The Arabian Sea is rich in fish (tuna, herring, sea bass, Indian salmon), crustaceans (shrimp) and sea turtles.

National parks of Pakistan

Khazarganji-Chiltan - Pakistan's National Parks are designed to protect and preserve outstanding landscapes and wildlife in their natural state. The protection and protection of the environment in Pakistan was first incorporated into the 1973 Constitution, but the Environmental Protection Ordinance was not adopted until 1983. In accordance with the legislation of "Modern Protected Areas", national parks can be used for scientific research, education and recreation. They prohibit the construction of roads and holiday homes, the clearing of land for agricultural purposes, water pollution, the use of firearms, and the destruction of wild animals. The parks are administered by the following government departments: the Ministry of the Environment and the Bureau of Biodiversity.

As of 2010, there are 25 national parks in Pakistan, 19 of which are under state control and the rest are in private hands. The oldest national park, Lal Suhanra in the Bahawalpur region, was established in 1972. This is the only national park that existed before the declaration of independence of the country, in addition, it is the only biosphere reserve in Pakistan. The last of the parks, Cala Citta, was established in 2009. Central Karakorum in Gilgit-Baltistan is the largest national park in the country, covering an area with total area about 1,390,100 hectares. The smallest national park is Ayub, with a total area of ​​about 931 hectares.

Pakistani population

Pakistan is one of the largest countries in the world in terms of population (177.3 million people, 6th in the world - as of July 2010). According to some projections, with current trends, the population of Pakistan could reach more than 200 million by 2020.

The bulk of the population lives in the Indus Valley. The largest cities in Pakistan are located in the eastern part of the country (Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, etc.). The urban population of the country is 36% (in 2008). Ethnic composition: Punjabis 44.7%, Pashtuns 15.4%, Sindhi 14.1%, Saryaks 8.4%, Muhajirs 7.6%, Baluchis 3.6% and others (6.3%). The majority of believers - 95% - are Muslims: (Sunnis 75%, Shiites 20%), 5% - Christians and Hindus. Almost 50% of the population is literate (63% of men and 36% of women, 2005 estimate).

Source - http://ru.wikipedia.org/
http://www.uadream.com/

States of Latin America. Borders, population and economy.

There are several subregions in Latin America. This is Central America (Mexico, the countries of Central America, and the West Indies) These are the Andean countries (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile) These are the countries of the La Plata basin (Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina). The territory of Latin America stretches from north to south for 13 thousand km, and from west to east for a maximum of 5 thousand km. In terms of area, all countries in the region can be divided into very large (Brazil), large and medium-sized (Mexico and most of South America), relatively small (Central America and Cuba) and very small (West Indies). Boundaries between mainland countries for the most part run along mountain ranges and large rivers. The EGP of Latin America is determined by the fact that it is located relatively close to the United States, but at a great distance from other large regions. [I]. However, this unfavorable circumstance is partly overcome due to the "pull" of many important sea routes by the Panama Canal. In addition, all countries in the region, with the exception of Bolivia and Paraguay, either have wide access to the oceans and seas, or are island countries. The modern ethnic composition of the population of Latin America has developed under the influence of three components.

The first component was made up of Indian tribes and nationalities, inhabiting the territory of the region before the arrival of Europeans. Among them were such creators of high agricultural civilizations as the Aztecs and Mayans in Mexico, the Incas in the Central Andes. Today, the indigenous Indian population in the region is approximately 15%. Many place names in Latin America, as well as in North America, are of Indian origin. The second component was formed by European settlers, primarily from Spain and Portugal (they are called Creoles). Until the beginning of the 19th century. European immigration was relatively small, but then it became large. The third component was formed by Africans, which, starting from the 16th century .. colonialists imported into Brazil. West Indies and some other countries for plantation work. Three centuries of the slave trade led to the fact that now in Latin America blacks make up 1/10 of all inhabitants. More than half of the region's population are descendants of mixed marriages: mestizos, mulattos. Therefore, almost all Latin American nations have a complex ethnic background. In Mexico and Central America, mestizos predominate, in Haiti, Jamaica, and the Lesser Antilles, negros. Most of the Andean countries are dominated by Indians or mestizos, in Argentina. Uruguay, Chile and Costa Rica are Spanish-speaking Creoles, while in Brazil there are only slightly fewer mulattoes and blacks than “whites”. The development of agriculture is characterized by two different sectors: the first sector is a highly commodity, mainly plantation economy, which in many countries has acquired the character of a monoculture. The second sector is consumer small-scale agriculture. The peasants employed in it grow corn, cassava, beans, vegetables, potatoes. One of the main reasons for the backwardness of agriculture in the region is the preservation of old forms of land tenure and land use.

PAKISTAN, Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Islam-i Jamhuriya-e Pakistan), a state in South Asia, on the Indian subcontinent. It shares borders with India, Afghanistan, Iran. The area is 796 thousand km2. The population is about 150.64 million people (2003). Part of the Commonwealth. The capital is Islamabad. In terms of the structure of the economy and the level of income, Pakistan is closer to the countries of East and Southeast Asia than to India and other states of Hindustan. GNP per capita is $ 470 (1999). More than half of the population is employed in agriculture. Land reforms led to the transfer of the bulk of land from landlords to large farmers. In the 1960s. since the Green Revolution, Pakistan is largely self-sufficient in food. After the USA and Thailand, the country is the third largest exporter of rice in the world. subsidies are used to increase sugarcane production. The culture of cotton is traditionally important, but so far its cultivation is not efficient enough. The state subsidizes irrigation works. Livestock provides domestic market meat and dairy products. Export products are wool and leather. Pakistan's industrial sector is under government control. A significant part of the enterprises are state-owned, the other part is controlled by the state using a complex licensing and quota system. Using laws on labor, health care, taxes, the state exercises control over the state of affairs in the private sector. The dominant position is occupied by the textile industry, leather, pulp and paper, food. With the participation of the USSR, a steel plant was built near Karachi. Mechanical engineering and chemical industries are encouraged.