Typical series of Khrushchev. Photo layouts

The mass construction of panel and brick residential buildings, or Khrushchev, with a simplified layout of apartments, small rooms and low ceilings, is still considered a necessary measure in construction aimed at providing the post-war generation with more or less tolerable housing. Although in fact, in order to massively build something more successful in terms of room layout, there are simply no developer resources, since the houses were built like on a conveyor belt. Khrushchev’s layout options for 2 rooms were taken as a sample, and, starting from typical housing from two separate rooms, Khrushchev’s for 1, 3 and even 4 rooms were combined almost on the go.

What is a two-room Khrushchev

For twenty years of intensive construction, several projects and series of Khrushchev houses were used, apartments were built of reinforced concrete panels or bricks, in four and five-story versions, with ceiling heights of 250 and even 270 cm, but the internal layout of the premises adhered to approximately the same scheme.

Almost all apartments, with the exception of block options with three rooms, were built according to the same characteristics:

• The total planning area of ​​a two-room apartment in Khrushchev ranged from 30 to 46 squares, of which 8 m 2 were allocated for the bedroom, 4.5 m 2 for the kitchen, the rest for the hall - 14 m 2, corridor and ancillary premises;
• The hall in the layout has always been a walk-through, that is, in order to get into the most remote bedroom, you had to cross the living room or hall;
• A bathroom for Khrushchev could be separate from a bath, but it was always located in the same block with a kitchen and a corridor, these are the features of the layout of water and sewer communications.

In the Khrushchevs of any layout, there was always no elevator and auxiliary premises for arranging electrical switchboards, shut-off water supply and gas distribution valves. All vital faucets and valves were either moved to the basement or located on the facade of the building.

Important! It is worth noting that the quality of construction of brick Khrushchev houses was much higher than panel boxes.

If buildings made of silicate and red brick, according to some estimates, can stand for up to 100 years, then for prefabricated houses, structures made of reinforced concrete lose their bearing capacity after 40-45 years of operation. Most of the panel Khrushchev houses of the first project are in disrepair due to planning errors and unscrupulous building maintenance.

Layout of two-room Khrushchev

The share of Khrushchev in large cities accounts for approximately 70% of the housing stock. For district centers and settlements, the contribution of Khrushchevs can reach up to 95%. This is due to the fact that large cities have not been built up with Khrushchevs since the mid-70s, exceptions were made for residential areas adjacent to industrial zones. For district centers, Khrushchev houses with options for improved room layout were built for another 5-7 years.

The construction of Khrushchev was carried out according to several series of layouts:

• First series 464, built from 1960 to 1967;
• Project 335, buildings were erected 1963-67;
• The 1-434 and 1-434C series were used as base projects from 1958 to 1964.

For your information! Almost all panel Khrushchevs, and these are 464 and 335 series, had an increased kitchen size, but had exceptionally poor sound and heat insulation.

The situation began to improve only with the introduction of improved reinforced concrete panels, from the 70s expanded clay was added to concrete, the quality of cement improved, the thickness of the panel was increased, which partly reduced the severity of the problem.

Panel two-room Khrushchev

The base in the construction of panel Khrushchev was the 335th series.

A distinctive feature of the layout of the apartment was the parallel arrangement of rooms. The advantage of the project is a relatively large kitchen of 6.2 squares and good opportunities for redevelopment. A significant drawback is the combined bathroom. The door to the balcony was made from the living room.

Khrushchev 464 of the project was also built from panels, in which the same planning principles were used as in the 335 series. In the project, the layout of the rooms provides for a reduced kitchen area and the appearance of an impassable version of the hall.

As a rule, four apartments with a different number of rooms were located on one site, most often these were options with one one-room, two two-room and one three-room apartment. The apartments on the first floor were distinguished by the absence of balconies.

Today, the most popular topic of redevelopment options for panel two-room Khrushchev houses concerns two main points - expanding the kitchen space through the use of a corridor leading from the hallway to the kitchen and adjacent to the bathroom and toilet. In this case, the wall between the bathroom and the kitchen is dismantled, the bath itself is transferred to the corridor. This layout option is quite simple to implement, since the walls to be demolished and a new layout are made of brick or gypsum block. As a result, the kitchen can be extended by 1.8 m2.

Brick options for two-room Khrushchev

The construction of brick five-story buildings came after the deployment of intensive construction of Khrushchevs in regional centers. It turned out to be easier to build from silicate bricks than to transport reinforced concrete panels 70-80 km from the railway station, located in the suburbs of regional centers.

Project No. 434C was focused primarily on the possibility of building a simplified layout in conditions of limited use of cranes and lifting equipment. Most often these were four and five-story houses. The layout of the apartments practically copied panel houses. Since the late 60s, planning options have appeared in which the rooms were arranged longitudinally. This was partly due to the need to improve the solarization of the premises and reduce the number of one-room apartments in the building.

A sore point of all Khrushchevs - the kitchen area decreased to 5.9 m 2, but balconies appeared and the pantry area increased. Otherwise, brick Khrushchevs are less convenient for redevelopment. One of the most common options for a new layout is to move the door to the kitchen to the outer wall of the building or even partially demolish the wall. As a result, the kitchen room, as it were, joins the hall, and the need for a narrow and uncomfortable corridor disappears.

Features of the redevelopment of Khrushchev

The main problem of changing the layout of rooms is associated with the need to register alterations in the BTI. Making new documents is quite problematic, so the owners try not to advertise all the alterations of the rooms.

Traditionally, in Khrushchev, the kitchen and the corridor are primarily reworked. The diagram shows the most popular option for improved planning of Khrushchev rooms.

First of all, the area of ​​the corridor was reduced due to the removal of the pantry. Further, in this layout option, by demolishing brick partitions, the rooms are combined into one and connected to the kitchen, without interior doors. The entrance to the toilet-bathroom block is now from the hallway, which is quite convenient and practical. The kitchen space in this option, if necessary, occupies up to one fourth of the total area of ​​​​the hall.

The layout of the toilet and bathroom has been significantly changed. Due to the combination, it is possible to move the bath under the wall without changing the installation point of the toilet bowl, behind which there is a sewer riser. There is a sewer pipe from the kitchen to the toilet, so it is physically impossible to do the layout in a different way.

Conclusion

The disadvantage of this variant of the layout of the rooms is that the hallway space is too small, there will be enough space for shoes and outerwear, but only one person can be in the room. In addition, household appliances, without which no modern kitchen can do today, will be a serious problem for those who work or relax in the hall, so the opening between the hall and the kitchen will have to be closed with sliding doors or a stationary soundproof screen.

Khrushchev-built houses are panel, brick or block buildings, the construction of which was massive during the Soviet era under the leadership of N. S. Khrushchev. Hence the popular name - "Khrushchev". The most common series are 1-335 (subsequently upgraded to 1-335 A, 1-335 K, 1-335 AK, 1-335 D), 1-447, 1-464.

Architecture and layout

Their construction began back in 1959, but already in 1966 it was suspended due to the inconsistency of the buildings with climatic conditions. But despite this, later the creation of this type of houses was resumed and continued until the 80s.

Initially, they were considered as temporary housing for the resettlement of residents from villages and villages, but, as you know, nothing is more permanent than temporary. Therefore, there are still many such houses left. In Moscow and St. Petersburg, they are subject to demolition in the near future. And on the periphery, this is not the case. At the very least, they are doing a major overhaul.

"Khrushchev" are simple, without unnecessary architectural design of the structure of four or five floors. There is no elevator for such a number of storeys, a garbage chute is a rarity. Basically, this is a panel-type structure. This is explained by the fact that for their construction required a short time and minimal costs.

In small towns, Khrushchevs were built of brick with reinforced concrete floors. Sometimes the houses were insulated with mineral wool and the facade was finished with ceramic tiles. From the outside they seemed more attractive, but inside they were no different.

The apartments have one or two rooms (then the largest of them is a walk-through), less often three, a small kitchen ranging in size from 5 to 7 m2, a combined bathroom. The height of the ceilings ranges from 2.5 m to 2.6 m. The windows are double-leaf, almost square. All communications are central. Sometimes a geyser was installed in the kitchen to provide hot water.

The advantage of such houses was considered a balcony and a pantry. There was no balcony for the first floors. Under the window in the kitchen in the Khrushchev buildings there was a small closet that served as a refrigerator in the winter.

The disadvantages include the following:

• low thermal insulation of walls;
• thin, soundproof partitions;
• small kitchen;
• small area of ​​the whole apartment;
• narrow corridors and hallway.

Some of the shortcomings of these premises can be corrected. Therefore, in recent years, the redevelopment of "Khrushchev" has been widespread. In a one-room apartment they make a studio apartment, in a two-room apartment they isolate rooms. More and more apartments are acquiring a kitchen-dining room-living room.

Consider in more detail one-room options.

Peculiarities

Basically, the "odnushka" has a total area of ​​​​about 30 m2, of which the living area is about 18 m2, the kitchen is about 6 m2. These figures may vary slightly. In the corner apartments there are two windows, in the simple ones - one. The windows of the kitchen and living area face one side. Often there is a small window between the bathroom and the kitchen.

One-room "Khrushchev" is made like a cube with internal partitions. There are no load-bearing walls inside. This makes it possible to demolish and transfer barriers at your request.

However, first you need to get permission for this, and later legalize innovations.

Studio

A fashionable trend in our time is a studio apartment, which combines the space of a kitchen, a room and a hallway. The chosen space model can be implemented for multi-apartment "Khrushchev" buildings of any building series.

This option is suitable for a single person or a young couple without children. In order to legally confirm the layout, it is required to replace the gas stove with an electric one.

You can also leave a separate entrance hall, behind which there is a small dressing room and a bathroom. The rest of the space will consist of a living area, a kitchen surface and a bedroom.

Visually divide the space will help the decor of the walls and the installation of furniture. It is possible to separate the bedroom from the living room with a shelving with a built-in TV, which, if necessary, turns in one direction or another.

To separate the kitchen area, a bar counter or a symbolic round arch is suitable. It does not carry any load, except for aesthetic.

The bed can be separated by a screen or curtain to match the furniture. A good location for her would be the gap behind the hallway. Thus, you get an inconspicuous sleeping place that does not weigh down the space.

Best for interior Scandinavian style, the essence of which lies in a bright, unloaded room with a minimum of decor. This will visually expand the apartment and give lightness to your home.

The result is a free space, not cluttered with any walls. Of the minuses, it can be noted that there are no isolated rooms in the room.

Modernization of the bathroom

The considered option is suitable for "Khrushchev" with a separate bathroom (series 1-511, 1-515). The essence of the method is to increase the bathroom at the expense of the corridor so that a bathtub, sink and washing machine fit there. You can simply combine a bathroom and a bathroom. Then the latter will expand to the desired size and accommodate the listed elements and the toilet.

As such, the hallway disappears, but the space for the kitchen area and recreation area increases.

The barrier between them can be moved somewhat into the room. Then you get a fairly wide kitchen that can accommodate four people at the table, and a living room in which a sofa bed is placed, above which various kinds of shelves can be placed, and a wardrobe. Seats can be increased by small ottomans that fold compactly into a coffee table.

Modern artists and designers produce multifunctional furniture that will help save space in a small apartment. It can be a folding wardrobe-bed, a transforming chest of drawers, folding and folding chairs and many other interesting options.

The pluses include a relatively large bathroom and kitchen. The narrow unnecessary corridor also disappears. Such housing is suitable for people who collect guests at home, for single residents and for young people. The downside is the lack of a bedroom.

Kitchen-dining room

It is assumed that a small bedroom is separated from the main space, in which only a bed and a chest of drawers are placed. The rest of the room is combined with the kitchen. Thus, it turns out a kitchen-dining room with a sofa. In such a room, you can place a bar counter instead of a regular table. It will serve as a continuation of the working area and will save space.

The selection of a bedroom is especially important for corner apartments, where there are two windows per room.

One of the walls of the bedroom can be made diagonal, in which to place the front door. Parallel to it, there will be a bar counter that will visually divide the space. From the front door to the dining room it is advisable to place cabinets along the wall. This will create the necessary space for storing things and accessories.

In some design projects, transparent partitions are used for this type of transformation. This will create additional lightness and freedom of space. For privacy, glass is equipped with blinds or roller blinds. Furniture in such an interior too must be made of transparent materials, be it glass or plastic. Mirror surfaces will look unusual. They will "push apart" the space, but caring for them will be laborious.

In the bathroom, you can place a shower cabin, and put a washing machine in the vacant space, above which there will be a full-length countertop. A washbasin is also mounted in it.

The undoubted advantage of this layout is the presence of a full bed and a recreation area with guests. It is suitable for a small family that prefers to relax at home. Among the shortcomings, one can note the lack of storage areas and the lack of a full-fledged table (in case of replacing it with a bar counter).

Increase in the number of rooms

If an indispensable condition for the dwelling is the presence of a second room and an isolated kitchen, you can make a small walk-through living room. This is especially true if there is an additional window (in corner versions). The next room will be a bedroom, in which it is possible to place not only an adult double bed, but also a crib. If the area was chosen a little more, a wardrobe can also fit in it.

In this variation, it is better to replace the wall between the living room and the corridor leading to the kitchen with folding accordion doors across the entire width. Depending on the circumstances, you can get a separate place to relax or combined with a corridor to increase the room.

The advantage of such redevelopment will be an isolated kitchen and bedroom. It is suitable for young parents with a child and for people who do not often invite friends to dinner. But such a layout suggests small narrow rooms with a small amount of storage space.

To any type of redevelopment, you can add the combination of a balcony with a residential area. There you can make a mini-study, put a high bar table along the balcony window, or even equip a sleeping area.

Design

The layout of "Khrushchev" in all cities and regions is typical. Therefore, the same furniture was placed in the room in a similar way. Now things are different. Specialists pay great attention to the design of a small apartment. After all, it is in it that it is important to take into account all the nuances for the convenience and beauty of the room.

Zoning space with wallpaper and flooring is very popular. To do this, you should select models that are combined in one room, but visually divide the area into parts. It can be wallpaper of the same color, but with a different pattern. You can paint all the walls in one color, and highlight the functional areas with wallpaper with an ornament. The same applies to flooring.

Since 1957, a new type of houses began to be built in the USSR. This happened after the adoption of a law providing for the elimination of excesses in architecture and building design. Such houses were popularly called "Khrushchev" (from the name of N. S. Khrushchev), as well as "Khrushchev" (due to the disproportionate and uncomfortable layout of the rooms, narrow spans of platforms and corridors, thin walls, and hence nightmarish sound insulation) . In this article we will tell you what the layout of apartments in Khrushchev was like, consider the typical series of these houses, and try to determine the main disadvantages and advantages of these buildings.

Typical series of Khrushchev

Let's look at the main characteristics of the apartments, in addition, we will determine the features of all series of these houses, which were built over 27 years. It should be noted that the Khrushchevs were originally intended to be used as temporary housing. Then the operational life of the house was 25-50 years. But even today people live in such houses. The disadvantages of buildings include terrible thermal insulation and sound insulation (it is cold in winter and too hot in the apartment in summer). The layout of the rooms in Khrushchev and the entrance is also not always successful: a small kitchen, narrow corridors, the absence of an elevator and a garbage chute very often.

The advantages of these houses include the relatively low cost of apartments. The main advantages of these houses are also the developed infrastructure around them. Basically, there are schools, kindergartens, shops near the Khrushchevs, and there is an excellent transport interchange. If there is not enough money to buy an apartment, then Khrushchev is not the worst option. Today, such buildings in the cities of our country are subject to demolition, which means that their owners receive a brand new apartment in return, or redevelopment and reconstruction.

Series 1-464

It’s worth saying right away that this one became one of the most popular series of Khrushchevs in the USSR. The houses were built in 1960-1967. This is a panel house with five floors, sometimes you can also find 3 and 4-story buildings. Each apartment has balconies and additional storage rooms. At the same time, elevators are not provided here, and the residents of the building have to go down and up the stairs, which is very difficult for older people, as well as families with kids. This Khrushchev layout provides for the same type of planning options - the apartments have combined bathrooms, there is no common garbage chute in the entrance, and the number of apartments on the site is 4. 2.5 m - ceiling height, kitchen area - 5.8 m². There were 1-3-room apartments of a standard layout.

Series 1-335

The houses of this series were built up on the territory in 1963-1967. These were also panel buildings. Such a Khrushchev layout (the photo is presented in this article) assumes a ceiling height of 2.54 m, in each apartment there is a balcony, a combined bathroom, as well as the absence of a garbage chute and an elevator. The kitchen area is slightly larger than in the previous series - 6.2 m². There are also 4 apartments on the site - 1-3-room apartments. In addition to balconies, the apartments have additional built-in wardrobes and closets.

Series 1-434

This series was built in 1958-1964. The layout of Khrushchev in this case changed slightly in different years of construction. For example, in houses in 1958 in 1-room apartments, the living room was 18.6 m², and a year later it was reduced to 18.2 m², a year later the area of ​​the room became 17.7 m². And in all types of these apartments, the area of ​​​​living rooms varied in the direction of increase and decrease. While the kitchen area was constant - 5.8 m², as, in fact, the ceiling height was 2.5 m everywhere. The houses were brick, the bathrooms were combined, while each apartment had a balcony, built-in wardrobes and a pantry.

Series 1-467

This is the latest series, which was built in 1959-1969. These are block houses with a ceiling height of 2.5 m, but the layout of the kitchen in Khrushchev was more successful - with an increased area of ​​​​6.6-7.7 m². Each apartment had balconies (in addition to the 1st floor). In the early versions of the houses, the bathrooms are separate, then combined, there is also no garbage chute. The advantages of apartments in this series include the possibility of redevelopment, while the disadvantages are adjacent rooms in the apartments.

Rules for redevelopment of a two-room Khrushchev

If the Khrushchev layout does not suit you, and you would like to change it, you need to know which walls in the apartment are load-bearing, and according to current legislation, you cannot touch them: make doorways in them, demolish or otherwise change the original position.

Having decided on an inconsistent redevelopment of Khrushchev and getting rid of the load-bearing wall, you risk that the consequences of this will be disastrous. Often the ceilings simply collapse, sometimes it even leads to casualties.

You can independently identify the load-bearing wall, if you look at its thickness. These walls are always much thicker than the rest, which are the usual divisions of rooms. Basically, the load-bearing wall is at least 50 centimeters thick, while all the rest reach a thickness of 15-20 cm.

If, nevertheless, it is necessary to carry out such a procedure as redevelopment of Khrushchev, and there is a great desire to make an opening in the load-bearing wall, you can get out of the situation, but you will have to try hard. It is necessary, according to established standards, to fix the upper part of the opening with reinforced concrete or metal blocks. The second acceptable variant of the opening, which relates directly to the load-bearing wall, is the replacement of the balcony block with an arch.

Redevelopment options

So, if the Khrushchev layout does not suit you, you can remove the wall between the rooms (if the apartment has 3 rooms) and get a large comfortable space, or make a two-room small apartment one-room, but large. It will not be difficult to remove a wall between rooms, if it is not a carrier.

You can also make a separate entrance to each room. This is done by lengthening the hallway. With this option, you often have to sacrifice square meters of the room. In addition, there is the option of laying the opening in one place and transferring it to another wall or to another place.

Combining a room and a kitchen is a popular option for creating a stylish modern interior. It was once believed that the kitchen could be isolated from the rest of the rooms, but at the present moment this is not the only approach. Often the kitchen is also combined with the living room. At the same time, it can be incomplete or complete combination, it all depends on the design idea. In the first case, a small opening, an arch remains between the room and the kitchen, or a bar counter is installed. The boundaries between the two zones with complete separation remain purely visual.

It is also possible to change the size of the bathroom. Often in a two-room Khrushchev there is a shared bathroom. If there is a desire to fit a shower cabin, a washing machine into the space, you will have to take a few square meters from the kitchen or hallway (although this solution is not possible in any apartment - it depends heavily only on its layout).

A much more daring solution is a complete redevelopment. In this situation, walls that are not load-bearing are completely removed. At the same time, the owners receive a completely new free space, which can be divided into functional zones completely at their own request. If there is no experience in construction work, it is necessary to contact professionals for a redevelopment project. Here it is important to consider a huge number of technical points.

Perestenki

These are the walls in the apartment that are not load-bearing. If we talk about Khrushchevs, they are mainly made of blocks, sometimes of bricks, and there are also plasterboard walls. When redevelopment during the construction of other walls, drywall is considered the simplest material. Especially for additional sound insulation of this modern material, it is necessary to use mineral wool. It should be noted that working with drywall is quick and easy. It takes a little time and financial costs will be lower.

What to also pay attention to

It is necessary to take a closer look at the balcony when redeveloping a 2-room Khrushchev. If it is combined with the rest of the rooms, then this will help to slightly expand the space. If the area allows, you can turn the balcony into a full-fledged study.

In this case, the redevelopment of Khrushchev can be partial or complete. Regardless of the repair option chosen, it is necessary to carefully and more than once consider any trifle. Only a careful approach to work is able to get a functional and comfortable space.

Five-storey panel houses series 1-464

Large-panel 4-5-story residential buildings of the 1-464 series of standard projects are the most common first-generation prefabricated buildings. The solution of the houses of the considered series is based on the cross-wall structural system.

The main load-bearing skeleton of the buildings are transverse reinforced concrete walls located at intervals of 3.2 and 2.6 m, due to which this type of house was called houses with a "narrow" pitch of transverse load-bearing walls. Reinforced concrete floor slabs of the size “per room” are supported on them. They also rest on the outer and inner longitudinal walls, which take part of the vertical load, while at the same time providing the longitudinal rigidity of the building.

The floor slabs laid at 3.2m spacing are calculated and operate as supported along the contour. Since all interior walls separating rooms are loaded by floors and floors above, it is not possible to move these walls and thereby change the width of the rooms. For the same reason, the removal of the outer walls at a step of 3.2 m is excluded, without ensuring the support of the floor slab along the short outer wall.
The outer walls are made of panels - three-layer, consisting of two reinforced concrete shells and a layer of insulation between them, or single-layer panels (made of lightweight concrete). Internal load-bearing walls 12cm thick and floor slabs 10cm thick are solid reinforced concrete flooring. Roof - combined with a rolled soft roof or attic rafter with a roof of corrugated asbestos cement.

When redeveloping houses of the 1-464 series, it becomes necessary to install new or expand existing openings in the transverse walls. This is possible to a limited extent, but requires confirmation by calculations.

When modernizing a building, floor slabs cannot be dismantled. However, during the superstructure of the building, the floor slabs above the existing fifth floor can be partially dismantled. The arrangement of new openings in them is possible, but with large sizes of such openings, reinforcement of the overlap may be required.

In the series under consideration, balconies are placed at a step of 3.2 m. Balcony reinforced concrete slabs 10 cm thick and 90 cm wide were mounted according to two schemes. In the initial period of construction, they rested on the outer wall and were held in the design position by two metal rods, which, passing through the joint between the outer walls, were attached to the end of the inner wall panel. In later projects, this solution was abandoned and, considering the balcony slab as a cantilever supported on the outer wall, they connected it to the floor slab using welded embedded elements.

Five-storey panel houses series 1-468

Typical projects of residential buildings of the 1-468 series were originally developed at the Gostroyproekt Institute, since 1961 - at TsNIIEPzhilishcha.

The load-bearing skeleton of the houses of this series are transverse load-bearing walls located in the plan with a step of 3 and 6 m, due to which, unlike the houses of the 1-464 series, the houses of this constructive system are called houses with a "mixed" step of the transverse load-bearing walls.
The most common representative of the houses in this series is a five-story, four-section residential building. In it, the outer wall panels are made of autoclaved cellular concrete or lightweight concrete, and hollow-core reinforced concrete floors rest on transverse load-bearing reinforced concrete walls. The longitudinal walls of the building are self-supporting. The roofs of such houses were erected in two versions: combined with a roll coating and attic truss with a roof of corrugated asbestos-cement sheets.

The main advantage of the houses in this series is that the floor panels do not rest on the longitudinal walls of the building. Therefore, these walls, except for individual sections of the inner wall adjacent to the stairwells and ensuring the longitudinal stability of the building, can be dismantled in some places. It is this circumstance that, when modernizing such buildings, opens up wide opportunities for eliminating the shortcomings in the layout of existing apartments by adding additional volumes to the building. The device of new and expansion of existing openings in the bearing transverse walls is possible only if the calculation confirms and strengthens the "contours" of the openings.

Five-storey panel houses series 1-335

Five-story residential buildings of the 1-335 series of standard projects are representatives of the frame-panel structural system. Typical designs of this series were originally developed by the author's team of the Leningrad Design Bureau, and then continued at the LenZNIIEP Institute.

The structural scheme of the house is a so-called "incomplete" frame, which consists of one row of reinforced concrete columns located on the middle longitudinal axis of the building with a step of 3.2 and 2.6 m and reinforced concrete crossbars located across the building and resting on one side of the reinforced concrete columns , and on the other hand, on metal support tables embedded in the body of the load-bearing outer wall panels. Reinforced concrete floor slabs "per room" in size are laid on the crossbars, designed to be supported on two long sides. The columns are interconnected by girders that provide longitudinal rigidity of the building.

In the houses of the system under consideration, load-bearing external walls were used mainly layered. They have an outer layer in the form of a reinforced concrete ribbed “shell” and an inner (insulating) layer of foam concrete 26 cm thick, the surface of which is plastered from the side of the premises. There are no internal load-bearing walls in these houses, with the exception of stiffening diaphragms, which are the intersection walls of the stairwells.

With the same dimensions and steps of houses of different series in the houses of the frame-panel system, the principle of "free planning" can be fully implemented. The presence of crossbars under the floor slabs can be considered as a certain drawback that prevents the traditional formation of the interior of living rooms.

A modification of this constructive system was the introduction of two more rows of columns into it - at the outer walls of the building to support crossbars on them. Such houses are called "full frame houses". In them, the outer walls are self-supporting and can be dismantled during reconstruction.

Five-story brick houses series 1-447

The 1-447 series includes standard projects of 4-5 storey brick residential buildings with three longitudinal load-bearing walls. The load-bearing skeleton of the houses in this series are three longitudinal load-bearing walls and transverse brick walls - external end and internal, between which there are stairwells. Transverse brick walls act as stiffening diaphragms. All other walls (internal and inter-apartment) are non-bearing.

The floors are made in the form of reinforced concrete multi-hollow slabs, supported by short sides on longitudinal brick walls. The most loaded is the middle wall, on which the floor panels rest on both sides. Openings in the outer longitudinal walls can only be enlarged by eliminating the window sill while maintaining the existing piers. Lintels above windows should also be preserved. In the end walls of the building during reconstruction, it is possible to make openings.

Possible dismantling of partitions in series 1-447

Since 1957, after the adoption of a law that provided for the elimination of excesses in the design of houses, buildings of a new type began to be erected in the USSR. Among the people, such houses were called "Khrushchev" (derived from the name of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU N.S. Khrushchev). Such houses received a second name - Khrushchev, mainly because of the uncomfortable and disproportionate layout of the rooms, narrow corridors and spans of platforms, thin walls and, as a result, terrible sound insulation. In this article we will talk about what a typical series of Khrushchev houses are, we will try to highlight the main pros and cons of these buildings. We will provide layout features in the form of descriptions and photos.

Typical series of Khrushchev houses: the main pros and cons of houses

Let's look at the main characteristics of the apartments and determine the features of each series of Khrushchev houses that have been built for 27 years. It is worth noting that initially Khrushchev was supposed to be used as temporary housing and the operational life of the building ranged from 25 to 50 years. But, as you know, people live in such houses in our time. The disadvantages of Khrushchev houses include poor sound insulation and thermal insulation (it is cool in winter and too hot in the apartment in summer), the layout of the apartment and the entrance is not always successful: narrow corridors, a small kitchen, lack of a garbage chute and very often an elevator. The main advantages of such houses include low cost.

The main advantages of such houses include the low cost of housing and the developed infrastructure around the building. As a rule, there are kindergartens, schools, shops and excellent transport interchange not far from Khrushchev. If there is not enough money to buy an apartment, then this is not a bad option. Moreover, such buildings in Moscow and other cities of Russia are subject to demolition, in which case the owners receive brand new housing, or reconstruction and redevelopment.

Series 1-464 (1960 - 1967)

General drawing:

One of the most popular series of Khrushchevs in the USSR was 1-464 (1960 - 1967). This is a panel house with 5 floors, it is rare to find 3 and 4 storey buildings. All apartments have balconies (also additional closets), but there are no elevators and the residents of the building have to go up and down the stairs, which is quite difficult for the elderly, families with small children. The bathrooms in the apartments are combined, there is no common garbage chute in the entrance, and the number of apartments on the site is 4. The ceiling height in the apartments is 2.5 m2, the kitchen is less than 6 m2, to be more precise - 5.8 m2. Apartments 1, 2 and 3 rooms.

Picture - drawing:

1 room:

2 room:

3 room:

Series 1-335 (1963 - 1967)

From 1963 to 1967 the territory was built up with houses of the 1-335 series. These are also panel buildings, with a ceiling height of 2.54 m, balconies in each apartment, combined bathrooms, and the absence of an elevator and a garbage chute. The kitchen area is slightly larger than in the previous series - 6.2 m2, the ceiling area is 2.5 m. There are four apartments on the site - from 1 to 3 rooms. In addition to balconies, the apartments have additional storage rooms and built-in wardrobes.

1 room:

2 room:

Series 1-434 (1958 - 1964)

This series was built from 1958 to 1964; in different years of construction, the layouts of the apartments were slightly modified. So, for example, in the buildings of 1958 in one-room apartments, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe living room was 18.6 m2, and in 1959 it decreased to 18.2 m2, in 1969 the area of ​​the room was 17.7 m2. And so in all types of apartments, the area of ​​​​residential premises varied in the direction of decreasing and increasing. But the kitchen area remained unchanged - 5.8 m2, as well as the ceiling height - 2.5 m. The houses are brick, combined bathrooms, and each apartment has a balcony, a pantry and built-in wardrobes.

Pictures - drawing (by years)

1 room 1958

1 room 1959

1 room 1960

1 room 1961

1 room 1964

2 room 1958

2 room 1959

2 room 1960

2 room 1964