Tourist and recreational problems. Tourist and recreational potential of the region: assessment problems

Problems of the development of the sanatorium-resort and tourist-recreational complex of the Caucasian Mineral Waters

Nagoev Alim Beslanovich

Doctor of Economic Sciences

Kabardino-Balkarian State University named after HM. Berbekova

A. [email protected]yandex .ru

annotation

The reforming of the Russian economy has led to the emergence of negative trends in the functioning of sanatorium and recreational organizations. The nationwide system for the implementation of sanatorium and health services ceased to exist. The sanatorium-resort institutions were faced with the task of adapting to the conditions of market relations. The lack of regulatory and legislative acts contributed to the development of a spontaneous process of privatization and corporatization of sanatoriums, which destroyed the system of functioning and reduced funding for the sanatorium complex, and posed a number of problems for them, without which their effective functioning would be impossible.

Keywords: recreation, tourism, recreation complex, tourism infrastructure

Problems of development of a sanatorium and tourist complex of the Caucasian mineral waters

The abstract

Reforming of the Russian economy has led to occurrence of negative tendencies of functioning of the sanatorno-improving organizations. Has stopped existence nation-wide system of realization of sanatorno-improving services. Before resort establishments there was a problem on adaptation to conditions of market relations. Absence of acts promoted development of spontaneous process of privatization that has destroyed system of functioning and decrease in financing of a resort complex, and has put before them a number of problems without which decision their effective functioning is impossible.

Keywords: a recreation, tourism, a recreational complex, tourism infrastructure

It is well known that the tourism and recreation industry, being one of the most dynamic sectors of the world economy, has a stimulating effect on the development of key industries (transport and communications, construction, agriculture, production of consumer goods), assessed by a significant multiplier effect, which acts as a catalyst for social economic development, directly and indirectly contributes to improving the quality of life of the population.

The modern development of the world community, associated with innovative transformations in the organization of work and leisure, has led to a new understanding of not only the structure, but, first of all, the social significance of recreational tourism, its role in the reproduction of human potential.

Tourism, including recreational tourism, is one of the most profitable and intensively developing sectors of the world economy. By the beginning of the third millennium, international tourism accounted for 8% of total world exports and 30-35% of world trade in services. Total spending on domestic and international tourism accounts for 12% of the world's national product. For example, in 2003, according to the estimates of the World Tourism Organization (WTO), European countries as a whole received 476.0 billion US dollars from tourism (57% of world income from the tourism industry). According to the same data, the profitability of funds invested in tourism development is 1: 4.8, that is, one ruble gives an income of 4.8 rubles, which makes tourism a profitable industry.

Previously, the state pursued a unified policy for the development of the sanatorium and resort complex, which was designed for the mass consumer, while the mass scale was achieved by a well-developed financing system. Financing of the development of the sanatorium-resort complex was carried out both from the state budget and from the funds of enterprises and other non-centralized sources.

In recent decades, the reform of the Russian economy has led to a change in the organizational and legal forms of ownership of sanatorium and recreation organizations. The nationwide system for the implementation of sanatorium and health services ceased to exist. The sanatorium-resort institutions faced a difficult task of adapting to the conditions of market relations, many institutions of the industry were not ready for the reforms that had come. The absence of fundamental state normative and legislative acts contributed to the development of a spontaneous process of privatization and corporatization of sanatoriums, which destroyed the system of functioning and reduced funding for the sanatorium complex.

The need to improve the efficiency of the recreational sphere, taking into account socio-political and social trends, is becoming a task of state importance in the new conditions. The significance of recreational activities at the level of an individual, group and society as a whole is formulated in many policy documents of the state level. Being one of the most important branches of the social sphere, recreation is, in essence, a socio-cultural instrument in the implementation of state policy.

However, today the tourism and recreation sector in our country is ineffective: the infrastructure is worn out and slowly being reconstructed, the conditions for the development of the market of sanatorium and health services are poorly developed in the regions, monopolism and outdated management methods prevail, as a result - the high price of vouchers with low service.

Therefore, the first problem and direction of development of the tourist and recreational sphere in the regions is to ensure the availability of recreational services for the population. The second is the development of tourism, increasing the efficiency and competitiveness of tourist and recreational complexes in the regions. Work in these areas includes the creation of a modern tourism industry and the development of its infrastructure. It is necessary to develop a systematic methodology that supports the functions and processes of managing the development of regional tourist and recreational complexes, from goal setting, collection and analysis of information, forecasting and planning of the macro environment, to the development of control actions and regulatory procedures.

To date, due to the historically formed long-term anthropogenic pressure on natural medicinal resources in the region, serious environmental problems have been formed. Even in the Soviet period, as a result of the pollution of groundwater by waste products in some areas of the deposits, there were facts of contamination of mineral waters formed near the surface of the day. Some of the springs were closed for sanitary and hygienic reasons. There are facts of violation of the environmental regime on the territory of the mountain-sanitary protection zones of the resort, mostly associated with the high density of residence, including in specially protected natural areas (water protection zones, zones of formation of mineral waters).

Problems of the health resort complex. There is a significant backlog of KMV resorts in terms of the development of resort and tourist infrastructure. At the same time, we are talking not only about the material and technical base (the infrastructure itself), but also about the degree to which this infrastructure meets the cultural and leisure needs of tourists. In particular, the material and technical base of many institutions of the complex is morally and physically outdated, the insufficient level of development of the infrastructure of many resorts, a low level of service for patients in a number of health resorts, self-seizure of areas of resorts and resort areas for private construction and misuse of resort lands, weakening of control the use of natural medicinal resources leads to irrational expenditure of the most valuable deposits of mineral waters and medicinal mud, from the standpoint of our time, the relevance of the development of new technologies and methods of sanatorium treatment and rehabilitation of patients with different periods of stay at the resort, programs for assessing their effectiveness and quality, has significantly decreased carrying out research and production work in the field of exploration and use of natural medicinal resources, development and implementation of modern technological equipment into practice.

The region has a large share of the shadow economy, which constrains the growth of tax revenues. Large corporations are pursuing a transfer pricing strategy to "take" profits out of the region and minimize tax payments paid to regional and municipal budgets. The infrastructure of both industrial and financial markets is developing slowly. Its imperfection sets a high level of transaction costs in the economy, hinders the coherence and efficiency of interaction between individual parts of the market mechanism. Insufficiently attractive objects for investment - enterprises with high growth potential, the owners of which are interested in attracting investors; low activity of strategic investors due to insufficient awareness of the investment opportunities in the region; limited access to credit resources and other instruments of long-term financing.

One of the problems in the social sphere, including demography, is characterized by the fact that over the past 15 years, about 200 thousand people have moved to the KMV region. The migration influx aggravates social problems: poverty, employment, provision of housing and social infrastructure, on the basis of which xenophobia is formed and is growing, especially towards the Caucasian peoples. The social protection system of the population of the KMV region is experiencing serious problems with the performance of its functions due to insufficient funding, poor equipment with office equipment, computers, software, a lack of qualified personnel, and the lack of stationary social service institutions in a number of settlements.

Problems associated with territorial development and, in particular, transport and engineering infrastructure need to be addressed. There is no territorial planning scheme for the KMV region, which is necessary to ensure the integral development of the territory of a specially protected ecological resort region of the Russian Federation, rational use of land resources, transport and engineering support, landscaping, and determining the main directions of urban planning policy. The administrative isolation of the cities of the Caucasian Mineral Waters contradicts the actual ecological and urban planning situation.

As for the transport and engineering infrastructure, at the moment the Mineralnye Vody airport does not meet the European standards. For more than 30% of its length, the parameters of federal roads do not correspond to the achieved level of traffic intensity. The situation is similar with regional and municipal highways. For a long time, the construction of new railways at the entrances to the KMV region has not been carried out to connect with the most developed regions and centers of the European part of Russia, with the resorts of the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory and with the largest urban centers of the Caspian Sea coast

Thus, in general, there is a positive trend in the growth of the number of recreators both in the country as a whole and in the region, as well as an improvement in the use of bed resources. At the same time, the studied regions are characterized by specific features of the development of the regional recreational complex. Firms, for example, operating recreational structures in the Elbrus region, Dombai, Teberda and Arkhyz are very weak both financially and organizationally, unable to invest on a large scale or provide an appropriate level of service.

In the regions, there is a high share of the turnover of recreational services uncontrolled by state bodies.

When considering the regulatory framework and priorities of state regulation, it is found that: level priorities are not identified (at the federal, regional and municipal levels); the priority of industries is not declared; there are no priority criteria; time ranges of priority are not specified; personnel, financial and information support has not been allocated; the responsibility and timing of the release of regulatory and legal documents that disclose priority have not been determined; a supervisory body has not been identified in terms of priority.

There are factors hindering an increase in the income of the sanatorium and tourist complex of the regions of the South of Russia, which include: insufficient state support for recreation as a sphere of the economy; imperfection of the accounting and statistical reporting system; economic instability; a crime situation and an imperfect system for ensuring security, protection of personality and property; a decline in the standard of living of the population, the destruction of the previous system for the sale of vouchers through trade unions and social insurance funds; insufficient coverage of the recreational opportunities of the regions in the Russian mass media.

The recreational sphere can intensify the development of the studied regional economies. At the same time, one should not forget about the anthropogenic pressures on the biosphere caused by the development of this, perhaps, relatively ecologically clean, but not ecologically harmless, industry. There are norms of anthropogenic load for different biogeoceneses in different zones of the country. However, in reality they are little followed, as a result of which recreational services negatively affect the ecological state of the natural complexes of the regions. On the other hand, the development of the recreational business will contribute to income growth and provide substantial employment for the population of these entities.

Bibliographic list

1. About tourism in Russia. Regions of Russia. North Caucasus - Access mode: http://www.russiatourism.ru/ 03.09.2011

2. Poiseev I.I. Sustainable development of the North. Novosibirsk, Publishing House "Science", Siberian Publishing Company RAS, 1999. S. 47-53.

The bibliographic

1. About tourism in Russia. Regions of Russia. The North Caucasus - an access Mode: http://www.russiatourism.ru/ 03.09.2011

2. Poiseev I.I. sustainable development of the North. Novosibirsk, "Science", the Siberian book-publishing firm of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1999. p . 47-53.

Weak level of diversification and innovativeness of the tourist and recreational offer.

Dissatisfaction with the demand for social and elite forms of tourism.

Irrational use of the resource potential of recreation and tourism, deterioration in the quality of the recreational environment.

Unsatisfactory condition of general economic and special tourist infrastructure in recreational areas.

Seasonality of functioning.

Lack of competitiveness of a regional tourist and recreational product in terms of price / quality criterion.

Tourism business shadowing.

Lack of provision of the tourist and recreational complex with highly qualified specialists.

Low investment activity.

Irrational territorial organization of the tourist and recreational complex, lack of clear functional zoning of recreational areas.

The lack of an attractive image of Crimea in the information space of Ukraine and the world, ineffective activities to promote the brand of Crimea and its regions.

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II. Potential for promising development of recreation and tourism in the region

2.1. Tourist and recreational resources of the region

Crimea has the richest and most diverse resource potential for recreation and tourism in Ukraine (over 30% of all types of resources). The volume and quality of recreational resources fully meet the objectives of organizing many modern types and forms of recreational activities.

Healing climate the peninsula is the most important factor in the development of spa treatment. 20 resorts and resort areas on the southern coast of Crimea specialize in climatotherapy of diseases of the pulmonary system, cardiovascular and nervous diseases, the climate is the most important factor in the therapeutic profile of the health resorts of Evpatoria, Feodosia and other regions.

Of the total length of the Crimean coastline 906 km the beaches are 517 km. In Crimea, there are three main types of beaches in terms of material composition: carbonate-quartz (Kerch Peninsula, Saki, Sevastopol), quartz-limestone (Tarkhankut), shell (Arabat Strelka, Evpatoria, Feodosia). The width of the beaches ranges from 5 to 50 m; the proportion of narrow artificial beaches is high on the South Coast. A negative factor of recreational development is the exposure of the coastal strip to abrasion and landslide processes.

In Crimea, 120 sources and more than 30 promising areas of occurrence are known mineral waters, incl. hydrocarbonate-chloride-sodium waters of the Saki region, chloride-sodium, sulfide and iodine-bromine waters of Evpatoria, sulfate-chloride-sodium waters of Feodosia, The annual use of mineral waters in Crimea is 2.2 million m3 (5.6% of the actual reserves), and concentrated brines of salt lakes - 15 thousand m 3. Stockstherapeutic mud in Crimea are estimated at 24 million m 3. The unique mud resources of Lake Saki are the basis for the functioning of the resort's health resorts and ensure its international specialization; potential for mud therapy lakes of the Kerch Peninsula - Chokrakskoe, Koyashskoe, Uzunlarskoe, Tobechikskoe.

Crimean mountains provide opportunities for the development of many types of active tourism - mountain hiking, ski tourism, rock climbing (25 peaks); speleotourism (160 caves), canyoning, bicycle, air and off-road auto tourism. The limiting factor is the low resistance of mountain-forest landscapes to anthropogenic loads, incl. their high fire hazard.

In count historical heritage sites The Autonomous Republic of Crimea occupies a leading position among the regions of Ukraine – 12,350 monuments, of which 227 are of national importance. The region has 28 historical cities and towns and 7 historical and cultural reserves. Among the unique objects are archaeological sites (Chersonesus, Panticapaeum, cave cities of Crimea); palace complexes of the South Coast, military-historical objects of Sevastopol and many others. Many historical heritage sites are in poor condition and need restoration. The excursion display system includes only 219 objects.

More than 170 landscape objects Crimea have a high assessment of landscape diversity (ancient volcanic massif Karadag, sub-Mediterranean coastal-aquatic complexes of the South Coast, the Grand Canyon of Crimea, cave complexes Kizil-Koba, Mramornaya, Emine-Bair-Khosar, etc.).

The resource potential of recreation and tourism is not fully realized... There are opportunities for updating beach, balneological mud, geomorphological and cultural-historical resources, primarily through the development of the peripheral north-western and eastern regions of the peninsula and expanding the recreational functions of the mountain-forest zone of Crimea.

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Tourist and recreational potential of the region: assessment problems

O.V. Miroshnichenko, V.A. Kalinin

The basis for the development of tourism in any region is the availability of recreational resources in it, which are understood as all natural and anthropogenic geosystems that can be used to organize recreation and improve people's health. Identifying and assessing the available recreational resources is one of the most important tasks for the organizers of tourism activities. Evaluation is a reflection of the connection between a person (subject) and elements of his environment or the environment as a whole (object).

The assessment of recreational resources is always carried out in several aspects or according to several blocks of parameters. These parameters are different and are specially selected for the main types of recreational activities. At the same time, assessments can and should be based on differing principles and criteria that are most appropriate for each specific object of assessment. Thus, the assessment criteria for elements of natural and cultural landscapes, as well as for landscapes in general, should be their origin and history, uniqueness, preservation (disturbance), attractiveness and various characteristics of diversity, including the species richness of flora and fauna.

However, the development of tourism in the region is influenced by a combination of various factors, both quantifiable and non-numerical in nature. Therefore, bringing them together into one model seems to be rather laborious.

In accordance with the three main positions of the subject of assessment in recreational geography, there are three main types of assessment of recreational resources: biomedical, psychological and aesthetic, and technological.

The biomedical type reflects the influence of natural factors (combination of temperature and humidity) on the human body.

The aesthetic principle in the human psyche, or the need for beauty, is one of the strongest manifestations of the human spiritual world. In this regard, when assessing natural recreational resources, it is extremely important to give them a psychological and aesthetic assessment, in which the emotional impact of the features of the natural landscape or its components on a person is assessed. The methods of such an assessment are usually complex due to the variety of parameters and the subjectivity of the assessment criteria. Many researchers believe that the aesthetic value depends on the morphological structure of the landscape, the variety of landscape elements in it.

For example, in the United States, the study of the distribution of tourists by areas of national parks showed that the highest attractive effect is the border strips between two dissimilar environments, and the repulsive effect is homogeneous or disfigured landscapes (Table 1).

Table 1

Conditional assessment of the degree of contrast of the main pairs of natural complexes

Technological assessment makes it possible to assess the suitability of a territory for a certain type of tourism or recreation, as well as the possibility of its engineering and construction development. It covers two aspects: opportunities for recreational pursuits and opportunities for civil engineering development of the territory. In this assessment, the recreational industry acts as a subject from the standpoint of a recreant, from the point of view of which natural resources must have high qualities (comfort, healing properties, etc.), sufficient for organizing recreational activities.

Point assessment of the recreational potential of the region

Recreational resources, which are the basis for the development of tourism in any region, are quite diverse. In general, natural-recreational, cultural-historical and economic resources can be distinguished. However, recreational resources must be assessed as a whole, to consider both quantitative and qualitative indicators. In connection, it is necessary first of all to consider and evaluate each species.

The most convenient for these purposes is a combination of qualitative and point assessments (tab. 2), however, this raises the question of the number of scale steps. Most often, 3-4 or 5-6 step scales are used. In this case, a 5-step scale has been selected. Each step is an indicator of the intensity of interaction between the object and the subject of assessment, which can vary from insignificant to strong.

table 2

Recreational resource rating scale

As follows from the proposed rating scale, it is proposed to evaluate recreational resources according to such criteria as uniqueness, safety, diversity.

It is more convenient to evaluate the uniqueness in relation to other objects, in this case it can be proposed in relation to the recreational resources of the Russian Federation. In addition, this criterion for each type of resource can be marked with different characteristics. In this case, safety is assessed in percentage terms. However, diversity should be assessed separately for each type of recreational resource, since different sites require different rating scales. In this regard, the authors proposed scales for assessing each type of recreational resources (tab. 3-5).

The scale for assessing the uniqueness and diversity of natural and recreational resources includes such resources as relief, water bodies, vegetation cover, hydromineral resources, as well as climatic comfort (tab. 3).

Table 3

Scale for assessing the uniqueness and diversity of natural and recreational resources

Indicators climatic comfort: a long, rainless period; three or more warmer months; medicinal properties; easy portability; a feeling of comfort in this area.

The scale for assessing the uniqueness and diversity of cultural and historical resources includes socio-cultural infrastructure, museums, temples, churches, monasteries, and folk crafts (Table 4).

Table 4. Scale of assessments of the uniqueness and diversity of cultural and historical resources

Indicators diversity: museums; temples; monasteries; churches; noble estates.

However, medical institutions, transport and road network, housing and communal services, communication system, trade and consumer services are considered as economic resources that make up the recreational potential of the territory. The scale of estimates of economic resources is presented in Table 5.

Table 5

Scale for assessing the uniqueness and diversity of economic resources

Indicators uniqueness transport and road the network: there is a roadside service; toll highways; comfortable conditions at train stations; convenient system for selling / buying tickets; means of scientific and technical progress are used.

Indicators uniqueness systems connections: telegraph; landline telephone; cellular; Internet; Fax.

Indicators uniqueness trade and household service: fast service; quality service; all service levels; the highest range of services offered; accompanying services.

Interesting methods for assessing the recreational attractiveness of natural and cultural-historical objects of excursion display were proposed by the Russian Academy of Tourism. The technique and sequence of the assessment is as follows: first, it is necessary to multiply the objective assessment of the assessed feature by the subjective assessment of the attractiveness of this feature chosen by the taxator, having previously selected one of three possible points: 1 point, 3 points or 5 points, and the resulting product should be entered into the appropriate column. Further, the resulting total (ie, objective-subjective) assessment of attractiveness must be compared with one of the three comparative categories of a three-stage scale: up to 26 points - relatively attractive objects; 26-50 points - attractive; 51-75 points are the most attractive (tab. 6).

Table 6

Scale for assessing the recreational attractiveness of natural monuments

For a comprehensive assessment of the recreational resources of the Amur Region, the data obtained from various sources (encyclopedias, statistical collections, local periodicals, Internet resources, monographs of leading specialists in local history, geographers N.K. Shulman, Korotaev, Shindyalov, I.I. Shchukin, etc. .) were analyzed and evaluated for each of the indicators. In this case, all of the above assessment methods were used.

The assessment of the main natural and recreational resources is presented in Table 7.

Table 7

Assessment of natural and recreational resources of the Amur region

The average score for each resource was determined as 3.8. Consequently, the level of development and use of these resources is low. The results obtained in many respects coincide with similar developments of specialists.

Natural monuments are extremely important, being the most attractive tourist sites. In total, there are 145 natural monuments in the lists of specially protected areas of regional significance. We will assess the attractiveness of the natural monuments of the region, using the rating scale proposed by the Academy of Tourism of Russia (table 8)

Table 8

Assessment of the recreational attractiveness of natural monuments

Thus, as a result of the assessment, on this scale, the total of points is 66 - the assessed natural monuments are classified as particularly attractive.

By analogy with natural and recreational, it is possible to assess the cultural and historical resources (tab. 9)

Table 9

Assessment of the historical and cultural resources of the Amur region

Thus, we can conclude that the Amur Region has an average amount of historical and cultural resources, which, in turn, are also moderately developed.

However, among the cultural and historical resources of the region, monuments of archeology and paleontology are of particular cognitive interest. Let's assess the archaeological sites separately (Table 10).

Table 10

Scale for assessing the recreational attractiveness of archaeological sites

According to this scale, the sum of points is 63, which means that the evaluated objects are classified as especially valuable.

Thus, the existing natural-recreational and cultural-historical potential allows the development of cognitive, scientific and natural tourism in the region.

Economic potential is also a prerequisite for the development of the tourism industry (tab. 11).

Table 11

Assessment of the economic recreational resources of the Amur region

The average assessment of economic resources in the Amur Region is quite low - 3.2 points, which indicates a low level of infrastructure development in the region.

Relative indicators in assessing the recreational attractiveness of the territory

In addition to scoring the recreational attractiveness of a territory, relative indicators are often used. They are used when we are talking not about a qualitative assessment of the studied indicators, but about the density of objects in a certain area.

Relative indicators, in contrast to absolute indicators, have a number of advantages, since they give a more objective picture. Thus, a comparison of the recreational potential of the central part of Russia and the Far East in absolute terms will give a distorted picture of the situation, while relative indicators can give a completely objective assessment. The most accessible relative indicator, in terms of the amount of available statistical information, is the indicator of the distribution or density of objects of natural and cultural significance, or biological diversity in a certain area. This indicator will reflect the recreational attractiveness of the territory, expressed in relation to the number of certain objects of the studied population to the area of ​​the studied territory. An alternative can be an indicator of the number of objects of natural and recreational value per person or a thousand inhabitants, this indicator will indicate the provision of residents with these objects. It is also proposed to consider the recreational attractiveness of the Amur Region in relation to the Far East and Russia as a whole.

In this study, the assessment of the diversity of the plant world was made on the basis of indicators on the number of different types of vegetation found in the Amur Region, the Far East and Russia as a whole. So on the territory of Russia there are 25 different types of vegetation, in the Far East 12 of them, in the Amur region 7. If we calculate the ratio of the number of types of vegetation found in a particular territory to the area of ​​this territory, then we will eventually get an index of plant diversity of the territory. Comparison of the results obtained will make it possible to draw a conclusion about the diversity of the flora of the Amur Region in relation to the Far East and Russia. In this case, the assessment was made on the basis of 1000. (table 12)

Similarly, indices of the diversity of the animal world were obtained, based on the fact that there are only 10 zones of distribution of representatives of the animal world on the territory of Russia, of which 6 are in the Far East, 2 in the Amur Region (Table 12).

Table 12

Indicators of the recreational attractiveness of the territory in Russia, the Far East and the Amur Region

From the data obtained, it can be seen that the highest index of plant and animal diversity is in the Amur region, therefore, it can be concluded that the Amur region is an attractive place for the development of tourism, and even in comparison with the all-Russian indicator and the indicator of the Far East is very attractive.

Next, consider the indicator of the density of natural objects, such as nature reserves and biosphere reserves. In total, there are 72 reserves in Russia, 20 of them in the Far East, 3 in the Amur Region. The index of provision with natural objects of this class for Russia is 0.0042; for the Far East 0.0028; for the Amur Region 0.0082 per thous. As you can see, the indicators of the Amur Region are higher than the national average and the average for the Far East, this suggests that quite significant natural objects are compactly located on the territory of the Amur Region, which also serve as objects of attraction for the region.

If we talk about the tourist development of the region, then the Amur Region belongs to the territories with low development, as well as the entire Far East, with the exception of Primorye and Sakhalin Island, which are characterized by average tourist development. Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Komsomolsk-on-Amur and Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk are distinguished among the cities of the Far East recognized as the most important centers of educational tourism; more than seventy such centers in Russia are distinguished. Thus, the Far East is poor in scientific and educational resources, the most promising against this background seems to be to develop natural tourism, all the more, there are all the conditions for this.

In addition to natural attractiveness, recreational attractiveness also includes infrastructure development. In this aspect, it is proposed to consider two components: provision with special accommodation facilities, as well as tourist class hotels and similar accommodation facilities, and transport accessibility of the region.

Thus, in Russia, the number of hotels and similar accommodation facilities amounted to 5375 objects at the end of 2006, with a one-time capacity of 429.2 thousand beds. There are 18 registered hotels in the Amur Region. Thus, the provision with accommodation facilities for 10 thousand people for Russia is 0.376, for the Amur region 0, 207, that is, in the Amur region there are less hotels per capita than the average for Russia, the same situation with the provision of special accommodation facilities: 0.314 Russia versus 0.0113 in the Amur Region per 10 thousand people. Even such approximate calculations indicate the underdevelopment of the infrastructure of the Amur Region, even in comparison with the all-Russian indicators.

As for the indicators of transport accessibility, it is proposed to use the indicators of the length, density of railways and highways to assess the situation. So the operational length of public railways in the Amur Region is 2,934 km, and 85,216 km across Russia. Thus, the share of the Amur Region railways in the total length of railways in Russia is 3.44%, at first glance this is very small, but the share of the Amur Region in the total area of ​​Russia is 2.13%. Another indicator of transport accessibility is the density of public railways, so in Russia this figure is 50 km of tracks per 10,000 km 2 of the territory, in the Amur Region - 81 km. From which we can conclude that in the Amur region the conditions for movement by rail are more favorable than in Russia as a whole. As for highways, a somewhat different situation is developing here, as the density of public highways with hard surface in Russia is 35 km of roads per 1000 km the region is not sufficiently developed road network. The results are shown in Table 13.

Table 13

Indicators of infrastructure development in the Amur region

Calculated according to the Russian Statistical Yearbook

Moreover, according to the observations of specialists, the Amur Region belongs to 11 constituent entities of the Russian Federation that have the maximum transport discrimination of the population. Transport discrimination is the inability to receive services or, in a broader sense, benefits, even in the presence of appropriate material resources due to their spatial inaccessibility. That is, a person from remote corners of our region, even having a sufficient amount of money, will not visit unique cultural and historical sites, only due to the fact that the road will take too much time and effort. This situation is typical not only for the consumption of tourist services, but also for many others.

Thus, we can conclude that the development of tourism in the region is influenced by a combination of various factors, both quantifiable and non-numerical in nature. Therefore, bringing them together into one model seems to be rather laborious and does not give reliable results.

Despite the identified problems, it should be noted that the recreational resources in the region are sufficient to make tourism one of the leading industries (the average score is 3.8), but they are underutilized. The peculiarity of the region is the presence of unique monuments of nature, geology and archeology, which is of particular interest for the development of educational tourism. Considering that the nature of the region is very picturesque and unique, the protected areas of the region are of particular interest. However, even these opportunities are not fully used. This is explained not only by economic factors (underdeveloped infrastructure, lack of financial resources), but also environmental pollution (in the areas of settlements), floods and floods, a harsh climate - all this hinders the development of tourism in the region.

The assessment of the recreational potential and the current level of tourism development in the region showed that even the available resources are poorly used. At the same time, the region has unique tourist sites not only of local or national importance, but also of a global scale. Thus, it seems promising to create new tourist products, including the most interesting tourist sites, for a more complete use of the recreational potential of the region, including acquaintance of tourists with unique natural and archaeological sites, such as dinosaur sites, lotus lakes and crowded cranes, which are of particular attractiveness. ...

tourist recreational potential region

Literature

1. Birzhakov M.B., Azar V.I. On the assessment of tourist resources // Tourist firms. - 2000. - No. 24. - P.83-84.

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Consideration of the theoretical foundations of tourist and recreational design. Determination of the tourist and recreational potential of the study area. Review of methods for creating the concept of a register of tourist resources. Design of tourist and recreational zones.

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Characteristics of the cultural, historical and natural potential of the Kursk region. The use of the natural recreational resources of the region for the organization of various types of recreation and tourism. The state of the tourist market and the prospects for its development in the region.

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Ecological value and recreational potential of the landscapes of the Belgorod region. The main trends and prospects for the development of tourism. Natural and cultural-historical potential. Economic indicators of the development of the region. Assessment of climatic conditions.

The Kaliningrad region is poorly and unevenly developed in terms of tourism. The most visited are Kaliningrad, the resort area (Svetlogorsk - Zelenogradsk), the Curonian Spit, partly Sovetsk and Chernyakhovsk. It should be remembered that in the pre-war period on the territory of East Prussia, tourist routes associated with numerous natural, historical and cultural monuments covered almost all cities and districts of the present region. Tourism centers, in addition to Konigsberg with its royal castle, the Albertina University, museums, an art gallery, a zoo, the Cathedral, where the Prussian kings were crowned, the grave of I. Kant, opera and drama theaters, ancient city gates and fortifications, monuments to many outstanding figures were also Rauschen(Svetlogorsk), Krantz (Zelenogradsk), Pillau (Baltiysk), Fishhausen (Primorsk), Labiau (Polessk), Instenburg (Chernyakhovsk), Tilsit (Sovetsk), Ragnit (Neman), Gumbinen (Gusev) and other cities and towns. Tourism was widely developed not only in the coastal zone, but also in the inner parts of the region, especially in its southwestern part - the present-day Bagrationovskiy district. There were especially many ancient castles, monasteries, churches (kirchs) from the time of the German colonization of Prussia. Many of the castles had museums surrounded by vast parks with collections of rare plants. In Gumbinen there is a world-famous stud farm, and in Tilsit there are places associated with the meeting here of Napoleon and Alexander I, and in Ragnit there was a garden city with an old castle on the high bank of the Nemunas. Many historical and architectural monuments of East Prussia in our time are either completely lost, or are in a dilapidated state, and some of them were used completely for other purposes - for warehouses or production facilities. True, recently, after the collapse of the USSR and a sharp change in the political situation in the country, a movement began to restore the historical heritage and cultural values ​​that were undeservedly forgotten in Soviet times. A number of religious buildings in the region have been transferred to the jurisdiction of the church, and some of them have already been restored and have become functioning temples, while others are being restored. The restoration of the Cathedral in Kaliningrad is underway. Attempts are being made to restore other monuments of architecture and history.

Foreign tourism is dominated by "nostalgic" and business tourism from Germany (60%) and cross-border (mainly "commercial") tourism from Poland (30%).

Domestic tourism is experiencing serious difficulties. The number of tourists and vacationers has dropped significantly. The total number of vacationers in sanatoriums and sanatoriums-dispensaries decreased in 1991-1994 from 54 thousand to 20 thousand people, in other recreation facilities (rest houses, boarding houses, recreation centers and tourist hotels) from 244 thousand to 81 thousand people ... This is due to a decrease in the living standards of the population with a sharp increase in the cost of services, which have ceased to be subsidized by the state and trade unions. One day of accommodation at a camp site (with meals) costs more than the monthly minimum wage. At the same time, citizens with high incomes often prefer to travel abroad.

Among the 90 considered by the statistics in the field of sanatoriums and recreation establishments, 13 are year-round sanatoriums belonging to the category of climatic resorts of coastal zones. They can accept 4.3 thousand people for treatment at the same time. The total capacity of all recreational institutions in the summer period is 20 thousand places, of which 6 thousand are in uncomfortable recreation centers and tourist centers of a purely seasonal nature. At the same time, the estimated capacity of the sandy beaches of the region's sea coast is 280 thousand people.

According to the estimates of the Research Institute for the Comprehensive Study of Regions at the Kaliningrad State University, the potential demand for trips to the Kaliningrad region by domestic and foreign tourists is 575 thousand people. However, given the current state of hotels and recreation establishments, the discrepancy between the international standards of most of them, even the already achieved level is provided more than the maximum. Taking into account the discrepancy between high prices and low quality and a small variety of services, while maintaining the current tourist service, one can expect only a decrease in the number of tourists. The development of foreign tourism in the region is also hampered by other factors - the small-scale and insufficient professionalism of many of the more than 100 travel companies in the region, lack of proper experience in market conditions, weak advertising, difficulties in obtaining multiple-entry visas (necessary when tourists visit several countries at repeated border crossings). area) and more. The instability of the socio-political situation, which is characteristic of the country as a whole, also affects the complex crime situation. Small travel companies, not having an extensive network of representative offices abroad, lose in the competition for tourists, which reduces the profitability of the regional tourist complex and thereby reduces the possibilities for its development.

The Kaliningrad region has a very significant, in many respects unique potential for the development of resort and tourism activities, but the existing opportunities are still far from being used enough, and there are objective and subjective reasons for this. Of the natural factors contributing to the development of the recreational complex, it should be noted:

• · Favorable mild maritime climate with a sufficiently large number of sunny days per year and moderately warm summers;
• · Picturesque natural landscapes with hilly hills, coastal lowlands, forests, floodplain meadows, swamps, lakes, numerous rivers;
• · Unique sand spits with dunes and forests;
• · Seaside with beautiful, mostly sandy beaches and refreshing, moderately warm sea waters;
• · The Baltic Sea and its bays, providing opportunities for the development of fishing, sea tourism and water sports;
• · Curative mineral springs and curative peat mud;
• · Favorable geographical position of the region at the intersection of land and sea routes from Western and Northern Europe to Russia;
• · The existing network of sanatorium-resort and tourist establishments;
• · Developed amber trade and production of unique jewelry and souvenirs;
• · The presence of favorable prerequisites for the development of meat and dairy production, vegetable growing and other types of agriculture to provide the local population and people who come for treatment and rest with ecologically clean products;
• · Existing, although not in a very good technical condition, but a sufficiently developed transport network and engineering infrastructure.

Assessing the prospects for the development of tourism in the region, one cannot but pay attention to the problems that can be encountered in the development of the industry. There are many difficulties in our region, some of them are listed below, such as:

• 1. Unevenness of recreational development of the territory; lack of strong interregional ties.
• 2. Multifunctionality of the use of recreational areas, giving rise to:
  • - the imposition of various types of recreation on the same territory (short-term rest on the zones of long-term medical and recreational recreation; absorption of valuable medical areas by summer cottage recreation);
  • - Difficulties in organizing suburban recreation for spectators of large cities.
• 3. Clash of interests of urbanization and recreation in the expansion of industrial and civil development zones.
• 4. Environmental problems.
• - pollution of recreational areas in urbanized areas;
• - the lack of an operating system for regulating recreational loads on the natural complexes of existing recreation areas.

Recreational planning of the material base should become part of the overall plan for the development of the territory. Before starting the construction of a new tourist complex, you should carefully and fully study its impact on the economy and nature of the region. This should be part of the public policy of the local government. An important condition for the implementation of a new tourism project is obtaining a sanitary permit for waste disposal, etc. The negative impact of a new project on the environment is a serious reason why it may be rejected by the local administration. Air, ground and surface waters, beaches and forests must remain in their original state, clean and protected. Nature needs protection - flora and fauna.

The judicious use of local landscapes and monuments for tourism purposes should be encouraged.

Thus, a new tourism project should be planned in such a way as to preserve and, if possible, improve the state of the environment.

• 5. Destruction of the network of children's recreation facilities.
• 6. Infrastructure lack of roads.

The expected growth in tourism development will create problems in the transport infrastructure. For example, an increase in tourist travel could lead to congestion on air transport, which will be a major obstacle to the full potential of a landing facility. Reconstruction of transport infrastructure in all regions of the world is expected, which will require new investments in large volumes.

Improving transport infrastructure and electronic data systems will provide fast and direct communication between regions, make tourist routes more diverse and less expensive.

• 7. Insufficient professional training of tourist personnel.
• 8. Separation from Russia (located outside of Russia).
• 9. Use of new technologies.

New information technologies and effective communications will ensure the rapid development of tourism. Large investments in new technologies and the telecommunications market will lead to vertical, horizontal and diagonal integration. Global computer networks will acquire great importance in tourism. The effectiveness of marketing in tourism will increase. The consumer will be able to receive the necessary information about the travel product from special television programs sponsored by travel agencies. Some countries already have automatic booking kiosks. Simplifying the booking process will boost the tourism market.

The prospects for the recreational development of this zone are associated with the solution of the following issues:

• 1. Changes in approaches to recreational planning of the territory: the creation of a network of recreational parks, the formation of local tourist centers in small historical cities.
• 2. An increase in the restaurant and hotel stock through the development of small businesses: inns, taverns, hunting lodges.
• 3. Improving the quality of services in existing recreation facilities.
• 4. The introduction of non-traditional forms of recreation: "living" Teutonic castles and ethnographic villages, pilgrimages, tourist caravans, etc.
• 5. Regional recreational road infrastructure.
• 6. Improvement of the state of the beaches, their arrangement for the needs of tourists.
• 7. Creation of regulations allowing the successful and beneficial development of tourism.
• 8. Development of international relations, their strengthening and transition to a new level.

By solving these problems and tasks, our region will be able to reach the world level, increase the income from tourism, provide additional jobs and, in general, raise the economic indicators of the region.