Organizational technological schemes for the construction of buildings and structures. Types of technological schemes

2.1. In the construction organization project, a choice is made of a general organizational and technological scheme for the construction of buildings and structures as part of an agricultural enterprise or a complex and organizational and technological schemes for the construction of individual main buildings and structures that are part of them.

The general organizational and technological scheme establishes the sequence of construction of objects of the main production, ancillary and service purposes, energy and transport facilities and communications, external water supply networks, sewerage, heat supply and gas supply, landscaping, depending on the technological scheme of the production process of the agricultural complex, the features of construction solutions of the general plan - the nature of the distribution of the scope of work, depending on the degree of dispersion and space-planning solutions of the main buildings and structures, as well as the adopted method of organizing construction production (nodal, complete-block, etc.).

The organizational and technological scheme for the construction of a separate building (structure) establishes the sequence of its construction in parts (nodes, sections, spans, cells, floors, tiers, production departments, sections, workshops, etc.) depending on the technological scheme of the production process or other functional diagram, as well as construction solutions and accepted work methods.

2.2. When choosing organizational and technological schemes, the completeness of individual technological cycles or redistributions in the general production process, the constructive completeness of a part of an agricultural object or a separate building (structure) in its composition and the spatial stability of a part of a building (structure), organization requirements are taken into account. construction production, creating conditions for continuous production of work.

The choice of a general organizational and technological construction scheme, as well as schemes for the construction of individual buildings for agricultural (industrial) complexes and enterprises is made in the same way as for industrial enterprises, buildings and structures. The general principles, procedure, methodology and examples of the choice of such schemes, including using the nodal and other methods, are discussed in detail in the Manual for the development of construction organization projects and projects for the production of work for industrial construction.

When choosing organizational and technological schemes for the construction of agricultural production buildings, the following features are additionally taken into account:

1) the preparatory period includes work on the organization of the construction site: clearing and preparation of the territory; geodetic alignment works; installation of temporary (mobile) buildings and structures; laying of underground networks in the area of construction and installation works; supply of electricity and water to places of consumption;

2) the process of erection of agricultural buildings (the main period of construction) is divided into four technological stages: erection of the underground part of the building; erection of the aboveground part of the building; roofing device; post-assembly work;

3) agricultural buildings according to their saturation with underground facilities (manure trays, canals, etc.) are divided into three categories: without underground facilities; with a poorly developed underground economy; with a highly developed underground economy.

Depending on the saturation of the underground economy, each of the four technological stages includes various types of construction, installation and special construction works, and their technological sequence will be different.

2.3. For agricultural production buildings, the order of work is taken at each technological stage.

For buildings without underground facilities:

1) erection of the underground part of the building: a fragment of trenches and foundation pits; installation of foundations and foundation beams; underfloor preparation device;

3) roofing device;

4) post-assembly work: installation of joinery; installation of foundations for equipment; installation of floors, ramps, blind areas; plastering work; arrangement of ventilation shafts; Painting works; installation of technological equipment; commissioning works.

For buildings with poorly developed underground facilities:

1) erection of the underground part of the building: a fragment of trenches and pits for foundations, trays and canals; installation of foundations, partial backfilling of soil and preparation of the base for trays; installation of prefabricated reinforced concrete trays and channels; adding soil under the floors and a device for preparing under the floors;

2) erection of the above-ground part of the building: installation of the building frame with sealing of joints; installation of wall panels with sealing and jointing;

3) roofing device;

4) post-assembly work: installation of joinery; installation of foundations for equipment, monolithic concrete channels, trays, installation of feeders; installation of floors, ramps, blind areas; installation of fence machines; plastering work; arrangement of ventilation shafts; Painting works; installation of technological equipment; commissioning works.

For buildings with a highly developed underground economy:

1) erection of the underground part of the building: earthworks for foundations and manure trays; installation of foundations, columns and basement panels with sealing joints and waterproofing; backfilling of soil and preparation of the subfloor; installation of manure trays and ventilation ducts with the device and overlapping of wells; preparation device for floors, blind areas, ramps;

2) erection of the above-ground part of the building: installation of prefabricated reinforced concrete partitions; installation of coating structures; installation of wall panels; the device of partitions made of bricks;

3) roofing device;

4) post-assembly work: installation of joinery; installation of clean floors; installation of fencing machines, boxes; installation of technological equipment; plastering work; arrangement of ventilation shafts; Painting works; commissioning works.

2.4. The choice of assembly mechanisms for each type of agricultural building is made individually. For the performance of installation work in work production projects, flow charts or diagrams are drawn up indicating the accepted installation mechanisms, tooling, work production methods and their sequence.

Technological schemes for the construction of agricultural production buildings are shown in Fig. 13.

2.5. During the construction of facilities in the Central Asian region of the country, the volume of construction and installation work in desert and semi-desert areas (arid zone) is increasing. A new type of integrated construction activity has appeared, including land reclamation, agricultural, industrial and other types of construction, creating a solid infrastructure and normalized social conditions in the arid zone. In these conditions, the process of creation (design) of water management construction and state farm construction facilities takes place. In the first case, the issues of irrigation and land reclamation of agricultural land development are solved, which is decisive for the second case - the solution of the issues of organizing rural construction of industrial and non-industrial facilities.

These circumstances make serious adjustments to the nomenclature of off-site and on-site work provided for by SNiP 3.01.01-85 (clauses 1.4 and 2.3), which should be taken into account when developing construction management projects and, in particular, organizational and technological schemes in their composition.

2.6. Preparatory work for the construction of agricultural facilities in undeveloped areas of the arid zone is conventionally divided into three stages:

I - preparatory work for the entire volume of construction (preparation of the territory for construction; construction of a collector and drainage network; construction of access roads and tracks; preparation for operation of construction machines; anti-mudflow measures; forest reclamation measures; anti-erosion measures; consolidation of sands; strengthening saline soils; construction of temporary buildings and structures; laying of external communications of power supply, communications, gas supply, water supply).

Rice. 1. Technological sequence of building erection without underground facilities

a- foundations; b- columns; v- covering elements; G- wall panels; d- cover elements (option with steel-reinforced concrete trusses); 1 - place of storage of foundations; 2 - warehouse of beams; 3 - a stack of cover plates; 4 - pyramid; 5 - traverse

II - off-site preparatory work (installation of off-site networks and structures on them; temporary and permanent water supply and sewerage networks; temporary and permanent networks of telephone, radio, signaling; temporary and permanent power networks and step-down substations; temporary, permanent heating networks and gas supply networks; temporary and permanent water and sewerage pumping stations; water supply and sewerage treatment facilities; access road; construction of temporary (mobile) inventory buildings; sand consolidation; strengthening of saline soils).

III - on-site preparatory work (vertical planning of the territory; landscaping, irrigation and gardening; elimination of subsidence soil properties; installation of temporary and permanent engineering networks for water supply and sewerage, heat and gas supply, telephony, radio communication and signaling; protection of site facilities from sand drifts and blowing; preparation of machines for operation in extreme conditions of the arid zone; construction of temporary buildings, sheds, sun protection, construction of awnings).

Rice. 2. Technological sequence of erection of a building with underdeveloped underground facilities

a- foundations; b, v- trays for manure removal of feeders, preparation device for underfloor; G- frame structures; d- wall panels; 1 - storage area for foundation shoes; 2 - storage area for trays; 3 - storage place in semi-frames; 4 - pyramid for wall panels

The preparatory work of the above stages is performed in a different continuous sequence (Fig. 4).

The most rational is the combined execution of the production of the last two stages of preparatory work. In practice, the choice of the order of the preparatory work is dictated by the specific conditions of the virgin lands being developed.

CALENDAR CONSTRUCTION PLAN

3.1. The calendar plan is developed for the construction of livestock and poultry complexes, enterprises for the storage and processing of agricultural products, the repair of agricultural machinery and other agricultural enterprises, as well as individual buildings and structures to ensure the rational organization of construction, the distribution of resources and funds by stages and periods of construction, taking into account production the capacity of contracting construction and installation organizations, subject to the mandatory observance of the norms for the duration of construction and the backlog. At the same time, it is taken into account that the duration of construction includes the entire construction period from the beginning of the preparatory period at the construction site to the commissioning of the complex (enterprise) or commissioning when the work is performed in full, provided for by the working project (project).

When developing a construction schedule, it is envisaged that all auxiliary and auxiliary facilities are erected in combined flows within the construction time of the main production facilities and do not affect the total duration of construction.

Rice. 3. Technological sequence of erection of a building with a highly developed underground economy

a- foundations; b- columns; v- basement panels; G, d, e- manure trays; f- covering elements; s- external wall panels; 1 - prefabricated foundations; 2 - pyramid; 3 - place of storage of elements of trays; 4 - trays; 5 - long, slings; 6 - ladders for pointing truss blocks; 7 - ladders with hooks for loosening the truss block; 8 - sled; 9 - Wall panels

Rice. 4. Options for the production of preparatory work

a- parallel execution of II and III stages; b- execution of works of the III stage after I and part II; v- in-line production of preparation works; G- implementation of the III stage after the works of the I and II stages; d- sequential implementation of three stages of preparation; e- parallel maintenance of three stages after partial completion of the work of stage I

3.2. The preparatory period includes objects and works related to the development of the territory, site planning, arrangement of temporary buildings and structures, as well as temporary engineering networks and roads used for construction needs. The duration of the preparatory period is 15 - 20% of the total duration of the construction of the main buildings and structures.

3.3. Depending on the space-planning and design solutions, construction schedules may include the following production cycles: erection of underground and aboveground parts of buildings and structures; roofing device; Finishing work; sanitary and electrical works, installation of technological equipment, instrumentation and automation, commissioning.

The composition of the brigades for each production cycle is adopted taking into account the requirements of building codes and regulations, the development of workers and basic construction machines and the possibilities for the work front. At the same time, the maximum possible combination of work on production cycles is provided, based on the technological sequence of the construction of the main buildings.

Construction calendar plans are optimized in terms of labor resources, capital investments and the cost of construction and installation work based on the need for their even distribution over construction periods (quarters, months), taking into account the cost of technological equipment, instrumentation and automation and other costs, as well as the delivery time of equipment.

3.4. Table 1 shows an example of a calendar plan for the construction of a workshop (complex) of fruit and berry juices with a capacity of 2 million conventional cans (mb) and tomato juice - 1.5 mb per year, developed taking into account the above requirements.

The total duration of the construction of the complex in accordance with the Standards for the duration of construction and backlog in the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures (SNiP 1.04.03-85) is 14 months, including the duration of the preparatory period - 2 months, the duration of equipment installation - 5 months with the transfer of equipment in installation from 12 to 14 months and installation of equipment, carried out from 9 to 13 months.

The distribution of capital investments (above the line) and the cost of construction and installation work (below the line),%, by construction quarters in accordance with the Standards is:

The total estimated cost of the complex is 1,357.73 thousand rubles, including 1,023.84 thousand rubles for construction and installation work. The total estimated cost of the workshop - the main production facility of the complex - is 270.53 thousand rubles, including 149.99 thousand rubles for construction and installation work.

3.5. In fig. 5 shows an example of a comprehensive enlarged network schedule for the construction of a pig breeding farm for 100 main queens (model project No. 802-229). The total duration of the construction of the farm according to the SNiP 1.04.03-85 Standards is 9 months, including the duration of the preparatory period - 1 month, the transfer of equipment for installation is carried out from 5 to 6 months, the duration of equipment installation is 3 months - from 6 to 8 months. The distribution of capital investments (above the line) and the cost of construction and installation work (below the line),%, by construction quarters in accordance with the Standards is:

Table 1

The total estimated cost of the farm complex is 844.97 thousand rubles, including construction and installation work - 749.74 thousand rubles; cost of equipment - 75.43 thousand rubles, other costs - 19.8 thousand rubles, labor intensity - 18080 man-days. The building area of the complex is 9337.84 m 2.

The farm includes:

a pigsty for single and pregnant sows for 124 heads and 12 boars with an area of 888.9 m 2;

a pigsty for farrowing and keeping auxiliary sows with piglets for 80 stalls with an area of 1549.7 m 2;

a pigsty for weaning pigs for 760 heads and 600 heads of replacement pigs with an area of 1881.4 m 2;

13 other buildings and structures with an area of 5017.84 m 2.

The main buildings of the farm in terms of design solutions are of the same type: frame-panel construction, prefabricated reinforced concrete foundations and frames, panel and brick walls, brick partitions, coverings from precast concrete slabs, asbestos-cement roofing, expanded clay concrete, concrete, plank, asphalt and ceramic floors.

Rice. 5. Comprehensive consolidated network schedule for the construction of a pig farm

BUILDING GENERAL PLAN

4.1. The construction master plan in the project for the organization of the construction of agricultural production complexes is developed in accordance with the recommendations given in the Manual for the development of projects for the organization of construction and projects for the production of work for industrial construction.

When developing a construction master plan, the issues of providing construction with energy resources - electricity, water, heat, compressed air, oxygen, etc. are resolved. At the same time:

the estimated need for the specified resources is determined;

rational schemes of engineering networks, power lines and points of connection of temporary networks to the existing ones are selected and substantiated;

the most efficient water supply sources in terms of technical and economic indicators are selected; the places for drilling artesian wells, the nature of the equipment for water intakes and filtering devices are established; the flow rate of water sources and the quality of their water are determined;

the approximate need for construction in equipment and cable products necessary for the installation of temporary power lines and engineering networks is determined;

issues of allocation of electricity, water, gas in the required quantity and required parameters are agreed with the relevant organizations.

4.2. The basis for calculating the need for resources is the volume of construction and installation work in cost and physical (natural) meters, determined by the design organization in the design and estimate documentation. The data on the amount of work for calculating the resource requirement is given in Form 2 of the construction organization project.

4.3. In the absence of design data, the volume of construction and installation work for approximate calculations can be roughly taken according to the data for analogous objects, as well as according to the calculated standards (indicators) of the volume of work calculated for the aggregated cost and physical meters - 1 million rubles. the cost of construction and installation work, 100 m 2 of useful area of a residential building and others.

4.4. When determining the need for resources, the costs of resources for work performed at the expense of overhead costs are additionally determined, and losses during transportation, loading, unloading and storage of building materials, products and other resources are taken into account in accordance with the current norms of natural loss.

4.5. The need for all types of resources is linked to the volume and timing of work by construction periods in accordance with the construction schedule. For this purpose, after determining the total need for resources for each type, the need is linked to the time of their use at the construction site by plotting the use of each individual type of resource over time. The construction of such schedules is based on the construction schedule.

Basic concepts

Control questions

1. What is displayed on the organizational structures of management.

2. What are the connections between the elements of organizational structures.

3. Name the main types of organizational and technological documentation and their purpose.

4. Initial data and composition of PIC development.

5. Initial data and composition of PPR.

6. What are the similarities and differences between PPR and PIC?

7. What are the main project documents developed in the PIC and PPR?

Lecture 3. Scheduling of construction

3.1. Basic concepts.

3.2. Organizational and technological schemes of work execution, and determination of connections and durations.

3.3. Automated calculation of scheduling plans in project management programs.

3.4. Algorithm for calculating work schedules by the critical path method.

A calendar plan is a design and technological document that determines the sequence, intensity and duration of work, and their mutual linkage (topology, organizational and technological scheme), as well as the need (with distribution in time) of labor, material, technical, financial and other resources required for construction.

Schedules are drawn up in the interests of various management subjects at the stage of work planning. Also, according to the calendar plans, an operational record of the work performed is carried out and the operational management of the construction progress is carried out. Scheduling is the main function of all computer-based project management programs such as Microsoft Project (MR), which is the leader in terms of sales. Program type MR allows:

· Develop separate schedules for construction projects;

· Combine individual schedules into multi-projects;

· Regulate the distribution of resources in the calendar plans;

· Conduct budgetary and functional cost analysis;

· Keep records of actually completed work;

· Analyze the characteristics of the current schedule in comparison with the "reference" and actual schedule;

· To present schedules in various forms of reports, for example, resource schedules, movement of workers and cash flow;

· To carry out various technical and economic calculations according to individually entered formulas.

Organizational and technological construction schemes are the basis for scheduling. They determine the technological and organizational sequence of work. For example, in accordance with the accepted work technology, it is necessary to perform foundation work, and then proceed with the construction of the above-ground part. Or, when cutting a pit (trench) in conditions of an elevated level of groundwater, it is necessary to provide for works related to dewatering. Before finishing work, it is necessary to mount internal engineering systems, which must provide the necessary thermal and water conditions in the premises.

Based on the presented examples, the following generalization can be made. Each work in the calendar schedule can be represented by two events, the beginning and the end, and between these events for any pair of works, a link can be established, showing the relationship between the selected events. Moreover, if two adjacent works are performed by a common resource, then the connection between them is called resource or, in other words, organizational connection. If the sequence of related works is determined by technological dependence, then such connections are usually called technological or frontal connections.

In project management programs, all jobs are presented in the form of a list and, therefore, and the "physical" order of their following is determined by the corresponding numbers in the list. To determine the relationships, the condition is accepted that the work, on the event of which the event of another work depends, is preceding. Work, the event of which depends on the event of the previous work, is considered a follow-up. Purely formally, between the previous work, which we denote by the index i, and subsequent work, which we denote by the index j, the connection may be absent, or there may be one of 4 varieties: the final-initial connection OH, the initial-initial connection NN, the finite-final connection OO and the initial-final connection NO. As a result of establishing links between two events of the previous and subsequent work, the following inequalities can be established

t Oj≥t Hi± t ij

t Oj≥t Oi± t ij(1)

t Hj≥t Hi± t ij

t Hj≥t Oi± t ij

In particular, the last inequality shows that the beginning of the subsequent work ( t Hj) must be greater than or equal to (≥) the end of the previous work ( t Oi) with the additional allowance for the positive or negative time lag (± t ij) defined for this link. As an example, let's take two sequential work processes: concreting a structure and subsequent stripping. Obviously, the beginning of the stripping process should take place no earlier than the end of the concreting process, but to this it is necessary to add the time required to gain a certain strength of the structure. Thus, based on the analysis of all works combined into a single calendar schedule, its organizational and technological scheme is determined.

After the formation of the organizational and technological scheme, they move on to determining the main quantitative characteristics of the work, which include labor costs - q, duration - t and labor and machine resources - r that define the appropriate duration. The relationship between these characteristics is described by the following equation

q = r t(2)

Each of the quantities included in equation (2) can be defined as a function, argument, or as a given parameter. For example, according to equation (2), the duration of work is most often calculated, that is, it is a function, while labor costs appear as a given parameter depending on the physical volume of work, and the value of labor resources is an independent argument, which ultimately determines the desired duration. Labor costs of work are determined either by production (ENiR, RATU, etc.), or by estimated standards (FER, FER, etc.).

It should be noted that those resources that determine the duration of the work are called leading resources. However, there are also driven resources, for which the duration is determined by the leading resources. For example, the duration of erection of brick walls of a building will be determined by the number of masons, and the duration of a tower crane, as a driven resource, will depend on the duration of the work of the leading resource, that is, masons. Thus, for the slave resource, the duration will be a given parameter, the amount of the slave resource will act as an argument, and the labor costs will be defined as a function.

To account for this kind of circumstances, in project management programs such as Microsoft Project, is used as a hierarchical scheme for representing the work of compound work, and the definition of the structure of the calculation for simple work.

A work production project or PPR is a section of organizational and technological documentation, which includes instructions for the production of individual construction and installation works. The work production plan is also used to plan and control the work performed. PPR is developed on the basis of a POS (construction organization project), which contains drawings and diagrams of buildings (structures) being erected.

The project for the production of work determines the sequence of construction, the volume of construction work, the number of work shifts, as well as the implementation and completion dates for certain types of work. PPR ensures the achievement of planned economic indicators, as well as calculated values for labor productivity and the quality of work performed.

Requirements for the work production project

PPR is necessary when organizing work on the erection (demolition) of buildings or structures, both full and partial. A project for the production of work is required for the preparatory period of construction, as well as for each type of work separately. Requirements for the composition of the PPR sections are set out in SP 48.13330.2011 "Organization of construction".
According to SP 48.13330.2011, projects for the production of work are developed by design organizations that have engineering personnel of the required qualifications. Construction organizations themselves can prepare PPR under the same condition.
According to RD-11-06-2007, PPR for work using lifting mechanisms are developed by certified specialists in the field of industrial safety with relevant work experience.
According to 190-FZ of December 29, 2004, legal entities and individual entrepreneurs can prepare project documentation, provided that they are members of an SRO and have access to this type of work.
According to SP 48.13330.2011, the approval of the project for the production of works is carried out by the chief engineer of the general contractor. Separate sections of the PPR for installation and special work are approved by the chief engineers of the subcontractor organizations. After approval, the PPR must be submitted to the construction site without fail before the start of work.

SNiP 12-03-2001 "Labor safety in construction" (Appendix G) establishes requirements for the development of a project for the production of work to ensure labor safety at the facility. Construction work is not allowed without the specified solutions.

Types of work production projects

Based on the type of planned construction work, for their production, the development of appropriate types of PPR is carried out. Projects for the production of work can describe both a full range of construction works, and their individual types.

Facade work project - regulates the procedure for the repair and reconstruction of building facades.

The project for the production of works for the installation of scaffolds - contains requirements for the installation and dismantling of scaffolding, the order of delivery of structural elements and the quality of installation work.

PPR for the preparatory period of construction - determines the procedure and scope of work that must be performed to create technological conditions for the processes of the main construction period.

PPR for the installation of metal structures - establishes requirements for materials and assemblies of metal structures, as well as safety rules and the procedure for carrying out loading and unloading and installation work.

The project for the production of work on monolithic work is a necessary regulatory document for the construction of monolithic buildings and structures, usually consists of a group of individual PPRs.

The project for the production of works on roofing works - determines the procedure for installing the roof according to the construction plan, must comply with the standards for carrying out work at height.

Composition of a typical work production design

Building master plan.
An explanatory note, which contains solutions for the production of geodetic works, the laying of temporary engineering networks and lighting.
Justification and measures for the use of mobile forms of work organization.
The need and binding of construction camps and mobile buildings.
Measures to ensure the safety of building materials, structures and equipment.
List of environmental protection measures.
Occupational health and safety measures.
Technological maps by type of work.
Schedule of admission to the object of building materials, structures and equipment.
Schedule of movement of workers on the object.
Construction machinery traffic schedule.
Technical and economic indicators.

The composition of the project for the production of works in accordance with the requirements of OATI mountains. Moscow

Site organization diagram for the production of work
General scheme of work
Explanatory note

situational plan, which is carried out on a scale of 1: 2000 with the application of design solutions;
description of the place of work;
the customer's decision to carry out the work;
customer name;
initial design data;
description of the type, volume and duration of the work performed;
description of the technological sequence of work performance;
organizational and technological scheme of work production;
description of security measures;
a description of the characteristics and type of fencing planned for use in the work area;
activities when crossing the carriageway;
description of measures to ensure safety, including road traffic, when performing work;
drawings of technical solutions to ensure the safety and further operation of underground, surface structures and communications during work;
a description of measures to restore the disturbed landscaping;
fire-fighting measures;
environmental protection and disposal of construction waste;
noise protection;

The composition of the project for the production of work in accordance with the internal standards of LLC "PPR EXPERT"

Stroygenplan.
Work organization scheme.
Technological sequence of work production.
Calendar schedule.
The schedule of the need for labor.
Schedule of the need for basic construction machines and mechanisms.
Technological maps.
Explanatory note.

The explanatory note contains:

application area;
a brief description of the construction object;
organization and technology of work;
instructions for the production of work (technological measures and regulations) for each of the types of work performed at the construction site, including in winter;
instructions on the methods of instrumental control over the production of work and the quality of construction;
list of used mechanisms and equipment;
labor protection and safety measures;
fire safety measures;
environmental protection measures;
requirements for safety and labor protection.

Site organization diagram for the production of work is carried out on an engineering-topographic plan on a scale of 1: 500 with the application of design and organizational-technological solutions.
General scheme of work is carried out on a scale of 1: 2000 with drawing a diagram of the work area with reference to the terrain plan.
Building master plan is an updated version of the construction master plan of a construction organization project, reflecting the specific detailed solutions necessary for the implementation of design solutions. It is being developed in accordance with SP 48.13330.2011 "Organization of construction". It indicates the location of temporary fences of a construction site, temporary roads, a household camp, storage areas for materials and products, outdoor lighting points, transport routes, engineering networks, communications, equipment and mechanisms used in construction. The decisions on the construction master plan as part of the construction plan should be linked to the PIC. The construction master plan as part of the PPR is tied to a specific type of work.
Work organization scheme contains a description of the sequence and methods of work.
Calendar plan as part of a work production project, it can be performed using specialized computer programs, usually in the form of a Gantt chart, and includes the timing and sequence of planned work indicating the amount of work, labor costs (man-hours, man-shifts, mash. -shifts), the number of shifts and the number of workers per shift. On the basis of the calendar schedule, a schedule for the need for workers and a schedule for the need for basic construction machines and mechanisms (by day) is developed.
Technological maps as part of the project for the production of works are developed according to MDS 12-29.2006 for certain types of construction and installation work, taking into account the characteristics of this facility and local conditions. The technological map includes a technological sequence and basic principles of labor organization when performing operations that are part of the work under consideration. It is also possible to develop technological maps for the operation of a separate mechanism (crane, hoist, etc.).
Explanatory note contains a description and technological sequence of the production of work, instructions on methods of exercising control over the production and quality of work, measures for labor safety. Also, the note contains a description of fire prevention measures, environmental protection and waste disposal and noise protection.

Depending on the type of work, the composition of the PPR may vary.

Execution of a project for the production of works

The design of work production projects is carried out in accordance with the terms of reference.

The work production project has the following structure:

Cover with the name of the construction project and the name of the contractor.
Title page.
Certificate of passing the certification of PPR developers.
Content of PPR.
Explanatory note.
Drawings designed according to established building codes and regulations.

PPR text and graphic materials are drawn up on sheets of standard A0-A4 formats. GOST 21.1101-2013 sets the position of frames and stamps for each of the formats. For an explanatory note, you must use the requirements from GOST 2.105-95 "General requirements for text documents."

Coordination and approval of the project for the production of works

Coordination of the project for the production of works is carried out:

with the chief architect or head of the construction department in local government bodies;
in case of justified deviation from fire safety standards, approval of the PPR is required in the local Ministry of Emergency Situations;
if the project involves the production of work using tower cranes, then the PPR is coordinated with the company that owns the cranes, or with the organization that installs them at the facility.

PPR for subcontracting works is agreed with the company of the general contractor.

The approval of the project for the production of work is carried out by the chief engineer or technical director of the general contractor's organization.

When reconstructing an existing building or structure on the territory of the enterprise, the project for the production of work must be agreed with the director of the enterprise and the organization - the customer of the work.

PPR for the installation or dismantling of equipment must be agreed in the following instances:

coordination of the equipment transfer schedule with the management of the enterprise;
if the load on the equipment exceeds the rated values, then it is necessary to agree on the technological schemes of installation or dismantling with representatives of the manufacturer;
if building structures are used for installation / dismantling, then it is necessary to agree on technological schemes in the design and installation organizations;
in case of forced deviations from the technical conditions for installation (of the manufacturer's plant), the technological schemes should be coordinated with the management of the enterprise and the equipment manufacturer.

Normative documents and SNIPs

The work production project is the main regulatory document for the construction site where the work is performed. He must take into account all the requirements and norms approved by the legislation of the Russian Federation. Changes in organizational and technological solutions in the course of work are not allowed. If necessary, they are made only after agreement with the organization-developer of the PPR.

The list of the main regulatory documents, according to which projects for the production of work are developed:

State standards SPDS and ESKD.
Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation - No. 190-ФЗ dated December 29, 2004
Federal Law "On Technical Regulation" No. 184-FZ dated December 27, 2002
SP 48.13330.2011 "Organization of construction".
SP 12-136-2002 "Solutions for labor protection and industrial safety in construction organization projects and work production projects".
SNiP 12-03-2001 “Labor safety in construction. Part 1. General requirements ".
RD-11-06-2007 "Methodological recommendations on the procedure for developing projects for the production of work by lifting machines and technological maps of loading and unloading operations."
MDS 81-33.2004 "Guidelines for determining the amount of overhead costs in construction."
MDS 12-29.2006 "Methodological recommendations for the development and execution of a technological map".
MDS 12-46.2008 "Guidelines for the development and execution of a construction organization project, a project for organizing demolition (dismantling) work, a project for the production of work."

In addition to the above regulatory documents, in the development of PPR, other documentation can be used that regulates the performance of specific types of construction work.

Examples of work production projects

This section presents examples of projects for the production of work on already erected construction sites. All documentation has been successfully agreed upon and approved, and all design solutions have already been implemented in real projects.

Project for the production of work on the installation of translucent structures for the Multifunctional Swimming Center. The work was carried out using a KS 55713-1 V truck crane.

The project for the production of works on dismantling the existing structures of the passage, the installation of monolithic structures of the passage and backfilling of the sinuses from the "-10" mark to the "0" mark.

To establish the technological sequence of work within the boundaries of the rational size of the seizures (sites) in order to reduce the construction time and eliminate downtime during the organization of continuous production, an organizational and technological scheme for the construction of the facility is being developed.

Repetitive spans, sections, floors, structural volumes along a certain group of axes, rows and elevations of the building are accepted as captures. The division of the building into captures is carried out taking into account the provision of the necessary stability and spatial rigidity of the supporting structures of the building in the conditions of their independent work within the capture. It is desirable that the boundaries of the seizures coincide with the structural division of the building with expansion and sedimentary joints.

The organizational and technological diagram shows the directions of development of private and specialized flows (Fig. 5.1). The development of flows depends on the space-planning and design solutions of the building, the types of work performed and the machines and mechanisms used.

B a) b) C

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The main schemes for the deployment of streams are: horizontal, vertical, inclined and mixed. The dimensions of the grips are set based on the planning, volumetric and structural solutions of the building and the development directions of the main processes for its construction. During the construction of a building, the flow development pattern may be different for the period of construction of the underground and aboveground parts of the building, depending on their design solutions and the complexity of the construction, and also differ from the period of finishing and special works. The predominant development scheme in multi-storey construction is horizontal-vertical, in single-storey construction it is horizontal.

Section 5.1 provides the accepted organizational and technological scheme for the construction of the facility, reflecting all periods of construction and gives a brief justification, taking into account the structural scheme of the building, its geometric dimensions, technological features of the work, safety and labor protection conditions.

Work methods

In the section, the choice of methods of production of work, justification of the use of mechanisms and machines for the object is made. When choosing erection cranes, it is necessary to substantiate the definition of the type of crane, develop a scheme for determining the mounting characteristics of the crane (the scheme is included in the explanatory note of this section) and provide the technical parameters of the crane. The selection of the nomenclature of tools, inventory and devices for performing all types of construction and installation work and technological processes is given in Table 5.4.

Table 5.4 - Nomenclature of tools, inventory and accessories

to carry out construction and installation work

The selected nomenclature of construction machines and mechanisms is entered into the identification card of works and resources of the network diagram (table 5.5, columns 10.11) and is reflected in the graph of the movement of the main construction machines along the object in the graphic part of the project (Appendix 23). A Builder's Handbook is recommended as a reference.

The same section describes the technological methods of performing work in stages, in the order of the sequence of their implementation during the construction of the facility as a whole. The description indicates the numerical composition of the brigades (units) of worker-executors and the schemes for the movement of specialized flows, adopted in subsection 5.1.

Based on the results of the calculations and the decisions made in the design of the facility construction plan, the second sheet of the course project is formed, including a drawing on a scale that allows you to occupy 30 - 40% of an A1 sheet, the symbols used, the explication of permanent and temporary buildings and graphs of the necessary labor, material and technical resources , as well as technical and economic

sky indicators for the project as a whole and the project for the production of works. As an example, sheets with a construction plan for the construction of a multi-storey residential building using a tower crane on an unrestricted site for the production of work and the placement of construction facilities (Appendix 24) and the construction of a single-storey multi-span industrial building with the organization of the movement of a self-propelled assembly crane inside the building (Appendix 25) are considered.

Network work and resource table

Based on the calculated amount of work, the adopted organizational and technological scheme for the construction of the facility, the accepted methods of production of work, a table of works and resources of the network schedule is compiled.

Such a table is called a identifier card, and is generally a raw data table. The identifier card represents the characteristics of the network model works, summarized in the form of Table 5.5. The network construction model includes all work in stages:

A. Preparatory period.

B. Underground part (zero cycle).

B. Aboveground part.

The performance of these works is necessary for the commissioning of the facility, regardless of the nature of these works and the departmental affiliation of their performers. The granularity of the network model is chosen as a reasonable compromise between the desire to obtain a more accurate and realistic work plan and the undesirability of complicating the model.

In the table of initial data developed as part of the PPR, the nomenclature of works is detailed taking into account the specialization of construction departments, the organizational and technological scheme of building construction and the regulatory framework.

All works of the network schedule with identical wording must be included in the table of initial data. If the wording of the work corresponds to the formulation of the normative sources, the characteristics of the work are determined by direct rationing. For complex works (complexes), rationing is carried out by calculating or using standard calculations and technological maps.

The costs of labor and machine time for the performance of work or their complexes are determined according to the "Collections of territorial unit prices in the Krasnodar Territory (TER 81-02-2001)" or collections of ENiR. The ENiR collections, as well as the estimates for the performance of certain types of work, are used in cases where information is required, in addition to the TEP collections. The recommended range of works, their units of measurement and references to regulatory sources are given in Appendix 1.

Before the development of the table of initial data, the executing organizations, the nature of the work they perform, specialization, the professional and quantitative composition of the teams of workers, the output achieved in the teams, and the equipment with the main machines and mechanisms are specified.

The following features of the calculation are noted when filling out the table of initial data (see Table 5.5):

─ when performing mechanized processes, when the organization and pace of work are determined by the leading machine;

─ when performing non-mechanized processes, when the organization and pace of work are determined by a team of workers.

Each of the listed features of the calculation of the table is considered on the example of the production of work on one section of a one-story industrial building with dimensions in the plan of 72.0 x 66.0 m.

The production process cannot be imagined without the regulation of technical actions and stages. For this, a special document is being developed - a technological scheme. A diagram is a graphical or textual interpretation of the required set of operations, the observance of which leads to a finished product. When compiling it, the number of production lines, the set of equipment used, the stages of manual and mechanized labor are taken into account. Taking into account all factors and strict regulation, allows to achieve high efficiency and quality of production.

Types of technological schemes

Given the huge variety of manufacturing enterprises, manufactured products, the features of various technologies, there are various types of technological schemes. The general classification looks something like this:

Pilot industrial.
This type is a harbinger of industrial schemes. They are developed in cases where it is necessary to establish the production of a fundamentally new type of product. It can be a little simplified and supplemented in the course of the production line. On its basis, technologists collect information for drawing up basic industrial technological schemes.
Bench installations.
They are also called modular, they are small installation trusses on which various types of equipment are mounted. This design greatly simplifies production experiments, since you can easily and quickly re-equip the installation. They are used in small industries, with a small volume and dimensions of products.
Laboratory installations.
They are analogous to the bench and allow you to develop a scheme for the production of completely new products in laboratory conditions, under the supervision of engineers and developers. They are used in cases where the process of transition from laboratory testing to direct production without loss of efficiency and quality. Laboratory conditions allow a wide range of experiments to be carried out, to study all the advantages and disadvantages of technological schemes, as well as to accurately determine the ways of improvement.

There is a classification of technological schemes based on the type of production organization:

Batch schemes.
Industrial production based on them provides for periodic pauses and stops in the production process. Most often they are combined, when a line changeover is required, or they are associated with the production of small volumes of goods, when there is no need to comply with a continuous process. The production process is usually carried out in one or two shifts.
Continuous circuits.
The technological process regulated by them provides for a certain sequence of operations that allow the production of goods without the need for interruption. Almost every plant producing high volume products operates continuously. Some industrial equipment cannot be operated intermittently. For example, if the production involves liquid substances that solidify during breaks, after which the equipment must be cleaned. In such cases, it is very important that the technological scheme takes into account force majeure situations and regulates the ways to solve them without stopping the equipment.
Combined type schemes.
Mixed schemes provide a technological process that combines continuous and intermittent stages. Such models are quite common as they are more versatile. On their basis, it is possible to produce products of various types, as well as in industries that depend on the level of orders and seasonality. When continuous production is necessary at a certain time, and the rest is a limitation of volumes.

The choice of a technological scheme is the most important stage in preparation for the launch of production or the release of a new product. The efficiency of the future production process directly depends on the quality of preparation and calculations during the development of the scheme.

Depending on the amount of accounting information, schemes are divided into two types:

full;
principled.

The complete one includes a graphic representation of the production process, a description of processes, equipment and devices, automatic processes, safety and protection devices, energy supply, supply and storage of raw materials, as well as finished products. It is ideal for learning a complete process and setting up a production process. But it is not suitable for initial acquaintance, as it contains a huge amount of information, which is impossible to quickly study.

The principal variant is much easier to work with, it is excellent for initial acquaintance and contains the following information:

The sequence of production operations - clearly regulates the sequence of actions performed (for example, painting, drying, heating, cooling, chemical processes, and others).
Necessary equipment for production (devices, conveyors, heating vats, refrigeration equipment, mixers, compressors, pumps, filtration equipment, lifts and others).
The norms of the technological regime of production sites (electrical voltage, pressure, temperature, and others).
Methods of exploiting raw materials, blanks and other additional components, obtaining finished products, recycling waste and by-products.

The schematic diagram should be provided to the safety engineer so that he develops an evacuation plan, placement of exits and personal protective equipment.

Fundamental should be based on the following principles:

several production lines of the same type can be described using one example;
also operations of the same type do not need to be described separately;
backup equipment does not need to be added;
waste disposal and recycling processes can be described briefly;
no need to add a description of the test equipment;
object protection devices are not described, since they are developed on the basis of the technological scheme.

The general technological scheme of production allows you to have an idea about the future of the enterprise, the system of fire and labor safety, to determine the shortcomings and ways of optimization.

Compilation principles

The technological scheme should be drawn up in strict sequence and in accordance with the basic principles. It should include methods and methods of production, rules for performing technological processes, working conditions, a clear order and sequence of stages. If the production is complex and voluminous, an individual project can be developed for each separate stage.

Most often, the whole process is a complex structure in the form of a drawing. It consists of blocks representing operations and vectors connecting them.

The vectors in this case indicate the movement of the product. The main design task is that the vectors should be directed in one direction, if there is a translational-return movement of the product between the blocks, this complicates the perception of information. Everything should be clearly understood and structured, reading the diagram, the engineer must understand all the processes, from the beginning of the receipt of raw materials to the storage of the finished product.

Block diagrams are often supplemented with alphanumeric data indicating the type of equipment. Operations can be expressed as triangles, circles, rectangles, and other geometric shapes. This greatly simplifies the reading process, and makes it smaller and more concise.

A typical process flow diagram usually contains a list of the following steps:

The stage of receiving the main raw materials, blanks, finished elements and additional components, location in the warehouse with a description of the loading process.
Primary processing of raw materials or blanks.
The main stage of production, involving the manufacture of key parts, components or assemblies of the finished product.
The stage of assembling and completing the goods, providing for the connection of previously received components and assemblies.
Packaging of the finished product.
Shipment of goods to a warehouse for storage or delivery to customers.

Of course, the development of a basic instrumental and technological scheme can differ significantly depending on the type of product being manufactured. In some cases, it can span several sheets, and in others, more than a hundred pages.

Fortunately, in our time, it is not necessary to draw up diagrams by hand; there is a certain set of computer programs that can simplify and speed up the process of project execution. These programs include CADE, Concept Draw Pro, and Diagram Designer. They have certain templates, based on which you can create your own project. The available functionality simplifies the process of creating diagrams, diagrams and graphs by entering the initial data.

Regardless of the type and method of development, the technological scheme should be at every enterprise, so in the absence of it, it will not be possible to establish an effective production process.

It is very important to constantly improve the primary design based on the information received during the production process.

If the project is being developed for a new enterprise, it should be expanded to include several additional sections regulating the following operations:

Preparation of the premises.
If you plan to build a new building, you should calculate the minimum possible area of the production department and warehouses. If the operation of the finished premises is planned, the production lines should be located compactly, in accordance with the design features of the building, and also not interfere with the free movement of goods and workers. Fire safety must be considered.
Equipment preparation.
The equipment is selected depending on the volume, characteristics of the premises and the volume of capital investments. Preference is given to compact models that allow you to perform the same amount of work as larger counterparts. In this case, all the elements of the line must be fully combined and work as a set. If possible, the installation of automated systems is designed.
Staff training.
The personnel of the enterprise must have the necessary qualifications, if necessary, undergo additional training or instruction in the operation of the equipment. It is important that employees comply with safety and labor discipline rules, and also fully understand and understand the technological scheme of manufacturing their product. It is important to establish a vertical of management, information should be quickly transmitted from executors to management, and in the opposite direction - orders and decrees.

If the technological scheme is developed in compliance with the necessary requirements, the production facility responds to it, and the employees clearly understand their responsibilities, the efficiency of the production of goods will be at a high level.