On the design of highways. Handbook Reference road builder encyclopedia

When designing highways, the following sections are developed project documentation.

Road design. Section 1. General explanatory note.

1. General information.

2. Characteristics of the existing road (photographic materials), data of the road passport.

3. Natural - climatic factors.

4. Prospective traffic intensity and composition in accordance with the approved investment feasibility study (if the investment feasibility study was carried out).

5. Justification of design solutions:

5.2. Scheme of route options (with option design).

5.3. Preparation of the construction site. The need to dismantle existing artificial structures, demolition or relocation of buildings, structures and plantings. Measures to rebuild or protect communications.

5.4 Ground bed. Types of subgrade. Subgrade soils. Strengthening the subgrade.

5.5 Travel clothing. Pavement design options.

5.6. Drainage from the carriageway, roadbed and adjacent territory. Justification. Consolidated list of artificial structures.

5.7. Artificial structures. Justification.

5.7.1. Engineering - geological and hydrogeological conditions.

5.7.2. Technical design conditions. Dimensions and design loads on structures. Dimensions of bridges and overpasses.

5.7.3. Variant studies and substantiation of design solutions.

5.7.5 Inspection Devices.

5.7.6. Drainage structures, staircases, reinforcement works. Selection and justification of the type of barrier fencing.

5.8 Accepted Construction Methods

5.9. Special engineering structures.

5.10 Intersections and adjacencies.

5.11. Furnishing, arrangement, traffic safety.

5.12. Environmental protection measures.

5.13. New technologies, designs, materials.

5.14. Organization of construction. The main provisions for the organization of construction. Organization of traffic during the production of work. Occupational health and safety solutions.

5.15. The cost of construction of the facility.

5.16. Organization of work on the maintenance and operation of the road.

5.18. Main technical and economic indicators. Comparison table of the main techniques - economic indicators object, specific indicators, main volumes of work and cost per unit of road length, per unit area of ​​an artificial structure.

Road design. Section 2... Approvals documents.

1. List of technical conditions and documents of approvals.

2. Copies of technical specifications and approval documents.

Road design. Section 3... Land acquisition.

1.Explanatory note... Justification of the width of the right-of-way, roadside.

2.Acts of choice land plots with the attachment of the project of their boundaries, the catalog of coordinates of the turning points of the right of way and the heights of the leveling points, as well as the decision on the preliminary approval of the location of the object.

3. Information of the areas of land subject to allotment for perpetual and fixed-term use with distribution by land users and lands.

4.Leading of facilities under construction and rebuilding subject to transfer to the balance sheet of third-party asset holders.

5.Leading property of facilities under construction and rebuilding related to the property of federal roads.

6. Calculation of losses incurred due to loss of land from the fund.

7.Evaluation report market value land plots and objects real estate, subject to redemption for the construction (reconstruction) of the highway.

8. Agreements with owners of land plots and real estate.

Road design. Section 4.

Separation of ownership and construction (reconstruction) costs by asset holders.

Road design. Section 5. Environmental protection.

1.Explanatory note (if necessary).

2. Justification of environmental protection measures.

3. Leadership of the construction of the projected structures.

4. Land reclamation.

5. Scope of work.

6. List of drawings. Drawings of environmental structures (if any).

7. Engineering and technical measures for civil defense and emergency prevention (if there are special requirements).

Road design. Section 6. Road construction solutions.

6.1. Preparatory work:

Consolidated plan of reorganization of communications;

Equipment specification (if necessary);

Statement of intersections and encounters with engineering communications, demolition, relocation of buildings and structures, reorganization of communications, logging, uprooting, etc .;

Volume of work;

List of drawings. Drawings (if necessary).

6.2. Road plan, subgrade and pavement:

Explanatory note (if necessary);

General plan of the road in M ​​1: 1000 (if necessary) - 1: 2000. drainage structures;

Longitudinal profile;

Subgrade and drainage system, transverse profiles of typical roadbed structures, taking into account local conditions, per-picket transverse profiles, per-kilometer sheets of excavation work, reinforcement works with distribution to start-up complexes;

Road clothes, bill of projected pavement, bill of shoulder strengthening, transverse profiles of road pavement structures with shoulder and dividing strip reinforcements, bill of drainage structures from the road surface, bill of works with a subdivision for start-up complexes;

Small artificial structures, statements and volumes of work with distribution by start-up complexes, structures of artificial structures, drawings.

6.3. Transport interchanges:

Explanatory note (if necessary);

Scheme of traffic intensity and composition, types of intersections, options for traffic interchanges;

Accepted option, construction sequence, list of intersections and abutments;

Bills of volume of work with distribution by facilities and start-up complexes;

List of drawings, plan drawings with a table of work volumes, transverse and longitudinal profiles, subgrade structures, pavements.

6.4. Road conditions, organization and traffic safety:

Explanatory note (if necessary);

Layout of road signs, fences and markings;

Sheets of bus stops and recreation areas;

Technological communication device statement;

Road lighting device statement;

Graphs for assessing the projected road by speed, throughput;

List of drawings, drawings.

6.5. Entrances:

Explanatory note (if necessary);

Plans, transverse and longitudinal profiles of the entrance route, construction of the subgrade and pavement, other drawings (if necessary);

List of artificial structures;

List of works for start-up complexes;

List of drawings.

6.6. Buildings and structures of the road service:

Explanatory note (if necessary);

Layout of complexes of the existing road maintenance service (DPP), proposals for development;

Master plans of the designed DPP complexes with plans for external networks;

Layout of points of weight control, traffic accounting, meteorological observations and other drawings;

List of works;

List of drawings, drawings.

Road design. Section 7. Construction solutions for artificial structures:

Explanatory note (if necessary);

List of works;

Drawings and calculation results, incl .:

Bridge crossing plan at M 1: 500;

General view of the bridge, general and local erosion, regulation structures, fortifications;

General types of supports with dimensions, indication of loads on the soil or on the pile foundation, bearing capacity of soils, reinforcement, data on materials, type of support parts;

General view of spans with dimensions, cross-section, with data on materials, reinforcement, in case individual project- calculation results;

Drainage from an artificial structure, drainage along the embankment slopes.

Road design. Section 8... Organization of construction:

Launch complexes, sequence and timing of commissioning of launch complexes;

Building general plan roads;

Schedules for the construction of a highway, bridges and overpasses;

Statement of the need for basic resources, building structures, products, materials, equipment;

Statement of the source of obtaining basic building materials;

Technical conditions for temporary connection to water and power supply sources, work schedule and priority of construction;

Master plans of sites for building materials, waste disposal sites;

Engineering communications, power supply of construction;

List of drawings, drawings;

Traffic organization scheme during construction;

A summary of the scope of work.

Road design. Section 9... Consolidated estimate calculation (the price level is determined by the assignment):

Explanatory note;

Summary of costs taking into account other balance holders;

Summary estimate calculations on start-up complexes;

Consolidated estimate for full development;

Unit prices by type of work in current level prices developed in accordance with approved technical specifications;

Substantiating materials.

Road design. Section 10.

Local and object estimate calculations, incl. resource (separately for each launch complex, if any).

Road design. Section 11... Organization of road maintenance works.

Road design. Section 12... Introduction of new technologies, techniques, structures and materials.

Road design. Section 13... Tender documentation:

Explanatory note;

Competitive bidding documents;

Project documentation, drawings;

Technical specifications;

List of volumes of work by objects.

Designing a highway is one of the most priority tasks of the modern world, because the erected paths are arteries along which cars, trucks and public transport move. The modern transport system is a complex organism, all elements of which are interconnected and directly dependent on each other. Road design for this moment is largely determined by the existing links between settlements, recreation areas, industrial enterprises and other community centers.

The life of the modern world cannot be imagined without an organized and well-functioning mechanism that could ensure the normal transportation of goods or the population. Competent design of a highway today is also especially important for the reason that at the moment the tracks are absolutely not adapted to the constantly growing traffic flows and high speeds.

Why is this needed?

Carrying out this procedure should ensure safe, convenient, organized and maximally comfortable movement of vehicles in accordance with the design speeds. Also, competent design of the road allows achieving uniform traffic conditions, full compliance with the principles of visual orientation of drivers, convenient and extremely safe location of various intersections and junctions. This is why it is so important.

Many owners of private territories think about why they need to survey and design highways, because it is enough just to fill the route and lay asphalt on it. But if a person has never encountered such a thing, it is better to start at least superficially familiarize yourself with complete list work that you will have to face, as well as see the cost of their implementation and the possible consequences.

Before you start laying paths common use, adjoining or any city street, first you need to obtain permission to carry out such work, and this requires the survey and design of highways. The unauthorized conduct of all work will ultimately result in the fact that representatives of the traffic police will be called, who will first write out an appropriate order, and if in the near future all comments are not completely eliminated, the junction or the road will be completely eliminated, and a ban on the operation of the facility will be imposed ... In this regard, everything will have to be restored to its original state, which will turn out to be a useless waste of a huge amount of funds, not to mention the fact that if the path led to some industrial site, gas station, cafe or cottage village, their functioning will also be terminated.

What else can this threaten?

Not everyone understands that, in accordance with SNiP, the design of highways is not just the laying of rubble, asphalt and the installation of road signs. In the process of carrying out this procedure, all designed and existing communications that are located in the construction zone should be taken into account, because it will be extremely unpleasant if the workers accidentally break the gas pipeline, water supply or fiber optic cable during the installation. Ultimately, the customer will deal with the restoration and compensation of losses to the owners of communications, and the cost of these works is very high.

That is why the norms specified in SNiP must be fully observed. The design of highways should be trusted only by professional specialists, since there are many points that even professional builders may not take into account. Qualified engineers provide for any measures that may be needed for the long-term and safe operation of the road, calculate the structure and bearing capacity of the base for all kinds of loads, and also provide drainage systems in order to prevent the possibility of erosion of the subgrade, and take into account many other nuances.

Kinds

To begin with, it is worth deciding what types of roads exist in principle:

• Motorway - a transport road along which cars move along a continuous route and access to which is provided every five kilometers.
• Expressway - differs from the first type in that it has a simplified access level equal to three kilometers.
• Normal use - all other types of highways that do not fall under the definition of the previous two.

Depending on the type of path chosen, the planning features also change significantly. The design process takes into account various features relief, type of roadbed, meteorological conditions, adjacent roads, approximate service life, traffic intensity, as well as strength characteristics.

Planning

The first thing to do in the planning process is to clearly define the route. In no case should the highway be laid through agricultural areas, urban centers, as well as unique natural landscapes and all kinds of industrial complexes. In the vast majority of cases, during planning, engineers first conduct a preliminary survey of the area along which the path will be laid, and also mark all possible routes on the map. After that, a detailed analysis is carried out with the identification of all the advantages and disadvantages of each of the options presented.

Then a specific route is selected and its detailed analysis is carried out before the design of highways is carried out through the TCH. Further, the creation of design drawings is carried out, but at the same time the owners of lands and various organizations, through the territory of which road routes will be laid, have the right to express their suggestions and comments. Basically, in the planning process, an independent design expertise, according to the results of which various adjustments are already being made.

At the final stage, after the project has been approved, a large number of working drawings are created. In addition to the direct route, the drawings also indicate in great detail intersections, exits and entrances from the road, as well as passages, crossings, bridges and other structures. also in mandatory it is determined what specific special equipment will be used in the process of laying the roadbed and clothing.

Stages

Thus, planning can be divided into several main stages:

1. Development and approval of the route.
2. Drawing up a number of proposals related to the arrangement of the highway and subsequent restoration measures.
3. Coordination of the project and obtaining support from all interested departments.
4. Careful development of documentation, which should also include planning of green spaces.

One of the most pressing problems in road construction is landscape planning, where the main goal is to include the route to be laid. In this case, it is imperative to pay attention to the following points:

• selection of the type of roadbed;
• preservation of all green spaces that exist at the moment;
• creation of new landings;
• arrangement of slopes;
• development of a full range of restoration works.

Do not forget that such construction should include long, large-scale and painstaking research, especially if you are building highways through the TCH. Design standards include many different nuances that must be taken into account at each stage of such work. On the positive side, it is possible to refer to the fact that at the moment the current principles of laying paths with arcuate junctions of the roadway and soft turns are perfectly combined with any features of the landscape.

Where do you start?

If you are faced with the construction of highways, city streets or any junctions, this work should be done in several steps:

1. Design of road bed of highways.
2. Collection of background information.
3. Final design and production of all required documentation.
4. Coordination of the project with the customer and the relevant authorities.

Exercise

At this stage, it is extremely important to determine the staging, as well as the types of work performed. The point is that, depending on the list you specified (major repairs, new construction, reconstruction, etc.), the volume of work performed will directly change, as well as a complete list of organizations with which all kinds of documents will need to be coordinated. For example, if you specify reconstruction instead of major repairs in the road design assignment, then in this case you will have to undergo a thorough state examination and bring various geometric parameters, and carrying out these works will require a large number time and money.

The assignment must also indicate the exact number of copies and the type of documentation issued, the general design time, a certain category of the path to be laid and many other nuances. Do not forget that, in accordance with the assignment, preparation, design, construction of highways will be carried out, and any things that go beyond its scope will have to be discussed separately.

Background information

This list of data includes all kinds of engineering surveys, technical conditions from the owners of each of the communications located in the work area, as well as various letters received from the approving agencies. The amount of initial information directly depends on the characteristics of a particular object. For small construction of passages, junctions or parking lots, city tablets are quite enough, while the standards for the design of highways also provide for the presence of geological and geodetic surveys.

Design

This stage is the most time consuming and costly. After the technical conditions were obtained, the total volume of work increases significantly, and asphalt and crushed stone turn into far from the most costly expenses.

Often one has to deal with such situations when the administration delicately “asks” to carry out additional landscaping, to ensure the design of sidewalks, parking lots and bike paths, as well as to carry out landscaping. If it comes on the arrangement of adjoining public roads, for example, the SOGU and the traffic police will require the mandatory design of intersections of highways, junctions with transitional speed lanes, arrangement of lighting, various traffic light objects and, if there is such a need,

Lighting of the path must be installed on the territory of settlements, and its main purpose is to ensure normal visibility of the road and sidewalks. Wastewater disposal can be performed by two different ways- storm sewers or separate drainage ditches. It is extremely important in the process of designing drainage to take into account and provide for regulatory slopes, as well as various points of intake and release. In the process of diverting water to adjacent territories, it is often also necessary to equip local treatment facilities.

If you get into the construction zone, then in this case the owners will in any case require their protection or reorganization in accordance with regulatory documents... Thus, recommendations for the design of highways are no longer limited only to the road bed, which requires the involvement of engineers in many other specialties, which, accordingly, significantly increases the total cost of construction.

How is it done?

Starting the design, they initially carry out various strength calculations, and only then, on their basis, the calculation of the longitudinal and transverse profiles is carried out. In the design process, the technical and financial aspects of the project are also calculated, after which a detailed design and estimate documentation with an indication of the assessment of all costs required for the construction of the track.

Engineering and environmental solutions are selected, with the help of which the road will be able to harmoniously fit into the natural landscape. By analyzing the environmental situation during the development of project documentation, it will be possible to carry out further construction with minimal damage to the environment.

Road design is carried out on the basis of a number of engineering surveys, as well as analysis of soil parameters, taking into account the peculiarities of the local relief. In the process of road design, professionals use modern software packages as well as specialized engineering equipment.

In modern realities, it is simply impossible to imagine the professional development of project documentation without automated systems... Mathematical modeling and computer optimization at each of them can significantly increase the overall quality of the work performed, as well as reduce the cost, timing and total amount of materials required for construction. Over time, design methods have completely departed from the traditional design principles that were used literally 20 years ago.

Agreement

The list of bodies involved in the approval of project documentation should be reflected in the assignment, in accordance with which the rules for the design of highways are established. If there are any comments or questions, the designers can always contact a specialist directly and eliminate the comments or make various adjustments. In most cases, the conduct of an independent or state examination is noted separately.

After all positive approvals have been received, the design of the road section can be considered complete. Then you can already get a permit for construction work.

V modern world highways are real arteries connecting all major cities and small settlements into a single network. The importance of highways for the development of industry, trade and Agriculture difficult to overestimate.

Often, it is only thanks to the improvement of transport links that it is possible to increase the turnover. On the roads on their own passenger cars people are in a hurry, and truck drivers are carrying millions of tons of all kinds of cargo. The road loads are enormous.

Therefore, road design is a very difficult task that only true professionals can handle.

In general, road design is a complex set of survey work, which includes not only design and construction calculations, but also computational and economic ones.

Initially, comprehensive surveys of the target area are carried out. Thus, the survey and design of highways are inextricably linked, because the area must have the appropriate man-made, climatic and geological conditions.

The development of the project and the complex of construction work itself are determined and regulated by regulatory documents. At the same time, the norms for the design of highways imply, in addition to creating a road, a complex of additional structures, the development of a communications plan, afforestation, etc.

Also, experts must determine technical specifications, calculate the optimal amount of building materials, attract the appropriate number of special equipment and workers, establish the stages and terms of construction, calculate the payback period of all funds spent during construction.

It is necessary to complete all work not only in as soon as possible, but also as correct as possible - the admission of a few slightest mistakes is quite enough for the construction deadline to be disrupted, and the roads themselves out of order in a matter of months.

Where does the design of the roadbed of highways begin?

The complex of construction works provides for the digging of a road trough, the construction of the roadbed itself, as well as the installation of curbs and paving stones, but the most important thing when choosing a surface is the functional purpose of the road, and as a result, the density of traffic and the approximate speed of movement.

Design of public roads

Highways, both urban and suburban, are constantly under the influence of constant and temporary mechanical stress, as well as many climatic factors. This is especially noticeable in our country, where the number of freeze-thaw cycles per year can reach tens.

Also, snow drifts, precipitation, groundwater and a number of other factors. This is the main reason why road design is so hard work, which can only be trusted by experienced and sufficiently qualified engineers.

To develop a project, the implementation of which will make it possible to solve transport issue in a particular region, a specialist must have a certain amount of information. Only in this case can we guarantee required level safety and ease of operation of the route for passenger and freight traffic.

How the track is designed

When designing a road, an engineer always takes into account that it not only connects federal and administrative points with each other, but also must meet safety standards for drivers, passengers and pedestrians. To do this, you need to take into account certain standards for the design of highways that provide the desired level of convenience and safety.

If during the design, errors were made in the calculations of the future use of roads, this leads to problems. If they are not eliminated through high-quality repairs as soon as possible, the road will be quickly destroyed.

Therefore, when designing a road, it is necessary to calculate not only the current loads, but also a long-term plan for twenty years. If the plan is created without taking into account the perspective, it is considered to be of poor quality.

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Particular importance should be given to the technical classification of the track. This determines the type of roadbed, the number of lanes and a number of other parameters characteristic of each road. Therefore, it is especially important to determine the status of the road. It is also very important here to calculate the loads from the traffic flow, which will certainly increase over the years.

After completing the calculations, the result is drawn up in the form of a working draft. It must include technical and estimate documentation, as well as detailed drawings containing data on the curbs, sidewalks, signs, road markings and other important elements of the road used.

The working draft is also completed with an explanatory note. It explains in detail each solution that will be used during construction.

They also contain recommendations for laying communications, engineering networks, local estimates and much more. Necessarily contains all the necessary data on landscape design and the creation of conditions to ensure the safety of the environment.

The work doesn't end there. The working draft is checked by several specialists who not only check whether the project complies with GOSTs and SNIPs, but also subject it to several examinations. At the same time, experts from the state inspection, as well as the inspection of the region, where the new highway will be built, may be present, for which calculations are underway.

SNiPs and standards for the design of highways

It should be understood that the basics of road design provide for the competent and most rational and careful use of available natural resources minimizing harm environment and besides the application modern techniques reducing the total cost of construction, as well as maintenance of such roads and energy consumption.

In particular, SNiP, which regulates the design of highways and their construction, has the number 2.05.02-85. The corresponding manual for this SNiP contains methodological recommendations for the development of the project and construction works... In addition, this road design guide also contains basic rules and regulations along with the technical classification of roads.

Any manuals are developed in addition to SNiPs. These manuals contain guidelines and standards for road design for various conditions.

It is worth considering this important point: the design of the subgrade must take into account special conditions, for example, weak ground, because the characteristics of the road must correspond to the prevailing conditions, otherwise it is not even necessary to talk about an acceptable service life of the track.

Informative video about road design in AutoCAD.

Until recently, the norms and foundations of road design in Russia were based on outdated SNiPs, which no longer corresponded to the real picture of road congestion and traffic flow. Since about 2006, there has been a steady trend towards improving the road classification system. Since that time, they began to introduce new GOSTs and design manuals.

What you need to pay attention to when preparing for laying a road

When performing all works on the survey and design of roads, experts pay special attention to soil conditions and climate features in this region, first of all - the amount of precipitation in the cold season.

Soil studies make it possible not only to clarify the bearing capacity of the soil (and, accordingly, to resolve the issue of the need to compact the existing soil), but also to find out how deep the groundwater is at different times of the year.

If the water level is deep enough, it is not able to significantly affect the road. At a shallow depth of occurrence, there may be a "play" of the soil, in which its surface changes sharply depending on the season.

In this case, the construction of highways is carried out using additional materials that ensure the strength and reliability of the foundation. Working at the site of future construction, the engineer assesses the landscape and selects the best places for the construction of bridges, as well as the laying of underground communications.

The hydrological data, together with the climatic features of the area, allow him to choose the thickness of the pavement, which, on the one hand, will reduce costs, and on the other hand, guarantee the reliability and durability of the highway, even with heavy traffic of heavy trucks.