State policy in the field of employment. Features of state policy in the sphere of regulation of employment of the population

Consideration of the concept of employment in domestic and foreign literature. Studying the features of state policy for managing population employment at the municipal level. Description of the situation on the labor market of the Moscow region.

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Introduction

1.1 The essence of the concept of employment in domestic and foreign literature

2. Analysis of state and municipal policies in the field of regulation of employment

2.1 Analysis of the situation on the labor market of the Moscow region

2.2 Analysis of the implementation of employment programs in the Moscow region (using the example of Naro-Fominsk)

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The relevance of the chosen topic is that modern stage It is necessary to carry out targeted policies and the results of the reforms must be people-oriented through an adequate employment policy. This statement applies to both the federal and regional levels. Public policy employment must be based on a market economy with a social orientation.

The fundamental basis for creating long-term unique advantages is human resources, i.e. people, their work morale and desire to achieve their goals, their knowledge and value system, creative and innovative abilities. It is these factors that make it possible to ensure economic growth, prosperity and security of the country. The determining role is played by the sphere of labor, employment conditions, and profound transformations in the entire system of labor relations, without which it is impossible to make a real turn towards the person as the main goal of the functioning of a socially oriented economy.

For modern economy Russia is characterized by several features that must be taken into account when analyzing the existing Russian system employment of the population.

Firstly, this extreme limitation own financial resources enterprises, which sharply narrows the range of opportunities to attract the working population in general and personnel in particular.

Secondly, with the complication of production technologies, in accordance with the development of scientific and technological progress, the mentality of the worker becomes more complex, his spiritual and material needs have an increasing influence on final result labor. Stability does not add to the general state of the Russian economy, nor its ability to create new jobs and provide employment to a significant number of economically active population.

The works of S.N. are devoted to the analysis of practical problems of employment. Trunina, I.V. Gelety, N.R. Molochnikova, SV. Shekshnya, M.V. Gracheva. A.A. Nikiforov, E. Balatsky. Research on socio-psychological foundations modern market labor and employment were carried out by V.A. Spivak, V.P. Pugachev, SB. Kaverin, EL, Ilyin, etc. On certain aspects of the research topic, such as issues of organizing employment, training and advanced training of personnel in employment centers, the works of M. Gorshkov, K. Volkov, V. Shkatulla, I. Eliseeva, V. T. Bylova and others.

The problem of employment is the problem of involving people in work and the degree to which their labor needs are satisfied with jobs. Achieve a position where everything is occupied working population impossible. After all, some enter the workforce, others leave it, others are fired or quit, others are looking for work, i.e. normal movement occurs work force, part of which remains unemployed for some period of time.

The most important indicators in the labor market are indicators of the level of economic activity of the population, its employment and unemployment. An increase in these indicators leads to an undoubted improvement in the labor market and its well-being.

The economic basis of labor relations in our country has undergone a major transformation over the past decade and a half. Labor relations themselves have changed. In particular, the role of forms of employment that were either prohibited or were in their infancy increased.

Purpose of the work: to theoretically study state policy in the field of employment and analyze effective practical recommendations for its improvement using the example of the Moscow region.

This topic is very relevant in our time, since employment is an important sector of the socio-economic development of society, combining the economic and social results of the functioning of the entire economic system. In addition, employment is a kind of indicator by which one should judge national well-being, the effectiveness of the chosen course of reforms, and their attractiveness to the population.

The economic policy of the state to promote employment of the population at present should ensure the coordinated functioning of the labor and capital markets, regulation of the processes of formation and movement of investments across the territory of Russia, the use of corporate and private capital, taking into account the provision of employment at a level sufficient to maintain population reproduction within the limits guaranteed the constitution and laws of the Russian Federation.

Object of study: the sphere of employment.

Subject of research: government regulation and municipal government in the field of employment (using the example of the Moscow region).

Achieving this goal involves solving the following tasks:

1. Consider state policy in the field of employment.

2. Study the situation on the labor market in the Moscow region

4. Analyze the implementation of employment programs in the Moscow region

5. Develop practical recommendations to improve employment policy in the Moscow region.

Methodology and research techniques. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the works of domestic and foreign authors devoted to the problem of the labor market and employment of the population, analysis of forms and methods of regulating employment of the population at the municipal level.

The theoretical part examines the concepts of employment in domestic and foreign literature. The features of state and municipal policies in the field of regulation of employment and management of population employment at the municipal level have been studied.

In the analytical part, an analysis of the situation in the labor market of the Moscow region was carried out, and the implementation of programs in the field of employment in the Moscow region was also studied.

1. Theoretical study of state regulation of employment

1.1 The essence of the concept of employment in domestic and foreign literature

Domestic economists have made a significant contribution to the development of the theory of employment. So, B.D. Breev gives the following definition of employment: “Employment of the population is a complex socio-economic phenomenon that is the most important integral part social production. From the point of view of the economic category, employment today is practically considered as a social relationship not only providing the population with jobs (i.e. from the standpoint of production and accumulation), but also providing a person with the necessary means of subsistence (i.e. in connection with the formation and use of the fund consumption)".

E.R. Sarukhanov gives a slightly different definition of the category of employment, which believes that “... socio-economic relations that people enter into with each other regarding participation in socially useful work in a particular workplace,” i.e. "this is the practical activity of people in production material goods, social relations between them regarding the inclusion of a worker in a specific labor cooperation at a specific workplace.”

S.V. Andreev considers employment “as a condition for inclusion in the production process.” At the same time, the essence of employment is determined from several positions:

From the standpoint of production, where labor is its condition, since in order to organize the production process it is necessary to connect the worker with the means of production;

From the standpoint of consumption, providing for realized labor security, according to which the services provided by the employee are financially rewarded;

From the point of view of the division of labor, i.e. assigning an employee to a particular area of activity.

Based on a generalization of the above and other definitions of the content of employment found in the economic literature, in our opinion, we can formulate a position according to which employment, as a general economic category, expresses the totality economic relations regarding the provision of jobs and the direct inclusion of the employee in the labor process.

The desire for the most complete and at the same time effective employment of the entire economically active population of the country is the goal of development in any economic system. However, if this goal is achieved, it will only be for a certain period. As a rule, there is always a gap between actual and effective employment, the magnitude of which and its impact on production indicate the effectiveness of the management system itself.

Experience shows that relatively full and efficient employment can be achieved at a fairly high and sustainable rate economic growth. The rate of economic growth is associated with investment, the creation of new jobs and employment growth, which ultimately determines the growth of income and consumption of the population and has an inverse positive impact on investment, employment and economic growth.

The traditional (classical) explanation of unemployment today can be called simple: it comes from the usual reciprocity between the price of labor and the demand for labor. A decrease in wages stimulates the demand for labor and, therefore, employment; An increase in wages increases the supply of labor but retards the growth in demand.

Arthur Pigou, author of The Theory of Unemployment, interpreted spontaneous regulation of employment this way. During a depression, employment, wages, and prices decline, but at the same time, real wages, expressed in the basket of goods that can be bought, fall more slowly than prices, or even remain at the same level. In the context of modern widespread price increases, this reasoning sounds archaic, but we can bring the analysis closer to today if we remember that prices rise unevenly and sometimes actually nominal salary may rise somewhat more noticeably than the rise in commodity prices. But if real incomes do not decline or even increase slightly, this means that consumer demand, despite the depression, remains intact. If there is a demand for consumer goods, then there is also a demand for means of production. So, we get a situation that predetermines the transition to recovery and employment growth. In other words, the starting point, according to A. Pigou’s theory, is the fact of the relative growth of real wages compared to investments. If wages increase beyond the limits of the “net product of labor,” i.e. compensates for part of the remuneration for capital, this causes a reduction in production and demand for labor. At the same time, in his “Theory of Unemployment” A. Pigou makes employment dependent on two main parameters: on real rates wages and on the form of the real labor demand function.

At the same time, global economic practice shows that ensuring full employment and simultaneous increase economic efficiency social production in modern conditions difficult to achieve, most likely impossible. This is explained by the fact that the main factor of economic growth and production efficiency - the scientific and technological revolution - is also the main factor in the emergence of unemployment.

Cost-effective implementation of scientific and technological advances is impossible without the absolute release of labor. At the same time, the reduction in employment occurs not only with the technical and technological renewal of existing jobs, but also with capital construction. The latter is carried out in the conditions of scientific and technological revolution on a more advanced technical basis, ensuring a reduction in employment and a specific reduction in the cost of production.

Any change in the socio-economic development of modern society leads to a change not only in views on unemployment itself and its causes, but also in reforms of labor market institutions. To solve unemployment, it is necessary to determine the type of unemployment and its actual size.

According to the calculation methods accepted in statistics, a person who has a job is considered employed, and someone who does not have one is considered unemployed, and the amount of unemployment is defined as the difference between the number of members of the labor force and the number of currently employed people.

In the new conditions, freely chosen employment, as a guideline for the social market economy, should become fundamental principle formation of a state policy to ensure full productive employment, which implies the need to transition to new model employment systems. It is based on a combination market principles regulation and active participation of the state in regulating the rules of functioning of the labor market and entrepreneurial activity, social protection of the population from the threat of unemployment, development of policies and implementation of measures to promote employment, strengthening the adaptation of the population to the conditions of the functioning of a market economy.

The source of unemployment can be a variety of circumstances (change of place of residence, entry into working age, etc.). However, according to Western economists, main reason changes in the dynamics of unemployment lies in the cyclical development of the economy.

Taking into account the purpose of the study, it is advisable to focus on those types of unemployment that go beyond traditional forms and show the nature of development and changes that previously known forms of unemployment have undergone.

Technological unemployment, which is caused by the transition to new generations of equipment, technology, mechanization and automation of manual labor. Under these conditions, some workers turn out to be redundant or labor of a different skill level is required.

Frictional unemployment, which arises as a result of normal processes of labor turnover and job searches, as well as as a result of seasonal fluctuations in employment. Frictional unemployment exists even at full employment. Due to professional moves and search for a better job frictional unemployment often seen as voluntary.

Structural unemployment, which occurs when there is a mismatch between demand and supply for labor, and the relationship between these indicators for various types labor and in different sectors of the economy and regions varies. This form of unemployment is associated with the closure of outdated enterprises and industries, a reduction in the output of a number of industries (for example, due to the transition to a resource-saving type of reproduction, reorientation to the production of high-tech products). Structural unemployment occurs when enterprises in some industries go bankrupt, and the workers employed in them cannot find employment in other, successfully developing industries.

Cyclical unemployment generated by a general low demand for labor in all industries, areas, regions. It is cyclical unemployment that indicates a general deterioration in the labor market. Within the framework of the described forms of unemployment, there are various modifications:

Conversion unemployment is similar to structural unemployment and is caused by a reduction in the number of people in the army and those employed in the military-industrial complex. At times this unemployment can be acute, affecting the lives of millions of people;

Economic unemployment is relatively stable in nature, due to fluctuations in market conditions, the ruin of some producers during competition;

Youth unemployment is characterized by a disproportionately high proportion of young people (16-24 years old) among the unemployed; it has the character of predominantly functional unemployment;

Hidden unemployment is most common in agriculture(a classic form of agricultural overpopulation), but can also be observed in other areas - where there are more workers than are required to produce the final product;

Long-term unemployment covers people who do not want, and over time, cannot work.

World economic practice has made it possible to identify certain patterns in the development of the labor market and the movement of the labor force, indicating the availability of opportunities for absorbing the relative surplus of the active population.

In the new conditions prevailing market relations There is an urgent need to create employment that would be aimed at creating market relations in the labor sphere. In accordance with the laws of the market, these relations must be based on a number of fundamental principles, the main of which is the personal and economic freedom of the worker, who can choose between employment and non-employment in social production, this or that profession and type of activity, taking into account his own capabilities , and social needs, which means the voluntariness of labor, the abolition of its forced and obligatory nature.

The new concept modifies and expands the content of the “full employment” target, linking it exclusively with effective employment. This connection is based on an orientation towards human needs and interests, a departure from a purely production approach to labor resources.

Problems of employment of the population do not coincide with problems of unemployment, since it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of employment of various socio-demographic groups of the population, the motivation of workers, changes in the structure of labor resources and other factors. From the point of view of Velichko N.I. the goal of ensuring full and productive employment is to achieve an increase in labor efficiency, forming an employment structure in accordance with the needs of improving industry and regional structure production, taking into account socio-demographic factors.

Thus, within the framework of this concept, full employment can be achieved at any level if the population’s demand for jobs is satisfied, subject to the economic feasibility of creating and using jobs. In this case, suitable work is considered to be work that corresponds to the professional suitability of the employee, taking into account his professional training, work experience, state of health, and transport accessibility jobs, profitability. It should be noted that during the transition period in Russia, the problem of informal employment, caused by the presence of tax-free labor activity, became acute. Along with hidden unemployment informal employment can easily go into open unemployment; In addition, it causes a deterioration in labor morale, deskilling of the workforce, and expansion of the “shadow” economy.

In a market economy, the point of view on effective employment changes significantly. The ideology of universal employment of the entire working population, supported by a person’s obligation to participate in social production, is being replaced by the concept of ensuring the desired employment and free choice of the form and type of employment. In market conditions, according to B. Lisovik, “Full and effective employment of the population means providing all able-bodied citizens with the opportunity to work in their chosen field of activity according to vocation, abilities, education, professional training, taking into account social needs. Thus, full employment should not be compulsory and can be achieved with varying degrees of work coverage of the working population."

From all of the above it follows that in market conditions the state must create conditions that guarantee every person the opportunity to work, and a person has the right to choose the place and type of work activity and decide on participation in it. There is no doubt that it is much more difficult for a market economy to fulfill the first condition compared to the second. In Russia, thanks to the adoption of new fundamentals of employment legislation, a legal framework has emerged for changing the established principles and functioning of the employment system.

Positive changes require a radical turn in economic thinking and social imperatives. The new employment legislation stipulates that every citizen of the country has the right to voluntarily choose any type of socially useful activity that does not contradict the law, and to freely choose the place and type of work. The democratic principle of voluntary labor is proclaimed, according to which the employment of citizens is based solely on their free will and administrative coercion of people to work is prohibited.

1.2 Features of state policy in the field of regulation of employment

Direct public administration employment of the population, in connection with economic transformations in Russian society, gave way to market labor relations based on the mechanism of self-regulation of employment through the labor market. Taking into account modern views on the problem of employment of the population and, in particular, the regulation of labor relations in a market economy, is the fundamental principle of the formation economic policy states.

Employment as a social category is one of the most important macroeconomic indicators of the stability of society. It reflects people’s need not only for income, but also for self-expression through socially useful activities, as well as the degree to which this need is met at a certain level of socio-economic development of society.

Population employment is necessary condition for the reproduction of labor, since the standard of living of people, the costs of society for the selection, training, retraining and advanced training of personnel, their employment, and material support for the unemployed depend on it. Busyness reveals one of the the most important aspects social development of a person related to the satisfaction of his needs in the sphere of work and in connection with work.

In the theory of J. Keynes, a different importance is attached to the role of the state in regulating unemployment problems. The labor market is viewed as an inert, static system that needs state regulation. The state is able to eliminate disequilibrium in the labor market by regulating the demand for labor not by fluctuations in market prices for it, but by influencing production volumes.

According to J. Keynes, the state should fight unemployment and regulate it using financial policy. Raising government revenues and by reducing taxes, the economy can increase aggregate demand, which will lead to an increase in labor demand and a decrease in unemployment. However, with the development of society and the progress of scientific and technological progress, economists began to face increasing problems in determining the causes of unemployment. The number of factors influencing the, as has already become generally accepted, not quite equilibrium mechanism of supply and demand in the labor market has become so huge that it has become almost impossible to model the processes occurring in this area and identify direct mathematical dependencies.

The basis of employment policy in our country should be a market economy of a rule-of-law state. It is believed that society (state), employers and wage-earners in their social roles must balance each other in such a way as to promote further progress. The state determines the general boundaries of the activities of employers and employees, and they formulate the details of the system of rules for their relationships. Employment policy is an important element of socio-economic policy and is aimed at forcing capital, Natural resources and labor interact for the sake of economic growth and prosperity.

At the same time, according to the concept adopted in developed countries ah, employment policy should not include responsibility for education and advanced training; should not relieve employers of the obligation to provide working conditions and rehabilitation for those who are forced out of the labor market. Employment policies should help people get into the labor market or return to it if they have been pushed out of it. An active employment policy should pursue the following goals: high degree participation of labor in social production. Achieving this goal is necessary because prosperity can only be achieved when everyone contributes to production, thereby creating the basis for their own provision. Full employment in the country is considered the fundamental goal of labor market policy. It is believed that people temporarily excluded from the labor market should receive either a job or the education necessary for it, but not financial assistance.

Preference in this area will be given to measures that are economically justified from the point of view long term. Three systems are designed to ensure full employment: a system of regular (regular) retraining, a system of organizing public works, and a system of youth practice, which was a specifically Swedish innovation. According to this latter system, young people who have not found work in the usual way are provided with jobs, the costs of which are reimbursed to employers by the state.

Competence issues play a decisive role in a competitive environment, so the main thing is to have a well-functioning school system and a highly developed higher education and science. The responsibility of employers to provide their employees with opportunities for improvement at work is important both for increasing the competitiveness of enterprises and for the morale of employees, who achieve better results if they see that the employer is interested in their improvement and development of motivation. This work is carried out primarily by the interested parties themselves (employers and employees), however, the state, through a special “Working Life Fund,” provides assistance in the development of job creation programs.

The main goal of labor market policy in the country is to achieve full employment. To implement it, it is considered necessary to support those regions of the country where structural changes are taking place in order to create new jobs; support is guaranteed to both private and public employers. In addition, state and local authorities are obliged to organize temporary employment for young people and citizens who have not worked for a long time. Note that in practice, full employment is, as a rule, unattainable, thus characterizing not the real state of the labor market in the country, but only the direction of work of government and other bodies in this area.

Important principles of organizing the labor market are the coordination of the activities of all administrative institutions when addressing employment issues and taking the latter into account when developing programs that have at least an indirect impact on the situation in the field of labor and employment. It seems possible to apply these principles in our country, if not at the level of state programs, then at least at the regional level, where it is easier to link the interests of all parties.

Other labor market policy objectives include improving working conditions. It is believed that the solution to this problem is in the interests of both workers and employers, and society as a whole. It helps keep workers productive, thereby preventing the rapid aging of the workforce and mitigating labor shortages. Working conditions are influenced through legislation, as well as constant monitoring carried out by both state and public bodies.

Issues of personnel retraining are also among those addressed within the framework of state policy on the labor market. Creation and maintenance of the system professional retraining increases the ability of the working population to find work in an ever-changing labor market. The vocational training system involves both adult workers and young people entering the labor market for the first time. The latter somewhat predominate in the total number of people undergoing vocational training and retraining annually.

The state of employment at a certain period of a country’s development is determined by the ratio of labor supply factors (initial size of the economically active population, motivation for employment, size living wage and the size of the pension, etc.) and factors of demand for it (the totality of jobs, structural transformation of the economy, dynamics of production volumes and labor prices, etc.), the regulation of which is the prerogative of the state.

The experience accumulated over decades in countries with developed market economies shows not only the inevitability, but also the effectiveness of a combination of self-regulation mechanisms and state regulation of the labor market. Of the significant number of problems associated with employment and the functioning of the labor market, the priority areas of state regulation are such components as: increasing jobs, regulating the demand for workplace, as well as the implementation of state policy in the development of education, professional training and advanced training of personnel.

All of the above is achieved on the basis of a study of mechanisms of state regulation of employment and the labor market, common for countries with developed market economies, which include three groups:

Economic methods (system preferential lending and taxation; budget policy aimed at stimulating entrepreneurship; maintaining old and creating new jobs; personnel training, etc.);

Organizational methods (creation of a public employment and placement service, Information system, system of career guidance, training and retraining of personnel);

Administrative and legal methods (regulation of the conclusion of labor relations; length of working hours; introduction of mandatory contributions by the enterprise to employment funds; determination of employment quotas; regulation of working life with the determination of the minimum hourly wage rate, etc.)

In addition, in regulating the sphere of labor reproduction, methods of indirect influence are actively used. They form the prerequisites for when independently choosing the direction of business, market entities are guided by those recommendations that better express the goal of the economic strategy.

Thus, methods of direct and indirect influence on the process of employment and the labor market can be defined as a set of methods of economic, organizational, legal order, forming a certain system of organized influence at all stages of labor reproduction, including its formation, training and retraining of personnel, distribution and redistribution of labor across spheres and sectors of the national economy and direct use.

State employment policy involves solving the following main tasks:

the maximum possible satisfaction of the needs of the economically active population for paid work by using the funds at the disposal of the state aimed at stimulating the development of the production of goods and services in organizations of all forms of ownership;

expanding the scale of effective employment based on the creation and preservation of highly productive jobs with favorable working conditions and an economically justified level of payment through the use of market economic mechanisms;

developing the quality of the workforce, increasing the level of its professionalism, competitiveness in the labor market and professional mobility based on the development of a vocational education system that is adequate to the requirements of the labor market;

minimizing the scale and level of unemployment, preventing long-term unemployment;

providing material support for unemployed citizens;

increasing the role of labor migration in creating a unified national labor market, taking into account the professional interests of citizens and the needs of the economy for labor.

The goals and objectives of the state employment policy are specified in relation to each stage of socio-economic development and are consistent with the directions of structural investment, demographic, foreign economic policy, financial stabilization policy, income and economic growth.

An important element of state employment policy is labor market policy, which provides for:

employment in as soon as possible job seekers citizens, taking into account the needs of organizations for workers of certain professions and specialties;

expanding employment opportunities by stimulating entrepreneurship and self-employment of citizens, organizing public works, creating specialized jobs for citizens with limited ability to work or experiencing special difficulties in the job search process;

increasing the competitiveness of job seekers;

social and labor adaptation of unemployed citizens in need of additional state support in the labor market;

providing material support for unemployed citizens at a socially acceptable level.

State employment policy is considered as a two-level system, including the macro level and the regional level.

State employment policy at the macro level.

At this level the state carries out:

Adoption of legislative and regulatory legal acts on employment and labor market issues and monitoring their compliance;

Coordination of long-term and current objectives of state employment policy with the priorities of economic growth policy, structural investment, monetary and social policy;

Adoption of state programs to promote employment of the population, organizes control over their implementation;

Coordination of the procedure for financing state employment policy (in terms of central government budget funds);

Coordination of uniform standards for social support for unemployed citizens throughout the country;

Financial and organizational support for areas with a tense situation in the area of employment and the labor market.

IN Russian Federation The procedure for classifying a territory as stressed due to the situation on the labor market is determined by the Federal Government.

State employment policy at the regional level.

Organs state power in the regions of the country:

Develop and implement regional employment policy, taking into account the socio-economic and demographic specifics of the regions and the main directions of the national employment policy;

Accept additional measures budgetary, tax and credit policy in order to promote the economic development of the region and provide employment to the population;

Develop and implement territorial targeted programs to promote employment together with territorial authorities employment services;

Establish the procedure and directions for financing regional employment policy using funds regional budgets and exercise control over the intended use of allocated funds;

Adopt regional legislative and regulatory legal acts providing additional guarantees of employment and social support for unemployed citizens in relation to the norms of state legislation on employment;

Coordinate the activities of local government bodies in the implementation of employment policy measures.

State employment policy is based on several principles. They are quite logical and do not need detailed explanations. These principles include:

priority of active measures to promote employment, including the preservation and creation of new jobs, retraining of personnel, vocational guidance and training in comparison with simple social support for the unemployed (payment of unemployment benefits);

priority support from funds state budget those elements of supply in the labor market that require the least cost and give quick results;

implementation of state employment policy taking into account the interests of specific regional, sectoral and socio-demographic groups of workers;

support for employment in regions in crisis due to the state of the labor market;

implementation of balanced measures of social support for the unemployed to prevent, on the one hand, their desocialization (lumpenization), and on the other hand, social dependency.

The state pursues a policy of promoting the realization of citizens' rights to full, productive and freely chosen employment. State policy in the field of promoting employment is aimed at:

Workforce development;

Ensuring equal opportunities for all citizens of the Russian Federation, regardless of nationality, gender, age, social status, political beliefs and attitude to religion in exercising the right to voluntary work and free choice of employment;

Creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of people;

Supporting the labor and entrepreneurial initiatives of citizens, carried out within the framework of the law, promoting the development of their abilities for productive, creative work;

Ensuring social protection in the field of employment of the population, carrying out special events to promote employment of citizens who are in special need and social protection and who are experiencing difficulties in finding work (disabled people; citizens who are supported by lindens. Who, according to the conclusion of the authorized body, require constant care and assistance or supervision; persons released from prison and not provided with work for reasons beyond their control; young people under the age of 11 looking for work for the first time; persons of pre-retirement age two years before the age giving the right to an old-age pension (on age); refugees and forced migrants, citizens dismissed from military service, and members of their family; single and large parents raising minor children, disabled children: families in which both parents are recognized as unemployed; citizens exposed to radiation as a result of Chernobyl and other radiation accidents and disasters); preventing mass and reducing long-term (more than one year) unemployment; encouraging employers who preserve existing jobs and create new ones, primarily for citizens who are especially in need of social protection and who have difficulty finding work; a combination of the independence of the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments in ensuring employment of the population with the coordination of their actions in the implementation of the federal program to promote employment of the population; coordination of activities in the field of employment with activities in other areas of economic and social policy, including investment and structural policy, social security, regulation of growth and income distribution, prevention of inflation; coordination of activities government agencies, trade unions, other representative bodies of workers and employers in the development and implementation of measures to ensure employment of the population and control them;

ensuring employment in places of residence of indigenous peoples and other national minorities of the Russian Federation, taking into account their national and cultural traditions, as well as historically established types of employment; international cooperation in solving employment problems, including issues related to the labor activities of citizens of the Russian Federation outside the territory of the Russian Federation, and foreign citizens on the territory of the Russian Federation, compliance with international labor standards.

The country's transition to market economy- the process is complex and unique. We have to find original ways and ways to solve problems that are unprecedented in scale. Policies should be aimed primarily at changing the nature of the labor market by moving from surplus employment with low productivity to the creation of low levels of unemployment with highly productive employment. This is especially true when technologies and types of products are constantly changing, some are developing and other enterprises and sectors of the economy are going bankrupt.

There is a need to transform a number of narrow Western models of employment policy into a model more specific to Russia, ensuring an increase in the quality of labor in the labor market as a means of social protection of people from unemployment and the most important factor in the economic well-being of society. Such a model requires comprehensive consideration of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of our country.

Currently, we can talk about three main options for a set of employment policy tools:

passive:

moderately passive;

active

Passive policy includes paying benefits to the unemployed and providing them with simple services for finding jobs through the state employment service.

A moderately passive policy also provides for material support for the unemployed and the provision of job search services. On the surface, these two options are more economical in terms of temporary government spending.

However, the tactic of passively waiting for economic recovery could justify itself only with high flexibility of the labor market and the labor force in general, positive economic prospects, expanding the possibilities of independent search and selection of jobs. Otherwise, the restraining efforts of passive policies in the labor market will turn out to be weak, the problem of unemployment will worsen, unemployment and the social isolation associated with it will expand, and the loss of work motivation among the unemployed population will increase.

The most optimal and acceptable option for employment policy for the Russian Federation is active. It is this approach, which involves active action in the labor market, improving the quality of the workforce for the subsequent employment of the unemployed, that can ensure the maximum possible employment of the population, the production of competitive products and the economic prosperity of society.

Based on the above, it seems advisable to implement the following priority areas active employment policy:

devote Special attention improving the quality of the labor force in the labor market, improving the system of primary, secondary, higher and additional education, its focus on the needs of employers and changes in supply and demand in the labor market;

constantly adjust the volumes and profiles of personnel training in educational institutions, reduce the risk of unemployment among graduates;

assist enterprises in training and advanced training of production personnel;

ensure that employers allocate the necessary funds for personnel training, as well as advanced retraining of laid-off workers for new areas of employment;

ensure the development and improvement of a flexible, employment-oriented system of vocational training for unemployed citizens and the unemployed population, adequate to the needs of a market economy;

develop a system of continuous education, including on-the-job training, development of self-learning opportunities;

develop a system of career guidance and psychological support for the population;

pay special attention to maintaining efficient workers and creating new jobs, including preferential taxation and lending, support competitive industries, support small businesses, stimulate entrepreneurial activity of the population;

in accordance with the program for structural restructuring of the economy, provide measures for the retraining and employment of laid-off workers;

promote employment of vulnerable segments of the population (disabled people, women, youth, refugees, internally displaced persons, etc.), develop public works, develop and implement targeted programs for youth, stimulate employers to hire school and vocational school graduates;

expand the scope of assistance to people who find themselves without work, take measures to quickly involve them in active work.

In the process of formation new system labor relations in Russia, a lot has already been done: legislative and regulatory acts regulating the relationship between employer and employee, compliance with the rule of law and legal protection of entrepreneurs and the population, internal and external tariff policies, etc. This is especially important for the development of entrepreneurship in the field of small and medium-sized businesses in the sphere of services, trade and especially production - areas that make up a huge reserve of providing employment to the population.

1.3 Employment management at the municipal level

In Russia, a holistic employment management system developed in Soviet times as a mechanism for providing social guarantees aimed at the effective use and remuneration for the work of each individual person in accordance with his qualifications and social status. In general, the employment management mechanism adopted and developing at that time (fundamental rights in the field of labor and employment, social guarantees standard of living) ensured the achievement of the set goal.

The effectiveness of employment management at the municipal level, in our opinion, should be understood as positive trends formed in the process of formation and functioning of the labor market as a result of targeted actions taken related to identifying problems, searching and organizing implementation application solutions issues of regulation of the labor market, based on the use of a wide range of methods, means, techniques, levers and technologies for the influence of the subject of management on the object (labor market) of management and the achievement of full employment of the population.

The main components of the employment management mechanism are organizational and economic instruments impact on the labor market, which are interconnected and interact with each other, during which the coordination of the interests of employers and hired labor is ensured (must be ensured), and, thus, the implementation of state employment policy occurs (must occur) at all levels of its management, in including at the municipal level.

The structure of employment policy and social protection of the population from unemployment is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Main directions of employment policy

IN modern Russia with the transformation of the social system to a market one, the main emphasis in the field of labor relations is on the formation of a mechanism for self-regulation of the employment process, which is determined by the nature of the action of market laws of the organization of labor and production. But, at the same time, in market conditions, the formation of many elements of the employment system remains the prerogative of state regulation, which gives employment management a social-market content.

In the process of functioning of the modern labor market, changes in forms of employment and labor organization systems constantly occur, which makes it possible to increase the degree of productive employment in relation to the economically active population. To develop mechanisms for effectively managing the development of the labor market, the use of advanced techniques for assessing the state and effectiveness of implemented measures to promote employment is required.

As an analysis of literature sources shows, to study the effectiveness of employment management, quantitative parameters of the activities of employment services are mainly used. The most common approaches to determining the effective measures taken to ensure employment are to designate individual areas, or they are designated in the form of measures aimed at creating and preserving jobs, retraining the unemployed at the request of employers, organizing public works, improving the qualifications of personnel directly in production, etc.

At the same time, other approaches to the assessment system for managing the effectiveness of employment of the population are proposed in the economic literature. These approaches are based on special indicators of social performance of employment management. These indicators include:

a) an indicator of overall social efficiency, which is calculated by the ratio of the number of unemployed people deregistered for all reasons during the year to the number of unemployed people registered at the beginning of the calendar year;

b) an indicator characterizing specific gravity costs per established unit of social efficiency or per unemployed person (a value indicating the degree of expected increase in the unemployment rate).

The practical content of using these indicators is that as the unemployed are removed from the register, the value of the social efficiency indicator increases, and vice versa.

The practice of using the above approach to determining social efficiency has revealed a certain drawback, the essence of which is that it does not reflect its real effectiveness, since it takes into account the dynamics of only two categories of the working population - the employed and the unemployed. At the same time, outside the analysis are groups of the population included in the category of “conditionally unemployed”, persons who can move into the category of actually unemployed. Taking into account the above provisions for assessing the effectiveness of employment management, this study analyzed the effectiveness of providing employment to the population at the municipal level using the example of the city of Podolsk, for which the effectiveness of measures to promote employment was assessed on the basis of a comprehensive methodology developed by O.V. Inshakov and A.E. Kalinina.

The proposed comprehensive methodology for monitoring employment promotion activities and assessing their effectiveness involves a sequence of actions in the following areas:

Bibliography

Kazakov A.P. , Minaeva N.V. “Economics” - course of lectures”, Moscow, 1998.
Lipsits I.V. “Economics”, book-1, Moscow, 1997.
Nikiforova A.A. “Labor market, employment and unemployment”, Moscow, 1991.
Sarukhanov E.R. “Employment problems during the transition to a market economy”
Russian economy in 2006. Trends and prospects. (Issue 28) M.: IET, 2007. 751 p.
State and market / Ed. B.C. Prigarina, V.T. Ryazanov. - St. Petersburg, 2005. - 206 p.

State employment policy is a system of measures of direct state and indirect influence on the labor sphere (labor market) to achieve set goals.

State employment policy is multi-level process: macro level; regional level; local level.

Macro level

At the macro level, the highest bodies of state legislative and executive power solve the cardinal tasks of employment policy:

§ Coordination of the goals and priorities of employment policy with economic, social, demographic and migration policies.
§ Coordination of the system of goals and priorities of employment policy with financial, credit, structural, investment, and foreign economic policies.
§ Development of a policy for employment and social support for the unemployed population.

Regional level

At the regional level, the areas listed above are taken into account. However, the powers of regional government bodies are somewhat narrowed. For example, demographic policy carried out by federal authorities.

Regions include employment promotion among the main priorities of their policies and, within their competence, implement social policy. At the regional level, in the interests of employment policy, housing, transport and industrial construction programs and others are being implemented.

At the regional level, measures to support farming and small businesses are more effective than at the national level.

Employment problems at the regional level are solved as follows:

§ development of a system of training and retraining of the population (primarily temporarily unemployed);
§ improvement of information support (including computerization);
§ provision of adapted premises and trained personnel for employment centers;
§ targeted support for jobs to curb the release of workers;
§ increasing the efficiency of registration, employment and social support for the unemployed;
§ support in the labor market for refugees and internally displaced persons, citizens with limited ability to work, the long-term unemployed, women, youth and adolescents and other socially vulnerable groups of the population;
§ organization of public and temporary works.

Local level

Everything is done at the local level practical work on employment, payment of benefits, training.

State employment policy in Russia

The government of any country strives to maintain a certain level of employment in the economy. Of course, the measures taken depend on national characteristics each state. Below we will consider state policy in the field of employment using the example of Russia.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation states that “everyone has the right to work in conditions that meet safety and hygiene requirements, to remuneration for work without any discrimination and not lower than that established by federal law minimum size wages, as well as the right to protection from unemployment" (Article 37, paragraph 3).

In 1991, a law was passed " On employment in the Russian Federation", which determined state guarantees realization of the right to work and protection from unemployment.

State guarantees for the unemployed include:

§ free vocational training and retraining in the direction of the employment service;
§ compensation for expenses associated with being sent to work in another region on the recommendation of the employment service;
§ payment of unemployment benefits;
§ the opportunity to enter into labor contracts for participation in public works, etc.

Fight against unemployment-- one of the elements of the public (social) insurance system. According to the Employment Law, it was created State Fund employment of the population of the Russian Federation, which is extra-budgetary federal fund. Fund funds are federally owned and managed Civil service employment of the population. The funds of the fund are formed from mandatory contributions employers and working citizens, allocations from budgets of various levels, income from placing funds on deposits Central Bank etc. and are sent to social protection population from unemployment.

Government actions aimed at reducing unemployment may have ambiguous consequences.

Retraining and advanced training programs, as well as increasing the efficiency of the information service about job vacancies, can increase the level of employment and reduce unemployment.

On the other hand, the payment of unemployment benefits reduces incentives to search for work, which manifests itself in the “unemployment trap.” To avoid this, the state establishes differentiated benefit rates, which decrease over time.

State employment policy determined by the goals and objectives set by the state in this area: what needs to be done, what to achieve and how to do it, by what means, methods, ways. It has several levels: federal, regional and local (local).

Each state determines its own employment policy. The labor market in Russia is at the stage of formation, which dictates the need to take into account the accumulated experience of foreign countries. The following are distinguished: employment policy models in developed countries 1.

American model focuses on the distribution of low incomes by creating low-productivity jobs for a large part of the economically active population. Unemployment is formally decreasing, but there is a risk of an increase in the number of people with low incomes.

Scandinavian model provides virtually all workers with guaranteed employment with satisfactory wages through the creation of jobs in the public sector. Such policies run the risk of creating inflationary pressures and depleting public funds.

European model provides for a reduction in the number of employees while increasing labor productivity and increasing incomes of workers. This policy presupposes an expensive system of benefits for a fairly large and growing group of unemployed people.

Employment policy is divided into active and passive.

Active employment policy – a set of measures taken by the state aimed at reducing unemployment. The priority areas of such a policy are: measures related to the prevention (prevention) of dismissal of workers to preserve jobs, assistance in employment, vocational guidance, vocational training, training, retraining and advanced training, financing the creation of new jobs, organization of public works and temporary employment, development of flexible forms of employment, quotas for jobs, support for small businesses, exemption from taxation for a certain period.

Passive employment policy – a set of measures carried out by the state aimed at smoothing out the negative consequences of unemployment. Main directions: payment of benefits to the unemployed and provision of services for job selection through the state employment service, provision of other material assistance, implementation of non-monetary forms of support for the unemployed, registration of early retirement.

The vast majority of developed countries with socially oriented market economies proclaim an active policy aimed at promoting full, productive and freely chosen employment as the main goal in the field of employment policy. It is understood that the state creates conditions and strives for the following:

– work for everyone who is looking for it and is ready to start it;

– to the greatest productivity of such work;

– to freedom of choice of employment.

In addition, employment policies must take into account the stage and level of economic development of the country and the relationship between employment goals and other economic and social goals. It should be carried out using methods appropriate to national conditions and practices. Measures to achieve the mentioned goals must be defined and periodically reviewed within the framework of coordinated economic and social policies. At the same time, decision-making in the field of employment requires coordinated actions both on the part of the state and on the part of employers and employees.

In a developed market economy, the subjects in the labor market are employers and employees (or bodies representing their interests, for example, associations of entrepreneurs, trade union bodies and other structures), as well as the state. The state, being an employer in state-owned enterprises, acts as an investor, financing socially significant projects and programs. But main function state is that it forms, determines and controls the rules of conduct and regulation of the interests of partners in the labor market.

In accordance with the current legislation on employment, the state pursues a policy of promoting the realization of the rights of citizens to full, productive and freely chosen employment.

In order to promote full, productive and freely chosen employment of the population, the state implements:

– development of plans and programs for socio-economic development, financial, credit, investment and tax policy measures aimed at the rational allocation of productive forces, increasing the mobility of labor resources, developing temporary and self-employment, encouraging the use of flexible labor regimes and other measures that contribute to the preservation and development of a job system;

– legal regulation in the field of employment based on compliance with the legal rights and interests of citizens and corresponding state guarantees, further improvement of legislation on employment;

– development and implementation of federal and territorial programs providing for measures to promote employment of the population;

– creation of a state employment service;

– introduction of effective mechanisms for an active employment policy, including the organization and conduct of special profiling activities (distribution of unemployed citizens into groups depending on the profile of their previous professional activity, level of education, gender, age and other socio-demographic characteristics in order to provide them with the most effective assistance in assisting in employment, taking into account the current situation in the labor market) of unemployed citizens;

– provision of social support to citizens recognized as unemployed in the prescribed manner.

The powers of federal government bodies in the field of promoting employment include:

1) development and implementation of state policy, adoption of federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation in the field of employment;

2) development and implementation of federal programs in the field of employment, including programs to facilitate the relocation of citizens and members of their families in connection with being sent to another area for employment or training;

3) establishing standards for social support for unemployed citizens;

4) development and implementation of measures of an active employment policy, with the exception of measures, the implementation of which is attributed to the powers of the Russian Federation, transferred for implementation to state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

5) monitoring the state and developing forecast estimates of the labor market;

6) formation and maintenance of registers of recipients of public services in the field of employment;

7) determining the list of priority professions (specialties) for professional training, retraining and advanced training of unemployed citizens;

8) informing about the situation on the labor market in the Russian Federation, rights and guarantees in the field of employment and protection against unemployment;

9) generating funds to finance measures to promote employment and social support for unemployed citizens and monitoring the targeted use of these funds;

10) coordination of activities to create economic conditions to ensure employment of the population, development of entrepreneurship and self-employment;

11) supervision and control over compliance and implementation of the legislation of the Russian Federation on employment;

12) generalization of the practice of application and analysis of the causes of violations of legislation on employment in the Russian Federation.

The powers of the Russian Federation in the field of promoting employment, transferred for implementation to government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, include:

1) exercising control over:

Providing state guarantees in the field of employment;

Hiring disabled people within the established quota;

Registration of disabled people as unemployed;

2) registration of citizens in order to assist in finding suitable work, as well as registration of unemployed citizens;

3) provision of the following public services in accordance with employment legislation:

– assistance to citizens in finding suitable work, and to employers in selecting the necessary workers;

– informing about the situation on the labor market in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation;

– organizing job fairs and training jobs;

– organization of professional orientation of citizens in order to choose a field of activity (profession), employment, vocational training;

– psychological support, vocational training, retraining and advanced training for unemployed citizens;

– implementation of social payments to citizens recognized as unemployed in accordance with the established procedure;

– organization of paid public works;

– organization of temporary employment of minor citizens aged 14 to 18 years in their free time from school, unemployed citizens experiencing difficulties in finding work, unemployed citizens aged 18 to 20 years from among graduates of educational institutions of primary and secondary vocational education looking for work first;

– social adaptation of unemployed citizens in the labor market;

– promoting self-employment of unemployed citizens;

– assistance to citizens in relocation to work in rural areas;

– issuing conclusions to employers on the attraction and use of foreign workers in accordance with the legislation on the legal status of foreign citizens in the Russian Federation;

4) development and implementation of regional programs that provide measures to promote employment of the population, including programs to promote employment of citizens at risk of dismissal, as well as citizens who are especially in need of social protection and are experiencing difficulties in finding work;

5) organization and conduct of special profiling activities (distribution of unemployed citizens into groups depending on the profile of their previous professional activity, level of education, gender, age and other socio-demographic characteristics in order to provide them with the most effective assistance in assisting them in finding employment, taking into account the current situation situation on the labor market) of unemployed citizens;

6) inspection, issuance of binding orders to eliminate violations of employment legislation, bringing the perpetrators to justice in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;

7) taking measures to eliminate the circumstances and causes of identified violations of legislation on employment and restore the violated rights of citizens;

8) generalization of the practice of application and analysis of the causes of violations of legislation on employment in a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, as well as preparation of appropriate proposals for improving this legislation.

In the conditions of the formation of market relations, state policy in the field of employment should be aimed at optimizing the labor market, promoting labor mobility, creating new jobs, training and retraining of personnel.

In general, state employment policy is represented by two main directions: 1) assistance in finding employment for the unemployed population and providing assistance in vocational training and retraining; 2) stimulating the formation of a flexible labor market.

Laws and others regulations The Russian Federation provides for equal opportunities in the exercise of the right to work and its free choice to all citizens of Russia, regardless of nationality, gender, age, social status, political beliefs, or attitude to religion.

The state, in accordance with the laws, must help implement the labor and entrepreneurial initiatives of citizens, promote the development of their abilities for productive and creative work, promote the observance of voluntary work, free will in choosing the type of employment, and provide social protection in the field of employment.

The state is called upon to pay special attention to those groups and segments of the population that, for one reason or another, do not fully or partially meet the requirements of the market: youth; women raising preschool children and disabled children; single and large parents with minor children; disabled people; persons of pre-retirement age; refugees, forced migrants; persons released from correctional institutions, as well as those who have been unemployed for a long time. The Law “On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation” and other regulations for such groups of the population provide for the creation of specialized enterprises and organizations, the creation of additional jobs, and a special work regime (part-time work week, shortened work day, home work).

The state employment program also provides for the decentralization of industry, its transfer to rural areas and small towns, the creation of small enterprises, the expansion of the service sector and other measures.

In accordance with the above law, the number of employed includes citizens who are employed or have other paid work, who are temporarily absent due to disability, vacation, advanced training, or suspension of production; entrepreneurs, farmers, self-employed people, members of production cooperatives; elected, appointed or confirmed to a paid position; serving in the Armed Forces, internal and railway troops, state security and internal affairs agencies; able-bodied citizens studying in secondary schools, vocational schools, as well as taking full-time courses in higher, secondary specialized and other educational institutions, including training in the direction of the federal state Employment Service.

“Employment, according to this law, is the activity of citizens related to the satisfaction of personal and social needs, which does not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation and, as a rule, brings them earnings (labor income).” This interpretation of employment, as can be seen, generally correlates with the list of persons defined above as employed. At the same time, this hardly makes it easier for those who are considered to be employed due to temporary absence, due to incapacity for work, or suspension of production. The legislator here pursued primarily his own interests, and not the interests of citizens. At the same time, the above interpretation of employment has a positive significance not only for solving problems of the labor market in general, but also for more targeted development of social policy, determining the priority of social programs, sources of their financing and formation at both the federal and local levels.

It seems socially important to recognize in legislation raising children, housekeeping, off-the-job studies, and social activities as necessary and useful types of employment along with labor in social production.

An important area of government activity to reduce the severity of unemployment is (that is, it should be) stabilizing the economic situation in the country and fighting inflation. The significance of these steps is enormous, since in the current state of the economy in Russia, unemployment benefits are set at 70% of the minimum wage, and due to inflation it is significantly below the poverty level.

State policy in the field of employment. Features of state policy in the sphere of regulation of employment of the population

Consideration of the concept of employment in domestic and foreign literature. Studying the features of state policy for managing population employment at the municipal level. Description of the situation on the labor market of the Moscow region.

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Introduction

1.1 The essence of the concept of employment in domestic and foreign literature

2. Analysis of state and municipal policies in the field of regulation of employment

2.1 Analysis of the situation on the labor market of the Moscow region

2.2 Analysis of the implementation of employment programs in the Moscow region (using the example of Naro-Fominsk)

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

For modern economy Russia is characterized by several features that must be taken into account when analyzing the existing Russian system employment of the population.

Firstly, this extreme limitation own financial resources enterprises, which sharply narrows the range of opportunities to attract the working population in general and personnel in particular.

The most important indicators in the labor market are indicators of the level of economic activity of the population, its employment and unemployment. An increase in these indicators leads to an undoubted improvement in the labor market and its well-being.

The economic basis of labor relations in our country has undergone a major transformation over the past decade and a half. Labor relations themselves have changed. In particular, the role of forms of employment that were either prohibited or were in their infancy increased.

Purpose of the work: to theoretically study state policy in the field of employment and analyze effective practical recommendations for its improvement using the example of the Moscow region.

Object of study: the sphere of employment.

Subject of research: government regulation and municipal government in the field of employment (using the example of the Moscow region).

Achieving this goal involves solving the following tasks:

1. Consider state policy in the field of employment.

2. Study the situation on the labor market in the Moscow region

4. Analyze the implementation of employment programs in the Moscow region

5. Develop practical recommendations to improve employment policy in the Moscow region.

The theoretical part examines the concepts of employment in domestic and foreign literature. The features of state and municipal policies in the field of regulation of employment and management of population employment at the municipal level have been studied.

In the analytical part, an analysis of the situation in the labor market of the Moscow region was carried out, and the implementation of programs in the field of employment in the Moscow region was also studied.

1. Theoretical study of state regulation of employment

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