The problem of human development in the economy. Human Development Index

Demographic problem

The world population has been steadily increasing throughout the history of mankind. Today, the world's population is 6.5 billion.

The average annual growth rate of the world population is gradually slowing down. This is due to the fact that the countries of North America, Europe (including Russia) and Japan have switched to simple reproduction of the population, which is characterized by insignificant increase or relatively small natural decline in population. At the same time, the natural population growth in China and the countries of Southeast Asia has significantly decreased. However, a slowdown in rates practically does not mean a softening of the severity of the world demographic situation in the first decades of the 21st century, since the noted decrease in rates is still insufficient to significantly reduce the absolute growth.

The particular acuteness of the global demographic problem stems from the fact that over 80% of the world's population growth occurs in developing countries. The arena of the population boom is currently the countries of Tropical Africa, the Near and Middle East and, to a lesser extent, South Asia.

The main reason for the population explosion is that the present stage v developing countries a kind of transitional type of population reproduction has developed, in which a decrease in mortality is not accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the birth rate. The average mortality rate for developing countries has decreased. The rate of decline in mortality turned out to be unprecedented in world history (in only 20-30 years, sometimes even 15 years). This happened to a decisive extent as a result of active measures to combat epidemics, the use of fundamentally new medicines, and the improvement of the general sanitary and hygienic living conditions of the population. At the same time, the birth rate in developing countries as a whole is still quite high.

The main consequence of the rapid population growth is that if in Europe the population explosion followed economic growth and changes in the social sphere, then in developing countries a sharp acceleration in population growth rates outstripped the modernization of production and the social sphere.

The population explosion has led to an increasing concentration of the world's labor force in developing countries, where the labor force has grown five to six times faster than industrialized ones. At the same time, 2/3 of the world's labor force resources are concentrated in countries with the lowest level of social economic development.

In this regard, one of the most important aspects of the global demographic problem in modern conditions is the provision of employment and the effective use of labor resources in developing countries. The solution to the problem of employment in these countries is possible by both creating new jobs in modern sectors of their economy and increasing labor migration to industrialized and richer countries.

The main demographic indicators - fertility, mortality, natural increase (decrease) - depend on the level of development of society (economic, social, cultural, etc.) modern type of reproduction, which will contribute to solving the demographic problem.

Human development problem

The development of the economy of any country and the world economy as a whole, especially in the modern era, is determined by its human potential, i.e. labor resources and, most importantly, their quality. And it manifests itself, first of all, in the form of qualification of labor morality.

Changes in the conditions and nature of work and everyday life during the transition to a post-industrial society led to the development of two seemingly mutually exclusive and at the same time intertwining tendencies. On the one hand, this is an ever-increasing individualization of labor activity, on the other, the need for skills to work in a team to solve complex production or management problems by the method of "brainstorming".

Changing working conditions are currently making increased demands on the physical qualities of a person, which largely determine his ability to work. The processes of reproduction of human potential are greatly influenced by such factors as balanced nutritious nutrition, living conditions, condition environment, economic, political and military stability, health care and mass diseases, etc. The key elements of qualifications today are the level of general and vocational education. Recognition of the importance of general and vocational education, an increase in the duration of training led to the realization that the profitability of allocations to a person exceeds the profitability of investments in physical capital. In this regard, the costs of education and vocational training, as well as health care, called "investment in people", are currently viewed not as unproductive consumption, but as one of the most effective types of investment.

One of the indicators of the qualification level is the average total number of years of study in primary, secondary and higher education. In the USA it is currently 16 years, in Germany - 14.5 years. However, countries and regions with a very low level of education continue to persist. At the rate International Bank reconstruction and development, in West Africa this figure is about two years, in the countries of Tropical Africa - less than three years, in East Africa - about four years, i.e. does not exceed the duration of primary school education.

A separate task in the field of education is the elimination of illiteracy. In recent decades, the global illiteracy rate has declined, but the number of illiterates has increased. The overwhelming majority of illiterates are in developing countries. For example, in Africa and South Asia, more than 40% of the adult population is illiterate.

The realization of human potential in the national economy at the present stage takes place in the space of action of interconnected

contradictions:

Between ever more complicated economic conditions of existence and inadequate shrinking human potential;

Between the potentially increased opportunities for realizing human potential in conditions of economic freedom and the real collapsing material and technical base of society;

Between the achievements of information technology and the internationalization of the productive forces of society and the disintegration of society;

In society, confrontations between owners and employees have intensified, social stratification reaches enormous proportions, and mass poverty has arisen and took root.

To correct the current situation, we see it necessary to direct the efforts of both the state and households and local self-government bodies to preserve and develop human potential.

Improving the situation in the field of realizing human potential can be achieved by developing proposals aimed at improving the quality of realizing human potential in Ukrainian society. These proposals are aimed at creating a favorable institutional environment that would contribute to the active development of the main components of human potential in Ukrainian society. State policy should be aimed at establishing a new system of values, norms and rules that affect the development and realization of human potential. For this purpose it is necessary:

Develop a system of measures aimed at reducing income differentiation in society. We see this as possible due to the introduction of the principle of interdependence between the level of an individual's income and his human capital;

To develop rules and norms with the help of which it would be possible to adapt the modern Ukrainian education system to the world system and the labor market. Such adaptation should be made not by simply copying world education standards into Ukrainian legislation, but by taking into account national characteristics, people's mentality and in the context of the synthesis of cultures;

Develop rules and regulations to help reform the health care system.

This reform should be directed towards solving problems associated with increasing the life expectancy of the country's population and reducing the mortality rate in the country, promoting a healthy lifestyle, as well as increasing the physical and psychological health of the country's population through an active policy in the field of socio-psychological factors that have direct impact on the living environment.

CONCLUSIONS

Thus, Ukraine has certain problems in the management of human and social development, which are typical for the countries of the post-Soviet space. At the same time, it has specific features of solving these problems, which are of scientific and practical interest for use in social management at the state and regional levels. They are aimed at: improving the implementation of the Concept of Human Development, at the formation of an assessment methodology human development in the regional context, on the establishment of institutional support for human development, on the introduction of human development monitoring based on a combination of statistical and sociological information, etc. Unwillingness to put up with negative processes in the social sphere in Ukraine, the presence of powerful human capital in the country, tolerance and hard work of the nation are the main prerequisites for the realization of hopes in terms of ensuring effective management of human and social development.

So, for the formation of conditions and opportunities for the preservation and provision of human development in Ukraine, it is necessary:

- to make additions and changes and to include in the Constitution of Ukraine, in the Law of Ukraine "On the Fundamentals of National Security of Ukraine", the National Security Strategy, provisions governing the preservation and development of Ukraine's human potential;

- to develop a Strategy for the Development of Ukraine, Main Directions social policy Ukraine with the specification of provisions on human development in the state and regions;

- to substantiate and delineate the social functions of the state and regions in relation to the powers, obligations and responsibility for the state and prospects of human and social development;

- to ensure the implementation of state and contractual social standards and guarantees, the inevitability of responsibility for failure to submit them, to use monetary compensation as an instrument of legally established social rights and guarantees, specifying the sources of compensation payments;

- to ensure a balance in the achievement of strategic social benchmarks, subject to the observance of economic growth and innovative development;

- to ensure the improvement of the scientific and methodological base for assessing and measuring human potential based on the simultaneous use of strategic and sociological information.

The problem of human development is the problem of matching the qualitative characteristics of the labor force to the nature of the modern economy. In the conditions of post-industrialization, the requirements for physical qualities and especially for the education of an employee, including his ability to constantly improve his qualifications, are increasing. However, the development of the qualitative characteristics of the labor force is extremely uneven in the world economy. The worst indicators in this regard are shown by developing countries, which, however, are the main source of replenishment of the world labor force. It is this circumstance that determines the global nature of the problem of human development.

The problem of human potential, in recent years, has been developed within the framework of the concept of human potential at the Human Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Genisaretskiy O.I., Nosov N.A., Yudin B.G., 1996; V.Zh. Kelle, 1997; N.N. Avdeeva, I.I. Ashmarin, G.B. Stepanova, 1997, Human potential ..., 1999, etc.). The integrity, integrativeness of the concept of human potential is combined with its focus on forecasting socio-cultural dynamics. The concept of human potential is “redefined”, concretized in the aspects of its study, or horizons: socio-organizational, economic, socio-ecological and existential. In the reports of the UN Development Program, a quite definite and unambiguous concept of human potential has developed. It includes three main indicators - income level, education level and life expectancy. This concept, therefore, encompasses the material, economic and intellectual aspects of human existence and the way of life of people, on which such a complex indicator as life expectancy primarily depends. In this regard, I would like to draw your attention to three essential features of the concept of human potential.

First, the concept of human potential defines an approach to the analysis of social phenomena and processes that is “centered” on a person, that is, it focuses on the values ​​of humanism. Indeed, this humanistic orientation is clearly visible in UN human development reports.

Secondly, with the help of the concept of human potential and the methods developed on its basis, it becomes possible to rationalize general principles and ideas, to imagine what is being done in a given country for human development, what place it occupies in the world system in terms of human potential. The availability of objective information about human problems in various regions of the world in itself cannot but serve as a call for practical action.

Thirdly, the concept of human potential has a holistic, integrative character. There is an anthropological component in it, reflecting the unity in a person of social and biological, social and individual. In terms of indicators, human potential can also be characterized by an individual individual - his income, education and life expectancy, and a social group, and the country as a whole. And according to recent studies, it has been shown that human potential combines other different potentials.

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The problem of human development in the conditions modern Russia

Work plan

1. Introduction

2. Chapter I. What is "Human potential"

3. Chapter II. The problem of human development in the conditions of modern Russia

3.1 Human resource of Russia. Development problems

3.2 Science as a factor in the development of human potential in Russia

3.3 Influence of cultural institutions Russian Federation on human development

4. Conclusion

5. List of used literature

1. Introduction

Relevance of the research topic. The success of the transformation of the Russian economy into a post-industrial society directly depends on the state of the institution of human potential. This, in turn, leads to the need to study the conditions and factors of its development. At the same time, its development is influenced by both formal and informal institutions (traditions, customs, morality, religion, etc.)

Institutional analysis makes it possible to study the features of human development in conditions new Russia... On the basis of institutional theory, it is possible not only to develop the most important measures aimed at developing human potential, but also to predetermine possible variant their development. Therefore, institutions must be stable, but at the same time capable of change and adaptation, and, in addition, new institutions must also be created and developed.

This process requires the development and regulation of a program for the formation and reform of the institution of human potential. At the same time, it is precisely with the institutional transformations in the field of human potential formation that the increase in the level of the country's socio-economic development should be linked. The lack of a clear understanding of the current institutional conditions and their impact on the development of human potential in modern Russia will not allow us to form a long-term strategy for the development of our state.

It can be argued that only institutional forms of human potential development will contribute to its effective development and use, the transition of the Russian economic system to a qualitatively new level of its development - socio-economic.

The purpose and objectives of the study. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the development of the institution of human potential and to develop approaches to improving the institutional conditions for the development of human potential in modern Russia.

To achieve this goal, it was necessary to solve the following main tasks:

1. Explore the essence of economic institutions and determine their impact on human development.

2. Determine the essence of the institution of human potential in modern Russia.

3. Investigate the institutional approach to the regulation of human development in the context of the transformation of the Russian economy.

4. Conduct monitoring of human development in the conditions of modern Russia.

5. Assess the impact of institutional reforms on the development of the institution of human potential in modern Russia.

6. To develop approaches to improving the institutional conditions for the development of human potential in the transforming economy of Russia.

Object of study. Institute of Human Potential, functioning in the conditions of the modern Russian economy.

Subject of study. Economic processes that reveal the content and main features of the institution of human potential in modern Russia.

2. Chapter I. What is "Human potential"

The phrase human potential is already quite firmly included in the lexicon of scientists, statesmen, and journalists. And the concept of human development (sometimes they use the expression human development, which corresponds to the English-speaking human development) became the starting point for the already well-known concept of human potential, which was developed in many countries of the world. Its value primarily lies in the fact that the assessment of the state of a country based on it includes not only traditional macroeconomic parameters, but also characteristics of the health and education of the population. And what is most valuable is that all these three components are given the same importance. The development of the concept of human potential has been largely facilitated by the fact that since 1990 the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) has been publishing annual worldwide “Human Development Reports”. The comprehensive approach to man and to human society justified within the framework of this concept was recognized in many countries as so constructive and promising that since 1995 national reports on human development have been issued - including in all states of the UNDP European Region and, what is important, in Russia.

In the UNDP world reports for all countries, a unified approach is used to operationalize ideas about a person and society, to the principles of analyzing and assessing the state of each country separately, etc. - for world reports it is equally inevitable and fruitful. But for Russia (as, indeed, for any other country), special adjustments to the UN basic principles and methods of human development research are required. First, for “internal” analysis, it is necessary to consider not only the already mentioned three components of human potential (economy, health, education), but also its various projections - intellectual potential, population potential, personal potential, etc. Secondly, with the socio-cultural, economic, ethnogeographic, historical, etc. heterostructurality of Russia, a general statistical analysis of the entire “structure” can be significantly complicated by the fact that the concept of human potential can become not so much integrative as syncretic with respect to its individual projections.

To avoid such a danger, it is apparently useful to define an independent aspect of the analysis of human potential and, accordingly, an independent priority scale of its projections for each of the “substructures” of Russia - for different regions, ethnic cultures and concessions, subcultural strata and demographic cohorts. Methodologically it is quite justified - to evaluate each projection of human potential for each given “substructure”. At the same time, there is no reason to fear whether we will get a single picture by combining such assessments throughout Russia, because the factor that unites all these assessments (and is dominant for each assessment separately) is the cultural component. This is not surprising: cultural genesis for Russia turned out to be almost the most productive of all the processes of its state and social development - its economy, statehood, political institutions still do not leave the stage of formation and experimentation, while culture has already been finally formed, firmly becoming a phenomenon of world culture. Therefore, special attention to the cultural phenomena of Russia (in their broadest interpretation) guarantees productivity and reliability in the study of its human potential. Ashmarin I.I. "Human potential of Russia", M., 2000.

Many authors, and I join them, define human potential as a set of fundamental rights, abilities, and capabilities of an individual or a territorial community, the level of development and implementation of which increases (or decreases) the productivity of society. Quality, style and way of life are individualized ways of accumulating, developing and manifesting human potential. In the structure of human potential along the vertical, two levels can be distinguished: basic - which includes physical, mental, social health - and activity - including physiological, psychological, intellectual, cultural potentials. Then the horizontal structure of human potential includes socio-organizational, economic, socio-ecological and existential (spiritual and practical) sections. In each of them, human potential is "redefined", acquires its own characteristics and properties, its quality: human resources, human capital, life potential, personal potential. As a result, the quality of human potential appears as an integral (qualitative-quantitative, objective and subjective) characteristic of the physical, spiritual-moral and socio-professional development of people, revealing the potential opportunities for their participation in production, socio-cultural and social life . In this regard, the quality of human potential is an integral characteristic of people's life, revealing the interaction of an individual with his social environment and the state, reflecting the degree of social freedom man, the possibility of its reproduction. Sakseltsev I.G. Conceptual foundations of the concept of "human potential" [Text] IG Sakseltsev // Man. Story. Culture: Historical and Philosophical Almanac. - Saratov: Povolzhskaya Academy of Public Administration named after V.I. P.A. Stolypin, 2005.

The Human Development Index (I.R.CH.P.) is a system of indicators adopted by the United Nations (UN) for the purpose of an integrative assessment of the quality of life of the population of a UN member country.

I.R.Ch.P. is determined on the basis of the following indicators: life expectancy; the level of education; real per capita gross domestic product. I.R.Ch.P. reflects the average level of a country's provision of basic human potential and indicates how much still needs to be done by the country to achieve certain specific goals: average life expectancy of 85 years; access to education for 100% of the population; providing the population with a decent level of income.

When calculating I.R.Ch.P. all three basic indicators are reduced to unified system measurement by defining achievement for each metric as a relative distance from a desired target. Maximum and minimum value each variable is scaled down from 0 to 1, with each country at a particular point on that scale. When calculating I.R.Ch.P. a measure of the country's relative achievement for each of the three basic variables is determined and a simple average of all three indicators is calculated. The closer the country is to the value of I.R.CH.P., equal to 1, the less is the path that this country still has to go to the level and quality of life, taken for granted.

Modern Russian labor policy is focused on reducing unskilled labor, retraining personnel, and increasing their professional mobility. Labor resources of the Russian Federation are characterized by a growing level of their education (the share of people with secondary and higher education increased from 49% in 1992 to 55% in 2002), a gradual increase in older people, a high (in comparison with highly developed countries) incidence rate of the population, a relatively low duration life and income level of the population. According to the human development index (longevity, education, standard of living), according to UN statistics, the Russian Federation is included in the group of middle-level countries, ranking 60th in the list of 173 states. V countryside In the Russian Federation, there is still a surplus of workers, which leads to a decrease in labor productivity and the overall profitability of the industry in comparison with the advanced countries of the West. Sociological dictionary.

3 . Chapter II.Human development problembut in the conditions of modern Russia

3.1 Human resource of Russia. Development problems

In the 21st century, it is vitally important for people to reorient from the idea of ​​materially expressed, conquering and expansive development to the idea of ​​predominant internal spiritual development, a peaceful and complementary relationship with nature. Homo-sapiens must be replaced by a spiritual person. Otherwise, a person can be recorded in the Red Book.

Dealing with spiritual problems of a person is our Russian tradition. And today the line of struggle for the progress of Russian society runs not along the barricades, but within a person. The idea of ​​Russia's national revival is most consonant not with any variant of communist, liberal, social democratic ideology and practice, but with the mobilizing idea of ​​large-scale redistribution and concentration of public resources on building up "human capital".

The age of the highest moral values, which are the basis of the culture of peace and the eco-biotechnological structure of social production, reasonable consumption, is knocking at our doors. Only a spiritually rich person is able to capture the whole picture. modern world, and only spiritual blindness prevents one from realizing the true scale of the collapse of humanity.

For a long time we did not understand that the spiritual horizon of the people is their main asset. Today we are beginning to understand better that the ineffectiveness of scientific and technological progress in the Soviet Union, in Russia is a natural payback for a disrespectful attitude towards science and education. Today we better understand that the "Japanese miracle" was the result of the over-careful attitude of the Japanese towards national cultural traditions. God deprived the Japanese of natural resources and Japanese culture - perhaps the only basic wealth of this working people.

All "economic miracles" - German, Italian, South Korean and others - have the same nature. And the paradox of the "Russian miracle" is that in the vast richest country there is no peace yet. But it will come. And it will come through the revival of the intellectual and spiritual heritage of the peoples of Russia, the restoration of national principles in culture and education in their rights, the development of the entire cultural palette of modern social life - the culture of production and consumption, politics and management, family and personality.

Speaking about the new paradigm of culture and education of the 21st century, I mean their humanistic methodology, which will be based, first of all, on spiritual and moral criteria.

One of the most important scientific losses in modern Russia is the loss by science of its ideological and predictive functions, and the loss of intellectual and moral values ​​by society. These losses are aggravated by the fact that the current Russian authorities are importing into Russia not the best examples of mass culture, thoughtlessly using borrowed money. economic theories, poorly systematized, fragmentary knowledge, although at the heart of our economic and spiritual crisis lies the crisis of our own ideas and values. As a result, monetarist thinking, the psychology of consumption, the philosophy of pragmatism with their pseudo-theorists and the cult of momentary profit are gaining strength.

Despite the fact that this clearly does not meet the goals of the rule of law, a socially just and spiritually healthy society, our scientific community and the intelligentsia as a whole are too timidly demanding from the authorities that they seriously rely in their activities on modern theories of socio-natural, information-analytical and a spiritual and moral orientation, towards an objective historical and scientific interpretation of everything that is happening with Russia today.

Unfortunately, in today's Russia, such basic spiritual values ​​as honesty, decency, respect for historical traditions, collectivism, national patriotic identity, and love for the Motherland have been squeezed out and disfigured. We live as in the occupation. Foreign money is in use, other people's films are on the screens. What the fascists did not achieve with weapons was imposed on us by the anti-Russian policy. Most of our citizens still cannot get rid of the “orphan complex”, when they ask all the time, hope all the time, do nothing and do not rely on their own strength. From the country of "Soviets" to the country of "shuttle traders" is not the path of development of an independent power.

It is high time, long ago, to forget about the rudimentary illusions that many of us in Russia are so eagerly indulging in and to start raising the personal responsibility of each citizen on the shield. Because, no matter how many current young reformers argue that the main thing has been achieved in Russia - democracy has taken hold - these arguments are a bluff, because there is still no ordinary person in the center of their invented life. There is a secure life for a small group of people at the expense of the impoverishment of millions of citizens who live out of the impoverished grace of the state or at the expense of beggarly alms from society.

It is impossible to go directly from the command-administrative system to democracy if the society does not pay attention to culture, education and science.

Both public politicians and enlightenment bureaucrats insanely repeat about the general interest of Russians in education, about the confirmation in the public consciousness of the understanding of its importance as the most important spiritual value, as a factor of social advancement and professional growth of a person, ensuring a higher quality of life.

Unfortunately, today only teachers have such an understanding, and even then not all of them. As for the ruling stratum and its servants, neither one nor the other has yet developed a clear idea of ​​the need for a radical restructuring of the main concerns of the state in favor of education and science, the true priority of these areas. In any case, in today's Russia there is an acute deficit of pedagogical and scientific consciousness in society, a deficit of responsibility for the continuity of generations. A sufficient socio-political tension has not been created on the field of mass public interest in the revival of the intellectual potential of the nation. On this dead field they are trying to throw defective seeds of supposedly new school reforms, new standards, but good shoots from such sowing have not yet been seen.

Before any attempts to create new doctrines of education, it is necessary to ensure in society the understanding that the school is not a department, but the basic unit of society, that the sphere of education should be a sphere of consent, and not polarization of the population.

It is known that our society is torn apart by the polarity of political and economic views, which excludes almost all ideas of consent, except for one idea - natural care for children. And in this regard, education is the only area where consent is most likely possible, the unification of polar socio-political forces around a constructive program of education and training of the young generation.

Education is an all-pervading sphere. Every family, every person needs it. Realization of this could become a powerful organizing vector for the people in their struggle for a radical restructuring of the way of life of Russians. This can be done only in conditions of civil peace, the presence of a kind of social agreement on consent, the root basis of which is the future of children as the main business of the nation, its internal driving incentive, its historical chance.

Through all our laws, political decisions, legal, economic and other measures, the thought that affirms the unshakable will of society - to carry out the education and upbringing of Russian citizens above the level of world achievements, should be carried out like a red thread.

Until the Russian authorities consider the education sector as:

A materially equipped area of ​​state activity that is most favorable to intellectual development, physical health and the moral improvement of man;

An environment in which equal starting opportunities for the majority of citizens remove, rather than escalate, socio-political tension in society, restrain the processes of its stratification;

The most important factor of influence on the economy through effective education of people, as well as the redistribution of employment and an increase in the number of jobs in the educational industry enterprises and the market of educational products and services, which in the near future can cover a significant part of education costs;

An integrating core in interethnic relations, a field for fruitful international cooperation, a source of world experience;

A system that prioritizes the physical and moral health of children, the well-being of the family as the most important educational institution, the development of the pedagogical culture of society;

Education will not solve the most pressing problems of upbringing and training the young generation, the revival of the spiritual and intellectual potential of the nation.

When will Russia follow such a civilized path?

Of course, Russian science still occupies a fairly high place in the world. So far, it has been possible to save the unique scientific and technological complex from final decay. This is confirmed by outstanding developments in various industries. But since the current public policy Russia does not contribute to the development of science, it not only does not exert the proper influence on the industry, culture and social development of the country, but it itself is completely dependent on the situation in Russia. Decisions made by top management, like the few legislative acts(usually poorly performing), did not create a complete legislative framework to build and implement a systematic, purposeful national scientific and technical policy in a radically changed political and economic environment.

The main stumbling block in education today is the problem of financing. As long as the country's budget does not have 13-15% of expenditures in this area, no educational doctrines will save Russia.

An increase in the volume of material and financial resources allocated to education, a significant increase in the share of the national product spent in this area, will accelerate the global restructuring of all production and will replenish the future national income a hundredfold. That is, economics and education with science are becoming more and more interconnected spheres. However, both sides must understand this - both the organizers of education and businessmen.

Russian entrepreneurs are still a "class in themselves" today. They have learned to formulate the obligations that the state should undertake in relation to business, especially in the tax area. As for the obligations of the business itself to society and the state, there is a certain shyness on the part of businessmen. But the question knocks on Russian doors: "How can economic and financial resources concentrated in the entrepreneurial sphere be turned into political and spiritual resources of society?" The majority of domestic entrepreneurs have not yet matured to understand this question, and not that they are ready to answer it.

At the same time, investments in "human capital", i.e. the costs of training, retraining, and overseas internships for young Russian businessmen are also insignificant. They still have not come to be seen as an important element in improving the investment climate, reducing political risk, and creating a body of personnel that could be sympathetic to the interests of foreign business. Western business and scientific circles could benefit greatly in the future if cooperation with Russia in this area were deepened.

3.2 Science as a factor in the development of human potential in Russia

In recent years, science has become one of the global factors that determine the state of human potential. Science contributes to the physical well-being of humanity, the growth of its potential. The formation and development of human potential is impossible without the creation of a fundamental scientific base in all branches of knowledge. Considering the state and prospects of science in the country, one can assess the available resources for the development of human potential. Her level of development determines economic situation of a particular country and, accordingly, opportunities for the successful formation of human potential.

The material possibilities and prospects for the life of human society - industrialization, urbanization, the growth of culture and educational opportunities, nutritional problems, reducing mortality and prolonging life - are directly related to the state of scientific and technological progress. The share of scientific and technological progress in developed countries already accounts for 75 to 80 percent of GDP growth. Therefore, in modern conditions, economic growth is beginning to be identified with scientific and technological progress and the intellectualization of production.

It can be argued that there is a relationship between the rate of economic development and the amount of research funding. The growth of the country's economy is the more successful, the greater the percentage of GDP it spends on science. In Sweden, such costs are 3.7%, in Japan - 3.06%, in the United States - 2.84%.

Spending on science should be seen as a direct investment in human development. They contribute to the deepening and expansion of human knowledge, the improvement of technologies and products that affect the quality and duration of human life, determine the main features of modern society. The state of science indicates the accumulation or decline of factors necessary for the development of human potential. Therefore, in order for Russia to overcome the crisis and create conditions for the positive formation of human potential, it is necessary to intensively develop science. The progressive development of human potential is impossible without a powerful scientific potential.

Quite recently, our country occupied a leading position in many indicators characterizing the level of national scientific and technical potential. In the 70s, Soviet science provided 25% of the world's scientific results, which allowed the country to be among the world powers with a high level of scientific and technological progress. Soviet science was one of the most efficient in the world in terms of the classic economic indicator - the volume of scientific production per dollar of expenditure. It surpassed by almost an order of magnitude the leading countries of the world (USA, Japan, Germany, France). In 1987, 83,700 inventions were registered in the USSR (in the USA - 82,900, in Japan - 62,400, in Germany and Great Britain - 28,700 each).

Total spending on science in the Soviet Union was approximately 4% of GDP, one of the highest in the world. However, a significant part of this expenditure was associated with research and development for the defense complex. Approximately one percent of budget funds allocated to science, went to space research. Currently in federal budget space costs are provided in a separate expense item. Therefore, for a more correct comparison of the level of funding for science, one should speak of three percent of the total expenditures on scientific research in the USSR. At present, the share of domestic spending on science in GDP is 1.06%.

The understanding of the importance of priority funding for the development of science by members of the Federation Council and deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Federation was reflected in the law of the Russian Federation "On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy" of August 23, 1996. It provides for the allocation of at least 4% of the expenditure side of the federal budget for these purposes.

But despite this, research funding has been declining throughout the entire period of the 90s. Among the state priorities of the country, scientific and technical potential has ceased to occupy a leading position. Government structures, contrary to the adopted laws of the Russian Federation and public opinion, reduced funding for domestic science. In addition, this reduction was accompanied by an almost twofold decrease in GDP itself, an increase in utility bills and a deficit in government orders.

As a result, a steady tendency of a decrease in real appropriations for science was formed, which for the period from 1991 to 2000 decreased by almost 5-6 times. There has been no similar trend in Russia over the past 50 years. In the period 1996-2000, a real "threat of complete disintegration of the country's scientific and technological complex" arose. Material of the Ministry of Industry and Science of the Russian Federation for parliamentary hearings on the topic: "On the strategy of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation in the long term." M., RF Ministry of Industry and Science, 2001.

Research and development costs per researcher in Russia have become 20-25 times less than in developed countries. On average, in percentage terms, during the 90s, less was spent on science in Russia than in Chile, Romania and Portugal, and in absolute terms - less than in the Czech Republic, Finland and Denmark.

Negative trends in the scientific field have led to a significant reduction in the effectiveness of scientific activities. The potential and volume of research, development and technological development during this period decreased by about 80-85%. As a result, according to the international classification, the Russian Federation currently belongs to the group of states with low scientific potential, equal or equal to such countries as Hungary, Spain, New Zealand and Poland.

In 1999, certain financial prerequisites began to emerge in Russia to overcome this situation. The 1999 budget provided for an increase in expenditures for the maintenance of the scientific sphere by 29%. For the first time in recent years, the country's scientific sphere has been 100% funded, including the salaries of scientists.

In 2000, in the budget message of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin, the reproduction of scientific potential was declared as one of the priority areas of fiscal policy. Government spending on science began to increase. Funding for science in 2000 compared to 1999 increased by 1.4 times. At the same time, the volume of funding for fundamental science amounted to more than 40% of the budget for funding the entire science.

In 2001, in the Annual Address of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, the need for state support of Russian science was also noted. Annual Address of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. M., 2001. - http://president.kremlin.ru/events/191.html This year the volume of funding increases 1.7 times in comparison with 1999 and 1.2 times in comparison with 2000.

In the Russian Federation, the planned expenditures on science continue to remain almost 2 times lower than the legislatively established norm. It can be assumed that such an increase in funding will offset mainly inflationary costs and losses. It is unlikely that it will be possible to radically change the situation in science, despite the planned increase in wages to employees of budgetary institutions in this industry, an increase in social payments and an increase in the cost of maintaining and updating the fixed assets of scientific organizations. Less than 1.7% is planned for research and development, and expenditures on the scientific sphere are less than 2.2% of all budgetary expenditures.

In developed countries, the share of expenditures on science in the total amount of budget expenditures over the past 20 years is quite stable: 6-7% - in the USA, 4-5% - in France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, 3-3.5% - in Japan. Ivanova N. Financial mechanisms of scientific and technical policy (experience of Western countries). - International magazine problems of theory and practice of management. - http://www.ptpu.ru/default.asp

The projected amount of funding for the scientific sphere in 2001 will probably keep scientific schools and basic scientific research alive, but will not be able to reverse the depressive tendencies operating here. The situation in the scientific and technical sphere remains difficult. According to the Ministry of Industry and Science of the Russian Federation, the leaders Russian state underestimated the importance of national scientific potential in a critical period for Russia. Material of the Ministry of Industry and Science of the Russian Federation for parliamentary hearings on the topic: "On the strategy of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation in the long term." M., RF Ministry of Industry and Science, 2001, p. 2 Moreover, it is approximately 200 billion dollars. The monetary estimate of the loss of the country's scientific potential during the 90s is at least $ 60-70 billion. A. Varshavsky "Science in Siberia" - http://vesta.ict.nsc.ru/ HBC / 1999 / n5 / f71 .html

Despite the negative processes, about 10% of the number of scientists around the world continues to work in Russian science. According to this indicator, Russia retains the 7th place in the world.

Currently, the average age of researchers with advanced degrees is 54-55 years, and almost half of all doctors of sciences and more than 1/3 of candidates of sciences are in retirement age.

This trend is especially alarming, since interest in science as a field of their future activities among students in Russia has recently remained low. Sociologists argue that approximately 30% of graduate students do not intend to continue to engage in science in the future. Only 18.6% of current graduate students are going to defend doctoral dissertations. Only 26.8% of the surveyed students intend to engage in intellectual work in Russia.

In 2000, there was some hope for a possible improvement in the state of affairs with the training of scientific personnel. Admission to postgraduate and doctoral studies increased in comparison with 1999, respectively, by 11.7% and 18.5%. It is assumed that this year the number of graduate students will increase by 7.8% and doctoral students by 11.5%.

But the measures taken by the Government of the Russian Federation for state support of young scientists are clearly not enough. The average age of scientists increases by approximately one year each year.

Therefore, the main task for the next few years is to create conditions for the preservation and development of the most promising part of Russian science and the system of training scientific personnel. On the main directions of the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation in the long term. M., Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation, 2001, pp. 28-29 .. The Government of the Russian Federation already in 2001 assumes a 5 percent increase in the number of people employed in science in comparison with 2000. "Monitoring of scientific potential indicators: analysis and forecast" - Newsletter of the Center for Statistics and Science, No. 1, 2001. - http://www.csrs.minstp.ru/Public/default.htm.

The low standard of living of Russian scientists leads to the necessity of their part-time work. The consequences of this phenomenon are ambiguous. On the one hand, the repeated use of the scientist's creative potential expands the profile of his activity, reinforces the spheres in need of them with highly qualified personnel. On the other hand, they scatter the potential of the scientist, enhance social differentiation in the scientific community. Almost two-thirds of the heads of scientific organizations and a third of scientific workers combine the main scientific work with part-time work.

Grant financing is a serious help to scientific research, especially fundamental research. Scientists in the humanities sector receive the greatest support for scientific research through the grant system, while specialists in the natural sciences receive the least support, and representatives of scientific and technical areas receive the least grant support.

Russia is losing human resources in science. Thousands of first-class scientists leave the country every year. More than 70 thousand scientific workers have emigrated. 17% of the research workers of the Russian Academy of Sciences turned out to be abroad. main reason immigration of scientific personnel - economic problems. According to American experts, the “brain drain” from Russia in the period after 1991 was extraordinary, 70-80% of its mathematicians, 50% of theoretical physicists working at the world level left the country. Over the 90s, the country has lost about a third of its intellectual potential. The main "consumer" of our scientists is the West (about 60%) and the states of Eastern Europe - 20%.

Migration quotas in Western countries for Russian scientists and specialists also testify to the possible prospects for the emigration of Russian scientists. Thus, the FRG intends only this year to accept up to 20 thousand programmers from the former USSR. Most of them will be specialists from Russia.

As a result, our country turned from a state that poorly uses its own scientific and technological achievements to meet social needs, into a state that successfully meets the needs of other countries. We began to provide highly developed countries not only with types of raw materials that are in short supply for them, but also with scientific and technical knowledge and personnel.

Insufficient funding of the scientific sphere, reduction of those employed in science, the outflow of highly qualified specialists, intensive "aging" of scientific personnel - all this creates the preconditions for the degradation of the scientific and technical potential of the Russian state. The state of national science is determined by the scientific community itself, in contrast to the official optimistic assessments, as catastrophic. Sociological polls by ISPI RAS show the dynamics of scientists' assessments of the situation in domestic science. In 1991, 32% of the interviewed experts identified the situation in science as critical, in 1993 - 76%, and after 1997 more than 90% of experts have consistently noted a crisis in science, despite the adoption of a number of federal laws guaranteeing stable funding for science. These legislative acts could not fully provide the necessary support for domestic science.

In the opinion of a number of Russian experts, the real state of science in Russia, as a state institution that determines technical strength, industrial infrastructure and competitive export, does not allow setting it the task of modernizing or developing the scientific base. Moreover, it is necessary to take urgent measures to save the scientific potential of the country until these processes become irreversible. There is still a real opportunity to avoid the worst-case scenario for the development of the state of Russian science. For this it is necessary to unite the efforts of the entire scientific complex of the country.

In recent years, there have been significant structural, organizational and legal changes in the system of scientific organizations in Russia. To the greatest extent they affected industrial science. There were 5111 scientific institutions in the country, including 3250 research institutes. They employed 1,500 doctors of sciences and more than 490,000 candidates. But, since 1992, the number of scientific institutions began to decline.

Currently, the Russian Federation has almost 4 thousand scientific organizations of the federal and regional level, 6 academies with state status, and about 50 thousand so-called small enterprises operating in the scientific industry. About 75% of all scientific organizations are state-owned and belong to the state form of ownership.

Accreditation of scientific organizations is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the federal law “On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy”. Out of almost 4000 scientific organizations previously registered by federal and territorial authorities, as of January 1, 2000, 2280 scientific organizations of various forms of ownership were entered into the state register.

Unfortunately, changes in the institutional structure of science were often spontaneous and unregulated. Often they did not so much help the development of the scientific sphere as hampered it. The network of institutions engaged in scientific and technical development was reduced mainly due to design and engineering organizations and the liquidation of research and design divisions of industrial enterprises. While the number of registered industrial enterprises has tripled, the number of departments performing R&D in them has decreased by almost one and a half times. The most rapidly declining volumes of applied research and large-scale development.

The share of R&D expenditures in Russia's gross domestic product (GDP) currently corresponds to the level of 1946-1950. In Russia, during the reforms since 1992, it dropped to the level of Egypt, Poland, India, Portugal. Although back in the late 1980s, this indicator corresponded to the level of the USA, Germany, Japan and Sweden.

Thus, a tendency is formed to reduce promising scientific projects, which are designed to ensure the development of high-tech and science-intensive industries in the future. At the same time, many institutions and enterprises operate under the title of scientific ones that have lost their personnel potential and, as a result, have changed the profile of their main activities.

Such an important parameter of technological development as the level of innovative activity of the industry, characterized by the indicator specific gravity organizations and enterprises engaged in the development and implementation of innovations. Over the 10-year period, it has fallen on average from 60-70% to 20-25% of the total number of industrial enterprises. The lowest level of innovation activity (12-16%) is observed in industries oriented to meeting their own internal needs: light industry, food industry, and construction materials industry.

In industry, only 5% of enterprises independently engage in research and development (in developed countries this figure is almost 80%), 18% introduce new or improved products and 14% - technological processes. The main part of innovatively active enterprises is concentrated in mechanical engineering and metalworking - 42.8%; in food - 19.9%, chemical and petrochemical - 9% and light industry - 5.8%.

At present, seven highly developed countries (out of about 150 countries with market economies) account for about 80 - 90% of high technology products and all of their exports. The share of Russia is only 0.3%. "Seven" possesses 46 out of 50 macro technologies owned by the world, including a set of technological processes (R&D, preparation of production, production itself and service support of the project) to create a certain type of product with specified parameters.

Of these technologies, 22 are controlled by the United States, 8 - 10 - by Germany, 7 - by Japan, 3 - 5 - by Great Britain and France, and one each by Sweden, Norway, Italy and Switzerland. The "economic miracle" of Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, the so-called eastern tigers, is explained not so much by their own technological innovations as by the "implantation" of 1-2 macrotechnologies from leading industrial states into these countries.

Now in Russia, no more than 10% of the total investment is invested in high technologies, while highly developed countries this share reaches 60%. Russia, based on its own production and raw material base, as well as highly qualified personnel, could set and effectively solve the problem priority development according to 12-16 macrotechnologies out of 50 existing in the world. Moreover, in the period up to 2010, it is advisable to limit ourselves to only 6-7 macro technologies, the total level of knowledge in which is close to the world level, and in some cases even surpasses it. We can talk about aviation, space, shipbuilding, special metallurgy and power engineering.

If domestic macro technologies reach a competitive level, Russia's share in the world market for high technology products may rise from 0.3% to 10-12%. This is equivalent to $ 100-120 billion in net income per year.

The aging process and uncontrolled reduction of the experimental and production base of science are intensifying. In research institutes, scientific equipment (especially its instrumental part) has not been updated for almost 11 years. The threshold level for this indicator is 7 years. The computer technology currently used in Russian science is 2-3 orders of magnitude weaker than in the developed countries of the world.

The coefficient of renewal of fixed assets in the scientific and technical sphere in 2000 was only 2.1%. In 1991 it was 10.5%. At present, of the total expenditures on scientific and technical activities, capital expenditures in general amount to less than 4%, and about 3% is directed to the purchase of equipment. Fixed assets are spent on wages, exorbitant utilities and energy consumption. The volume of fixed assets in research and development decreased three times and amounted to 213 billion rubles at the beginning of 2000.

The productivity of scientific work is largely determined by the quality of information support for research and development. The number of publications on scientific and technical issues has decreased by almost 60%. The system of distribution of scientific literature collapsed. Literature of an overview and informational nature, published by the bodies of the NTI, has virtually disappeared. A significant part of scientific periodicals has become inaccessible, opportunities for acquaintance with dissertations, with the achievements of world science through the system of abstract journals are limited, the staff of informant engineers and librarians, the network of grassroots ONTI and NTB, and funds for the acquisition of literature have been reduced. There was a decrease in the average volume of scientific and technical publications. Books have become less accessible, as the products of publishing organizations are low-circulation and do not fully enter the book trade. The underdelivery of samples of printed materials to the leading libraries of the country was 25%. According to UNESCO, 23% of this indicator is considered critical, after reaching which society loses information resources.

In the number of scientific publications in the world, the share of Russia has decreased to 30%. The general state of information support of science, in the opinion of most scientists, is unsatisfactory.

The country's leadership is aware of the potential capabilities of Russian science. This is evidenced by official documents The President of the Russian Federation, the Government and the Federal Assembly of Russia, which declare the need for the priority development of domestic science. However, these declarations have not yet been adequately reflected in practical politics. Russian society expects that in the near future the federal authorities will complete the formation of a strategy for the country's long-term development and will make full use of its scientific and technical capabilities for the formation of human potential.

3.3 Influence of cultural institutions of the Russian Federation on human development

In Russia, as in the world community, there is a growing awareness that culture can and should be an important factor in the development of human potential. No one doubts that development itself is impossible without taking into account, introducing a cultural factor into it.

In 1998, in Stockholm, at the Intergovernmental Conference on Cultural Policies for Development, hosted by the World Commission on Culture and Development, an Action Plan was adopted by 140 states. The adopted Action Plan contains five recommendations to Member States:

1. Make cultural policy one of the key elements of the development strategy.

2. Encourage creativity and participation in cultural life.

3. Increase efforts to preserve and enhance the role of tangible and intangible, movable and immovable heritage and the development of cultural industries.

4. Promote cultural and linguistic diversity within and for the benefit of the information society.

5. Allocate more significant human and financial resources for the development of culture Wolfgang Reiter. Culture and Development: Results of the Stockholm UNESCO Conference // Culture as a Factor of Russia's Economic Revival. Materials for the "round table" of the St. Petersburg Economic Forum. M., 1999.

That is, we are talking about the fact that the development of human potential, the development of society in general is possible only when it is consciously based on the national cultural tradition and life. The cultural tradition and everyday life of a particular society become both a goal and a factor in the development of human potential, of society as a whole.

Today they often write that the time has come for Russia to “collect stones”. First of all, this concerns the cultural, spiritual sphere. The loss of one's own spiritual foundations, cultural tradition, value system means one thing: dissolution and assimilation in another culture alien to us, which will entail a change, and subsequently a change of identity. Russian population... Considering that the priority goal in the development of the Russian state today is the building of a strong state, it is necessary to realize that this goal can be realized only if there is an appropriate human potential, the core of which is in the culture of our people, in its spirit. During the transition period, when Russia has not yet taken its rightful place in the world community, spiritual priorities are more important than ever for maintaining the appropriate psychological climate in the country, the level of individual and national self-awareness. The status of spiritual factors, especially in times of crisis, is so great that their effect cannot be underestimated. They control the meanings, control the thoughts of people, therefore it is so important who owns the hegemony of the spirit, the cultural hegemony in the country. Russian philosopher L.P. Karsavin in his reasoning about the nation, its unity wrote that "the idea of ​​culture determines its statehood" Karsavin LP. Philosophy of history. St. Petersburg, 1993 .. That is, culture is not a derivative, it is the determining basis of the strategy for the development of society, the world as a whole, it sets the framework and sets the horizon for this development, the horizon for the development of the individual. Therefore, the issue of spiritual, cultural hegemony, the issue of preserving cultural heritage, high culture - these are issues that today need to be taken into account not only in theoretical reasoning, discussions about the future of transformation processes in Russia, these are issues that should become a factor that really affects on the strategy of transformations in the country.

The goal of all transformations should be a person. If there is a drop in the development of human potential, then this is a signal for a revision of the benchmarks in economic policy country. The economy is designed to support the life of society, but the purpose of the life of society is not the development of the economy, but the development of the individual, its creative potential.

Personality, an orientation towards her creative potential lie at the heart of the projects of the society of the third millennium. However, modern society is also already to some extent inherent in these features, for example:

- maximum use of human potential, its creative and informational capabilities;

- priority of non-materialistic values; a shift from the unrestrained growth of material and energy consumption to an increase in information consumption.

Taking into account these characteristics and trends in the development of society, we cannot but care about the cultural potential of Russia and its impact on the development of the country's human potential as the main factor in its development.

The cultural potential of Russia is multifaceted - these are monuments of history and culture, and museums, libraries, and theaters, as well as high culture and its carriers, personnel working in the field of culture, etc. All aspects are important, each of them fulfills its function. We can say that underestimating any of the factors is a time bomb, which at a certain stage can tear (and possibly blow up) the cultural field of Russia. The main thing in the cultural potential is its content side, its spiritual component. Spiritual culture is a very influential force in our time. This is something that every nation should cherish, cherish, something that should be developed for the sake of future generations.

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The problem of human development is the problem of matching the qualitative characteristics of the labor force to the nature of the modern economy. In the conditions of post-industrialization, the requirements for physical qualities and especially for the education of an employee, including his ability to constantly improve his qualifications, are increasing.

At the same time, the development of the qualitative characteristics of the labor force is extremely uneven in the world economy. The worst indicators in this regard are shown by developing countries, which, however, are the main source of replenishment of the world labor force. It is this circumstance that determines the global nature of the problem of human development.

The potential of a person's labor activity is determined in many respects by his physical qualities, i.e. abilities for creative activity, due primarily to the state of his health and development as a living organism. The increased intensity of modern production increases both physical and intellectual workload and objectively presupposes the creation of adequate conditions for its reproduction. At the same time, opportunities for this exist mainly in developed countries, while in developing countries, the development of a person's physical quality is actively hindered by such factors as low income, lack of adequate nutrition, poor housing conditions, low level of health care development, mass diseases, etc. As a result, life expectancy in Africa, for example, is only 46 years, and according to WHO estimates, by the beginning of the XXI century. here, AIDS affected about 25% of the workforce.

The most important elements of the qualitative characteristics of labor resources are the level of general and professional education. According to the theory of human capital, there is a strong relationship between economic growth and the costs of general education, training and health care, i.e. “Investments in people”, and the profitability of such investments in the long term is higher than investments in physical capital.

Research carried out in the mid-80s. XX century, confirmed the correctness of the provisions of the theory of human capital. In particular, it was found that an increase in the period of training of the labor force by just one year can provide an additional GDP growth of 3%. Received confirmation and thesis about the higher, in the long term, the profitability of "investment in a person" in comparison with investment in physical capital.

The problem of human development is an extremely complex global problem. The prospects for its solution directly depend on economic growth in all components of the world economy, and primarily in developing countries. It is only on the basis of economic growth that opportunities for the development of the social sphere arise, and hence the creation of conditions for the formation of labor resources adequate to modern requirements.