Economy of the state and municipal sector: Textbook. State and municipal sectors of the economy

Public sector economics and public administration economics.

Composition of the public sector of the economy by organizational and legal forms

1.4 Models of the public sector of the economy:

The concept of the state and municipal sector of the economy, its structure

The dialectics of the development of society is associated with its dual nature. WITH on the one hand, it is the relationship between society and man; on the other hand, it is the relationship between society and the state. In the economy of the public sector, state regulation of the institutions of society and the individual is united. The feedback system of the state, society and the individual is one of the most complex theoretical and practical problems of increasing the efficiency of the public sector. Man does not exist for the state, but the state for man.

Economics of the state and municipal sector - fundamental science, which means that the basis of its methodology is based on objective universal laws, perceived from the standpoint of dialectical development. Public sector economics is studied at the intersection of economic theory, applied economics, sociology, political science and psychology.

The theoretical basis of the course is a combination of political economy, institutionalism, micro- and macroanalysis, the world economy, the economy of the public sector of foreign countries. This is especially important, since in the context of globalization, the economy of the public sector in Russia and other countries retains its historical traditions in the relationship between the state, society and individuals.

The subject of studying the economy of the state and municipal sector- the role and functions of the state and municipalities as economic entities of a market economy, interaction with other economic entities within the country and abroad. The economic activity of the state and municipal sector as a whole, at the federal, regional and municipal levels, as well as in the context of industries and types of economic activity, is subject to consideration.

The most important tasks of the course of economics of the state and municipal sector:

Justification of the need for the development of the state and municipal sector in a market economy;

Theoretical substantiation of the need for government intervention in the framework of microeconomics from the standpoint of efficiency and equity;

Acquaintance with the theory of public choice, identification of problems and difficulties of state regulation of the economy;

Familiarization with the tools and mechanisms of government intervention in the economy.

Main questions considered by the economics of the public sector are:

The impact of the sector on the standard and living conditions of the population based on the production and provision of services on a non-market basis, social payments and the use of other instruments;

Formation of income, expenses and property state and municipal sectors;

The impact of economic policy and economic activities of the public sector on other economic actors and their economic behavior;

Public sector production of goods and services on a commercial basis.

The market economy of any country is a mixed economic system consisting of the most important sectors - private and public... The variety of types of mixed economies, which has arisen as a result of the historical characteristics of the formation of statehood, national mentality and other factors, has led to the ambiguity of approaches to the interpretation of the concept of "public sector". The most widespread are two approaches.

The public sector is a set of resources of the economy at the disposal of the state and public organizations (including local governments). It is a part of the economic space in which:

1. the market does not operate or only partially operates, and therefore, the non-market method of coordinating economic activity, the non-market type of organizing the exchange of activities prevails;

2. not private, but public goods are produced, distributed and consumed;

3. The economic balance between demand and supply of public (collective) good is ensured by the state, local governments and voluntary public organizations with the help of appropriate social institutions, primarily through fiscal policy.

In the public sector the production of economic goods of a special kind is carried out - public goods. Between the market and public sectors of the economy, between the state and economic agents, there is an exchange of activities and flows of economic benefits. The public sector plays an active role in the circulation of income, resources, goods and services.

Since the public sector is dominated by government activities, it is often referred to as public sector. This identification of the public and public sectors is permissible to a certain extent.

The purpose of the functioning of the public sector (through the mechanisms for the implementation of the stabilization function, as well as the functions of distribution of resources and incomes) is the formation of a single socio-economic space in a certain territory.

The public sector comprises three subsectors:

state,

voluntary-public,

mixed.

On the one hand, the mixed sector occupies an intermediate position between the public and market sectors, and on the other hand, there is an adjacent zone within the public sector between the state and voluntary-public subsectors.

The public sector of the economy: understanding in a narrow and broad sense. First of all, it must be said that there is no unified approach to defining and separating the public sector into an independent concept. There are discrepancies here that have target and national specifics. In this regard, at present, we can talk about two interpretations of the public sector: narrow and broad senses... Let's look at the first aspect first.

When defining the essence of the public sector, as a rule, one proceeds from the fact that it is the most important component of the national economy. At the same time, a distinctive feature of the public sector of the economy is the ability of the state to carry out direct and operational management of economic entities that are part of it. The very management of economic entities in the public sector of the economy is carried out by state authorities through their representatives participating in the formation of the strategy and tactics of the activities of enterprises in the public sector.

The methodological basis for the definition of the public sector is the concept administration legal entities (business entities). Administrative management refers to the impact of a manager (head of a legal entity) on the activities of a legal entity, aimed at the fastest possible achievement of the goal. Based on this concept, the definition of the public sector is formulated:

A narrow interpretation of the "public sector"- the state sector of the economy should be understood as a set of legal entities (business entities), the administrative and economic management of which is carried out by the state through the federal and regional authorities of the country. It is assumed that the public sector is designed to represent the interests of members of society, therefore it is commonly called the public sector.

Broad interpretation of the "public sector"- the public sector is understood as the totality of economic resources owned by the state, all organizations with the help of which state regulation of the economy is carried out. This is the economic budget, state organizations in the field of management, health care, education, defense, state production enterprises, state lands, and mineral reserves.

The state sector of the economy is a part of the national economy in which the state is the owner and exercises its rights and obligations in relation to enterprises, organizations and institutions with distant state ownership. The state receives income from taxation and other sources and influences the economy by spending on consumption and investment, as well as exercising control through monetary and fiscal policy on the income and expenditures of other sectors of the economy.

The municipal sector of the economy is a part of the national economy in which the owner is the municipality and exercises its rights and obligations in relation to enterprises, organizations and institutions with a share of municipal ownership.

State property in the Russian Federation is property owned by the Russian Federation, - federal property and property owned by the constituent entities of the Federation, - the property of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Land and other natural resources not owned by citizens, legal entities or municipalities are state property. The Russian Federation, its constituent entities, municipalities act in financial relations on rape rights with other participants in these relations - individuals and legal entities.

On behalf of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities, state authorities may acquire and exercise property and personal non-property rights and obligations, act in court within the framework of the competence established by acts determining their status.

On behalf of municipalities, local governments may acquire and exercise financial and other rights and obligations within the framework of their competence established by acts that determine their status.

On special instructions, when making financial and other decisions on behalf of the Russian Federation, its constituent entities and municipalities, state bodies, local self-government bodies, as well as legal entities and individuals can act.

In the Russian Federation there are seven federal districts, 89 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, 12,215 municipalities, of which 625 cities, 1,404 districts, 516 villages, 9,314 rural districts, 203 rural settlements, 153 urban districts and districts. There is a tendency towards a reduction in the number of municipalities and their enlargement. Currently, 11,160 municipalities have municipal property.

The Russian Federation, all constituent entities, municipalities are liable for their obligations with the property belonging to them by right of ownership, except for the property that is assigned to the legal entities created by them on the basis of the right of economic management or operational management, as well as property that can only be in state or municipal ownership ...

State-owned property is assigned to state-owned enterprises and institutions for the possession, use and disposal. Funds from the corresponding budget and other state property not assigned to state enterprises and institutions constitute the state treasury and the treasury of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Property owned by urban and rural settlements, as well as other municipalities, is municipal property. On behalf of the municipality, the rights of the owner are exercised by local self-government bodies and other persons. Property in municipal ownership is assigned to municipal enterprises and institutions for possession, use and disposal.

Local budget funds and other municipal property not assigned to municipal enterprises and institutions constitute the municipal treasury of the corresponding municipal formation.

Property that is in state or municipal ownership can be transferred by its owner to the ownership of individuals and legal entities, i.e. privatized.

The public sector of the economy includes:

Unitary enterprises based on the right of economic management;

Government agencies;

Federal government enterprises;

Joint-stock companies, in the authorized capital of which more than 50% of the voting shares are in federal ownership and property of the constituent entities of the Federation;

Subsidiaries, the parent company of which has a state-owned stake in excess of 50%;

Enterprises that are part of the holding, the parent company of which has a state-owned stake in excess of 50%.

In 2000, the share of industrial products of the public sector in the total volume of industrial products was about 16%, the share of those employed in organizations of the state sector of the economy in the total number of employees employed in the economy - up to 22%. The share of the public sector in the total volume of investment in fixed assets was 21%, in the total volume of domestic investment in research and development - 31%, in the total number of organizations performing research and development - 32%, in the total number of employees performing research research and development, - 31%.

In 2000, enterprises of the state sector of the economy of the fuel and energy complex (FEC) produced industrial products about 35% of the total volume of the complex's production. The share of public sector products in the electric power industry accounted for 81% of the total industry output.

6 state sector of the economy of the chemical complex has about 90% of state unitary enterprises.

In the defense complex, 43% of the total number of enterprises and organizations belong to the public sector. These are mainly state unitary and state-owned enterprises.

The share of public sector products in the total volume of agricultural products was 10.5%.

In the transport complex, the share of transportations by enterprises of the state sector of the economy in the total volume of transportations amounted to 65%.

The share of the public sector in the total volume of SMS services of telecommunications organizations and the share in the total volume of SMS services to the population was 59 and 77%.

When considering the structure of investments in fixed assets from all sources of financing, it becomes obvious that the share of the public sector in the total volume of investment is reduced. In 2000, enterprises in the public sector of the economy accounted for 21% of the total volume of investments in fixed assets.

An analysis of structural transformations in the state sector of the economy shows that its share will decrease due to further privatization of state property.

The main directions in the field of increasing the efficiency of the use of state property and improving the structure of the state sector of the economy is the implementation by the state of the functions of an active owner in relation to all state facilities, optimization of their number, as well as raising the level of awareness of the characteristics and parameters of facilities, which is necessary for making managerial decisions.

Consider further the municipal sector of the economy. The share of people employed in organizations in this sector in 2000 reached almost 25% of the total number of employees employed in the economy. The share of the municipal sector in the total volume of investments in fixed assets amounted to 4.6%.

The municipal sector is represented mainly by enterprises of the local economy, including housing and communal services, and institutions of the social sphere. By types of objects of municipal property are distributed as follows: enterprises - in 4917 municipalities; educational institutions - in S792 entities; healthcare institutions - in 7916 entities; cultural and sports institutions - in 7950 formations; housing stock and non-residential premises - in S510.

The municipal property also includes funds from the local budget and off-budget funds. More than 10,000 municipalities have local budgets.

Statistical data show that about 1/3 of municipalities do not have main objects of municipal property (housing stock, utilities, education, health care, etc.). Basically, these are the former territorial units of district subordination - village councils, townships, cities of district subordination.

The economic base of the municipal sector is made up of enterprises that are in municipal ownership and are necessary to meet the household and socio-cultural needs of the population (as a rule, this is a production with a high degree of localization of the sales market).

The main branches of the municipal economy are housing and communal services, the organization of public secondary education, and health care.

The most serious issue that needs to be addressed is the elimination of irrational mechanisms for the formation of objects of municipal property and ineffective management of the local economy.

The most important problems of the formation and development of local self-government are associated with the formation of its financial and economic basis. At present, local budgets finance almost 100% of expenses for secondary education, 85% for health care, 60% for the maintenance of kindergartens, housing, and utilities.

Through local government bodies, the protection of the common interests of citizens living in the local territory (local communities) is ensured.

In 339 municipalities there are no local budgets, but if we take into account that in a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation municipalities have only cost estimates established by them by state authorities, then the total number of budgetless municipalities increases to 3 thousand. As a result, local authorities do not have sufficient means to ensure the normal life of the population, planning opportunities. In the future, it is planned to switch from financing according to estimates to the own budgets of municipalities.

In connection with changes in the field of taxation, the share of own revenues of local budgets has decreased in recent years by 4-5 times and is 5-6% of the local budget. Revenues from local non-tax revenues are also declining.

Local budgets are formed by 80% at the expense of deductions from federal and regional taxes. This affects the independence of local self-government bodies, hinders normal economic planning.

A serious problem of the current state of the municipal sector is the extremely high socio-economic and financial differentiation of local government entities. It is largely determined by objective factors: natural and climatic conditions, the distribution of numerous resources, the multiethnic diversity of peoples and their cultural and historical past. Strengthening the unity of the economic space of Russia requires the alignment of municipalities, the purpose of which is to prevent an excessive gap between the levels of development of different regions, which can negatively affect the integrity of the state.

The main direction in the field of increasing the efficiency of the municipal sector of the economy is the implementation by local governments of the functions of an active owner in relation to all municipal facilities, increasing the financial independence of local budgets. In the coming years, it is expected:

Complete the transfer of certain categories of objects belonging to federal property and state property of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to municipal ownership of municipalities of all types;

Transfer of land to municipal ownership;

Creation of conditions for the rationalization of the municipal economy, including: optimization of the composition of municipal property through the alienation of objects not related to the implementation of the functions of local self-government, including municipal enterprises and institutions; optimization of the structures of municipal economy management; introduction of modern methods of managing the budgetary process, municipal property.

Thus, the state and municipal sectors, despite the downward trend in them, occupy a key place in the socio-economic life of Russia.

APPROVED

Head of the department

Colonel of Internal Service

E.N. Bardulin

"____" _____________ 201_

Topic 1. General characteristics of the public sector economy

discipline lecture

"Economy of the state and municipal sector"

( 080504.65 - "State and Municipal Administration")

SMK-UMK-D 4.4.2-41-2013

Considered at the meeting

Department of UiIMK Protocol No. _____

dated "____" _________ 201_

Saint Petersburg

1. Learning objectives of the lecture on 1 topic

To give students a holistic knowledge of the patterns and stages of the formation of the public sector economy.

To teach how to use the obtained theoretical knowledge in solving practical problems assigned to the organizations and services of the EMERCOM of Russia.

To develop students' desire for in-depth mastering of the material in the discipline "Economics of the State and Municipal Sector", to instill the skills of independent work with primary sources and teaching materials.

2. Educational purposes

Fostering a creative approach in students in the course of acquiring professional competencies.

Education of professionally significant qualities in students, development of independent creative thinking in students.

3. Calculation of study time

Time, min

INTRODUCTORY PART

MAIN PART

Study questions:

1. The concept and boundaries of the public sector economy.

1.1 Concept of public sector economics

1.2 Public sector economics and general government sector economics. Their boundaries.

1.3 Factors predetermining the need for the public sector of the economy.

2 . The main activities and public goods provided by the public sector of the economy.

2.1 Provision of general public services. Defense. Public order and safety.

2.2 Activities of the public administration sector to develop the economy and ensure reproduction.

2.3 Types of activities of the public administration sector in the social sphere.

2.4 Economic activity of enterprises owned or controlled by the state.

FINAL PART

4. Literature

The main

Savchenko P.V., Pogosov I.A., Zhiltsov E.N. Public Sector Economics: Textbook / Ed. Savchenko P.V., Pogosova I.A., Zhiltsova E.N. - M .: INFRA-M, 2009 .-- 763 p.

Akhinov G.A., Zhiltsov E.N. Public sector economics. - M .: INFRA-M, 2008.

Budget and budgetary system of the Russian Federation: Textbook. allowance. M .: Dashkov and Co, 2001.

Economy of the municipal sector: textbook. manual for university students studying in the specialty 080504 "State and municipal management" / Ed. A.V. Pikulkin. - M .: UNITY - DANA, 2008 .-- 464s.

Roy O.M. The system of state and municipal government: Textbook. allowance. SPb .: Peter, 2004.

Additional

Volgin N.A., Kokin Yu.P. Incomes of the population and wages in modern Russia. Analysis of the situation, substantiation of the actions of state authorities and administration. M .: RAGS, 2008.

State and municipal finance: Textbook / Under total. ed. I. D. Matskulyaka. M .: RAGS, 2006.

Lykova L.N. The tax system of Russia: general and specific. Moscow: Nauka, 2006.

Glazunova N.I. The system of state and municipal government: a textbook for universities on special. "State. and municipal. ex. " / N.I. Glazunova; State un-t control. - M .: Prospect, 2006.

Transformation of the role of the state in a mixed economy. Moscow: Nauka, 2006.

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Plan

Introduction

1.1 Public sector of the economy

1.2 Municipal sector of the economy

1.3 Public sector

2. The concept of public good and its basic properties

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The public sector emerged from the first days of the existence of statehood. From the very inception of the state, society was aware of the need for state intervention. Many great economists defended the theory of maximum non-interference of the state in the economy, but it is impossible to imagine a state that would not implement fiscal policy, regulation of social and economic processes in society. At the moment, the acute problem of our state is its role in the economic system. This problem determines the need to study the functioning of the state and municipal sectors of the economy, the influence of the public sector on the course of market processes in Russia. The relevance of the topic is emphasized by the current trends of increasing government intervention in all spheres of life, especially in the economic sphere. The centralization of state power observed today is manifested in the behavior of state corporations, which monopolize the main spheres of the country's economy. Many instruments of the economic policy of the Russian state are in a state of formation. With the development of market relations and an increase in the level of their maturity, with a more complete activation of the driving forces of the market mechanism, the state regulation of the economy will also undergo changes.

1 The content of the concepts of the state and municipal sector.Public sector

1.1

Public sector of the economy is a collection of state-owned enterprises and organizations financed from the state budget. The boundaries of the public sector in a transition economy are quite fluid. Due to the growing corporatization and privatization of enterprises, there is a wide variety of mixed public-private entities. At present, the statistics of most countries with economies in transition usually exclude from the public sector enterprises that are in the process of privatization, even in cases where the share of state ownership in their capital remains significant. Therefore, the total volume of state property at the expense of state blocks of shares and dal in the capital of mixed enterprises turns out to be much larger than the state sector itself.

The attitude towards the public sector of the economy, even after a decade of market reforms, remains one of the most controversial issues. The beginning of market transformation in most countries was associated with ultra-liberal attitudes towards the state as an owner and in assessing the possibility of effective functioning of state-owned enterprises. In hopes of miracles of privatization, the governments of post-socialist countries have clearly underestimated the potential of the state capitalist model of companies in a transitional economy. It is now clear that the reason for this was rather political preferences than a sober economic calculation.

In general terms, the public sector can be represented as a set of elements that are interconnected by belonging to state property, performing its functions to achieve the goals set by the state. In a number of cases, in order to outline the scope of the public sector of the economy, the criteria of public utility and public activity are used. However, the content of these criteria is subject to change.

Some authors under the concept of state ownership mean enterprises owned by the state in whole or in part (mixed ownership), and under the public sector the amount of state intervention in economic life. Within the framework of this approach, an expanded interpretation of the public sector is considered, according to which it is a set of economic resources at the disposal of the state. At the same time, the resources that the state controls are not only the organizations that are in its ownership, but also the financial resources of the state necessary to perform the functions assigned to it. In the first case, we are talking about the stock of resources, in the second - about their flow. / 1, C.55 /.

Other authors understand by state property all tangible and intangible property at the disposal of the state, and by the state sector a set of state organizations and institutions, or a complex of economic objects, in whole or in part, owned by central and local state bodies. However, it is rather difficult to unequivocally assert the truth of only one of these points of view.

The analysis shows that although the categories of the public sector and state property are intersecting, they are not identical. state municipal public

At the same time, in scientific publications there is an expanded interpretation of the public sector, in addition to economic systems carrying out economic activity, they include all levels of legislative and executive power involved in the management and regulation of the economy, as well as the financial system that provides them. In this case, the functions of the public sector in the economy are identified with the state functions of regulating the economy.

In modern conditions, special attention should be paid to the belonging of information resources to the state sector, which act in the modern economy as an object of property. It is difficult to overestimate the role of this resource in increasing the efficiency of the entire economic system of the country.

The public sector of the economy is, therefore, a systemically structured set of interconnected elements that perform certain functions in the interests of achieving the goals set by the state. Their implementation is carried out through state regulation, which becomes an integral element of the system of organizing the functioning of a modern market economy and its management.

So, from all of the above, we can conclude that the public sector is a determining and necessary link for the entire country as a whole. The concept of the public sector has a complex multidimensional nature, due to the ambiguity of the definition of the structure of the public sector. The concept of the public sector includes many economic, legal relations. Today, the most relevant is the use of an expanded interpretation of the public sector, which includes the resource base, all levels of legislative and executive power, the financial system, state-owned companies and state corporations, and state-owned enterprises.

1.2 Municipal sector of the economy

Municipal sector of the economy- a set of primary (lower) units - municipalities, each of which represents a form of territorial organization and activity of the population, combines production, social and management functions in certain territories.

The municipal sector of the economy is understood as a set of economic relations associated with the use of municipal property assigned to municipal unitary enterprises, municipal (budgetary) institutions, the municipal treasury, as well as the property rights of the local government arising from its participation in commercial organizations.

In the issue of the formation of the institution of local self-government in the Russian Federation, one of the central places is occupied by the problem of ensuring the economic independence of municipalities. Unfortunately, since the emergence of de jure local self-government, the state has been extremely inconsistent in relation to this democratic institution, which, naturally, did not contribute to the successful development of municipalities. The policy of strict centralization of financial resources pursued in the Russian Federation has practically deprived local governments of any economic independence, making them hostages of the budgetary policy of the constituent entities of the Federation. Nevertheless, the volume of the local government's own expenditure powers did not decrease, but, on the contrary, was supplemented by additional expenses that arose in connection with the adoption of various Russian laws and legislative acts of the constituent entity of the Federation that were not provided with financial sources. Local self-government bodies, as the authorities closest to the population, objectively become addressees for the economic claims of citizens and structures whose rights are violated due to the lack of funding for certain laws.

The municipal sector of the economy is represented by municipal unitary enterprises. The main sphere of activity is housing and communal services and landscaping, trade, construction, agriculture, consumer services for the population are insignificantly present. There is a downward trend in the number of municipal enterprises operating in “market” areas. As a rule, CBMs remain where commercial capital does not invest funds due to the low profitability of the business.

1.3 Public sector

"The public sector is a set of economic resources at the disposal of the state and public organizations (including local governments)." Even Pigou put forward the opinion that the redistribution of income in society serves to increase its welfare. JM Clarke understood a balanced society as a combination of private activity and public control aimed at ensuring a balance between private and public interests. Currently, the approach of considering both market mechanisms and the public sector from the perspective of the theory of property rights is relevant. In this regard, the public sector becomes a mechanism for reducing transaction costs. The public sector of the economy is a field of activity focused on eliminating market failures, creating common and socially significant benefits.

The public sector is a rather complex entity and largely overlaps with the state. It includes budgetary institutions, state non-budgetary funds and state enterprises, and other objects of state property. In addition to these institutions, the public sector in the broad sense of the word includes non-governmental non-profit organizations. The sector of non-profit organizations, which has received great development in leading foreign countries, is an important element of civil society. These structures operate in the area of market failures and are not profit-oriented. The goals and objectives of their activities are enshrined in the charter. Non-profit organizations can make a profit, but it is directed exclusively towards achieving statutory goals. An important difference between non-profit organizations and government organizations is that they are created on a voluntary basis and operate independently. They are distinguished by greater openness and responsibility towards the consumers of their services. In some cases, a part of the regulatory functions traditionally performed by the state may be transferred to non-profit organizations.

The public sector is an area of the economy or part of an economic space, where, in aggregate, the following specific conditions are determined:

The market does not operate or partially operates, therefore, the non-market method of coordinating economic activity, the non-market type of organizing the exchange of activities prevails;

It is not private but public goods that are produced, distributed and consumed;

The economic balance between demand and supply of public goods is carried out by the state, local governments and voluntary public organizations with the help of appropriate social institutions and budgetary and financial policies.

The public sector deals with public goods, which for the most part are not traded. In cases where there is a commercial transaction for a public good, it is not considered as the main incentive for the activities of public organizations. In this regard, public sector organizations are called non-profit. Since the public sector is dominated by government activities, it is often referred to as the public sector of the economy. The structure of the public sector is heterogeneous and includes three subsectors: state, voluntary-public, mixed. On the one hand, the mixed sector occupies an intermediate position between the public and market sectors, on the other hand, there is an adjacent zone within the public sector between the state and voluntary-public subsectors. The scale of the public sector is characterized by both the size of state ownership (resource reserves) and the volume of government revenues and expenditures (flows of funds collected and spent). The public sector has traditionally held strong positions in such spheres of activity as defense, basic scientific research, education, health care, culture, and utilities.

In the new economic conditions, when the state acts as one of the subjects of the market, and in the public sector they begin to interact along with state and public, non-profit, private, mixed organizations, it becomes necessary to change the organizational and functional structure of public finance, which will allow, while maintaining the regulatory role of the state, to ensure a balance between the volume of social needs and the possibilities of their satisfaction. The real existence of these by nature market phenomena in the non-market public sector necessitates a non-market balancing mechanism included in the market economic turnover of the public sector. In the market sector, a similar mechanism is the process of free pricing, as a result of which a balance is established between supply and demand for private goods. But in this case, market equilibrium is based on indirect institutional constraints imposed by the state (taxes, subsidies, price level limitation).

In the public sector, the regulatory mechanism has a fundamentally different design and specificity, due to the specifics of the demand and supply of public goods. The nature of public goods dictates the need to meet the demand for them evenly. The offer of public goods differs in that it is implemented by state and public organizations, although most of the costs of obtaining these goods are borne by consumers, that is, members of society - in the form of taxes, voluntary payments. Ensuring a balance between supply and demand for public goods is largely influenced by the part of this process that is implemented in the public sector, since a significant amount of public goods is produced here. This kind of balancing mechanism in the domestic literature is called financial and budgetary. The balance that is established between supply and demand for public goods is defined as "fiscal equilibrium". The concept of budgetary equilibrium reveals the nature and essence of the mechanism for the creation and distribution of public goods, and, taking into account the collective nature of their consumption, reflects the need to use compulsory and compulsory instruments of influence on business entities to ensure the formation of public goods.

2 The concept of a public good and its basic properties

Public goods in the National economic system, firstly, act as the most complex process in terms of its internal structure, as well as the factorial conditions for its formation. Secondly, public goods are the result of the functioning of a special sector of the economy - the public sector. Third, the public good is the most important representative in the economy - services. Fourth, within the public sector, there is a deep specification of organizations, institutions that produce a specific public good.

There are many definitions of public goods in the economic literature. For example, Borisov A.B. in the Big Economic Dictionary under public goods means goods and services supplied by the state on a non-market basis. / 4, p. 546 /. In this definition, there are two provisions that incorrectly reflect the specifics of the production of public goods in the public sector. Firstly, these are not goods, and secondly, they are not created on a non-market basis. The first misunderstanding extends the public good. The inaccuracy of the second interpretation is based on a misunderstanding of the fact that the specific financing of the production of public goods through the budget system, on the contrary, indicates a market basis.

On the basis of economic theory, the following definition of a public good can be given. A public good is a specific type of service produced in the public sector in the economy for general (up to simultaneous) consumption by individuals and legal entities.

Based on this definition, the following signs of public goods can be distinguished:

A public good is a specific type of service. In a specific sector, specific factors are used;

The public good is consumed together, up to the simultaneous nature of this process;

A public good is inherently satisfying social needs.

“The lighthouse is a classic example of a public good. Its construction can be economically viable if the benefits outweigh the production costs. However, the benefits accruing to each beacon user cannot justify the purchase of such a large and indivisible product. In any case, after the lighthouse was put into operation, its signal light serves as a reference point for all ships. There is little or no way to exclude some ships from taking advantage of the lighthouse's benefits. The light of the beacon is visible to everyone, and if the shipowner chooses not to pay for them, the captain of the ship cannot be prohibited from using the signals of the beacon. Economists call this the "freerider" problem: people can enjoy the benefits of a product without incurring any production costs. " / 1, p. 238 /

Public goods are distinguished by two properties: non-competitiveness and non-exclusion. Non-excludability means the technical impossibility or prohibitively high cost of preventing additional consumers from accessing the good. “Non-excludability in consumption is understood as the impossibility, by setting market prices, to exclude certain firms or individuals from the number of recipients of at least part of the benefits (or part of the costs) directly related to the production and consumption of a particular commodity. It is impossible, for example, to prohibit a pedestrian from using the light of a burning lantern, and an individual with a radio receiver to receive radio broadcasts. Non-exclusion can arise both as a result of the impossibility of physically excluding someone from using this good (as in the case of pedestrians walking along a lit street), and as a result of extremely high costs of exclusion in comparison with the possible benefits of the seller. It is customary to distinguish between the technical impossibility and the economic inexpediency of excluding public goods. If a public good is completely indivisible, then it is practically impossible to exclude it. If the costs of achieving the exclusivity of a public good are high enough, that is, huge funds are required to exercise control over the admission of people to the public good, exclusion may be economically unjustified. Thus, a city recreation park can be fenced off, guarded, and park services can be made an object of consumption and use by those groups of the population that are able to pay for the services rendered. But a situation is possible when the payment for the services of the city park will not be able to cover the huge costs of erecting a fence around the park and the maintenance of security workers and cashiers. Consequently, achieving the exclusion of a public good in the form of recreation in a city park will not be economically feasible.

The non-competitiveness of a public good presupposes that the good is indivisible, cannot be “packaged” and sold individually, indiscriminately, and consumed jointly. Non-competitiveness of a public good means that the consumption of the public good by one person does not reduce the consumption of another individual. " The public good remains available for use by all in unremitting quantity and quality. A typical example of non-competitive consumption is the national legal system. Consumption of the services of the national legal system as a public good does not diminish or worsen the situation of the population due to the birth of new citizens of the country. In general, the presence of the properties of public goods in their extreme cases - competitiveness and non-competitiveness, exclusion and non-exclusion - makes it possible to draw boundaries between different types of goods.

Conclusion

The public sector of the economy is a systemically structured set of interconnected elements that perform certain functions in the interests of achieving the goals set by the state. Their implementation is carried out through state regulation, which becomes an integral element of the system of organizing the functioning of a modern market economy and its management. The municipal sector of the economy is understood as a set of economic relations associated with the use of municipal property assigned to municipal unitary enterprises, municipal (budgetary) institutions, the municipal treasury, as well as the property rights of the local government arising from its participation in commercial organizations.

Bibliography

1. Alekhin E.V. State and municipal sector of the economy in the Russian Federation. Textbook. Penza, 2011.

2. Atamanchuk G.V. Theory of public administration: The course is easy. - M .: Legal literature, 2002.

3. Asaul A.N. The role of the state in the mixed economic system // Region: politics, economics, sociology. 2006, No. 1-2

4. Akhinov G.A., Zhiltsov E.N. Public sector economics. Uch.

Manual M .: INFRA-M, 2008.

5. Borisov A.B. Big Dictionary of Economics. 2nd ed. Rev. and add. - M .: Book World, 2004.

6. Vechkanov G.S. Economic theory: textbook. for universities / Vechkanov G.S. - SPb .: Peter, 2009.

7. Oreshin V.P. "State regulation of the national economy", 2006.

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1. Subject and methods of economics of the state and municipal sector.

Economics subject state and municipal sector - the formation and use of resources of the state and municipal sector and the influence of the state and local authorities on the economic situation and behavior of firms and households.

Research methods of the economy of the state and municipal sector

The research method is understood as a set of techniques and methods of cognition of the processes of economic phenomena and events

Classification of research methods:

General scientific. Among them are distinguished:

Theoretical

A) methods-operations: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy, abstraction, concretization, generalization, formalization, modeling

B) methods of action: dialectical methods, problem statement, hypothesis, proof

Empirical methods:

A) methods-operations: literature review, analysis of documents and materials, observation, measurement, survey, expert judgment, testing.

Methods of action: object tracking (monitoring, study and generalization of experience), transformation of objects (experiment, experience)

2) Private scientific research methods: Economic observation, Economic experiment, Economic modeling, Economic induction, Building economic hypotheses, Historical analysis of economic phenomena, etc.

3) Methods of interdisciplinary research are a set of integrative methods aimed at the implementation of complex scientific programs.

Research methods, most often used in the economy of the state and municipal sector:

Traditional methods of formal logic

Method of theoretical generalization and formalization

System method

Structural-functional method

Modeling and systematization method

Historical and evolutionary research methods

2. Signs of the state as a market entity.

As a market entity, the state is characterized by 3 features:

Regulatory entity

In modern conditions, non-interference of the state in socio-economic processes is impossible, practically impossible. Uncontrolled market processes are destructive for both society and nature. Therefore, the market economy, more than any other, needs regulation. The role of the regulatory center can be performed only by the state represented by the government, since it is an institution that represents the whole of society and has the right of non-economic interference in economic relations. Now disputes are not about the need for state regulation, but its scale, forms and intensity. The problem is generated by constant changes in the economy, requiring appropriate changes in the scale and tools of government regulation.

2.Off-market origin of government revenue.

A market entity is an economic entity that receives a constant income and at the expense of which it carries out its expenses. Consequently, the state is included in the economy to the extent that it has income. The trick here, however, is that the nature of government revenue is unique. If we exclude the limited scope of state entrepreneurship, then state revenue arises mainly as a result of non-economic actions, i.e. as a result of the redistribution of part of the income of primary market entities (households, firms) in favor of the state.

This makes it possible to qualify the state as a secondary or derivative market entity, the economic strength of which is entirely dependent on the private business feeding the state.

Consequently, the state income is not a third independent element along with the income of households and firms, not a special component of social income, but a forcibly isolated part of the primary market income created without the state, and often in spite of the state.

That is why, perhaps, no one is as interested in the growth of incomes of firms and households as the state. Because their income is the only source of tax revenue for the state.

3.Imperative state status(from Latin "imperative" - imperative)

The state is the only entity in a market economy whose requirements are binding on all non-state entities. However, this obligation is vital to the system of free enterprise, since creates uniform rules of conduct for all market actors. Imperativeness makes government revenue mandatory. The main mechanism of economic intervention.