"modern technologies of teaching economics". New technologies in the economy New technologies in the economy example

Introduction3

Chapter 1. Theoretical approaches to the concept of new technologies and their role in the world economy 4

1.1. Technological culture 4

1.2. New technological revolution5

1.3. General laws of scientific and technological progress 6

Chapter 2. Place of new technologies in modern economy 9

2.1. The process of the influence of new technologies on economic relations 9

2.2. Distinctive features " new economy" eleven

Conclusion 23

List of used literature 25

Introduction

The state of the economy of any country depends largely on the introduction of the latest achievements of science and technology in all spheres of life. Therefore, it is fundamentally to find out what a) the essence, b) the stages, and c) the types of scientific and technological revolution are.

The Scientific and Technological Revolution (STR) is a radical high-quality transformation of the productive forces on the basis of the transformation of science into the leading factor of production.

Everyone knows that the era of scientific and technological revolution came in the 40s - 50s. When its key areas were born and developed: automation of production, control and management of it on the basis of electronics; creation and use of the latest structural materials, etc. With the advent of rocket and space technology, people began to assimilate near-earth space.

The progress of modern science and technology is characterized by a complex combination of their revolutionary and evolutionary innovations. It should be noted that over a certain number of decades (2-3), almost all of the initial directions of scientific and technological revolution from radical ones, have gradually transformed into ordinary evolutionary forms of improving the factors of production and published products. The latest great scientific discoveries and inventions of the 70s - 80s gave rise to the second, current, stage of scientific and technological revolution. For him, there are a number of leading areas: electronization, integrated automation, the latest types of energy, development of the production of new materials, biotechnology. Their formation predetermines the type of manufacture at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries.

Chapter 1. Theoretical approaches to the concept of new technologies and their role in the world economy

1. 1. Technological culture

The word "technology" has a number of meanings: it is used in industry, science, art and other areas of human activity. Technology means the intelligent processing of technically important properties and capabilities. In essence, this is a cultural opinion that is connected with the thinking and activities of a person. It describes the role of man in nature, his ability to invade natural processes.

Technological civilization is the 4th universal culture. It describes the worldview and self-understanding of a person at the present stage of his development.

The mythological civilization is the first one, the features of which were restored during the study of archaeological finds from written evidence. ... People of this culture explained the phenomena of nature, focusing on the data of their own observations. They used functionally adapted natural products and materials. The structure of such a culture was reduced to the idea of ​​some hidden forces characteristic of all objects of the surrounding world and determining their existence.

The second universal culture - cosmological - arose during the period of the average natural civilization. Its construction boiled down to the fact that in various phenomena the action of the forces of nature is observed in a certain pattern.

The structure of the third anthropological culture is characteristic of a developed natural civilization. In accordance with this culture, all phenomena and laws of the surrounding world are achieved by human consciousness.

1. 2. New technological revolution

On the present stage Scientific and technological revolution has grown into a technological revolution. Instead of the traditional for the machine industry, the newest technological method of manufacturing is being formed - a completely different set of methods for producing the necessary things. In other words, scientific and technological revolution forms “perfect technologies”, which provide a higher degree of efficiency.

Current technologies are extremely difficult, which speaks of their highest scientific and informational capacity, the impossibility of their development without a capital scientific base. ... These technologies are traditionally created on the latest discoveries of the basic sciences. Sometimes they pose difficult problems for science, which can be solved only on the basis of the integration of a number of natural, mathematical, technical and social sciences. During the period of their formation, the newest ties between sciences and technology are being formed. In essence, the humanities (psychology, sociology) entered into a complex relationship with technology for the first time.

First, a machineless technology was formed - completely new methods of processing products and obtaining finished goods: electron beam, plasma, pulse, radiation, membrane, chemical, etc. Machineless technology increases labor productivity several times, raises the efficiency of using resources, reduces the cost of energy and materials to create new products.

Another area of ​​improving technology is resource conservation. For such purposes, economical types of metal products are used, the technical and economic individualities of structural materials are being improved. A more perfect introduction of raw materials and technological waste makes it possible to form waste-free production.

1. 3. General laws of scientific and technological progress

The system “technology-materials-machines” (TMM) is, in essence, a technological reflection of the process of constant reproduction of technology, including its modernization and the creation of new technical means. The initial product of the process of reproduction of technology is always materials, and the final product is finished products, including new materials and machines. The scheme of transformation of the original product is determined by technology, and the machine is the main means by which the transformation of the initial product into the final product is performed. Thus, the TMM system is dynamic.

Since the process of reproduction of technology, including the creation of new technology, is the core of scientific and technological progress (STP), the trends and patterns of STP either coincide with the trends and patterns of functioning of the TMM system, or correlate with them according to the general-particular principle. Some individualities, tendencies and patterns of scientific and technological progress are considered below, describing the TMM system and its individual components in the same way.

The general scheme of cycles describing NTP as a whole can be represented as a four-level system.

1. The first, highest level is made up of general (global) technical (scientific and technical) revolutions, any of which radically transforms society in all its elements: in productive forces, and in political forms, and in ideology. Any of the general revolutions significantly accelerates the pace of scientific and technological progress. These revolutions include:

1) the industrial revolution associated with the transition to the "Iron Age" in the 1st millennium AD. NS. and consisting in the use of iron tools in agriculture and handicrafts and iron tools;

2) the industrial revolution of the late 18-19 centuries. associated with the widespread use in various fields of the universal steam engine, the spread of working machines and the formation of mechanical engineering (starting with the invention of the caliper);

3) the scientific and technological revolution (20th century serine), associated primarily with the proliferation of computer-based control and information processing devices and systems (computerization) and other electronics (electronization), including control devices for robotic systems (robotization). These three revolutions were preceded by an even more significant one, which had special consequences for the fate of life on earth, a revolution that had a connection with the manufacture of stone tools and the development of fire. This revolution defined a clear border between humanity and the animal world, and since then the development of human society and the following technical and scientific-technical revolutions begins.

2. Cycles of the second level are represented by longish waves of innovations. The rise phase of each wave is associated with scientific and technological revolutions of the smallest scale in accordance with the comparison with global ones, leading to structural changes in the economy as a whole and significant shifts in the qualifications of the labor force.

Without exhausting the list of such revolutions, one can pay attention to the Neolithic revolution, the transition from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age, the formation of craft on the basis of the guild form of its organization, the formation of manufacturing on the basis of the manufactory form of its organization, the technological revolution of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. (based on electrification), the microprocessor revolution of the 70s.

3.The third level of cycles is formed by the classic cycles of capitalist production - medium-term cycles (7-11 years), characterized by massive renewal production assets and the time frame associated with the average life of the equipment.

In the 20th century. the shape of the cycles changes uniformly in connection with the creation (after the crisis of 1929) of a system of municipal regulation of the economy. The cycles are becoming less pronounced, as a result of the country's attempts to completely eliminate the recession phase and control the rise. But the modification of the shape of the cycles does not cancel the pattern of their change.

4. Small cycles of scientific and technological progress associated with fluctuations in innovation. This can be helped by referring to the statistics of publications in the scientific and technical sphere, which, although it can only be an indirect confirmation, but despite all of the above, it is much easier to form and process than statistics of innovations. Publication statistics indicate the presence in various fields of science and technology not only large-scale and long-term waves of interest in certain problems, but also short-term fluctuations within these waves, reflecting cyclical fluctuations

People were constantly striving to look into the future. In different historical periods, this desire was fueled by the play of the imagination, a sense of healthy curiosity, faith in various religious teachings, faith in a bright future and the triumph of social justice.

Now pragmatic judgments are the first in this series. On the one hand, such difficulties as the rapid growth of the world's population and the limitation of population growth have become more acute and global in nature as never before.

Chapter 2. Space of the latest technologies in the modern economy

2. 1. The process of the impact of new technologies on economic relations

The origin of other institutions in the economy is facilitated by changes internal structure national systems, a change in the nature of the interaction of elements of these systems, the improvement of new functional links. Under the influence of factors of inaccuracy and danger, the speed of the processes and the quality of communication between the elements of economic institutions change significantly, and because of this, the classical system is unable to cope with new functional requirements.

Important violations of the stability of socio-economic systems, changes in the main statements of the theory of systems, a decrease in the efficiency of their work arise as a result of the transfer of new systemic connections to old institutions. Thus, the progress of new functional ties in the economy cannot possibly be without changing the directly backbone principle of constructing socio-economic subjects. In connection with these conditions, today the idea of ​​a new economy, expanding the framework of social and economic institutions and allowing the study of open systems with a high degree of holism, has become widespread.

Over the past 10-15 years, new backbone areas have emerged in the economy. The appearance of such changes is explained by some reasons, the influence of which is constantly increasing and introducing new national systems into these processes. It is possible to note the subsequent reasons for the origin of the newest system-forming tendencies.

Globalizing the World Economy and Connecting World Capital Markets

A change in the way business is managed and the creation of companies, and as a result, a change in the structure of large socio-economic systems

Turning computer technology into a “survival factor” for companies and all national socio-economic systems

The rise of e-business (in particular B2B and B2C)

Strengthening competition and differentiation of companies and systems

Organizational system creativity

The fixed capital of the company and the state economic system begins to be made up of "imperceptible assets"

The term "new economy" (metacapitalism) appeared in science under the influence of the above factors. It can be assumed that the most progressive companies (following the Fortune 500 list) are engaged in market sectors that are creating new economies. Together with this, to this day there is no whole recognized definition of the new eco-economy, especially given the penetration of this term into the sphere of socio-economic phenomena and processes. Apparently, it is difficult to bring the term new economy to the most general and unified one, since it has a connection with a set of functional and scientific areas. It is possible that bringing this phenomenon to a single definition will not be entirely correct, since in the course of formulating a limited descriptive opinion, the meaning of this category may be lost.

Let us analyze some frequently encountered formulations of this concept.

The multitude of companies with direct links to the Internet and the information technology market is the definition of the new economy. This description does not take into account either human capital or the innovative nature of the new economy, and therefore it is considered very superficial. However, many economists rely on it, asserting the fact that “the new economy is soap bubble"And there is nothing relevant in it.

The new economy is also considered to be firms that operate in fast-growing markets, where the main feature is the improvement of the company through competent and entrepreneurial actions of its management. In addition, almost any company in a fast-growing market fits this wording. It should be said that among the leaders of the new economy, elderly companies are also noticed. Consequently, this definition does not fit either.

After all, a new economy is an economy that has a connection only with intellectual potential. But still, this formulation cannot be accepted unconditionally, because innovations in the IT sector are not the whole new economy.

However, with a greater degree of certainty, the only thing that can be said is that the new economy as a subject of analysis and study shows an open system with all systemic properties (holism, differentiation, cyclicality of events, etc.). One of the most significant properties is the possible nature of changes in system elements in response to changes in any one parameter. This implies a continuous connection between all phenomena, facts that occur within the framework of this economic system. And it is this that turns out to be a support in an attempt to study the new economy, interpret certain patterns, and establish the corresponding dependencies.

2.2. Distinctive features of the "new economy"

The basis of the new economy is called an innovative type of thinking. An innovative type of thinking is a focus on making changes to the main factor of success: it can also be said that competition is intensifying in developed markets and the innovation process is turning into a necessary (critical) element of success. The value of companies is increasingly determined by intangible assets (ideas, technologies and strategies for combining and using the main information resources of the company). A big "plus" is possessed by those firms that have every chance to quickly adapt to new conditions in the present time. Intellectual capital has become a major factor in the development of the new economy, since huge incomes can be obtained from original ideas, as well as technologies and

business models.

So, let's list the main features of the new economy:

1. The new economy is based on knowledge and advanced technologies, and the intellectual component of goods and services comes to the fore, since huge profits can be obtained from original ideas, technologies and business models. High-tech products (services) have become the determining cause of economic growth, which applies not only directly to innovators, but also to imitators. A steady trend is being formed to endow the product with an intellectual image, which is also distinctive feature product and market in the new economy.

2. Processing and exchange of information have become more powerful backbone factors. There are practically no barriers to information exchange. The provision of such companies with human capital directly depends on the efficiency of innovative socio-economic processes, in the effectiveness of which the exchange of information is also becoming increasingly important.

3. The focus is shifted from the manufacture of goods to the provision of services. The majority of the workforce is employed today in the service sector.

4. In the provided criteria, it is not the physical component of capital that acquires special meaning, but fixed capital.

5. In developed markets, competition is intensifying and the innovation process is not only becoming sufficient.

Due to the fact that the share of the information component in the cost of goods and services for the manufacturer is large, the knowledge of their specific consumers, the reproduction of these consumers (preferably expanded), the transformation of their own organization to their interests and needs are of particular importance.

In the new economy, traits such as risk, uncertainty and constant change are common.

New economic institutions are distinguished by their desire to grow holistic (the acquisition of new system-forming ties that directly affect the speed of information exchange in the system) and the search for new equifinal states (stable states of a qualitatively different level). To achieve a multiplier innovation effect in the economy, an increase in holisticity is necessary (while maintaining the equifinality of the system), and, consequently, a constant improvement of the information structure. Moreover, even a local decrease in the speed of information

processes can lead to accelerated systemic decay. Thus, in the formation of new economy systems, multiplier effects can have both constructive and destructive aspects.

Sustainability of innovation in new economic systems largely depends on the effectiveness of their information structure, because innovative dissemination occurs in conditions of completeness of information. The effectiveness of reforming socio-economic systems depends on the quality and speed of consolidation of system-forming ties.

Thus, the sustainable development of innovations in the socio-economic sphere occurs according to the information type. According to experts, this type of development is anti-entropic in nature and leads to a jump in the growth of the efficiency of connections and processes in economic systems. The informational type of economic growth has nothing to do with the “input-output” problem, it is predominantly endogenous growth. Secondary signs of the informational nature of development are a high level of education of the population and a high degree of accessibility of information. And these are the main priorities that are put forward by innovative reforms in the socio-economic sphere.

Consequently, in order to achieve a constructive effect of innovative reform, it is necessary to build such a structure of the object of reform, which would be able to provide the greatest completeness of information and the highest speed of information processes.

The most important condition for the accelerated progress of socio-economic development is activity, the ultimate goal of which is the introduction of new, more advanced forms of labor organization and management based on the achievements of scientific and technological progress (priority fundamental and applied research and development and development, invention).

In a broad sense, innovation (innovation) is the introduction and application of innovations that provide strategic benefits in the economic and social spheres. The technological factor is key, but far from the only one. Innovation often emerges from new combinations of familiar elements in exchanges, comparisons, interactions and connections.

For some countries, dynamic social economic development most countries are based on the introduction of innovations that are truly strategic in nature.

The RF has no other choice, apart from accepting the innovative challenge. Today the question is: either the limitation of the economic, industrial and production potential of the country will be compensated for at the advanced scientific, technical, technological level, which will require a sharp increase in innovative activity, or the country will be thrown back not only in terms of the volume of output, but also in terms of its technological opportunities, will lag behind forever in all types of its development from high developed countries.

Abroad, the production of high technology products is provided by only 50 - 55 macro technologies. The seven most developed countries, possessing 46 macro technologies, hold 80% of this market. The United States annually receives about 700 billion from the export of science-intensive products, Germany - 530, Japan - 400 billion dollars.

Scientists have proven that the contribution of scientific advances to GDP growth can exceed 50%. The volume of the world market for high technology products is today 2 trillion. $ 300 billion USA. Of this amount, 39% are US products, 30% - Japan, 16% - Germany. The share of Russia is only 0.3%.

Foreign countries with high development, in which the market economy thrives, has managed to work out various effective innovative administrative and economic mechanisms based on the following principles:

an active, industry-specific and subject-thematic approach of the state to determining what is considered innovation, what types of achievements of scientific and technical, technological progress must be considered as key for this period;

extremely weighty and legally secured economic and political support for innovations on the part of the government;

automatic "inclusion" of measures of state support for innovation on formal grounds and regardless of the will of government officials.

To direct methods economic regulation relate:

Financing targeted, subject-oriented, problem-oriented, lending, leasing, stock transactions; planning and programming; and state entrepreneurship.

The most important role in the system of direct economic measures of state influence on more modern processes is occupied by measures that stimulate the cooperation of industrial corporations in the field of scientific research, and the cooperation of universities with industry.

In Canada, direct government incentives for R&D include government guarantees for loans from commercial banks and government funding for R&D. In Japan, the state is engaged in budget subsidies and concessional lending of research institutes subordinate to various ministries, public corporations, research centers carrying out R&D in cooperation with private companies. In Germany, the government provides financial support in the development of long-term and risky research in the most important areas of scientific, technical and industrial economic activity.

Secondary methods of regulation of innovation activity abroad are mainly aimed at stimulating innovation processes, at creating favorable economic conditions and a socio-political climate for scientific and technological development.

Their essence lies in the fact that the state does not directly limit the independence of enterprises in making economic decisions.

The impact of such methods can be called successful when they contribute to the formation of social, but not individual conditions of management. Among the secondary methods of management are traditionally tax and depreciation regulation, credit and financial policy, price regulation, protectionist policy, liberalization of tax and depreciation legislation.

The most important role is played by incentives in the form of taxes used to encourage those areas of corporate activities that are desirable from the point of view of the state, including incentives that are aimed at stimulating scientific and technological progress, export and business activity of innovative business.

Among tax benefits, it is customary to distinguish five main ones:

1.Discounts on profit in the amount of capital investments in new equipment and construction;

2.Discounts from income tax in the amount of R&D expenses;

3. attribution to current costs of expenses for certain types of equipment usually used in scientific research;

4. creation of tax-free special purpose funds at the expense of the profit fund;

5. Taxation of profits at reduced rates (for small businesses).

Capital investment tax incentives are sometimes presented in the form of an “investment tax credit”. It is believed that this privilege is given to companies that invest in the introduction of new machinery, equipment, technologies, etc. This benefit is deducted from the amount accrued in the form of corporate tax. The investment tax rebate is provided only after the new equipment is put into operation. The right to receive a tax rebate comes automatically for a company: it does not need to be proven and justified, because it is enshrined in legislation.

The size of the discount, as usual, is set as a percentage of the cost of the introduced equipment and is: 5.3% in Japan (for electronic equipment and equipment), 50% in the UK (for 1 year of operation of new equipment, technology, materials, etc.). etc.), 10 - 15% in Canada (depending on the development of the territory where the company is located - developed or undeveloped areas of the country) and 100% in Ireland. In America, the investment tax credit applies only to power equipment.

Abroad, R&D incentives are often given in the form of rebates on companies' expenses for these purposes. There are two types of tax credits - volume and incremental.

A volume discount gives a discount in proportion to the amount of costs. For example, in America, Great Britain, Canada, Belgium, Sweden, Italy, 100% of R&D expenses are deducted from the taxable income of companies. In Australia (private companies) - 150%. In a number of countries, such as the Netherlands, Norway, Austria, Malaysia, energy enterprises completely remove R&D costs from pre-tax profits.

The incremental discount can be defined as a departure from the company’s increase in R&D costs over the initial year or the average over a period. This discount is valid after the stated expenses have been incurred. The maximum discount is 50% and it is valid in France, but it cannot exceed 5 million francs per year. In Canada, America, Japan and Taiwan - only 20%. Although there are many restrictions here as well. So, for example, in America, the tax rebate on R&D growth is applied only to those R&D expenses that are aimed at creating new products or developing new technological processes (does not apply to expenses associated with changing the type or type of product, cosmetic, seasonal and other modifications). In addition, a limit is set on benefits - additional expenses for R&D (covered by the exemption) should not exceed 50% of the amount of basic costs for a certain period. In Canada, the size of the exemption is increased to 30% for the conditions of hard-to-reach and economically undeveloped areas. In Japan and Taiwan, a 20% discount is calculated on the amount of the increase in R&D expenditures compared to the highest achieved level of R&D expenditures, there is a limitation - this benefit should not be higher than 10% of the company's total tax liability.

Some foreign countries use both types of tax credits at the same time - both volumetric and incremental, but in relation to different types expenses.

Thus, in America, the overall incremental discount is complemented by a bulky 20% for private sector spending on basic research funding.

There is also a practice of setting a ceiling for tax write-offs in accordance with discounts on R&D. In the Land of the Rising Sun and South Korea, it must not exceed 10% of the corporate tax. And in Canada, Spain and Taiwan, the ceiling is significantly higher - respectively 75, 35 and 50%. Australia, France, Italy and the Netherlands have an ad valorem tax credit limit.

"Tax holidays", that is, a temporary exemption from the payment of income tax or an incomplete reduction of it, is valid in France and applies to newly created small and medium-sized companies with a 50% reduction in the income tax paid by them for the first 5 years of their activity.

In England, for start-up innovative companies, the income tax has been reduced from 20% to 1%. The ceiling on tax-free investments for such companies has been raised by 50% to £ 150,000. The tax on the growth of funds from long-term investments in start-up innovative companies has been reduced and the tax has been removed for investments in such companies. Eliminated the £ 1 million tax cap on funds raised by related campaigns for companies with less than £ 10 million in fixed assets. Provided £ 50 million in government grants to innovative start-up firms.

In 1997, £ 295 million was invested in England in 690 high-tech companies. in Europe in 1996 - $ 500 million, in 1997 - $ 1 billion; In the United States, $ 9 billion was invested in start-up companies in 1997.

For small and medium-sized enterprises, tax incentives allow to reduce taxable income by 20% if the previous maximum level of R&D expenditures is exceeded, or to reduce tax payments by 6% of the amount of research and development expenditures, but in this case, the reduction should not be more than 15% of the tax liability of the company.

Expenses that firms incur in payments to research institutions in connection with scientific and technological development may be deducted from taxable profits.

The tax incentives associated with the depreciation write-off system come into effect.

They are used to motivate the advance development of specific industries, to encourage R&D, or for general investment revival.

In countries with high progress, accelerated smoothing of equipment is widely used as an incentive for the renewal of production assets. Thus, in the USA, the smoothing period is set at 5 years for equipment and instruments used for R&D with a service life of more than 4 and less than 10 years. In Japan, the same system was introduced for companies that use either to conserve energy equipment, or to equipment that supports efficient use of resources and does not harm environment.

Also, different rates of accelerated smoothing are applied - from 10 to 50%. However, the most famous rate averages 15 - 18%. Companies are allowed to write off in the UK full cost technical equipment in the first year of its operation. In Germany, in the first year, 40 percent of the cost of purchasing equipment and instruments that are used for R&D can be written off. In Sweden, the depreciation write-off system allowed equipment with a service life of up to 3 years and with an insignificant value to write off expenses in the year of purchase, and in general machinery and equipment within 4-5 years. In France, there are the most important types of equipment: energy-saving, environmental, informational, there is the possibility of using accelerated depreciation.

For example, a computer can be depreciated for 1 year. The depreciation coefficient for the equipment service life of up to 4 years is 1.5; 5-6 years old - 2; more than 6 years - 2-2.5.

The U.S. Tax Reform Act of 1986 gave the government's tax policy a much more focused focus, while reducing the use of previously authorized tax exemptions. Following from this, the time required for depreciation was increased, but in general, only for the passive part of fixed assets - for structures and buildings: up to 31.5 years (previously it was 10-15 years) for non-residential and 27.5 for residential buildings ... The amortization write-off for the active part was more accelerated - when writing off within a five-year period, it was allowed to write off up to 64% of the equipment cost in the first 2 years. The investment tax credit was retained only for power equipment.

Very often, when innovative activity is activated abroad, some states also stimulate personnel training. For example, in France, 25% of the increase in training costs is exempt from taxes (and where there is a high level of unemployment, these costs are not taxed at all).

In addition, it is customary abroad to provoke R&D with government guarantees by providing promising areas of research with long-term loans national goals).

The policy of protectionism in the face of trade and currency regulation refers to secondary economic measures of municipal regulation of innovations; it is aimed at protecting and implementing innovations within the country. In 1987, the Reagan administration, under pressure from the US Electronics Industry Association, imposed a 100% tax on certain types of electronics manufactured in Japan and delivered to the American market, the reason for this was the excess of imports of electrical products from Japan over American exports of similar goods by 16%.

In France, however, methods are used that encourage export promotion.

Risky costs for firms setting up branches abroad could lead to tax cuts over six years

The state plays a huge role in the creation of social infrastructure, which includes the formation of an information system within the country, and all this takes place in the interests of enhancing innovative activity in foreign economically developed countries.

The new economy is also considered to be firms that are slave

Conclusion

A special feature of current technologies is that they have the main specific gravity affects scientific research, for example, fundamental, and such studies are very quickly included in practice. The global community is undergoing a radical revision of the policy of scientific and technological progress. The attitude towards technology as the beginning of the modern scientific and technological revolution prevailed there. During the energy crisis, it became even more consolidated; then the strategic goal of creating and using resource-saving technologies became the main one. Comprehensiveness and focus on the final result characterize the priority of the technological approach to the scientific and technological development of production and the social sphere, based on the experience of developed countries. This attitude significantly changes the formation of production and the service sector. Due to the fact that the Western market is loaded with goods, highly developed countries are changing their goals from producing mass products to producing small series of a large set of goods. It turns out that the need for conventional types products, the variety of goods increases, which prompts fundamental changes in both management and the structure of production and its technologies. The need for smaller businesses that are better able to adapt to customer requirements. As a result, the primacy of the consumer over the manufacturer appears, the demands for goods, their quality, and the difference in goods and services increase. This attitude has led to the emergence of new types of technologies, as well as the acceleration of their renewability. It is likely that this path of technological development will not remain aloof in our country either. Research in the field of science requires high costs, and the cost of these costs is included in the price of the final product. Many major research projects are funded by commercial entities abroad. These commercial structures are engaged in the latest technologies, and the direction of research, their tasks are determined by the requirements of the technology. Many scientists are wary of this situation, because together with positive effect- an increase in allocations for science - maybe negative - imbalances in the development of science, the incorrectness of the internal logic of its development. The pursuit of close research in the future can leave an imprint on science (stagnation of science) and since the creation of new technologies requires significant deductions, they will often be beyond the means of countries that do not have the ability to subsidize this research.

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The textbook contains theoretical and methodological provisions of economic informatics and information systems in the context of the latest achievements of information technology - work-flow management, business process management, Internet and e-business, knowledge management. Designed for undergraduate and graduate students of economic specialties.

INTRODUCTION

1. ORGANIZATIONAL BASIS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN ECONOMY

1.1. INFORMATION PROCESSES IN ECONOMY AND THE NEW ROLE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS

1.1.1. Information processes in the economy. Basic course concepts

• 1.1.2. Social and ethical aspects of the use of information technology

1.2. BUSINESS REBUILDING AND MANAGEMENT

1.3. THE STRATEGIC ROLE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN THE MODERN ECONOMY

• 1.3.1. Basic concepts of control systems, information systems
• 1.3.2. Classification of information systems
• 1.3.3. Application of information systems to gain competitive advantages

1.4. INFORMATION SYSTEMS, ORGANIZATIONS AND BUSINESS PROCESSES

1.4.1. Characteristics of organizations. Common and distinctive features of organizations. Types of organizations.

• 1.4.2. Impact of IP on organizations from the point of view of various economic theories
• 1.4.3. Business Process Management and Customer Value Chain

1.5. INFORMATION, GOVERNANCE AND DECISION-MAKING

2. TECHNICAL BASIS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN ECONOMY

2.1. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY HARDWARE

• 2.1.1. Computers and information processes
• 2.1.2. The main components of a personal computer (PC)

2.2. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SOFTWARE IN ECONOMY

• 2.2.1. Software structure
• 2.2.2. A brief overview of modern operating systems.
• 2.2.3. Brief overview of the application software

2.3. DATA RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

• 2.3.1. Data models
• 2.3.2. Database management systems
• 2.3.3. Trends and prospects for the development of data resource management technologies
• 2.3.4 Data Warehousing Technology
• 2.3.5. OLAP analysis technology
• 2.3.6. Analysis technology "Data Mining"
• 2.3.7. Classifiers, codes and technology of their application

2.4. TELECOMMUNICATIONS

• 2.4.1. Telecommunication revolution
• 2.4.2. Components and functions of telecommunication systems
• 2.4.3. Types and classification of computer networks
• 2.4.4. Distributed data processing technologies. Client-server model

2.5. INTERNET, INTRANET, EXTRANET

• 2.5.1. Reference Model for Open Systems Interconnection
• 2.5.2. Structure, information resources and principles of work on the Internet
• 2.5.3. Intranet and Extranet

2.6. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES OF ELECTRONIC BUSINESS

2.7. SECURITY OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN THE ECONOMY

• 2.7.1. Information security ¾ component of economic security
• 2.7.2. Conceptual model of information security
• 2.7.3. Requirements, principles and model of the information system security system
• 2.7.4. Methods and methods of protection
• 2.7.5. Public key cryptography and digital signature
• 2.7.6. Legal protection of information

SECTION 3. MODERN APPROACHES TO REENGINEERING BUSINESS PROCESSES AND BUILDING INFORMATION SYSTEMS

3.1. IMPROVEMENT OF MANAGEMENT AND REENGINEERING OF BUSINESS PROCESSES (BP)

• 3.1.1. Management restructuring
• 3.1.2. Business process management and reengineering

3.2 BASICS OF IC CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES

• 3.2.1. Traditional and alternative systems for building IS
• 3.2.2. IS design. Systems development methodologies

3.3. FORMULATION OF THE ECONOMIC PROBLEM

4. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES SUPPORT MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS

4.1. INTEGRATED ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

• 4.1.1. The concept of corporate information systems (CIS)
• 4.1.2. Systems integration standards: MRP, MRP II, ERP, CSRP
• 4.1.3. Short review Russian market enterprise management systems
• 4.1.4. Examples of enterprise management information systems

4.2. TECHNOLOGY TO SUPPORT STRATEGIC CORPORATE PLANNING

4.3. ANALYTICAL RESEARCH SUPPORT SYSTEMS

4.4. EXPERT SYSTEMS

4.5. REFERENCE AND LEGAL SYSTEMS

LITERATURE

UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION "

(Ufa branch)

Department of Economics, Management and Marketing

ABSTRACT by discipline

"economic theory"

on the topic:

«NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR ROLE

In the modern economy "

Performed:

student of group 11IP (BU) 2

K.A. Nazarova

Supervisor:

Ph.D., professor

Kuznetsova Lyudmila

Valerievna

Plan

Introduction ………………………………………………………… 3 pages

1.New technologies in the economy …………………………… ..4p

2.Technology in economics Russian Federation……… ... 13str

List of used literature ……………………… ... 18 pages

Introduction

V modern conditions management to ensure the rate and quality of economic growth, the competitiveness of products in domestic and foreign markets, the development of all sectors of the national economy should be high-tech, innovative.

Back in the second half of the last century, the famous American economist, Nobel laureate in economics Robert Solow proved that technological innovation is a critical factor in economic growth, although capital and labor are also important.

Meanwhile, in Russia, the indicators of innovative development are very low. The share of enterprises with technological innovation is significantly lower than in developed and rapidly developing countries.

Internal costs of research and development (this is the main indicator as part of a comprehensive financial performance“The cost of innovation in investment”, which reflects the country's ability to innovate) is 2-3 times lower than in developed countries.

Therefore, in the context of modern world economic realities, it is necessary to revise theoretical basis and the practice of the functioning of the Russian economy in this area, and on this basis to look for ways for our state to enter the world community not as a raw material appendage, but as a full-fledged participant, which must be taken into account both in the political and economic spheres of the world community.

New technologies in the economy

At the present stage of the country's development, economic growth is impossible without the introduction of new technology and technology, which leads to the transformation of science into a direct productive force, to fundamental changes in technology, a harmonious combination of mental, physical, mental efforts of a person, in its spiritual enrichment.

The set of principles and methods aimed at the formation and development of the country's scientific and technical potential to achieve the strategic goals of society is called science and technology policy.

The objectives of the scientific and technical policy are:

1. state support for national science;

2. stimulating the development of its priority areas of national importance;

3. Formation of conditions for the implementation and effective use of scientific achievements in the industrial sphere. The implementation of the state scientific and technical policy is carried out through the financing of R&D, financing and improvement of the system of secondary and higher education, the implementation of a number of organizational and institutional measures.

Russia has a powerful scientific and technical potential capable of solving the most pressing problems of economic restructuring, demilitarization of technologies, strengthening their social orientation, accelerating scientific and technological progress, intensifying intensification, and the like. At the present stage in Russia there are objective conditions for the implementation of an active state scientific and technical policy. Our country has a powerful potential of academic, university and industrial science, scientific and technical potential of many enterprises, in particular, science-intensive industries in the industrial complex.

The growth of GDP in Russia, which domestic statistics recorded during 2010-2014, has become an indispensable element of the victorious reports of government officials, who perceive this growth as evidence of their correct economic policy. However, the victorious figures, judging by the comments of experts, do not cause much enthusiasm. After all, one cannot talk about economic growth in general, without touching on the problems of its quality, ensuring progressive innovative changes.

According to the current state of socio-economic development of Russia, it is possible to determine the following main strategic priorities that face our state: increasing the competitiveness of the national economy; ensuring decent work and human well-being; National security; regional policy; deep restructuring of the social sphere; energy security of the national economy and energy saving Economic potential of Russia: its development and effective use. The path to economic prosperity, which Europe has traveled in hundreds of years, Russia should cover in five to seven years, ten at the most, and only if it makes an economic leap. It must accept this challenge and become a place for the formation of new models of economic development, only then can Russia take shape as a full-fledged state.

To increase the competitiveness of domestic industry, it is necessary to identify mechanisms to support economic growth. At the present stage of economic development, when the search for ways to improve production efficiency is one of the key tasks, the role of innovation acquires not only special importance, but also an exclusive role in concretizing the strategy of resource consumption, increasing the efficiency of their use.

This is due to two aspects: the peculiarities of the nature of scientific and technological progress at the present stage and the need to significantly increase the efficiency of use and save resources as one of the most important ways to intensify production.

High-tech industries and the latest types of production, which are based on knowledge as the main production resource, are gaining special weight. Therefore, the state should stimulate the widespread introduction of new information technologies in the country. The result of the scientific and technical policy of the state should be the modernization of the industry in the direction of ensuring the country's competitiveness in the near future, as well as the creation and development of branches of the "new economy" that will ensure constant economic growth.

Currently, innovations are an active link in all spheres of society. It is impossible to imagine the modern world without innovations that have already taken place and become customary, and without future ones that contribute to further evolution. Most scholars agree that innovation has emerged as the main driving force behind economic and social development. Innovative activity has led the world community to a new, higher stage of development. The concept of "innovation" is used almost everywhere, it is a topic of conversation both at the household and at the professional level, incl. at the level of heads of state, international organizations, etc. Innovation can be understood as the end result of innovation, which has been embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice, a new approach to social problems... In principle, the term "innovation" can be interpreted in different ways, it has an infinite number of formulations and definitions. After analyzing the many definitions, we can conclude that "innovation" means either the end result or the process. These are, in fact, diametrically opposite points of view. Balabanov I.T., Borisenko I.A., Vinokurov V.I., Dorofeev V.D. adhere to the first point of view. and Drevyasnikov V.A., Ilyenkova S.V., Korovina A.N., Medynsky V.G., Surin A.V. and Molchanova O.P., Fatkhutdinov R.A. and others, the second - Anshin V.M., Grinev V.F., Drucker P., Rumyantsev A.A., Khotyasheva O.M., Tsvetkov A.N., Shumpert Y and others. who believe that innovation is, first of all, a somewhat larger result. The same point of view is indicated in guidance document- The Oslo Guidelines adopted by the countries by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The functions that innovations carry out in the development of the economy and society are numerous; it is impossible to cover their entire spectrum, only the main ones can be identified. Innovation contributes to: a country's long-term economic growth. Innovation came to the fore as early as industrial society... By the beginning of the era of the post-industrial and information society, innovations have firmly taken the place of the main generator of economic growth in any country. Innovations affect all aspects of the life of society. and its economic component. creation of new sectors of the economy. In terms of the depth of the changes introduced, innovations can be radical (i.e., offering a radically new product or service, a way to solve a problem, etc.) and improving (i.e. improving an existing product, service, etc.). The development of new sectors of the economy is facilitated by radical innovations. Radical innovation in the long term leads to the fact that new industries not only emerge, but gradually become dominant; creation of a single market space. V modern society, which, one way or another, is on the path of globalization, even one innovation can contribute to the creation of a single market. The most typical example here can be the creation of the Internet, in particular - the emergence of Internet shops, in which purchases can be made while being in almost any country in the world. Thus, a single market is created, the boundaries of which are not measurable; stimulating competition and increasing the competitiveness of an individual individual, organization, country. It was argued by John A. Hobson that real competitive advantage lies in the ability to find new markets, produce new goods, and invent new ways of making goods. If a firm possesses an innovation that is in demand in the market, then, of course, this will be its competitive advantage, at least until the moment when competing organizations create an analogue of the innovation, or until the demand for this innovation dries up. As you know, a firm with a competitive advantage, all other things being equal, has the opportunity to get high profits or even super profits by creating a natural monopoly. Other organizations operating in the same or adjacent market segment as the company with the innovation will enter into competition and seek to “destroy” the resulting natural monopoly, primarily by developing various innovative ideas. It is obvious that competition is increasing, which has a beneficial effect on the market conditions as a whole; the interpenetration of cultures and economies different countries... Innovations applied in numerous areas of society's life contribute to the integration of society; strengthening the country's defense, its economic, food security, etc. Ensuring the integrity of the state and the security of citizens are among the priority tasks of the functioning of government bodies at all levels. Their implementation is impossible without creating the proper level of defense capability, information, economic, and food security. The solution of these tasks is facilitated by innovative activities, within the framework of which it is possible to develop innovative ideas for coding information, breeding plants that are resistant to diseases and yielding high yields, developing new financing for investment projects, improving the insurance system in order to reduce risks, etc. As for defense capability, it is also impossible to ignore innovative activities, which are actively reflected in the general process of creating new types of weapons. In spite of a large number of international disarmament programs, recent world events, as well as a survey conducted by the Institute for Economics and Peace, show that in last years The Global Peace Index ("world peace index") is declining, which may indirectly indicate the urgent need to maintain the country's defense high level; development and improvement of the legal framework in the field of protection of intellectual rights to the results of intellectual activity and means of individualization. A category closely related to the concept of "innovation" is intellectual property. The emergence of more and more new types of innovations, which, at times, do not fall under the regulation of any of the already existing normative legal act in the field of regulation of intellectual property, stimulates the development of legislation through the development of new documents; obtaining commercial benefits. In fact, innovation is a profit generator. Innovation provides an opportunity for physical or legal entity get higher profits by creating products of higher quality, reducing the cost of production, increasing the volume of production per unit of time, etc. It should also be noted that having formalized the innovation legally, i.e. by securing intellectual rights to it (the most important of which is the exclusive right), you can conclude a license agreement based on a simple or exclusive license, or sell the exclusive right. It is also a source of profit; increasing market share, expanding the circle of potential buyers, conquering new market segments, stabilizing and strengthening the market position; lower production costs through the use of more economical technologies that reduce the consumption of water, energy, etc .; improving the quality of manufactured products. Technical (technological) or product innovations contribute to the production of products with new or improved properties, the provision of better services that will best meet human needs; an increase in the number of qualified personnel, because, for example, to work on new (innovative) equipment, it is necessary to take a refresher course. Thus, both general and special vocational training of personnel is increasing; meeting human needs. Practically every innovation, to one degree or another, contributes to the satisfaction of human needs. Even innovations made in the framework of fundamental research will ultimately find their reflection in applied ones, and thus will indirectly satisfy the needs of the individual; solving global problems of mankind (for example, combating especially dangerous viral diseases). At present, the entire world community pays sufficient attention to solving the global problems of mankind. Many of these problems (food, environmental, nuclear, etc.) cannot be solved without the creation of innovative products and methods. It should be noted here that it is advisable to carry out innovations aimed at solving the global problems of mankind through close interaction of all countries of the world, incl. based on the constant exchange of information, research results. It also seems that the financing of such innovations should be partially carried out at the expense of the funds of specialized international organizations. Innovations contributing to the solution of global problems of mankind should be available to the population of any country in the world, which can be ensured by signing various conventions and creating international organizations. Of course, this raises the question of the commercialization of such innovations and the loss of the developer's competitive advantage. However, if we consider that society is moving along the path of creating social economy, then these issues should fade into the background in comparison with the ability to solve the global problems of society; an increase in the standard of living of the population. Three main points can be distinguished here: 1. innovation activity, all other things being equal, makes a profit, which ultimately has a beneficial effect on the income of individual individuals; 2. implementation of consumer innovations aimed at improving living conditions, contributes to the creation of a comfortable environment for human life (an example of such innovations can be considered the creation of household appliances); 3. the invention of new means of communication (including the Internet) allows not only to expand the circle of communication, but also to improve professionally and culturally, by searching and analyzing a large amount of information, even if an individual is in an extremely remote area from the cultural -economic center; development of a person as a person. The creation of any innovation leads the individual to an awareness of his usefulness for society, contributes to an increase in his self-esteem. Within the framework of the creation of a social, human-oriented economy, this fact is extremely important. It should be noted that due to the specifics of innovations in the context of industries, types of activities, regions, etc. for each specific innovation, you can present your own individual set of functions that it performs. The role of innovation in the modern world can hardly be overestimated. Innovation fulfills both economic and social function, cover all aspects of social life, touch on personal issues. In the long term, further economic and cultural growth along an intensive path of development is impossible without innovation. Related articles Problems and prospects of innovation in the modern Russian economy The role of the information market in the modern economy Logistic systems and their role in the modern economy How important is the role of agriculture in the modern world economy Giffen goods (Giffen effect) and their role in the modern economy. Currently, the economic development of countries is directly related to the ability to produce competitive products. The most rational is to increase competitiveness based on the improvement of economic, technical and other indicators of manufactured products, that is, the transition to an innovative path of development. An important component of the innovative development model is the creation of innovative structures whose activities are aimed at ensuring the process of introducing new technologies into production and commercializing the results of research and development. The innovative appearance of the domestic economy, which means that the level of its competitiveness does not correspond to world achievements. It is technologically weakly protected from the economic expansion of advanced foreign manufacturers who are capable of trampling it not only on the external, but also on the internal market. Consequently, the accelerated innovative development of the economy is becoming the first national task that must be urgently addressed. Nanotechnology and molecular technology in particular are new fields with very little exploration. The development of modern electronics goes along the path of reducing the size of devices. On the other hand, classical production methods approach their natural economic and technological barrier, when the size of the device decreases slightly, but the economic costs increase exponentially. Nanotechnology is the next logical step in the development of electronics and other science-intensive industries. The object of research is innovative technologies. The subject of research is the role of new technologies in the economy.

Modern technologies have become an integral part of the life of not only an individual person, but of the whole society as a whole. Now it is quite difficult to imagine an enterprise that would not use the achievements of modern technological progress.

Modern business technologies in the modern world

Business technologies are a collection of certain methods, specially developed techniques that include the use of innovations, technological solutions that contribute to the further development of a particular project. The use of modern business technologies in the world can significantly expand the possibilities of commercial projects, as well as create a fertile ground for them to open up new prospects.

The main goal of modern business technologies is to promote commercial activities an enterprise or a single commercial structure, conquering those market segments that are inaccessible under more traditional, generally accepted business norms.

The main tasks of modern business technologies include:

• search for innovative solutions that would allow for a closer and more understandable relationship between business and the end consumer;
• optimization of income;
• increasing the productivity of working personnel;
• creation of a new type of strategies;
• search or development of new ways and methods to enhance the marketing effect.

The main task is a significant increase in profits, promotion of projects in certain market segments with the involvement of non-standard solutions and strategies.

Modern scientific technologies

The main task of modern scientific technologies is the introduction of innovative, effective solutions in the development of all spheres of human activity, from everyone's everyday life to the implementation of developments in industrial production, the agricultural sector and business promotion.

In the development of modern technologies, a special role is assigned to the creation and improvement of the so-called renewable energy sources. In addition, the main areas of modern scientific technologies include the creation of various biotechnologies, the development of medicine and pharmaceuticals.

An important role in modern scientific technologies is also assigned to information and telecommunication systems, the creation of new materials that could subsequently be used in human economic activity - light and heavy industry, the agricultural sector.

Modern educational technologies

For the development of the main trends in modern educational technologies, the so-called humanization of the educational sphere is used. Self-actualization is encouraged, as well as self-realization of each individual person.

Modern educational technologies provide for the use of information and communication methods in the learning process that allow students to acquire primary skills when working with information:

• search;
• sort information;
• organize and store data.

This involves working with text editors, resources for creating presentations and projects, tools for dynamic tables.

Modern information and communication systems

Modern information and communication systems include:

• wired and wireless communication;
• satellites, devices for data transmission;
• antennas;
• security cameras.

This list is far from complete. Thanks to the existence of information systems control centers, today it has become possible to quickly eliminate problems that have arisen during the use of automated communication and communication tools.

As modern information and communication systems, satellite communications are actively used, with which new car models are equipped. They are capable of transmitting in the form of video and audio signals about possible natural disasters and other natural disasters.

Modern computer technology

The main advantage that modern computer technologies have is the ability to obtain the largest possible amount of all the necessary information that is necessary in the process of training or in the implementation of a certain business project.

The spread of modern computer technology has a great impact on the development of the labor market. Thanks to the creation of these technologies, it became possible to significantly speed up work in almost any company and to establish communication between people, even if they are at a great distance from each other.

Modern computer technologies contribute to the development of science, greatly facilitating the process of computing and creating scientific projects. In the field of medicine, modern computer technology has become an integral part of today. Without these technologies in modern medicine it is quite difficult, and sometimes even impossible, to diagnose various diseases and prescribe effective treatment for a patient.

Modern medical technologies

The rapidly developing technologies in the field of science and technology are actively used in modern medicine. The use of modern medical technologies during the diagnosis of a patient is especially noticeable. Thanks to technological progress in the field of medicine, computed tomography and ultrasound are already being actively used.

In the field of medicine, innovative technologies appear that allow microsurgical and minimally invasive interventions. Modern medical technologies are used for the treatment of oncological diseases, in cardiac surgery, during cell therapy, which involves the use of stem cells, in vascular surgery, during plastic surgery, in orthopedics, and also in ophthalmology.

Modern technologies and materials in construction

The development of modern technologies has not spared the construction market either. Today, many technologies have appeared, as well as building materials that greatly facilitate the entire process of performing construction work. Thanks to the use of modern technologies and materials in construction, it becomes possible to erect buildings in a shorter period, with less investment of money and labor costs, and what is especially important today is to achieve the maximum heat-saving effect of the building being erected.

Today there are several modern technologies used during construction:

• the use of permanent formwork;
• the use of 3D panels during the construction of buildings;
• the use of a movable modular formwork.

The so-called frame housing construction is gaining more and more popularity in the field of construction.

In the construction market you can find such modern Construction Materials like 3D printed bricks that are more energy efficient and have their own cooling system. Another innovation is self-healing concrete, which can make any structure more reliable and durable.

Chemical technology of materials of modern energy

A key direction in the activities of entire areas of modern science is the search and creation of safe, highly efficient and economical sources for energy production. Energy resources such as oil or coal, which have been widely used in recent decades, have a negative impact on the environment, not only during their use, but also during production. The use of these energy resources, given the costs of their production, is not very efficient.

Energy is closely related to the chemical technology industry, which enables the search for new materials and the development of means and methods for obtaining energy from these materials.

The chemical technology of materials in modern power engineering makes it possible to more effectively manage and introduce innovations in nuclear chemical processes and create advanced technologies for the primary and secondary processing of natural raw materials. In addition, the use of this technology makes it possible to more efficiently process nuclear fuel and wastes that arise as a result of the operation of nuclear power.

Modern technologies in personnel management

The use of certain modern technologies in personnel management primarily depends on:

• on the nature of the internal organization that is present at the enterprise (form of ownership, type of activity);
• the presence of external factors (culture, political component, socio - economic component).

During the use of modern technologies in personnel management at a particular enterprise, such components as the competence and professional skills of those employees who work in the field of personnel management play an important role.

These technologies, which are used taking into account the ultimate goal, can be roughly divided into:

• formation of personnel structures of the enterprise;
• ensuring the efficiency of personnel and the enterprise as a whole;
• personnel management, which stimulates the introduction of innovative solutions at the enterprise.

HR technologies can be traditional, industry-specific, professional, and innovative. Each of the above technologies is used based on the specifics and direction of the type of activity of the enterprise.

Modern trends in the use, implementation and development of science and technology

In the modern world, the leading roles in the formation of a new technological order are assigned to thermonuclear energy, genetic engineering, photonics, as well as nanotechnology and robotics. Already today, flexible automation of the production of goods is taking place, the process of improving information networks and transport systems continues.

Environmentally friendly energy sources and renewable energy sources are becoming more and more popular. Technologies are being developed and used that make it possible to reduce the energy consumption, as well as the consumption of materials for the production of goods and to create structural materials of a new type, with the properties originally embedded in them.

Technologies for the production of new equipment

The technology of production of new equipment begins with the development and development of the first prototype, with its subsequent tests and verification of quality, functionality and calculations of all material costs associated with its production. After the successful development of the first prototype of the new technology, it is launched into mass production.

The process of mastering the production of a new technology can be carried out at an existing or, in some cases, at a new enterprise (if the capacity of the existing enterprise is insufficient for the efficient production of new equipment).

Modern technology companies

Today in the world there are many companies that are engaged in the development and mastering of modern technologies. The industries in which these companies operate can be very diverse - from medicine to heavy industry.

The most famous of them are:

• Lenovo is a Chinese company that is actively developing new computer systems;
• Mastercard - takes a leading position in the world in the development and use of payment systems and innovative electronic technologies;
• Hitachi is one of the world's largest corporations, which includes more than a thousand organizations and divisions. Develops household and specialized industrial equipment.
• Siemens is a large international concern that actively implements and develops new technologies in the creation of electronics, medical equipment, transport, telecommunications.

Companies analyze the needs of the market and the possibility of using new technologies, evaluating such parameters as: efficiency, relevance, availability of analogues, cost and applicability.

Companies developing modern technologies in medicine

Modern companies attach great importance to the development of modern technologies in medicine.

Successful projects A.M.I. Italia are the development and production of automatic external defibrillators, which belong to the SeverOne series.

The AR-EL company carries out technological developments in the field of medicine and manufactures operating tables, chair-tables, chairs for collecting blood. AR-EL is engaged in the production of veterinary surgical tables and motorized tables, cabinets and chairs for doctors.

Edan Instruments and Esaote are dedicated to the development of advanced diagnostic systems and analyzers for the medical laboratory.

Companies developing modern construction technologies

The German company Rothenberger is among the world leaders in the production of modern construction equipment. The companies have 14 factories located in France, Spain, Sweden and the USA.

For over 15 years construction company Eurodima is engaged in the development and production of diamond tools. The main area of ​​work is new developments for diamond technology operating at high frequencies.

Among the enterprises producing modern welding equipment are the Italian company Ritmo and the German company Rico.

Center for Modern Investment Technologies

The Center for Modern Investment Technologies is the representative office of the largest office network of consulting centers in Russia. The center carries out work in several directions. This is training of traders and professional development of more experienced businessmen. The Center for Modern Investment Technologies provides support and advice to investors.

Clinic of modern medical technologies

The Clinic of Modern Medical Technologies is one of the departments of the MEDEP-Regions Medical Center. The medical institution specializes in pediatric surgery and urology. Within the walls of the clinic, postpartum rehabilitation is carried out, aimed at the complete recovery of the woman's body after the birth of a child, using physiotherapy exercises and other procedures.

Modern technologies at exhibitions

At the exhibitions of the Expocentre Fairgrounds, innovative technologies and the latest achievements in various sectors of the domestic and modern economy are widely presented. At the exhibition, the easiest way is to establish contact between the manufacturer and the end user, as well as to visually demonstrate technological innovation. Thanks to exhibitions, developers have the opportunity to assess the degree of interest and consumer reaction to a new invention.

Federal State Educational Budgetary Institution of Higher Professional Education

"FINANCIAL UNIVERSITY

UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION "

(Financial University)

Department of "Microeconomics"

Course work

"New technologies and their role in the modern economy"

Completed:

student of group U1-2

Bakhshiyan P.K.

Supervisor:

Doctor of Economics, Professor

Nikolaeva I.P.

Moscow 2013

Introduction

1.1 New technologies in modern economies

1 Technological progress at the center of human progress and development

2.2 The third industrial revolution

2.3 Innovative enterprises of the future

3.1 Problems of the development of new technologies in Russia

Conclusion

Bibliography

Applications

Introduction

The entire history of the development of mankind is the history of the development and improvement of technologies and instruments of labor (equipment) used by man. Several thousand years ago, man started with an ordinary stick, and today he has reached incredible heights of technical and technological development. Techno-economic systems and structures have been continuously improved by man throughout the entire period of his existence. However, in the previous millennia, this process was not so “explosive”. The transition from one technical and economic structure to another could take centuries or even millennia, but the XX and XXI centuries showed us an unprecedented rate of change and improvement of technologies and technical means used by man. Such a success in the implementation of innovations and their impact on all spheres of public life could not but arouse the interest of economists. Economic science at the beginning of the 20th century began to study the processes of innovative development as such and study their main features and patterns. Many well-known economists such as J. Schumpeter, J. Hicks, R. Solow have achieved significant success in this. However, the world is changing rapidly, and exclusively scientific interest in technological development in the early to mid-20th century was replaced by interest from the state and, most importantly, from entrepreneurs. This happened due to the realization that innovative technologies and their implementation have become practically the only keys to successful economic activity in the conditions of the modern economy, or, as it is commonly called, the “new economy”.

From the point of view of microeconomics, new technologies are a tool with which firms maintain their competitive position in the market through cost savings and / or differentiation of their products. The development and implementation of innovative technologies and techniques is, in fact, the only effective way holding or capturing market positions.

This work is devoted to the analysis of the role of new technologies in the modern economy and their impact on it.

1. The place and role of new technologies in the modern economy

1 New technologies in modern economies

The driving force of socio-economic development has always been scientific and technological progress, the fundamental goal of which is the search for new means of satisfying the public with the lowest costs in terms of costs and resources while preserving ecosystems. For economic growth to take place on the basis of technical or technological advances, it is necessary to have a structure of a certain level of complexity, which is determined by the number of reproducible technologies, their energy potential, factors of scientific and technological progress, the properties of the core of self-development, stimulating interconnections with economic sectors, and economic development.

Technology is understood as the use of various physical, chemical, biological, as well as social laws within the framework of any device, device, device for obtaining or deploying a certain process in which there is a need (need), or to create products, technologies, services that have sufficient usefulness for humans.

Technical systems consist of objects of technology and technology, which are controlled and controlled by humans. All spheres of public life today can be represented as the interaction of complex economic systems. Since objects of technology, technical systems are created by man, the main goal is to get as many useful results as possible with minimal costs.

The development of technology today is impossible without the interaction of concentrated resources, including intellectual, and economic incentives that make inventive, scientific, engineering activities. The creation of economic incentives is a task of institutional planning and design.

Also, when studying new technologies, it is necessary to take into account such a parameter of innovative (and not only) technical systems as manufacturability. The manufacturability of a system is understood as a set of properties of the elements of this system, which determine its ability to carry out optimal costs of production, operation and repair with the necessary quality parameters, volumes of output, consumption and development conditions. The manufacturability of a technical system has a quantitative and qualitative aspect of change. The indicator of manufacturability of an economic system is a quantitative characteristic of the functioning of the system.

A very important concept is the concept of "ensuring the manufacturability" of the economic system, which, in the author's opinion, should be understood as a set of tools aimed at ensuring the necessary functions of the system, overcoming or reducing the degree of its inefficiency. In other words, we are talking about a set of measures for managing the system, one might even say, measures that increase the manageability of the system.

Summing up, we can say that the manufacturability of the technical (economic) system is one of the goals of introducing new technologies at the enterprise, since it is this indicator that most reliably allows us to judge the effectiveness of this system. As mentioned earlier, the main goal of the development and implementation of innovative technologies is to increase production volumes while increasing resource savings, i.e. while reducing production costs. In my opinion, enterprises that have achieved a high index of manufacturability of the technical system of their production have the opportunity to use the following purpose of new technologies, namely: differentiation of their products.

1.2 Periodization of technological development

The study of new technologies in general would be incomplete without studying the history of the stages of technological development. Each stage of innovative development was accompanied by a radical change in the technical and economic structures, which entailed irreversible consequences in all spheres of society. The analysis of the periodization of technological development is interesting in that it allows us to identify some general patterns in the change of technical and economic structures and the introduction of new, innovative technologies at that time. Of course, the 21st century is very different from all previous ones (much more than, say, the 19th century differs from the 18th century), and many of the features and patterns of the innovative development of the past are completely wrong in the present conditions, but several, the most important ones, are still of interest.

An economy based on a new technological order cannot function successfully if it does not serve, directly or indirectly, its natural purpose - satisfying human needs, increasing incomes and national welfare. A focus on meeting needs becomes absolutely necessary when making strategic decisions in innovation, structural investment and other areas of production activity. An economy operating simultaneously on three technological paradigms also cannot function successfully, since it cannot reproduce three technological paradigms at once due to the emerging imbalances in the distribution of resources between them. The problem of the reproduction of technological structures is not only a problem of the development of the technological structure of the economy, but also of the adaptation of economic entities, their models of behavior, existing institutions and institutional agreements. The types of energy carriers evolve, new ones appear, which makes it possible to associate technological development with their types, and GNP - with the total consumption of these energy carriers. The first stage of technological development is associated with the use of firewood as a primary energy source, the second with the use of coal, the third with oil, the fourth with gas, and the fifth with nuclear fuel. It seems that the next stage will be characterized by the depletion of oil, increased use of gas (especially shale) and environmentally friendly natural energy sources, including wind, tidal, osmotic and solar energy. For human society, three potentially possible stages of economic evolution can be distinguished: pre-energy, energy and post-energy. At the first stage, energy does not act as a limiting factor due to the primitive state of the productive forces of societies; at the second stage, there are serious problems with the energy supply of economic growth. At the post-energy stage, energy opportunities will be considered abundant and not limiting the standard of living and social satisfaction of the population, or this stage will be characterized by a general energy deficit due to excessively increased consumption of both industries and the population, which cannot be satisfied with the existing energy capacities. In any case, until now, human society has developed on the scale of the available energy used by it. However, circumstances are possible when energy will not be enough for the further development of the economy, and similar episodes in local economic systems, at the level of individual regions, are already emerging. Of course, given the relational nature economic knowledge, one cannot demand that the theory of technological development be valid at every stage of the evolution of the economy. The modern theory of development, most likely, corresponds to the energy phase and should proceed from resource constraints and the need to move to the post-energy stage of development of the world economy, when the severity of the energy problem will be removed. In addition, an important function of the theory of development is to get an answer to the question about the potential of a post-energy civilization in the given understanding and about the tasks facing the economy at the “energy” stage.

A detailed study of the development and implementation of the most important technical innovations and technologies is not the purpose of this work. Such an analysis would be very complex and would take a long time for recognized experts in this field. However, within the framework of the study of the periodization of technical and technological progress, an important conclusion can be drawn that the change in technological structures through the use of new means of production occurs within a certain energy stage. It is the conditions and possibilities of the energy stage that determine the basis for the further development of technology and technology. Of course, science plays a leading role in technical and technological progress. However, the possibilities of science in a specific period of time are always limited, and I believe that the scope of these limitations is determined by the conditions of the energetic stage. As can be seen from Table 1, revolutionary changes in production have always been preceded by the discovery and use of new energy sources. This means that any change in the technical and economic structure occurs within the energy capabilities of a particular stage of economic development.

2. New technologies as the engine of production progress

1 Technological progress at the center of human progress and development

Central to understanding the role of technology is the recognition that technology and technological progress are relevant to a wide range of

a range of economic activities, not just manufacturing and computers. For example, some estimates suggest that technological advances have quadrupled agricultural productivity as fast as manufacturing. Indeed, it seems that low-tech products such as corn or flowers may be the result of relatively high-tech manufacturing processes at the time. how in some countries the production of supposedly high-tech products such as computers is the result of relatively low technology. Finally, in many cases, technology is embodied in the production and management of production systems, rather than in physical goods or software algorithms. The computer into which it is loaded

the latest version of software that sits unused on the table for most of the day is a different manifestation of the use of technology than the same computer that controls production processes or the payment system.

Technological advances can lead to lower costs,

improving quality, creating new products,

and help you enter new markets. Advances in science and technology involve much more than doing the same, or better with fewer resources. This concept is more dynamic, and it is associated both with the creation of new products and technology for the market, and with the spread of these technologies between firms and throughout the economy as a whole. While many of the implications of technological progress are obvious in some ways, the following deserve special mention:

Technological advances can spur development by lowering production and operating costs through increased returns to scale.

Technological advances in one sector can contribute to

creating new economic opportunities in other sectors. Reducing production costs can create entirely new products, or even sectors of the economy. New technologies to the market in one sector can lead to a boom in activity in other sectors, creating demand and supply for goods and services that did not exist.

The benefits of new technologies go far beyond the economic sector or product in which the technology exists. This is the case if the initial product is an important intermediate in the production of other goods, such as telecommunications systems or reliable power grid maintenance.

Technology can help improve quality. Such improvements could enable a developing country to conquer more discerning consumers and new markets. It can be as simple as using machinery and equipment, producing goods and services that meet the more demanding expectations and standards of consumers and business customers in high-income countries, in other words, products of the premium segment of the market.

2 Third industrial revolution

The first industrial revolution began in Britain in the late 18th century with the mechanization of the textile industry. Tasks that were previously laborious and carried out by hand by hundreds of weavers were combined in one cotton mill - this is how the factory was born. The second industrial revolution took place in the early 20th century, when Henry Ford built the first moving assembly line and began the era of mass production of goods. The first two industrial revolutions made people richer and the world more urbanized. Now the third revolution is in full swing. Manufacturing goes digital. A number of great technologies fall into one area: smart software, new materials, more agile robots, new manufacturing processes (notably 3D printing), and a range of web services. The factory of the past was founded on the creation of a huge number of identical products: the famous phrase of Henry Ford said that Ford buyers can buy a car of any color, provided that that color is black. However, in the 21st century, the costs of producing fewer batches with a wide variety of products, taking into account the whim of each customer, are falling. The manufacturing of the future will focus on the mass production of individualized goods and may look more like those weavers than Ford's assembly line.

The old method of production involves the use of a large number of parts for subsequent joining or welding. The product can now be designed on a computer and "printed" on a 3D printer that creates a solid object by creating layers of material. The digital design can be changed with a few clicks of the computer mouse. A 3D printer can run unattended and can do many things that are too complex for traditional factories. Over time, these amazing machines will be able to do anything, anywhere, in a garage in an African village.

The applications of 3D printing are especially stunning. Hearing aids and high-tech military aircraft parts are already being printed in customized forms. Major changes will also affect the geography of supplies. An engineer who has worked in hard-to-reach conditions who does not have a certain tool no longer needs to buy it in the nearest large locality... He can simply download the design of this tool and "print" it. The days when projects got stuck with missing pieces of equipment, or when customers complained that they couldn't find parts for the things they bought, will one day be a thing of the past.

Other changes related to the use of 3D printers are almost as important. New materials are lighter, stronger and more durable than old ones. Carbon fiber is replacing steel and aluminum in products from aircraft to mountain bikes. New material handling techniques enable engineers to shape objects into tiny shapes. Nanotechnology gives products advanced features such as bandages that help heal cuts, motors that work more efficiently, and dishes that are easier to clean. And with the Internet enabling large numbers of designers and engineers to collaborate on new products, the barriers to entry for a new company are falling. It took a huge amount of capital for Ford to build his huge River Rouge plant, and his modern counterpart can start with a laptop and the desire to invent.

Like all revolutions, this one will be just as destructive. Digital technologies have already revolutionized the media market and retail by automating the trading processes. Factories will also change forever. They won't be full of dirty, human-driven cars. Many of them will be spotlessly clean and almost deserted. Some automakers are already producing twice as many cars per employee as they did just ten years ago. Most of the jobs will not be in the factory floor, but in offices nearby, which will be full of designers, engineers, IT professionals, logistics, marketing, etc. Manufacturing jobs of the future will require more skills.

The revolution will affect not only how things are done, but where. Factories were usually located in developing countries to reduce labor costs. But labor costs have less and less influence on production costs: out of $ 499 of the first generation iPad, labor costs were only $ 33, of which assembly costs in China were only $ 8. Manufactures are increasingly moving back to rich countries. because Chinese wages are on the rise, but because companies now want to be closer to their customers so that they can respond more quickly to changes in demand. And some products are so complex that it's more efficient to have people who design them and people who make them in one place. The Boston Consulting Group estimates that in areas such as transportation, computers, metalwork and manufacturing equipment, 10-30% of the goods that America currently imports from China can be produced in America itself by 2020, which will help to increase GDP and by $ 20-55 billion per year.

Consumers will not find it very difficult to adapt to the new era of production development. The authorities, however, may have a harder time. They are used to defending industries and companies that already exist, not upstarts that might force them out of the market. They pump up old production with subsidies and put in charge people who want to move production abroad to reduce labor costs. They spend billions to halt technical and technological progress. And they cling to the romantic belief that manufacturing is more important than services, not to mention finance.

None of this makes sense. The lines between production and services are blurring. Rolls-Royce no longer sells jet engines, it sells watches that a plane flies on their engines. The authorities have always been wrong in choosing who should be supported, and they probably do not understand who the future belongs to. Thousands of entrepreneurs design new products online, produce them at home (using 3D printers) and sell them on the market. While the revolution is in full swing, the authorities must stick to the basics: create good schools for a skilled workforce, establish clear rules for entrepreneurs of all spheres. The rest will be done by the "revolutionaries".

3 Innovative enterprises of the future

I believe that in the coming decades, the structure of innovative enterprises and the very investments in new technologies will undergo significant changes. Today, it is more and more obvious that an enterprise that is not improving cannot adapt to a constantly changing market, since consumer demands are increasing more and more, as flagship enterprises of innovative development offer consumers more and more new products in terms of technology. However, investments in R&D require significant financial investments, which only the largest market players can afford. At the same time, the ever-increasing consumer demand for new products with improved characteristics and properties will require large investments in R&D, which, over time, cannot be afforded even by large corporations spending billions of dollars annually on R&D. It is at this moment that corporations and simply innovative enterprises will be forced to pool their investments in R&D. However, here inevitably difficulties arise on the basis of which of the enterprises to conduct research and this will cause a conflict of interest. It is this situation that will force enterprises to turn to another enterprise, which is engaged in innovative development on a permanent basis on a professional basis.

However, there is one serious flaw in the activities of such enterprises: since R&D is carried out with the money of several companies, the results of the research belong to everyone who has invested in the activities of the “innovative boutique”. The question arises of how to divide research results among themselves, and this is a very difficult problem due to the complexity of assessing R&D results. I offer several options for the distribution of the results of an innovative enterprise and their use by investors:

1.Distribution of research results among investors depending on the volume of investments. The R&D results themselves will be evaluated at discounted value, i.e. in terms of the potential profit that their use will bring. The company that has invested the most will get the right to the most expensive technology, etc.

2.Investor companies can initially draw up agreements on the division of rights to the results of the research enterprise. However, the vulnerability of this option lies in the fact that investment in R&D is a kind of "black box", and no one knows what will be the result. Therefore, written agreements on the division of rights to the investigated technologies represent a serious conflict of interest, since the results and their potential usefulness cannot be known in advance.

.Sharing rights to R&D results by several investors and pre-agreed rules for their use. For example, a certain technology can be used in completely different industries and investors representing several companies occupying completely different markets can agree on the use of this technology without prejudice to the interests of any of the investors. I believe that this strategy of sharing the rights to the results of investing in an innovative technology company is optimal.

Thus, the main difficulty in the activities of an enterprise of this kind can be overcome through agreements between investors.

In conclusion of the story about this idea, I would like to say that the existence and operation of such a company is possible only if the technical or technological demands of consumers increase so much that the costs of financing R&D will increase so much that even large corporations cannot cover them alone. I believe that in practice, such innovative research ventures can be formed in leading universities in developed countries, or simply in a large research center that can attract a sufficient number of highly.

3. Development of new technologies in the Russian Federation

1 Problems of the development of new technologies in Russia

Russia entered the 21st century, the century of innovative economic development in a very dire situation, which was caused by a number of reasons:

.The collapse of the USSR seriously undermined economic ties between the states of the post-Soviet space

.The lack of innovative enterprises in industry (except for defense) seriously complicated Russia's position on the world market.

.The massive outflow of highly qualified scientific personnel in the 90s of the XX century led to a deplorable state of Russian science as a whole, and also seriously hit the reproduction of the country's scientific potential.

.The final formation of Russia as an exclusively resource-based power led to the fact that all domestic and foreign investments went only to the raw-materials sector of the economy. This "habit" is extremely detrimental to the condition Russian economy, since the state is directly interested in increasing the raw materials sector of the economy, which is the main source of budget income and, in fact, the state itself creates conditions under which investments only fall into the raw materials sector, bypassing all the others.

.The lack of a detailed legal framework contributes to the deterioration of the business climate in the country, and the consequence of this is the low business activity of domestic entrepreneurs (in comparison with the countries of Western Europe and the USA).

It is obvious that the problems of development of Russian enterprises along the path of introducing new technologies directly depend on the policy pursued by the state. Without a doubt, modern state policy can be aimed exclusively at the advanced development of science-intensive, high-tech sectors of the economy, educational systems, information and transport infrastructure, which simplifies exchanges, reduces transaction costs, providing long-term national competitive advantages. The world experience of the state economic policy of the XX century has identified three vectors of its orientation: export, national (development of the internal market) and strategic, associated with the purposeful restriction of the use of its own non-renewable resources (oil, gas, timber, etc.). An example of the first vector is provided by South Korea and modern China, which already today combines two directions, the second - France and Japan in the last quarter of the 20th century, the third - the United States and the OPEC countries. At the same time, the differentiation of the rates of economic growth of individual states is increasing and, as a result, the gap between the levels of scientific and technological development of national economies. Thus, the five leading countries - the United States, Japan, Germany, France and the United Kingdom - currently spend more on R&D than all other countries in the world combined, and the share of the United States in this group exceeds 50%. By industrial policy we mean a set of legal, organizational, economic and managerial measures aimed at creating conditions for the effective functioning of production structures and ensuring the growth of productivity, output and employment, developed by federal and regional governments.

Describing the specific steps of the state in implementing its policy in relation to the development of incentives for the creation of innovative industries was too difficult for this work. I can only describe the main directions in which steps should have been taken to develop new technologies in Russia. I believe that the beginning of the implementation of support for innovation should be real support for science at all government levels. The development of science should become the main priority of the state for the next decade, otherwise Russia will not regain its competitiveness in the markets for science-intensive products. You also need to build trust. foreign investors to Russian scientific centers. This can be achieved through government funding of important scientific projects with wide practical application. If such research is successful, investors will understand the prospects of investing in R&D in Russia, since it has a huge, but completely untapped scientific potential. At the first steps of the formation of an innovative economy in Russia, it would be advisable to pursue a policy of protectionism, since at the beginning of their formation, Russian innovative enterprises will find it extremely difficult to compete with foreign firms even in the domestic market due to the lack of sufficient experience in working with innovative developments.

I believe that assistance from the state in the early stages of the formation of an innovative economy is simply necessary, but later, when the results of the policy pursued are evident, it will be necessary to curtail government aid giving back to the market the right to decide who will stay and who will not.

Conclusion

the century can be safely called the century of innovative development. New technologies from the beginning of human economic activity have influenced the development of the economy. But it was precisely this century that presented enterprises with a choice: to modernize or disappear under the pressure of more technically and technologically advanced competitors. From now on, new technologies have become the dominant factor in the development of the economy. The problem of innovative development of the economy is especially acute in Russia, whose economic system does not at all correspond to the standards of an innovative economy. Russia continues to live off the sale of its own non-renewable resources, each day losing more and more opportunities to regain its leading position in the world market. The funds that the country receives from the sale of resources must be invested in the development of science, promising innovative enterprises. Even in the short term, these investments will pay off, since I believe that the unrealized Russian potential will be able to make breakthrough achievements in all spheres of science. This will certainly give a powerful impetus to the development of the economy as a whole. However, this requires political will and a detailed policy of the state, which so far we can only dream of. In the meantime, Russia continues to lag behind the developing countries, losing positions every year that it may never be able to regain. The leadership of the Russian Federation must understand the obvious truth, which is applicable both to economic entities and to entire states: whoever does not modernize disappears.

Bibliography

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II. Monographs, collective works, collections of scientific papers:

O.S. Sukharev Economics of Technological Development - M .: Finance and Statistics, 2008 - 480 p .; silt

Makarov V.L. The knowledge economy: lessons for Russia // Russia and the modern world. - 2004.

Schumpeter J. Theory of economic development.

Glazyev S.Yu. The theory of long-term technical and economic development. - M .: VlaDar, 1993

III. Articles from periodicals:

Appendix # 1

Table 1

Number of the stage of technological development Time covered by the stage of technological development Industries providing the basic technologies of the stage and energy support of the stage of technological development Infrastructure state of the stage of technological development First 1790-1840 Textile industry, water, steam, coal energy Dirt roads, horse riding on land and sailing ships by sea, postage couriers Second 1830-1890 Railway transport, mechanization of production processes, the use of a steam engine. The emergence of the first joint stock companies as new organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship Railways, world shipping Third 1880-1940 Development of heavy engineering, electrical and chemical industries. Based on electricity, combustion engines and oil development. Competition has a monopoly character: trusts, cartels, etc. Telephone, telegraph, radio, electrical networks. 4th 1930-1990 Development of mass production, gas and oil energy, nuclear power plants, communications, new materials, electronics, software, computers. TNCs are created, competition is oligopolistic High-speed highways, air traffic, gas pipelines, television development Fifth Mid-1980s - up to the present time Microelectronics, informatics, high electronic technology, biotechnology, genetic engineering, synthetic materials, commercial space exploration. Mergers of large and small firms into single chains, technopolises, cities of science, technology parks, new systems for managing quality, investments, supplies, repair and operation of technical facilities Computer networks, telecommunications, satellite communications, electronic media, new types of nuclear power plants, a large number of power plants producing green energy.

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№ p / pQuality characteristics of workMax. score Fact. score I. Evaluation of the work according to formal criteria: 301. Compliance with the deadlines for the delivery of the work by stages of writing 42. The appearance of the work and the correct design of the work 23. The presence of a well-formed plan 24. The presence of internal headings of sections and subsections 25. The indication of pages in the work plan and their numbering in the text 26. Availability in the text of footnotes and references 27. Correctness of citation and formatting of citations 38. Clarity and quality of illustrative material 39. Availability and quality of additional attachments 310. Correctness of the list of used materials 511. Use of foreign literature in the text of the work and in the list of references 2 II. Assessment of the work by content: 701. Relevance of the problem 42 The logical structure of the work and its reflection in the plan 23. The depth of the heading and the balance of the sections 24 The quality of the introduction 55 The indication of the research objectives 36 The indication of the research methods 27 Correspondence of the content of the work to the declared topic 68 Correspondence of the content of the sections to their names 29 The logical connection between the sections 3 10. The degree of independence in presentation 13 11 The presence of elements of scientific novelty 3 13 The relationship of work with Russian problems 514 The ability to draw conclusions 10 15 The quality of drawing up a conclusion 516 Knowledge of the latest literature 517 The presence of fundamental errors-35