Accounting for the organization's own capital. Accounting for the organization's own capital

Accounting equity - a set of procedures required for legal entities due to the requirements of accounting legislation. What are its main nuances, we will tell in this article.

Components of an enterprise's equity

authorized capital (as well as its analogues: share capital, represented by contributions of comrades, mutual funds etc.);
additional capital;
reserve capital;
amounts corresponding to those spent on the buyback of shares;
retained earnings.

There are other interpretations of the concept of equity capital. But from the point of view of accounting, the concept presented by us can be characterized as the most holistic and adapted to practice. Moreover, the formal right to adhere to it is given to us by the legislator. Clause 66 of Order No. 34n of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 states that the structure of the IC takes into account authorized, additional, reserve capital, retained earnings, as well as other reserves, which, in principle, can include amounts corresponding to those transferred for shares.

Consider the features of accounting accounting for the organization's own capital we can, therefore, by successively studying the nuances of accounting for its individual components.

Let's start with the authorized capital.

Accounting for authorized capital as part of equity

The considered component of the IC is one of the main sources of formation of the company's property assets.

The authorized capital and similar economic categories perform 3 main functions:

investment (corresponding volume Money directed to the purchase of various outside current assets, fixed assets, etc.);
reserve (authorized capital is one of the main security resources of the company in credit and contractual legal relations);
communicative partnership (through the distribution of shares in the authorized capital, control over the business of individual entities is established).

Accounting for the authorized capital is carried out using synthetic account 80, which is included in the chart of accounts of accounting, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n.

This synthetic account belongs to the category of passive: a decrease in the authorized capital is recorded on the debit of the account, an increase on the credit. Often it is used in correspondence with another synthetic account - 75, also approved by law.

Accounting for authorized capital: the use of sub-accounts

In progress equity accounting it may be necessary to use a number of additional sub-accounts for accounts 75 and 80.

These include:

sub-account 80.01, on which information about certain movements of the authorized capital is recorded;
sub-account 80.02, on which the value of subscribed shares is recorded;
sub-account 80.03, on which experts advise fixing the amount of funds contributed by the founders of the company.

To fully reflect operations to increase the authorized capital, it is recommended to use an additional subaccount 75.01. For example, in correspondence with sub-account 80.01.

Postings when replenishing the authorized capital at the expense of property, shares and profit

The authorized capital can be formed not only by crediting funds, but also by various property, in respect of which the founders have made a valuation.

If we are talking about replenishing the authorized capital with the help of property, then to reflect such operations in the registers, debit entries of such synthetic accounts, such as 08, 10, 41, can be used in correspondence with the credit of the sub-account 75.01 noted above.

The authorized capital can be replenished at the expense of external resources. Their acquisition can be facilitated by the issue of shares (for joint-stock companies) or work to attract additional portfolio investment(for LLC). At the same time, from an accounting point of view, all such operations are almost identical and are recorded using the posting: Dt 75.01 Kt 80.

The authorized capital of the company can also be replenished at the expense of retained earnings. For this, wiring is involved: Dt 84 Kt 80.

Postings when reducing the authorized capital

The authorized capital of the company can be reduced, for example, as a result of transactions for the sale of shares concluded by the founders. Accounting for these procedures can be maintained using such an entry as: Dt 80 Kt 75, if we are talking about reducing the value of shares of the authorized capital (for example, if 1 of the founders goes out of business). The debit of account 75 may also correspond with the credit of such accounts as 51 or 91, if the disposal of property forming the authorized capital is expected.

Let us now consider how equity accounting firms in the context of the next component - additional capital.

Accounting for additional capital in the structure of equity: main accounts and sub-accounts

This SC component reflects an increase in the value of non-current assets due to the revaluation of fixed assets, issuance procedures, or, for example, the fact that assets have become more expensive due to market reasons (in particular, if the assets are represented by real estate, which has grown in price). It can be noted that non-profit organizations various allocations from the budget can be considered as additional capital.

An increase in the cost of the authorized capital due to changes in the exchange rate can be considered additional capital. For example, if the authorized capital is denominated in dollars and it has risen in price, then its revaluation may be accompanied by the subsequent allocation of the increased amount in rubles as additional capital.

The main synthetic account on which additional capital is recorded is 83.

A number of additional sub-accounts can be opened for him:

83.01, which is used in postings that record an increase in additional capital due to the revaluation of fixed assets;
83.02, which is used in transactions that record an increase in additional capital due to issuance procedures;
83.03, which is used in the remaining scenarios for increasing additional capital.

It is noteworthy that in the structure of the form balance sheet, approved in the Russian Federation by law (order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 02.07.2010 No. 66n), separate accounting of indicators for additional capital, as well as the corresponding revaluation of non-current assets, is expected, despite the fact that 1 and the same synthetic score - 83. We will consider this aspect in more detail a little later.

Here are examples of postings that can be used when accounting for additional capital.

Additional capital postings

So, one of the options for increasing additional capital is the revaluation of fixed assets. This procedure is carried out using wiring: Dt 01 Kt 83.

Another option for replenishing additional capital is the issue of shares. It involves the use of the following set of postings:

Dt 51 Kt 75.01 (through it, the receipt by the company of funds for shares at the original price is fixed);
Dt 75.01 Kt 83 (used when the value of shares increases, as a result of which the amount of additional capital grows).

Now consider a series of postings on the debit of account 83:

Dt 83 Kt 01 - used when repaying amounts corresponding to a decrease in the value of non-current assets upon revaluation;
Dt 83 Kt 80 - reflects the transfer of additional capital into authorized capital;
Dt 83 Kt 75 - used in the distribution of additional capital between the owners of the company during the liquidation of a legal entity.

Reserve capital as a component of equity

The reserve capital is used as a source to cover the losses of the company, as well as to fulfill the obligations of the company in cases where the main assets are not enough. Other scenarios for the use of reserve capital Charters commercial organizations usually not provided. The reserve capital is formed, as a rule, at the expense of retained earnings, as well as personal contributions from the founders of the company.

The main synthetic account, which takes into account the considered component of the SC, is 82, which belongs to the category of passive.

Replenishment of the reserve capital at the expense of retained earnings is documented by the posting: Dt 84 Kt 82. In turn, if this resource is replenished from personal contributions of the founders of the company, the posting is used: Dt 75 Kt 82.

Consider also the postings corresponding to one or another way of spending the reserve capital. For example, if the reserves are used to compensate for the losses of the company, then the following entry is used: Dt 82 Kt 84. If they are spent on paying off obligations, other correspondence is used: Dt 82 Kt 66.

Retained earnings as a component of equity

The next component of the IC is retained earnings. This resource actually reflects how successful the company is from a commercial point of view. At the same time, it can also take negative values - in this case, this indicator will be called uncovered loss.

In order to reflect the amount of retained earnings, you must use the main synthetic account 84.

The key feature of this account is that no entries are made to it during the reporting year. In fact, the accountant works with him immediately before reporting, for example, the balance sheet, while using another synthetic account - 99, which records profits and losses. The profit recorded on it at the end of the year must be transferred to account 84 by posting: Dt 99 Kt 84.

Retained earnings as a source of business financing

Consider how accounting is carried out for transactions that reflect practical use such component of the capital as retained earnings.

This financial resource can be used, for example, to pay dividends. This operation corresponds to the wiring: Dt 84 Kt 75.

Another option for using retained earnings is the remuneration of employees of the company. When conducting the relevant transactions, it is necessary to use the wiring: Dt 84 Kt 70.

Retained earnings can be used as a resource to cover losses recorded in previous years business. In this case, the transaction is carried out within the same account - 84, and therefore, in order to correctly reflect this operation, the accountant needs to open a number of additional sub-accounts. For example, 84.01, which records retained earnings or losses from previous years, and 84.02, which reflects current retained earnings. The posting fixing the coverage of losses may look like this: Dt 84.02 Kt 84.01.

Postings for compensating uncovered losses

The company's management may also decide to compensate for uncovered losses incurred in the current reporting year. The source of funds for this operation may be reserve capital or, for example, contributions from business owners. In the 1st case, wiring is used: Dt 82 Kt 84. In the 2nd scenario - another wiring: Dt 75 Kt 84.

The nuances of accounting for a share redeemed from shareholders

Another component of equity is the amounts corresponding to transactions for the repurchase of shares by the company from other owners. The corresponding transactions should be recorded in the debit of account 81 (in the amount of actual costs) in correspondence with the credit of the accounts that keep records of transactions corresponding to the type of transaction (for example, 50 - if the funds for the shares were paid through the cash desk, 51 - if the shares were paid through the current account ).

In turn, it may be necessary to reflect operations on the credit of account 81. This is possible if, for example, the authorized capital of the company is reduced by an amount corresponding to the face value of the shares. This operation is documented by posting: Dt 80 Kt 81.

Equity in the structure of the balance sheet

Accounting equity accounting should also be carried out in terms of reporting procedures, such as the formation of a balance sheet.

At the very beginning of the article, we noted that, based on the concept adopted in the Russian expert and legal environment, equity capital is formed by 5 main components: authorized, reserve, additional capital, retained earnings, and the cost of repurchasing shares.

This approach is almost completely reflected in the structure of the balance sheet form, which is approved by law in the Russian Federation (by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 2, 2010 No. 66n). In accordance with this source, the amount of equity capital can be determined as the sum of indicators for the following lines:

1310 is the authorized capital and similar resources;

1320 - indicators corresponding to the repurchase of shares;

1340 and 1350 - indicators reflecting the structure of additional capital;

1360 - reserve capital;

1370 - retained earnings.

To fill in such balance lines as 1310, 1320, 1360 and 1370, you should use the balance indicators of synthetic accounts, respectively: 80 (credit), 81 (debit), 82 (credit) and 84 (credit - in the presence of profit, debit - in the presence of uncovered losses).

Separately, it is worth mentioning lines 1340 and 1350 of the balance sheet. They reflect the indicators, respectively, for the revaluation of non-current assets and the amount of additional capital, without taking into account this revaluation. Despite the fact that from a business point of view, non-current assets are traditionally considered an integral part of additional capital, the legislator, probably in order to optimize statistics, instructs companies to account for them separately in the balance sheet.

But there should not be any particular difficulties with such accounting, since a separate subaccount 83.01 is used to fix the revaluation of assets. In order to determine the indicator for line 1350, you need to subtract from the balance on the synthetic account 83 the balance on the subaccount 83.01.

Total equity is determined as corresponding to line 1300 of the balance sheet.

Read more about other noteworthy nuances of working with equity in business in the articles:

Equity capital is the basis for investing in the activities of any company. The constituent elements of such capital are additional, authorized, reserve capital and retained earnings. You can learn how analytical and synthetic accounting of equity takes place in the following article.

Accounting for the authorized capital takes place on account No. 80. It summarizes information about the size, as well as the movement of the Criminal Code. The credit balance of this account must fully comply with the amount of capital specified in the company's charter. Until the founders decide to change the size of their authorized capital, the balance on this account will not change.

Registration of the size of the authorized capital is accompanied by a record: D75 - K80.

Debit 75 of the account is intended to reflect the debt for the payment of the Criminal Code by the founders of the company.

Analytical data of account 80 is information about the composition of the founders and possible changes in the UK.

To account for the management company, it may be necessary to open additional sub. accounts:

80-1 - reflects information about the movement of the Criminal Code;
80-2 - reflects the value of shares;
80-3 - reflects the amount of funds that were contributed by the founders of the company.

How is the accounting of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Accounting for the organization's own capital in terms of reserve capital occurs on account No. 82. This type of capital is used to reimburse the company's expenses, as well as to buy shares and redeem bonds.

Such capital is formed due to net profit. In this case, the following wiring is done: D84 - K82.

When using funds from this capital, a reverse entry is made: D82 - K84.

Analytical data 82 accounts are information about the methods of receipt of funds, as well as the directions in which they are applied.

How DC is taken into account

Analytical and synthetic accounting of equity in terms of additional capital occurs on account No. 83. When the amount of capital increases, the entry is credited to this account, and when it decreases, it is debited.

This account includes:

Price increase intangible assets and OS based on the results of their revaluation;
Issuance profit.

Basic accounts. DC accounting entries will be as follows:

D01 - K83 - revaluation of objects was carried out in the form of their revaluation;
D01 - K91 - revaluation of objects was carried out within the limits of the previously carried out discounting;
D91 - K01 - there was a revaluation of objects in the form of their discounting;
D83 - K01 - reflection of the revaluation of objects within the limits of the previously carried out revaluation.

Analytical accounting of account No. 83 is carried out according to the methods of receipt and directions of use of funds.

How retained earnings are accounted for

Information on the amount of retained earnings, as well as on its movement, is carried out on account 84. This element of the SC determines the success of the firm in terms of commerce.

Basic postings accounting equity in terms of retained earnings will be as follows:

D99 - K84 - write-off of net profit current year final December turnovers.
D84 - K99 - writing off the amount of the net loss of the current year by the final December turnovers.
D84 - K70, 75 - the share of net profit was used to pay income to the founders of the company.

Analytical accounting of 84 accounts is carried out according to the areas of application of funds.

The value of the contributions of the owners of the organization to the property during its creation is called authorized capital. The procedure for the formation of the authorized capital of companies is different. In limited liability companies, it is formed at the expense of contributions (shares) of participants, and in joint-stock companies - by selling shares.

There are three main functions that the authorized capital performs:

is the property basis for the activities of the company, i.e. the initial (starting) capital;
the formation of the authorized capital makes it possible to determine the share (percentage) of participation of each founder (shareholder, participant) in the company, since it corresponds to the number of votes of the participant on general meeting and the amount of his income (dividend);
the authorized capital guarantees the fulfillment of the company's obligations to creditors, therefore, the legislation establishes its minimum size.

The amount of the authorized capital is determined by the nominal value of the shares of its participants. The size of each share is established in the constituent documents as a percentage or as a ratio to the total amount of the authorized capital. The size of the authorized capital must be at least 100,000 rubles in open joint-stock companies, and at least 10,000 rubles in closed joint-stock companies and limited liability companies. The legislation establishes that at the time of state registration, the authorized capital must be paid by its participants by at least half. The remaining unpaid share of the authorized capital is payable during the first year of the organization's operation. Accounting records of operations on the movement of funds of the authorized capital are kept on account 80 "Authorized capital" (passive, balance sheet, fund account). The authorized capital of the open joint-stock company formed by issuing and selling shares. At the same time, a subscription to shares can be carried out, which determines the shares of the founders in the authorized capital, therefore, during the formation and movement of the authorized capital to account 80, sub-accounts can be opened:

80/1 "Declared capital",
80/2 "Subscribed capital",
80/3 "Paid-in capital".

When forming the authorized capital, the following entries are made in accounting:

Dt 75 Kt 80/1 - reflects the authorized capital proposed for state registration;
Dt 80/1 Kt 80/2 - reflects the distribution of the authorized capital by the nominal share of participants;
Dt 80/2 Kt 80/3 - subscribed capital paid.

Contributions to the authorized capital can be:

Cash: Dt 51, 50, 52 Kt 75/1.
Securities: Dt 58 Kt 75/1.
Intangible assets: Dt 08 Kt 75/1, Dt 04 Kt 08.
Fixed assets: Dt 08 Kt 75/1, Dt 01 Kt 08.
Other valuables: Room 10, 41 Room 75/1.

Evaluation of non-monetary contributions of participants is carried out in accordance with the decision of the general meeting of founders, subject to its unanimous adoption. It must be done by an independent appraiser. Entries will be made in the accounting for amounts determined by an independent appraiser.

By decision of the founders in the course of the organization's activities, the authorized capital may be increased:

at the expense of the property of the organization;
at the expense additional contributions participants or third parties accepted as founders.

An increase in the size of the authorized capital can be made at the expense of additional capital or at the expense of net profit:

Dt 83 Kt 80 - at the expense of additional capital;
Dt 84 Kt 80 - at the expense of retained earnings;
Dt 75/1 Kt 80 - due to the contributions of the founders.

The amount by which the authorized capital is increased must not exceed the difference between the value of net assets and the amount of the authorized and reserve capital, i.e.:

Ah > UK + RK,

where Ah is the value of net assets, UK is the authorized capital, RK is the reserve capital.

Net asset value indicator introduced by the first part Civil Code RF for assessing the degree of liquidity of organizations of individual organizational and legal forms. Net assets is a value determined by subtracting from the amount of the organization's assets, accepted for calculation, the amount of its liabilities, accepted for calculation. The assets involved in the calculation are the monetary and non-monetary property of the organization for book value. Liabilities include loans , borrowed funds, reserves for future expenses, earmarked financing and receipts, rental obligations.

In the course of its activities, the organization may, and in some cases is obliged to carry out operations to reduce the size of the authorized capital. The reduction of the authorized capital must be carried out in without fail in the following cases:

incomplete payment by the participants of their contributions to the authorized capital within a year after registration;
excess of the amount of the authorized capital over the amount of net assets based on the results of work in the second and subsequent financial years after registration.

Dt 80 Kt 75/1 - a decrease in the authorized capital is reflected if it is not paid by the founders, or upon withdrawal from the founders.

Dt 80 Kt 84 - a decrease in the authorized capital is reflected.

The reserve capital of the JSC is intended to cover losses or to redeem bonds and buy back shares in the absence of other funds.

Reserve capital can be used to accrue dividends on preferred shares in case of insufficient net profit funds.

Dt 82 Kt 84 - funds of the reserve capital are used to pay off the loss;

Dt 82 Kt 66 - the reserve capital is directed to the redemption of short-term bonds of the OJSC;

Dt 82 Kt 67 - the reserve capital is directed to the redemption of long-term bonds of the JSC.

Dr. 86 " Special-purpose financing» Kt 83 “Additional capital”.

Entries in the debit of account 83 can be made in the following cases of the use of additional capital:

allocation of funds to increase the authorized capital: Dt 83 Kt 75; Dt 83 Kt 80;
loss redemption: Dt 83 Kt 84;
distribution of amounts between the founders of the organization: Dt 83 Kt 75.

Upon disposal of fixed assets, the amount of the revaluation is transferred from additional capital to the organization's retained earnings:

Dt 83 Kt 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)”.

Analytical accounting on account 83 is organized separately for each type of funds from which additional capital was formed.

Synthetic accounting of additional capital is kept in order journal No. 12.

Undestributed profits

Dividends may be paid in the form of shares, goods, products, if it is provided for by the charter. Income is paid only on repurchased shares. Each shareholder earns income depending on the number of shares that he purchased. Income can be accrued quarterly or once a year.

Preferred shares are paid first. If retained earnings are not enough, reserve capital is used.

Introduction

Equity capital: economic essence and formation procedure

1 The concept, composition and structure of equity capital

2 Principles of organization and tasks of accounting for equity

3 Brief economic characteristic OOO "Gallop"

Accounting for equity

1 The procedure for the formation of equity capital

2 Synthetic and analytical accounting of equity

3 Disclosure of information about equity in the financial statements

Automation of equity accounting (on the example of a specific software product)

Conclusion

REFERENCES

Introduction

At present, in the conditions of the existence of various forms of ownership, the study of the formation, functioning and reproduction of entrepreneurial capital is becoming especially relevant. Possibilities of becoming entrepreneurial activity and its further development can only be realized if the owner reasonably manages the capital invested in the enterprise.

Often, in practice, the capital of an enterprise is considered as something derivative, as an indicator that plays a secondary role, while the first place, as a rule, is placed directly in the process of the enterprise's activity. In this regard, the role of capital is belittled, although it is capital that is the objective basis for the emergence and further activities of the enterprise. Since it is the use of capital that brings income, profit, and not the activity of the enterprise as such. All this determines the special significance of the process of competent capital management of an enterprise at various stages of its existence.

The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that the main problem for each enterprise is the sufficiency money capital to implement financial activities, maintenance cash flow, creating conditions for economic growth, therefore, there is a need for a comprehensive study, analysis and improvement of the methodology and organization of accounting for the equity capital of business entities.

Own capital reflects the composition and status of rights to property arising in the course of economic activity from the owners of the organization, while obligations to owners consist of capital received from owners (shareholders, equity holders, shareholders) and representing authorized capital, and capital created in the process activities.

In the accounting of a single organization, information is formed on the change in capital as a result of economic activity. Thus, the problem of accounting and formation of authorized, reserve, additional capital, profits of the enterprise and organization of settlements with the founders becomes relevant.

For this, the following tasks were set:

To study the concept, composition and procedure for the formation of equity capital.

Consider the features of accounting for the authorized capital at enterprises of various forms of ownership.

The object of study is the equity capital of enterprises.

The sources for writing the coursework were: textbooks for the theoretical part and annual reports for the practical part, as well as Internet resources.

1. Own capital: economic essence and formation procedure

1.1 The concept, composition and structure of equity

Equity capital is a set material assets and cash, financial investments and costs for the acquisition of rights and privileges necessary for the implementation of its business activities.

Considering economic essence capital of the enterprise, it should be noted such characteristics as:

The capital of the enterprise is the main factor of production. In the system of factors of production (capital, land, labor), capital has a priority role, because it combines all factors into a single production complex.

Capital characterizes financial resources income generating businesses. In this case, it can act in isolation from the production factor in the form of invested capital.

Capital is the main source of wealth formation for its owners. Part of the capital in the current period leaves its composition and falls into the "pocket" of the owner, and the accumulated part of the capital ensures the satisfaction of the needs of the owners in the future.

The capital of an enterprise is the main measure of its market value. In this capacity, first of all, the equity capital of the enterprise, which determines the volume of its net assets, acts. Along with this, the amount of equity used in the enterprise characterizes at the same time the potential for attracting borrowed funds, which provide additional profit. Together with other factors, it forms the basis for assessing the market value of the enterprise.

The dynamics of the enterprise's capital is the most important indicator of the level of efficiency of its economic activity. The ability of equity capital to self-increase at a high rate characterizes high level formation and effective distribution of profits of the enterprise, its ability to maintain financial balance through internal sources. At the same time, the decrease in equity capital is, as a rule, the result of inefficient, unprofitable activities of the enterprise.

Capital is one of the most used in financial management economic categories. It is the basis for the creation and development of the enterprise and, in the process of functioning, ensures the interests of the state, owners and personnel. Any organization that conducts production or other commercial activity must have a certain capital, which is a combination of material values and cash, financial investments and costs for the acquisition of rights and privileges necessary for the implementation of its economic activities.

The level of efficiency of the economic activity of the enterprise is largely determined by the purposeful formation of its capital. From the position financial management the main purpose of capital formation is to satisfy the need to acquire the necessary assets and optimize its structure from the standpoint of ensuring conditions for its effective use. Based on the foregoing, one can following principles formation of the capital of the enterprise:

Accounting for the prospects for the development of the economic activity of the enterprise. The process of forming the volume and structure of capital is subject to the tasks of ensuring its economic activity not only at the initial stage of activity, but also at the continuation and expansion of this activity in the future. Ensuring the prospects is achieved by including all calculations related to the formation of capital in the business plan for creating a new enterprise.

Ensuring that the volume of attracted capital corresponds to the volume of the formed assets of the enterprise. The total capital requirement is based on the need for current and non-current assets. For a new enterprise, the need for capital at the time of creation includes two components:

A) Prelaunch costs are relatively small amounts financial resources needed to develop a business plan and funding related research. These expenses are of a one-time nature and occupy an insignificant part of the total need.

B) The start-up capital is intended for the direct formation of the company's assets.

The subsequent accumulation of capital is considered as a form of expansion of the enterprise and is associated with the formation of additional financial resources.

Ensuring the optimal structure of capital from the standpoint of its effective functioning. The capital structure is the ratio of own and borrowed funds used in the financial activities of the enterprise. The capital structure has an impact on many aspects of the enterprise: financial, investment and operating activities, affects the final results.

An enterprise using only its own capital has the highest financial stability(the autonomy coefficient is equal to one), but limits the pace of its development (because it cannot ensure the formation of the necessary additional volume of assets during periods of favorable market conditions) and does not use financial opportunities increase in return on invested capital.

The use of borrowed capital raises the financial potential for the development of the enterprise and provides an opportunity to increase the financial profitability of the activity. However, it generates financial risk and the threat of bankruptcy to a greater extent.

Ensuring the minimization of costs for the formation of capital from various sources. Such minimization is carried out in the process of managing the cost of capital, which is understood as the price that the company pays for its attraction from various sources.

Ensuring highly efficient use of capital in the process of its economic activity. The implementation of the principle is ensured by maximizing the return on equity at an acceptable level of financial risk for the enterprise.

Distinguish between own capital and attracted (borrowed)

Equity capital can take the form of:

Cash (cash, loans issued to borrowers, etc.);

Investments in securities of any issuers;

Investments in real estate and other inventory items.

The purpose of capital management is to ensure the sustainable and efficient development of the organization's business.

Money management tasks:

Determination of the total capital requirement to finance the activities of the organization and ensure the necessary pace of its economic development.

Determination of the most effective sources of capital attraction.

Optimization of the organization's capital structure is adequate to the goals and objectives of its development.

Own capital is one of the main sources of formation of the property of the enterprise. Own funds (capital) are calculated in accordance with the procedure determined by the instructions of the enterprise and current rules accounting.

As part of the equity of the organization are taken into account:

Authorized capital

· Extra capital

· Reserve capital

· Undestributed profits

· Other reserves.

The organization's equity is a special form of resources.

It, unlike other sources, is of a permanent, irrevocable nature, has a clearly defined legal basis and functional definiteness, is prerequisite the formation and operation of any commercial enterprise, i.e. serves as a core on which all the activities of a commercial enterprise are based from the first day of its existence.

Own capital is net worth property, defined as the difference between the value of the assets (property) of the organization and its liabilities.

The authorized capital, fixed in its statutory constituent documents, forms the basis of the organization's own capital. He is necessary condition formation and functioning of a legal entity.

The authorized capital is the amount of funds of the founders to ensure the statutory activities. At state enterprises, this is the value of property assigned by the state to the enterprise on the rights of full economic management; at joint-stock enterprises - the nominal value of shares; for a limited liability company - the sum of the shares of the owners; for a rental enterprise - the amount of contributions of its employees, etc.

The authorized capital is the starting capital necessary for the enterprise to carry out financial and economic activities in order to make a profit. The authorized capital is formed in the process of initial investment of funds. Contributions of founders to the authorized capital may be in the form of cash, property form and intangible assets. The value of the authorized capital is announced during the registration of the enterprise, and when adjusting its value, re-registration of the constituent documents is required.

Currently, to characterize that part of equity, the amount of which is indicated in the constituent documents, the concepts of "authorized capital", "share capital" and "authorized fund", "share fund" are used.

Authorized capital - a set in monetary terms of contributions (shares, shares at par value) of the founders (participants) to the property of the organization during its creation to ensure activities in the amounts determined by the constituent documents. It is formed in business companies: joint-stock companies, limited liability companies.

Authorized fund- this is the property assigned to the enterprise by the owner for the implementation of entrepreneurial activities. The statutory fund has state and municipal unitary organizations instead of the authorized or share capital.

Share fund - a set of share contributions of members of a production cooperative for joint business activities, as well as acquired and created in the course of activity. There are three main functions that the authorized capital performs economic society:

) is the property basis of the company's activities, i.e. initial (starting) capital;

) allows you to determine the share (percentage) of participation of the founder (shareholder, participant) in the company, since it corresponds to the number of votes of the participant at the general meeting and the amount of his income (dividend);

) guarantees the fulfillment of the company's obligations to third parties, therefore, the law establishes its minimum size.

Additional capital is formed from the increase in the value of non-current assets, identified by the results of their revaluation, and the sum of the difference between the sale and par value of shares, received in the process of formation of the authorized capital of the joint-stock company, as a result of the sale of shares at a price exceeding the par value.

The formation of additional funds occurs through:

Increase in the value of non-current assets (fixed assets, intangible assets, long-term financial investments and other capital investments) enterprises as a result of revaluation;

property and funds received free of charge from legal and individuals;

An additional issue of shares or an increase in the par value of shares, due to the amount of the difference between the sale and par value of shares, received from their sale at a price exceeding the par value;

Increase in the value of non-current assets created at the expense of profits or funds of the enterprise;

Reflection of foreign exchange gains on deposits foreign investors in the authorized capital of Russian organizations.

Additional capital can be formed not only for the reasons listed above. What to include in the composition of additional capital and how to use it is decided by the owners of the enterprise, who develop the relevant provisions. These provisions must be approved by the minutes of the general meeting of founders, after which they are fixed by an order on accounting policies. Additional capital, in contrast to the authorized capital, is not divided into shares contributed by specific participants. It shows the common property of all members.

The reserve capital is the insurance capital of the enterprise, intended to compensate for losses from economic activities, as well as to pay income to investors and creditors if there is not enough profit for this case. Reserve capital cannot be used for other purposes. The formation of reserve capital can be mandatory and voluntary. In the first case, it is created in accordance with the legislation of Russia, and in the second - in accordance with the procedure established in the constituent documents of the enterprise, or with its accounting policy. Currently, the creation of reserve capital is mandatory only for joint-stock companies and enterprises with foreign investment. If the organization has branches and representative offices registered as taxpayers, then they can also form reserve funds. If the constituent documents do not provide for the creation of reserve fund, then the company does not have the right to create it. The amount of deductions to the reserve capital is established by the meeting of shareholders and recorded in the constituent documents of the organization. At the same time, joint-stock companies and joint ventures are also required to adhere to its minimum limit. The size of the reserve fund must be at least 15% of the authorized capital of the enterprise, and for enterprises with foreign investment, no more than 25% of the authorized capital.

The financial result of an enterprise engaged in entrepreneurial activity is profit or loss. Profit is the source used after mandatory payments to the budget for the purposes determined by the statutory documents or relevant decisions of the organization's management and founders (shareholders). When a loss occurs, it becomes necessary to find sources for its coverage.

The profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise after paying income tax to the budget is commonly called "retained earnings" in accounting. Retained earnings is the amount of net profit that has not been distributed in the form of dividends among the shareholders of the organization.

Retained earnings of the reporting year are used to pay dividends to the founders and to deductions to the reserve fund (if any). In accordance with its accounting policy, the organization may decide to use the profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise to finance its planned activities.

These activities can be of a production nature in the case of directing funds for the development and expansion of production, modernization of the equipment used, and non-production in the case of using funds for social events and material support for employees of the organization, and other purposes not related to the production of products, or long-term or financial investments of the organization.

Targeted funding - these are funds intended to summarize information on the movement of funds intended for the implementation of special-purpose activities, funds received from other organizations and individuals, budgetary funds.

reporting automation equity

1.2 Principles of organization and tasks of accounting for equity

Equity is the net worth of property, defined as the difference between the value of an organization's assets (property) and its liabilities. Own capital is reflected in the third section of the balance sheet. It is a set of funds belonging to the owner of the enterprise on the basis of ownership, participating in the production process and making a profit.

The equity capital of an enterprise includes various economic content, the principles of formation and use of the sources of financial resources of the enterprise: authorized capital, unpaid capital, withdrawn capital, additional paid-in capital, additional unpaid capital, reserve capital, undistributed income (uncovered loss). Such a division is necessary for users of financial statements, in the analysis of economic activity. Higher specific gravity equity in the structure of the balance sheet liabilities indicates a sustainable financial position enterprises.

The development of entrepreneurship is accompanied by an increase in the role accounting information in the areas of management, control and analysis of business activities. Legal entities, regardless of the form of ownership and types of activity, in accordance with the requirements of the law, must financial statements, whose users should receive full and reliable information about the assets of the enterprise and sources and education.

Accounting for equity should ensure timely and correct reflection on the corresponding accounts of operations for the formation of authorized capital, reserve capital, reflection of the final profit (loss), operations for revaluation of assets, etc.

Enterprise capital management is aimed at solving the following main tasks:

the formation of a sufficient amount of capital to ensure the necessary pace of economic development of the enterprise;

optimization of the distribution of formed capital by types of activity and areas of use;

ensuring the conditions for achieving the maximum return on capital with the envisaged level of financial risk;

ensuring minimization of the financial risk associated with the use of capital, at the expected level of its profitability;

ensuring a constant financial balance of the enterprise in the process of its development;

ensuring a sufficient level of financial control over the enterprise by its founders;

ensuring sufficient financial flexibility of the enterprise;

capital turnover optimization;

ensuring timely reinvestment of capital.

1.3 Brief economic characteristics of Gallop LLC

Full name of the company, in accordance with the founding documents: Limited Liability Company "Gallop". LLC "Gallop" is engaged in the wholesale of lighting, plumbing, household goods.

The Company is a legal entity and owns separate property recorded on its independent balance sheet, can acquire and exercise property and personal non-property rights, and bear obligations on its own behalf. The Society has a round seal containing its full corporate name in Russian and an indication of its location. The Company has stamps and letterheads with its name, its own emblem or logo, as well as a duly registered trademark and other means of visual identification.

The authorized capital of the company is 10 thousand rubles. The founders of the company are individuals.

The organization has infrastructure sufficient to conduct its activities: an office owned by the organization, with total area 120 sq.m. According to the staff list, the number of employees is 29 people. Part of the employees is involved in the performance of one-time work and orders under temporary employment contracts or work contracts.

The organizational structure of the accounting service includes a chief accountant and a cashier.

The organization uses a computer form of accounting using the program 1C Enterprise 7.7.

To maintain accounting of the financial and economic activities of the organization, the Chart of Accounts is used, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of October 31, 2000 N 94n “On Approval of the Chart of Accounts for Accounting of the Financial and Economic Activities of Organizations and Instructions for Its Application.”

Accounting at the enterprise is carried out in rubles and kopecks.

The organization uses unified forms of accounting for primary accounting documents approved by the State Statistics Committee of Russia. When registering financial and economic transactions for which unified forms are not provided, independently developed forms of primary accounting documents are used (accounting certificate, advance payment invoice, act of work performed).

The financial statements of Gallop LLC are prepared in the manner and within the time limits stipulated by the Federal Law of November 21, 1996 No. 129-FZ “On Accounting”, Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of July 29, 1998 N 34n “On Approval of the Regulation on Accounting and financial statements in the Russian Federation" and Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 06.10.2008 N 106n "On Approval of the Accounting Regulations" Accounting policy organizations" PBU 1/2008 and others regulations Russian Federation, regulating accounting.

The order of accounting and reporting is reflected in the order on the accounting policy of the enterprise, approved CEO LLC "Gallop"

Financial statements are formed by the accountant of the enterprise on the basis of generalized information about property, liabilities and performance.

When compiling financial statements, the forms developed by the organization are used, taking into account the recommendations contained in the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 22, 2003 No. 67n “On Forms of Accounting Statements of Organizations”, taking into account changes dated September 18, 2006.

According to accounting data, the revenue of Gallop LLC for 9 months of 2009 amounted to 2,014,920 rubles. Net profit for this period is 12984 rubles. 16 kopecks. According to the balance sheet, the company has losses from previous years, which are repaid by the decision of the founders at the expense of profits.

2. Accounting for equity

1 The procedure for the formation of equity capital

The founders of the company are individuals, in the amount of 24 people. When the company was founded in 1992, the authorized capital was 15,500 denominated rubles. During the denomination, the size of the authorized capital was determined in the amount of 15 rubles 50 kopecks. The share of each participant was 4.1666%, which was 0 rubles 65 kopecks. When re-registering an LLP into a limited liability company, changing the capital of companies established before 2000 was optional, so Gallop LLC left the authorized capital unchanged.

With the introduction of amendments to the law "On Limited Liability Companies" from July 1, 2009, it became necessary to increase the amount of the authorized capital to 10,800 rubles. The nominal value of the share of each participant is now 450 rubles, respectively, the size of the share is set by the founding documents at 4.1666%. This decision was made by the general meeting of the founders of Gallop LLC on July 20, 2009.

Based on the decision of the founders, changes were made to the charter of the company and a procedure for state registration of these changes was carried out. In this connection, it became necessary to reflect the operation to change the charter in accounting.

The document for carrying out such an operation is an accounting certificate. In the certificate, a posting is made for each founder

K-t 80 "Authorized capital"

The posting amount is determined as the difference between the new nominal value and the old value of the share (450 rubles - 0.65 rubles).

After this document was completed, the authorized capital began to comply with the company's charter and the data of the unified state register of legal entities and amounted to 10,800 rubles. But account 75-1 “Settlements on contributions to the authorized (share) capital” now has a debit balance in the amount of 10,784 rubles 50 kopecks, this shows the debt of the founders.

Analytical accounting of account 75-1 “Settlements on contributions to the authorized (share) capital” is carried out in the context of the founders, which makes it possible to determine the debt of each founder to the company.

During the month of July, the founders made the established difference to the cash desk of the enterprise. The document was the receipt cash warrant(KO-1). Based on these documents, a posting was made for each contribution of the founder:

Dt 50-1 "Cashier"

Kt 75-1 "Calculations on contributions to the authorized (share) capital"

For the amount of 449 rubles 35 kopecks.

As of August 1, 2009, the authorized capital was fully paid by the founders, which is confirmed by the absence of a balance on account 75-1 “Settlements on contributions to the authorized (share) capital”.

The funds received from the founders were transferred to the company's current account, for which an expense cash order (KO-2) was drawn up, and an announcement for a cash contribution was made. This transaction was reflected in the accounting posting:

Dt 51 "Settlement account"

Kt 50 "Cashier"

All business transactions are reflected in the financial statements (balance sheet) for 9 months of 2009 (Appendix No. 2)

The authorized capital is reflected in the liabilities side of the balance sheet of Gallop LLC under the item "Authorized capital" line 410. Comparing the indicators for this item at the beginning of the year and at the end of the reporting period, you can see the changes that have occurred in the company's activities.

When compiling financial statements, it is necessary to control the size of the company's net assets. Since, in accordance with Article 20, paragraph 3 of the Law on Limited Liability Companies, “If at the end of the second and each subsequent fiscal year the value of the company's net assets will be less minimum size authorized capital established by this Federal Law as of the date of state registration of the company, the company is subject to liquidation.

The value of the company's net assets is determined in accordance with the procedure established by the federal law and regulations issued in accordance with it.

At the moment, there is no procedure for calculating the net assets of limited liability companies, but there is a "Procedure for assessing the value of net assets of joint-stock companies" approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia and the Federal Market Commission valuable papers Russia dated January 29, 2003. No. 10n/03-6/pz. In accordance with the explanations of the Ministry of Finance given order It can also be used by limited liability companies.

“Under the value of the net assets of a joint-stock company is understood the value determined by subtracting from the sum of the assets of the joint-stock company accepted for calculation, the amount of its liabilities accepted for calculation.

Evaluation of property, funds in settlements and other assets and liabilities of a joint-stock company is carried out taking into account the requirements of accounting regulations and other regulatory legal acts on accounting. To assess the value of the net assets of a joint-stock company, a calculation is made according to financial statements.

The composition of assets accepted for calculation includes:

non-current assets reflected in the first section of the balance sheet (intangible assets, fixed assets, construction in progress, profitable investments into material values, long-term financial investments, Other noncurrent assets);

current assets reflected in the second section of the balance sheet (stocks, value added tax on acquired valuables, receivables, short-term financial investments, cash, other current assets) with the exception of the cost in the amount of actual costs of redemption own shares, redeemed by the joint-stock company from shareholders for their subsequent resale or cancellation, and debts of participants (founders) for contributions to the authorized capital.

Liabilities included in the calculation include:

long-term liabilities on loans and credits and other long-term liabilities;

short-term liabilities on loans and credits;

accounts payable;

debts to participants (founders) for payment of income;

reserves for future expenses;

other short-term liabilities.

The value of net assets is assessed by the joint-stock company on a quarterly basis and at the end of the year on the relevant reporting dates.”

The net asset value of LLC Gallop increased from 273 thousand rubles at the beginning of the year to 297 thousand rubles as of September 30, 2009, which is an indicator of the company's stability.

The formation of reserve capital is not provided for by the constituent documents of Gallop LLC, therefore, we will analyze in more detail the formation and accounting of the additional capital of the company. The amount of additional capital of Gallop LLC is 363,127 rubles 85 kopecks.

In accordance with the "Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation, the sources of formation of additional capital of an organization can be:

the amount of revaluation of fixed assets in the course of their revaluation;

the amount of the difference between the sale and par value of shares, received in the process of formation of the authorized capital of a joint-stock company (when the company is founded, with a subsequent increase in the authorized capital) by selling shares at a price exceeding the nominal value.

A limited liability company does not issue its own shares, so the only source of additional capital is the amount of revaluation of fixed assets. Although the company's accounting policy, if necessary, provides for the possibility of revaluation of fixed assets, the last revaluation was carried out in 1998 and was mandatory. After this revaluation, the amount of additional capital was finally determined. From 1992 to 1998, a part of the building owned by the company was subject to revaluation; its total replacement cost now amounts to 395,299 rubles 16 kopecks.

Subsequent clarification original cost and bringing the cost of the building in line with the current level of market prices was not carried out.

Additional capital is reflected in the liabilities side of the balance sheet of LLC "Gallop" under the item "Additional capital" line 420. The indicators for this item at the beginning of the year and at the end of the reporting period remained unchanged.

Another source of the enterprise's own funds is profit. LLC "Gallop" suffered losses based on the results of economic activity for 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006. Since 2007, the organization has been making profit from economic activities. The amount of the profit received by the decision of the founders is directed to the repayment of previously made losses. As of January 1, 2009, the uncovered loss amounted to 90,401 rubles 80 kopecks. For 9 months of 2009 LLC "Gallop" received a profit of 12984 rubles 16 kopecks. The financial result of the organization's activities is reflected in the balance sheet and income statement as of September 30, 2009.

2.2 Synthetic and analytical accounting of equity

Accounting for the authorized capital is kept on the passive account 80 "Authorized capital". The credit balance on account 80 shows the amount of the authorized capital fixed in the constituent documents of the organization. After the state registration of the organization, its authorized capital in the amount of contributions of the founders, provided for by the constituent documents, is reflected under K-tu 80 "Authorized capital" and according to D-tu 75-1 "Settlements with the founders". Such a posting is made on the size of the contribution of each founder, which allows accounting to track the amount of debt of each founder on the contribution to the authorized capital for any date. The document will be an accounting statement, since there is no unified form of a document to reflect this operation in accounting.

Founders can contribute funds to the authorized capital both to the settlement account, or the organization's currency account, and to the cash desk of the enterprise. At the same time, on the basis monetary documents (payment order, announcement for a cash contribution, incoming cash order KO-1) a posting is made in accounting

Dt 51 "Settlement account"

For the amount of the founder's contribution to the settlement account of the organization

Dt 52 "Currency account"

Kt 75-1 "Calculations on contributions to the authorized capital"

For the amount of the founder's contribution to the organization's current currency account

Dt 50 "Cashier"

Kt 75-1 "Calculations on contributions to the authorized capital"

For the amount of the founder's contribution to the cash desk of the organization

The charter of the organization may provide for a contribution to the authorized capital in non-monetary form, it may be securities, fixed assets, intangible assets, raw materials, materials, goods. In accordance with PBU 6/01, clause 9 “The initial cost of fixed assets contributed to the authorized (share) capital of an organization is its monetary value agreed by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.” (1) The Laws “On Joint-Stock Companies” and “Limited Liability Companies” provide that if the amount of the contribution to the authorized capital in non-monetary form exceeds 20,000 rubles, the assessment of the contributed property must be carried out by an independent appraiser. And the amount of the contribution in non-monetary form cannot exceed this estimate.

Upon receipt of a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of the organization in the form of fixed assets, the following entry is made:

Dt 08-4 "Investment in non-current assets"

Kt 75-1 "Calculations on contributions to the authorized capital"

On the market value contributed fixed assets

Upon receipt of a deposit in the form of securities:

Dt 58 "Financial investments"

Kt 75-1 "Calculations on contributions to the authorized capital"

Retained earnings can also be used to increase the authorized capital based on the decision of the shareholders. Such a decision can be made only after the approval of the annual financial statements in the presence of the amount of profit.

K-t 80 "Authorized capital"

For the amount of profit allocated to increase the authorized capital.

The reduction of the authorized capital in the company is carried out in cases established by law, or on an initiative basis.

“Analytical accounting on account 80 “Authorized capital” is organized in such a way as to ensure the formation of information on the founders of the organization, stages of capital formation and types of shares.”

The revaluation of an item of fixed assets is carried out by recalculating its original cost or current (replacement) cost, if this item was revalued earlier, and the amount of depreciation accrued for the entire period of use of the item. An increase in additional capital is accounted for by the following correspondence:

Dr. 01 "Fixed assets"

Kt 83 "Additional capital"

Increase in the initial cost of a fixed asset based on the results of their revaluation

Dr. 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets"

Kt 83 "Additional capital"

Reducing the amount of depreciation of fixed assets based on the results of their writedown.

The amounts credited to account 83 "Additional capital" are not written off as a rule. The reduction of additional capital is carried out in the following cases:

Dt 83 "Additional capital"

K-t 80 "Authorized capital"

Direction of funds of additional capital in the form of share premium to increase the authorized capital.

Dt 83 "Additional capital"

Kt 01 "Fixed assets"

Decrease in the value of fixed assets as a result of markdown

Dt 83 "Additional capital"

K-t 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets"

Increase in depreciation based on the results of revaluation of fixed assets.

Kt 75-1 "Calculations on contributions to the authorized capital"

Distribution of the amount of additional capital among the founders.

The formation of additional capital can occur at the expense of the amounts of exchange differences. In accordance with paragraph 14 of PBU 3/2006 "Accounting for assets and liabilities, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency", approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 27, 2006 N 154-n, the exchange difference associated with settlements with the founders on deposits, including in the authorized (share) capital of the organization, is subject to crediting to the additional capital of this organization. (1) Formation of the additional capital due to the amounts of exchange differences is accounted for as follows:

Dt 75-1 "Calculations on contributions to the authorized (share) capital"

K-t 80 "Authorized capital"

The debt of the founder on the contribution to the authorized capital as of the date of state registration of the company is reflected;

Dt 52 "Currency accounts"

Kt 75-1 "Settlements on contributions to the authorized (share) capital" Receipt of a contribution from the founder;

Debit 75-1 "Calculations on contributions to the authorized (share) capital"

Kt 83 "Additional capital"

The amount of positive exchange rate difference that arose during the formation of the authorized capital is reflected.

Profit this source is fundamentally different from those discussed above. The fact is that all the sources cited earlier are included in the group of so-called non-distributable funds and reserves, i.e. they cannot be used to accrue dividends, while profits are available for such an operation. Formally, it is profit that is considered the main source of funds for a dynamically developing enterprise. In the balance sheet, it is present explicitly as retained earnings, and also veiled - in the form of funds and reserves created from profits.

To account for profits and losses, the Chart of Accounts provides for two accounts: 99 “Profits and Losses” and 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)”. Both accounts are active-passive, that is, they can have a balance, both in debit and in credit, depending on financial result. Account 99 "Profit and Loss" is intended to summarize information on the formation of the final financial result of the organization's activities in the reporting year.

During the year, the Debit of account 99 “Profit and Loss” records losses and losses, and the Credit records profits and income. The financial result is the balance of account 99 “Profit and Loss”, credit profit, and debit loss.

The main part of the profit (loss) the organization receives from ordinary activities is, most likely, profit from the sale of goods, finished products, works and services.

Monthly after determining the financial result from normal look activity is done wiring:

Dt 90-9 "Profit / loss from sales"

Kt 99 "Profit and Loss"

For the amount of profit

Dr. 99 "Profit and Loss"

Kt 90-9 "Profit / loss from sales"

For the amount of loss

In addition, the organization in the course of economic activity incurs other income and expenses, these are:

results from the sale of fixed assets, intangible assets, material values, etc.

income related to participation in the authorized capital of other organizations;

income and expenses from the lease of property;

profit received as a result of joint activity;

fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of business contracts paid and received;

assets received free of charge, including under a donation agreement;

previous years' profits and losses revealed this year;

accounts receivable and accounts payable, for which the term limitation period expired;

positive and negative exchange rate differences;

other income and expenses.

To account for such income and expenses, account 91 “Other income and expenses” is provided. At the end of each month, having determined the financial result, we make the entry:

Dt 91-9 “Balance of other income and expenses”

Kt 99 "Profit and Loss"

profit from other activities

Dr. 99 "Profit and Loss"

Kt 91-9 "Balance of other income and expenses"

loss from other activities.

At the end of the reporting year, when the balance sheet is reformed, the balance of account 99 “Profit and Loss” is closed by the posting:

Dr. 99 "Profit and Loss"

Kt 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)"

On the amount of profit received for the reporting year.

Or wiring:

Dt 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)”

Kt 99 "Profit and Loss"

Capital is the undistributed profit of the enterprise, which is accounted for on account 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)".

Retained earnings is the accumulated net income of an entity since the start of operations, less the accumulated amount of dividends paid. (one)

To account 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)”, it is advisable to open sub-accounts 84-1 “Profit to be distributed”, 84-2 “Losses to be covered”, 84-3 “Retained earnings in circulation”, 84-4 “Retained earnings used” .

This sub-account 84-1 “Profit to be distributed” is credited with the amount of net profit by the final turnover of December of the reporting year. In the year following the reporting year, on the basis of the decision of the competent authority (general meeting of shareholders, meeting of participants, etc.), profits are distributed. It implies a contribution to the reserve capital

Kt 82 "Reserve capital"

For the amount of contributions to the reserve capital,

accrual of dividends

Dr. 84-1 "Profit to be distributed".

Kt 75-2 "Calculations for the payment of income"

For the amount of accrued dividends,

covering losses of previous years

Dr. 84-1 "Profit to be distributed".

After reflecting these operations, the balance of this subaccount is transferred to the credit of subaccount 84-3 "Retained earnings in circulation".

Sub-account 84-2 "Losses to be covered" shall be credited with the amount of loss by the final turnover of December of the reporting year. Based on the decision of the general meeting of shareholders or the meeting of participants, the loss can be covered from retained earnings in circulation

Dr. 84-3 "Retained earnings in circulation"

Kt 84-2 "Losses to be covered"

For the amount of the loss to be covered,

or reserve capital

Dt 82 "Reserve capital"

Kt 84-2 "Losses to be covered"

As well as additional capital

Dt 83 "Additional capital"

Kt 84-2 "Losses to be covered"

The amount of the loss to be covered.

On sub-account 84-3 "Retained earnings in circulation" is collected total amount undistributed profit among shareholders (participants). This sub-account can correspond with account 84-4 "Retained earnings used" in the actual use of the relevant funds for the creation of new property.

Sub-account 84-4 “Retained earnings used” summarizes information on what part of retained earnings is converted from monetary form into commodity, i.e. How much did the new property cost?

Analytical accounting on account 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)" is organized in such a way as to ensure the formation of information on the areas of use of funds. At the same time, in analytical accounting, retained earnings used as financial support production development of the organization and other similar activities for the acquisition (creation) of new property and not yet used, can be divided.

2.3 Disclosure of information about equity in the financial statements

In the balance sheet, the authorized capital is reflected in the liability line 410 article "Authorized capital", its size must correspond to the constituent documents and information entered in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities.

"Analytical accounting on account 83 "Additional capital" is organized in such a way as to ensure the formation of information on the sources of education and directions for the use of funds." In the balance sheet, additional capital is reflected in liabilities in line 420 of the article “Additional capital”.

In the balance sheet, the reserve capital is reflected in line 430 of the article "Reserve capital". This article is subject to decoding on line 431 "Reserves formed in accordance with the legislation" and line 432 "Reserves formed in accordance with constituent documents". Joint stock companies show the amount of reserve capital within 5% of the authorized capital provided for in Article 35 of the Law on Joint Stock Companies on line 431. If the reserve capital of a joint stock company exceeds statutory the size, the excess amount is reflected in line 432 of the balance sheet. Line 432 is also filled in by limited liability companies, since their reserve capital is formed only in accordance with the charter and is not provided for by law.

In the balance sheet, the data of account 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” is reflected in line 470. If the organization made a loss (debit balance of account 84), the indicator in line 470 of the balance sheet is shown in parentheses and subtracted when calculating the total.

3. Automation of equity accounting (on the example of a specific software product)

In Russian practice, the accounting system occupies one of the most important places in information system enterprise and is intended for the collection, registration, transfer, accumulation, storage and processing of credentials, as well as for reporting to internal and external users. In the information process of accounting, accounting information is generated and processed, which reflects information about the actual state and changes in the property status of an economic entity, its production, economic and financial activities, as well as the financial results obtained and is necessary for interested users to control, analyze and accept various kinds economic decisions.

It should be noted that one of the advantages of automating accounting in an enterprise is the unlimited analyticity of accounting, which is ensured by the possibility of automatic processing and storage of information from all reporting periods in a single information base data. This advantage lies in the possibility of obtaining analytical information in any context with the required degree of generalization for any period of time during which accounting data is accumulated.

At the researched enterprise LLC "Gallop" on this moment accounting automation is present. Accounting for equity is implemented in the program 1C: Enterprise 7.7. One of the methods for improving accounting at Gallop LLC is the introduction of automated accounting at the enterprise using the 1C: Enterprise 8.2 program

The program is a sequence of documents, each of which is filled out on the basis of the previous one. This generates the necessary postings and reports.

The main objects of the program are:

· Directories that store data about objects analytical accounting such as materials, product lines, employees, and background information on tax rates and exchange rates

· The Chart of Accounts contains a list of the company's accounts;

· Journals are an analogue of the journal-order form of accounting, transactions and primary documents are recorded in them.

· Reports reflect summary information.

We can suggest the following sequence of work with the program. You can open any directory from the Directories menu. First, simple single-level directories are filled in, such as Inventory storage locations, VAT rates, Units of measurement, Production cost items. Then we go to the directories Materials, Banks, Counterparties, Employees, Nomenclature.

After filling out the directories, enter information about the organization. To do this, fill in the fields in the windows information about the organization, Accounting policy, General settings and Individual settings.

The advantage of the "1C: Enterprise" program is the ability to design a large number primary documents, such as payment order, power of attorney, waybill, invoice.

Documents in the program are drawn up as usual, as if they were issued manually. To create a document, select its name and fill in the fields of the form that opens. Once completed, the document must be saved. The saved document will be reflected in the operation log in the corresponding document log. The journals record all documents in sequence.

Accounting for equity in the program "1C: Enterprise" is carried out in the following section:

· Chart of accounts setup

· Enter transactions and postings

· Mode of manual entry of transactions and postings

· Filling in the reference book "Contractors"

· Manual entry of an operation for accounting for the authorized capital

· View transactions and transactions

· Turnover balance sheet

· Account balance sheet

Equity accounting documents are generated by entering manual transactions at the beginning of the period. Since the authorized capital is formed by the receipt of funds and current assets from the founders (individuals and legal entities), the reference book Counterparties and Materials, Nomenclature is used during the initial input. These transactions are then recorded in the General log. Automatic generation of postings for accounting and tax accounting on transactions with own capital for each Founder. They also automatically fall into the Operations Journal, and transactions - into the Journal of Postings. You can generate reports on transactions at any time.

Thus, it can be noted that Gallop LLC, as a dynamically developing enterprise, should seriously consider the procedure for switching to an automated form of data processing in 1C: Accounting 8.2, which is currently the most modern means of automating management and accounting.

Conclusion

In the conditions of formation and development market relations enterprises can independently form their financial resources, the main sources of which are profits, contributions from shareholders, legal entities and individuals, as well as loans and other receipts that do not contradict the law.

Any business entity for carrying out entrepreneurial activities is created at the initiative of certain persons - founders (participants) The founders of the organization, which can be both individuals and legal entities, conclude a memorandum of association, approve the charter and form the initial (starting) capital of the organization. Starting capital, the main and initial source of assets when creating an organization, necessary to ensure its main activities and make a profit in the future, is the authorized (share) capital, authorized (share) fund.

The authorized capital is one of the main indicators characterizing the size and financial condition organizations.

The authorized capital reflects the duality of property relations: on the one hand, these are the organization's own funds as a legal entity, on the other hand, the contributions of the founders (participants). In this sense, the concept of authorized capital must be considered in two aspects: legal and accounting (financial). In the legal aspect, the authorized capital is reflected in the constituent documents, and the shares of the founders (participants) invested in the authorized capital predetermine the profit distribution mechanism. In the accounting and accounting aspect, the authorized capital and its varieties are reflected in the balance sheet in the amount registered in the constituent documents. The exception is investment funds, whose authorized capital in accounting and reporting is reflected as payment is made and in actual amounts on a certain date.

On the other hand, the authorized (share) capital determines the degree of responsibility of a commercial organization to its creditors, therefore their amounts are strictly regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and specific laws on commercial enterprises. In accordance with these normative documents authorized capital for different types commercial organizations must be paid in full or in part already at the time of their state registration.

In addition to the authorized capital in commercial organizations, reserve capital can be created as a measure of additional responsibility of the owners to the creditors of the organization. The need for its creation is due possible losses from business risk, covering losses of the current year, redemption of bonds, etc. The procedure for the formation, size and features of the use of reserve capital depend on the organizational and legal form of ownership of an economic entity and are established by federal laws regulating the activities of commercial organizations. Regardless of the organizational and legal form of ownership, the reserve capital is formed at the expense of the organization's retained earnings. Since the reserve capital is derived from the profit remaining after the payment of income tax, the relevance of the formation of this type of capital has now decreased. Mandatory reserve fund must be created in joint-stock companies, unitary enterprises and agricultural production cooperatives.

The additional capital of the organization is part of the equity capital and is common property all members of an organization not divided into shares.

The organization's own capital is reflected in the third section "Capital and reserves" of the balance sheet (form 1). The movement of the organization's own capital and its components is reflected in the "Report on changes in capital" (form 3). The Statement of Changes in Equity also discloses information about net assets organizations.

The amount of the mandatory reserve fund, formed in accordance with the law and created only in accordance with the constituent documents, is disclosed and reflected in the financial statements separately.

REFERENCES

1.Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Ch. 1, 2, 3.

2.Tax Code of the Russian Federation Part 1, 2.

.Labor Code of the Russian Federation dated December 31, 2001 No. 197-FZ (as amended on June 30, 2006).

.the federal law“On Accounting” dated November 21, 1996 No. 129-FZ.

.Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Joint Stock Companies” of December 25, 1995 No. 208-FZ (as amended on July 27, 2006).

.Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)" dated September 27, 2002 No. 127-FZ (as amended on July 18, 2006).

.Regulation on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation: Approved. By order of the Ministry of Finance of July 29, 1998 No. 34n.

.PBU 1/2008 "Accounting policy of the organization": Approved. Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 06.10.2008, No. 106n.

.PBU 4/99 "Accounting statements of the organization": Approved. Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated July 6, 1999, No. 43n.

.PBU "On the forms of financial statements of organizations": Approved. By order of the Ministry of Finance dated July 22, 2003, No. 67n.

.PBU 5/01 "Accounting for inventories": Approved. Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 09.06.2001, No. 44n.

.PBU 9/99 "Income of the organization": Approved. Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 06.05.1999, No. 32n.

.PBU 10/99 "Expenses of the organization": Approved. Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 06.05.1999, No. 33n.

.PBU 18/2002 "Accounting for income tax calculations": Approved. Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated November 19, 2002, No. 114n.

.The concept of development of accounting and reporting in the Russian Federation on medium term: Approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated July 1, 2004 No. 180.

.Guidelines on the procedure for the formation of indicators of the financial statements of the organization: Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated July 22, 2003 No. 67-n.

.Guidelines for the inventory of property and financial obligations: Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of December 21, 1998, No. 64n.

.About approval guidelines on the formation of financial statements in the course of reorganization of organizations: Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 20.05.2003, No. 44n.

.Accounting financial accounting / Ed. Yu.A. Babaev. - M.: Vuzovsky textbook, 2005

.Kamyshanov P.I., Kamyshanov A.P. Accounting financial accounting. - M.: Omega-L, 2006.

.Klimova M.A. Accounting (financial) reporting. - M.: Rior, 2005.

.Puchkova S.I. Accounting (financial) statements: organizations and consolidated groups: Proc. allowance for universities. - 2nd ed. perer. and additional M.: FBK-PRESS, 2004.

.Belikova T.N. Accounting and reporting from zero to balance. - M.: Peter, 2005.

.Bogachenko V.M., Kirilova N.A., Khakhonova N.N. Accounting. - Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2005.

.Accounting / Ed. Yu.A. Babaev. - M.: Velby: Prospect, 2005.

.Veshunova N.A., Fomina L.F. Accounting: Textbook. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2003.

Business transactions are reflected in accounting by the method of their continuous and continuous documentation. Equity accounting operations do not occur as often in an enterprise as settlements with buyers and customers, suppliers, accountable persons, wages, taxes and payments, and the like. Therefore, less attention has been paid to documenting these operations. Most equity accounting transactions do not have developed and approved forms primary documentation, limited to the use of accounting statements, which are drawn up in an arbitrary form and partially reflect the essence of a business transaction for accounting for equity.

The formation and use of equity capital occurs at each enterprise: during the founding of the enterprise - in the form of the formation of authorized capital; in further activities - to determine the financial result, the distribution of profits, the formation of reserve and additional capital, and the like. To account for changes in equity capital associated with the movement of fixed assets, materials, cash, primary documents approved for the corresponding type of assets are used. General requirements to primary documents, accounting registers and financial statements establishes the Regulations on documentary support of records in accounting. Primary documents are written certificates that record and confirm business transactions, taking into account the orders and permissions of the administration (owner) for their implementation.

Primary documents are drawn up on forms of standard forms approved by the Ministry of Statistics of Ukraine, as well as on forms of specialized forms approved by ministries and departments of Ukraine. So, to account for transactions with fixed assets, documents are used, provided for by the order of the Ministry of Statistics of Ukraine "On approval of standard forms primary accounting", to account for transactions with intangible assets developed standard forms primary accounting of objects of intellectual property rights as part of intangible assets, similarly, standard forms of primary documents have been developed to account for transactions with low-value and wearing items, raw materials and materials. Primary documents for accounting for transactions with own capital, according to the changes that result in business transactions in the assets and liabilities of the enterprise, can be divided into groups (Fig. 11.4).

Rice. 11.4. in

Table 11.2. in Source documents from accounting for transactions from own capital

Consider documenting the above business transactions in more detail. These tables show that for many equity accounting transactions there is no developed standardized primary document. In order to comply with the requirements of the Law of Ukraine "On Accounting and Financial Reporting in Ukraine", according to which: "the basis for accounting of business transactions are primary documents that record the facts of business transactions" and the Regulation on documentary support of entries in accounting No. 88, according to which: "business transactions are reflected in accounting by the method of their continuous and continuous documentation", - there is a need to use a universal document - an accounting statement to account for these operations.

The formation of the authorized capital is associated with strict observance of regulations, because in case of their non-compliance, this can lead to fines or liquidation of the enterprise.

The authorized capital of a joint stock company consists of ordinary and preferred shares and its increase may be due to an increase in the shares of the existing par value or by an increase in the value of the shares. Such an increase in the authorized capital may occur due to the indexation of fixed assets. To increase the authorized capital, an appropriate decision of the meeting of participants and registration of amendments to the charter in the prescribed manner are required. The enterprise has the right to redeem from the shareholder the shares paid by him or a share in the authorized capital of the economic company, for their further resale, cancellation. However, such an operation is carried out by agreement at the meeting of the founders. If the shares are redeemed for cash, then the primary document will be a cash order, if by bank transfer - a bank statement.

Documentation of the resale of shares or shares will depend on the type of asset that is provided in payment and is carried out in a similar way to the repayment of debt from capital. If the cost of resale of shares (stakes) is greater than the actual cost of their repurchase, then share premium will arise (for the resale of shares, other invested capital will increase), if less, then additional capital will decrease, and in case of its insufficiency - retained earnings.

Cancellation of the repurchased shares (particles) leads to a decrease in the authorized capital and is carried out on the basis of the decision of the founders. When shares (shares) are annulled, the components of equity capital change depending on the difference between the cost of repurchased shares (shares) and their nominal value. Partially, this difference is repaid at the expense of additionally invested capital. If the actual cost of repurchased shares (shares) exceeds their nominal value in excess of the available balance on the account of additionally invested capital ( credit balance on accounts 42I, 422), then it is repaid at the expense of retained earnings.

Both when canceling shares (shares) and during their resale, an accounting statement is issued. We propose to use the following tabular form of the document on the calculation of the result from the resale of shares (shares) or their cancellation to account for these transactions (Table 11.3).

This document, unlike the accounting statement, systematizes information on the number of shares, their nominal and real value, possible correspondence of accounts as a result of resale or cancellation of shares. It is also necessary to indicate the number of the minutes of the meeting of the founders in which the decision was made to carry out such operations with shares.

Table 11.3. in

In the event of a participant's withdrawal from the economic company, in addition to a share in the authorized capital, he owns a part of the property of the enterprise, proportional to his contribution to the authorized capital. The decision on the withdrawal of a participant from the company is made at the general meeting and fixed in the minutes, however, the calculation of the share of property belonging to him is documented by an accounting statement. To account for this operation, we suggest using the following tabular form of the document (Table 11.4).

Table 11.4. in

In the proposed document, in order to facilitate the calculation of the property owned by the participant, from the equity capital allocated separately, the authorized capital, from which the participant’s share is taken, and other equity capital, the share in which belongs to the participant and is paid out of retained earnings (if any) or at the expense of reserve capital.

A decrease in the authorized capital of a joint-stock company by reducing the nominal value of shares leads to compensation for such a difference to shareholders or to an increase in additionally invested capital. The founders of the enterprise may decide to cover uncompensated losses at the expense of share capital, additional or reserve capital. Such an operation is formalized by the decision of the founders. The company increases other additional capital by the amount of non-current assets received free of charge. In the process of their operation, depreciation is charged, the amount of which determines the income from gratuitously received assets and, accordingly, the additional capital decreases. This operation is documented in an accounting statement.

During the preparation of primary documents, in order to provide them with legal force and evidence, it is necessary to monitor their correct design, that is, the presence of all the details: the name of the enterprise, the institution on behalf of which the document was drawn up, the name of the document (form), the form code, the date and place of compilation, the content of the business transaction and its meters (in physical and value terms), positions, surnames and signatures of persons responsible for the permission and implementation of the business transaction and the preparation of the primary document.

In practice, there are difficulties with the transfer of ownership of the authorized capital. When making such a transfer, problems arise, especially if it is associated with the registration of ownership, for example, of real estate or vehicles. There are situations when the parties draw up an act of acceptance and transfer of certain property to the authorized capital of a legal entity that is being created, but it remains on the balance sheet of the founder, moreover, he continues to pay the appropriate taxes for it, charge depreciation and the like. Only if the participant makes a full contribution, it is possible to transfer the share to third parties. Simultaneously with the transfer of the share, there is a transfer to a third party of all the rights and obligations belonging to the participant who has withdrawn it in whole or in part (Fig. 11.5).

Rice. 11.5. in

In general, the receipt of property or funds as a contribution to the authorized capital is for a joint-stock company business transaction, which must be drawn up by the relevant primary documents, on the basis of which the accountant reflects in the accounting the transfer of ownership and the fact of the transfer of property. On fig. 11.6 shows the flow chart of the formation of the authorized capital, and in table. 11.5 - workflow schedule.

Rice. 11.6. in

The primary document confirming the contribution of the founders' shares is the constituent description of the property. This inventory of property is compiled on the basis of primary documents that certify the contributions of the founders in various forms: I) funds - payment order (founder - legal entity), cash receipt order (founder - individual) ; 2) property - a bilateral act of acceptance - transfer of property of any form (both a legal entity and an individual). In such a document, in our opinion, it is mandatory to: describe the property that will be transferred; mark him technical specifications; bring the value of the property indicated in the constituent documents.

The register of shareholders is the main document confirming the rights of legal entities and individuals to own shares. It is compiled for each issue of the issuer and maintained as paper media as well as electronic records. The register of shareholders shall contain information about the joint-stock partnership, founders, nominal value, number and categories of securities they own. In addition, in our opinion, the register can be supplemented with more information such as the date of acquisition of shares, the date of alienation of shares, share in the authorized capital.

The basis for making an initial entry in the register of shareholders is founding document and documents confirming the payment of shares. Personal accounts are opened for shareholders and nominal holders (legal entities to which securities are transferred for carrying out transactions with them). To each personal account number is assigned.

Entries on issues of securities, transfer of rights to them and all transactions with shares are made in chronological order in the register of entries in the register. Registration of requests about the register, issuance of extracts and copies from the register is kept in the register of requests. Accounting for shares and their certificates is carried out in the register of issued, redeemed, canceled and lost registered securities.

Table 11.5. in

Analytical accounting of forms of securities of enterprises that independently maintain a register of owners of registered securities (according to the requirements of the law) is carried out according to their types in the register of registration of forms of strict accounting and at the place of their storage. Moreover, the register is made in two copies: one for the cashier, the second for the accounting service. Entries in it must be made for each share. The registry can be built as follows (Table 11.6).

Table 11.6. in

In general, forms of securities are recorded and stored at the cash desk as forms of strict accounting on off-balance account 08 "Forms of strict accounting" at their nominal value (until the moment of their sale or cancellation). Blank certificates of shares are written off simultaneously with records of their sale or cancellation.