Financial assets of budgetary institutions. Features of accounting of financial assets in budgetary organizations

After studying the materials in this chapter, the student should:

know

• classification of financial assets and liabilities;
• the procedure for conducting cash transactions;
• rules for providing cash with the use of corporate bank cards;
• the procedure and terms for issuing funds under the report;
• accounting records for financial assets and liabilities;
• characteristics of work on current and major repairs;
• primary accounting documents when calculating wages;
• the concept of "effective contract";

be able to

• calculate the size of the cash limit;
• draw up an advance report;

own

• valuation of the damage caused;
• grouping settlements for damage to property according to accounting accounts;
• norms of compensation by the employer for damage to employees in case of delay in payments due to them.

Key terms: cash transactions, corporate bank card, monetary documents, personal accounts, advance report, institution's income, advance payments, damage to property, debtors, liabilities, accounts payable, remuneration system, "effective contract".

Accounting for financial assets

The section "Financial assets" includes 11 groups of synthetic accounts. Budget institutions use the following accounts:

• – 020100000 "Funds of the institution";
• – 020500000 "Income calculations";
• – 020600000 "Calculations on issued advances";
• – 020800000 "Settlements with accountable persons";
• – 020900000 "Property damage settlements";
• – 0 210 00 000 "Other accounts receivable".

Account 020100000 "Funds of an institution" is intended to account for transactions with funds held on the accounts of institutions opened with credit institutions or with bodies of the Federal Treasury (in the financial body of the corresponding budget), as well as transactions with cash and monetary documents.

The grouping of operations on the synthetic account is carried out in the context of the methods of placing funds (Table 5.1).

Table 5.1

Grouping transactions by synthetic account

Let us consider the most typical operations characteristic of budgetary institutions in the implementation of the facts of economic life.

Cash accounting

Accounting for temporary funds

Transactions with funds at temporary disposal are reflected in the accounting using the code of the type of financial security 3 in the 18th category of the accounts:

• – 3201 11000 "Funds of the institution on personal accounts in the treasury body";
• – 330401000 "Settlements on funds received under temporary disposal".

For example, these accounts record the financial security of bids and collateral to secure contracts. In case of refusal of the winning bidder to sign the contract, as well as improper fulfillment of the terms of the contract, the funds are withheld with the subsequent transfer of funds to the personal account in the treasury body.

To reflect in accounting the financial security of contracts in the form of a bank guarantee, off-balance sheet account 10 "Securing the fulfillment of obligations" is used.

Funds in temporary disposal must either be returned to the person from whom they were received (from whom they were withdrawn), or transferred to the budget revenue.

Typical entries but reflected in the accounting of operations with funds at temporary disposal are given in Table. 5.2.

Table 5.2

Standard accounting entries for accounting for transactions with funds at temporary disposal

Accounting for cash transactions. To account for cash in the currency of the Russian Federation at the cash desk of an institution and cash settlements through the cash desk of an institution, account 020134000 "Cashier" is used.

When registering and accounting for cash transactions, all organizations, including budgetary institutions, are guided by the Procedure for Conducting Cash Transactions.

The procedure for conducting cash transactions regulates the acceptance and issuance of cash, the execution of cash documents, the maintenance of the Cash Book, the storage of funds, the audit of the cash register, and control over compliance with cash discipline.

Keeping cash and other valuables that do not belong to the institution at the cash desk is prohibited. Cash received through the Treasury is spent on the purposes specified in the check.

The forms of primary documents for accounting for cash transactions were approved by the Decree of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated August 18, 1998 No. 88 "On approval of unified forms of primary accounting documentation for accounting for cash transactions and inventory results" and are given in the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia No. 173n (Table 5.3).

Table 5.3

Primary documents for accounting of cash transactions

The receipt of cash at the cash desk of the institution is issued by the PKO on the day they are received. In the PKO and the receipt to it, the line "Basis" indicates the content of the fact of economic life, and the line "Appendix" lists the attached primary and other documents, indicating their numbers and dates of compilation.

A cashier's receipt signed and certified by the cashier's seal (stamp) is issued by the cashier to the person who deposited cash, or is attached to the extract from the recipient's personal account (when cash is received by check).

The issuance of cash from the cash desk of the institution is carried out according to cash settlement documents or other properly executed documents (payment, settlement and payroll statements, statements for issuing money from the cash desk to accountable persons, etc.). Cash disbursement under cash settlements can be made only on the day they are drawn up.

On the basis of the submitted documents (applications, invoices, etc.), the accounting officer issues a single copy of the RKO, which is signed by the head of the institution and the chief accountant or persons authorized to do so.

In cases where the documents attached to the cash register have a permit inscription of the head of the institution, his signature on the cash register is not required.

In the cash register, the line "Basis" indicates the fact of economic life, and the line "Appendix" lists the attached primary and other documents, indicating their numbers and dates of compilation.

When issuing cash under cash settlement or a document replacing it to an individual individual, the cashier is obliged to demand to present a document (passport or other document) proving the identity of the recipient, write down the name and number of the document, by whom and when it was issued, and receive a receipt from the recipient.

If the document replacing the RKO is drawn up for the issuance of money to several persons, then all recipients also present documents proving their identity and sign in the appropriate column of payment documents. In this case, there is no entry about the data of the identity document on the monetary document replacing the cash register.

A receipt for receipt of cash can be made by the recipient only in his own hand, in ink or a ballpoint pen, indicating the amount received: rubles - in words, kopecks - in numbers.

Upon receipt of funds according to the payment (settlement and payment) statement, the amount is not indicated in words.

The issuance of cash against the report on expenses related to business trips is made within the limits of the amounts provided for these purposes.

When issuing money from the cash desk under a report to several persons, instead of individual cash registers, the Statement for issuing money from the cash desk to accountable persons (f. 0504501) is used. The issuance of money from the cash desk for household expenses, business trips and other purposes is drawn up in separate statements. Each completed statement is drawn up as a cash register.

The cashier issues money only to the person indicated in the RKO or a document replacing him.

If the issuance of money is made by power of attorney, drawn up in the prescribed manner, in the text of the RKO, after the last name, first name and patronymic of the recipient, the accounting department indicates the last name, first name and patronymic of the person who is entrusted with receiving the money.

If the issuance of money is made according to the statement, before the receipt of the money, the cashier makes the inscription "By proxy". The power of attorney remains - as an annex to the cash register or statement.

Remuneration of labor, payment of social insurance benefits is made by the cashier according to pay (settlement and payment) statements without compiling cash settlements for each recipient. For the total amount of the issued wages, one cash settlement is compiled, the date and number of which are affixed to each payroll (payroll) statement, after which the cash settlements are registered. One-time issuance of money for wages to individuals is made according to cash settlements.

After the expiration of the terms provided for wages, payment of social insurance benefits, the cashier must:

• 1) in the payroll (settlement and payment) statement against the names of persons who have not made said payments, put a stamp or make a mark by hand "Deposited";
• 2) draw up a register of deposited amounts;
• 3) at the end of the payroll (payroll) statement, make an inscription on the amounts actually paid and subject to deposit, compare them with the total on the payroll and affix the inscription with your signature. If the money was issued not by the cashier, but by another person, then an additional inscription is made on the statement: "I issued the money according to the statement (signature)";
• 4) record the actually paid amount in the Cash Book and put the stamp "Expenditure cash order No. ____" on the statements;
• 5) draw up a register of deposited amounts;
• 6) hand over the deposited amounts to the treasury body for subsequent crediting to the personal account of the institution.

The accounting department checks the notes made by the cashier in the payment (settlement and payment) statements, and counts the amounts issued and deposited on them.

PKO and receipts for them, as well as RKO and documents replacing them, are filled in by the accounting department clearly and clearly; erasures, blots or corrections in these documents are not allowed. If an error is made, new ones are made instead.

When carrying out transactions using cash, the institution must maintain one Cash Book (f. 0504514), which must be numbered, laced and sealed on the last page, where the entry “______ sheets are numbered and laced in this book” is made and certified signatures of the head and chief accountant of the institution.

As PKO and RKO arrive with the attached documents, information on cash transactions performed is entered by the cashier in the Cash Book.

Entries in the Cash Book are kept in duplicate and are made by the cashier immediately after receiving or issuing money for each order or other document replacing it. The second copies of the sheets serve as the cashier's report, to which all cash documents are attached.

Every day at the end of the working day, the cashier calculates the results of transactions for the day, displays the balance of money in the cash register on the next date and transfers the cashier's report with PKO and RKO to the accounting department against receipt in the slip sheet of the Cash Book. The requirements for maintaining the Cash Book in an automated way are set out in Ch. 2 Regulations on the procedure for conducting cash transactions.

In the course of the year, the cashier files and stores loose sheets of the Cash Book separately for each month. At the end of the calendar year (or as required), loose sheets of the Cash Book are booked in chronological order. The total number of sheets for the year is certified by the signatures of the head and chief accountant of the institution, and the Cash Book is sealed.

On a monthly basis, the Operations Journal "Cashier" is formed for the operations carried out at the cash desk. Control over the correctness of maintaining the Cash Book is assigned to the chief accountant of the institution.

Typical entries for the reflection in accounting of operations of receipt and disposal of cash at the cash desk of the institution are given in Table. 5.4.

Table 5.4

Operations but the receipt at the cash desk and the disposal of funds from it

Inventories are the least liquid item current assets.

In order to sell products, two tasks must be solved:

1) find a buyer;
2) wait for the delivery payment.

Analysis of the article "Inventory" allows us to draw important conclusions about the activities of the enterprise. One of the important indicators in this case is the share of inventories in the composition of both current assets and the assets of the enterprise as a whole.

The enterprise must maintain the optimal volume of inventories, the value of which, as in the case of cash, is determined under the influence of two opposite trends:

1) have a surplus;
2) not have a surplus.

An excessive proportion of inventories indicates problems with the sale of products, which can be caused by various reasons, including:

1) low quality products;
2) violation of production technology;
3) insufficient study of market demand and conjuncture;
4) the choice of inefficient implementation methods.

One way or another, an excessive proportion of inventories leads to losses, since:

1) significant in volume liquid funds are tied up in a low-liquid item;
2) the enterprise is forced to increase the cost of storing and maintaining the consumer properties of inventories;
3) long-term storage in a warehouse reduces the consumer qualities of inventories and can lead to their moral obsolescence;
4) the deterioration of the quality of the goods leads to the loss of customers.

Insufficient proportion of inventories can lead to interruptions and even stop production, non-fulfillment of orders, loss of profit. Inventories are included in the reporting at cost, which refers to all costs of acquisition or production.

In this case, different methods of evaluation are used:

1) at the cost of each unit of inventory;
2) by average (weighted average) cost;
3) at the cost of first-time purchases (FIFO);
4) at the cost of the latest purchases (LIFO).

When reading the balance sheet, it is necessary to pay attention to which methods of estimating inventories were used at the enterprise in the reporting period, since the use of individual methods allows you to manipulate the profit indicator. Methods for estimating inventories are discussed in detail in the chapter "Invested Capital Management". The company's balance sheet may contain an item "Deferred expenses", which fixes the rights and requirements of the company to receive from its partners in the coming period, not exceeding a year, certain services paid in advance. This article focuses on all types of short-term advance payments (rent, insurance, commissions). Deferred expenses are reflected in the balance sheet at cost to the extent that, as of the balance sheet date, has not yet been used. It should be noted that the inclusion of this item in the balance sheet is criticized by many economists, since deferred expenses cannot be converted into cash in the usual way (by sale), and, therefore, they do not have liquidity.

Financial asset ratios

Major financial assets include:

1. Cash on hand.
2. Contributions.
3. Deposits in banks.
4. Checks.
5. Investments in securities.
6. Blocks of shares of third-party companies giving the right to control.
7. Portfolio investments in securities of other enterprises.
8. Obligations of other firms to pay for delivered products (commercial loans).
9. Equity participations or shares in other companies.

The main financial assets make it possible to characterize the property values ​​of the company in the form cash and tools belonging to her.

1. National and foreign currency.
2. Accounts receivable in any form.
3. Long-term and short-term investments.

Exceptions

The category under consideration does not include inventories and some funds (fixed and intangible). Financial assets involve the creation of a valid right to receive money. Possession of these elements forms the possibility of receiving funds. But in view of the fact that they do not form the right to receive, they are excluded from the category.

Administration

Financial asset management is carried out in accordance with a number of principles. Their implementation ensures the efficiency of the enterprise.

These principles include:

1. Ensuring the interaction of the asset management scheme with the overall administrative system of the organization. This should be expressed in the close relationship of the first element with the tasks, accounting, and operational activities of the company.
2. Ensuring multivariate and flexible management. This principle implies that in the process of preparing administrative decisions on the creation and subsequent use of funds in the investment or operating process, alternative options should also be developed within the acceptable limits of the criteria approved by the company.
3. Ensuring dynamism. This means that in the process of developing and implementing decisions in accordance with which the financial assets of the organization will be used, the impact of changes in external factors over time in a particular market sector should be taken into account.
4. Focus on achieving the company's strategic goals. This principle suggests that the effectiveness of certain decisions should be checked for compliance with the main task of the company.
5. Ensuring a systematic approach. In the course of decision-making, asset management should be considered as an integral element of the overall administrative system. It provides the development of interdependent options for the implementation of a particular task. The latter, in turn, are connected not only with the administrative sector of the enterprise. In accordance with these decisions, a financial asset of supply and innovation management is created and subsequently used.

Price

In a direct form, a financial asset is evaluated after data collection, due diligence, market research, reporting and forecasting of the enterprise development. The traditional method of determining the cost is formed in accordance with the purchase or production price minus depreciation. But in situations where there is a fluctuation of indicators (fall or increase), the cost of funds may have a number of inconsistencies. As a result, the financial asset is periodically revalued. Some enterprises carry out this procedure every five years, others - every year. There are companies that never do it. However, asset valuation is essential.

It manifests itself mainly in:

1. Improving the efficiency of the company's administrative system.
2. Determining the value of the company when buying and selling (completely the entire enterprise or part of it).
3. Company restructuring.
4. Development of a long-term development plan.
5. Determining the solvency of the enterprise and the value of collateral in case of lending.
6. Establishing the amount of taxation.
7. Making informed administrative decisions.
8. Determining the value of shares in the purchase and sale of the company's securities on the stock market.

The financial asset is treated as an investment in the instruments of other entities. It also acts as an investment in transactions that in the future provide for the receipt of other funds on potentially favorable terms.

A financial asset that provides for the right to demand money under an agreement in the future is:

Bills to be received.
Receivables.
Amounts due on loans and bonds receivable.

At the same time, the opposite party acquires certain financial obligations. They suggest the need to make future payments under the contract.

Financial asset ratios

In the study of reporting and the study of the results of economic activity of the company, a number of indicators are used. They are divided into five categories and reflect different aspects of the state of the company.

Thus, there are coefficients:

1. Liquidity.
2. Sustainability.
3. Profitability.
4. Business activity.
5. Investment indicators.

Net current financial assets

They are necessary to maintain the financial stability of the company. The net capital indicator reflects the difference between current assets and short-term debt. If the first element exceeds the second, we can say that the company can not only repay the debt, but also has the opportunity to form a reserve for the subsequent expansion of activities. Optimal indicator working capital will depend on the specifics of the company's activities, its scale, sales volume, inventory turnover rate, receivables. With a lack of these funds, it will be difficult for the company to repay debts on time. With a significant excess of the net current asset over the optimal level of demand, they speak of the irrational use of resources.

Index of Independence

The lower this ratio, the more loans the company has a higher risk of insolvency. Also, such an indicator indicates the presence of a potential danger of a company having a shortage of money. The indicator characterizing the dependence of an enterprise on external loans is interpreted taking into account its average value for other industries, the firm's access to additional sources of debt, and the specifics of the current production cycle.

Profitability indicator

This coefficient can be found for different elements of the company's financial system. In particular, it may reflect the ability of the firm to generate sufficient revenue relative to the current assets used. The higher this indicator, the more efficiently the funds are used. The return on investment ratio determines the number of monetary units that the company needed to receive one ruble of profit. This indicator is considered one of the most important indicators of competitiveness.

Other criteria

The turnover ratio reflects the effectiveness of the company's use of all the assets that it has, regardless of the sources from which they came. It shows how many times during the year there is a complete cycle of circulation and production, which brings the corresponding result in the form of profit. This figure varies greatly across industries. Earnings per share is one of the most important indicators that affect the market value of the company. It reflects the proportion net income(in money), which falls on an ordinary security. The ratio of share value to profit shows the amount of monetary units that participants are willing to pay for a ruble of income. In addition, this ratio reflects how quickly investments in securities can bring profit.

CAMP scoring model

It acts as a theoretical basis for some of the financial techniques used in managing risk and return in long-term and short-term investments in stocks. The main result of this model is the formation of an appropriate ratio for an equilibrium market. The most important point in the scheme is that in the selection process, the investor does not need to take into account the entire risk of the stock, but only non-diversifiable or systematic. The CAMP model considers profitability security taking into account the general state of the market, its behavior in general. The second assumption of the scheme is that the investor makes a decision considering only risk and expected return.

The CAMP model is based on the following criteria:

1. The main factors for evaluating an investment portfolio are the expected profitability and the standard deviation for the time of holding it.
2. Assumption of nonsaturation. It consists in the fact that when choosing between equal portfolios, preference will be given to the one that is characterized by higher profitability.
3. Risk elimination assumption. It lies in the fact that when choosing from other equal portfolios, the investor always chooses the one with the smallest standard deviation.
4. All assets are infinitely divisible and absolutely liquid. They can always be sold at market value. In this case, the investor can purchase only part of the securities.
5. Transaction taxes and costs are infinitesimal.
6. The investor has the ability to borrow and lend at the risk-free rate.
7. The investment period is the same for everyone.
8. Information is instantly available to investors.
9. The risk-free rate is the same for everyone.
10. Investors value standard deviations, expected returns, and stock covariances equally.

The essence of this model is to illustrate the close relationship between the rate of return and the risk of a financial instrument.

Types of financial assets

What is Financial Assets?

The answer to this question lies from the origins of the English language, from the word Financial assets - which has several meanings: part of the company's assets, which is financial resources, which can be: securities and cash.

As well as financial assets - include cash on hand; checks; deposits; bank deposits; insurance policies; investments in securities; portfolio investments in shares of other enterprises; obligations of other enterprises and organizations to pay money for the delivered products (referred to as commercial credit); shares or equity participations in other enterprises; stakes in other enterprises (firms), giving the right to control.

Where can I invest and what are the risks?

So, let's look at the main types of assets, their pros and cons. We will also talk about how one or another type of asset is risky. I think it's better to start with the most common and safe methods, the purpose of which is to save capital.

1. It has both pluses and minuses of a bank deposit, it is reliability and low interest.
2. Average reliability in mutual funds - Mutual Investment Funds, there are also many subspecies in this type of financial asset.
3. If you are a millionaire, hedge funds are definitely for you. Hedge funds have an average reliability, and a higher percentage.
4. Domestic hedge funds - OFBU, which means General Funds of the Banking Authority. Low Interest and undeveloped.
5. Another asset with a large capital investment is real estate where a huge fortune is required to be invested, but real estate is less risky than previous assets. If you decide to invest in these assets, then I advise you to read the article - why foreign real estate is useful for investment.
6. Precious metals, well, from time immemorial, this has been considered the most profitable type of financial asset.
7. Trust management is a very good financial asset, where you do not need to think about how to multiply capital. But the difficulty lies elsewhere? How to find a good, profitable manager or management company!
8. Self-trading in shares, in other words, trading, where you can manage the asset yourself, but the difficulty in choosing a trading strategy.
9. Independent Forex Currency Trading Well, we will not discuss here, my resource contains so many articles about forex trading that it is enough to have at least basic knowledge about the market.
10. The penultimate instrument of a financial asset is futures trading, where there are moderate risks, and the investment method itself is not complicated.
11. Completes our list of types of financial assets trading options where there are a number of advantages compared to futures.

Finally, we looked at eleven relevant types of financial assets. I will say a few words about how to start investing.

Naturally, a new investor is recommended to invest a huge part of the money in low-risk assets. And only sometimes run over to the most aggressive (and, of course, the most profitable) strategies. However, the most basic thing for any investor (from a newcomer to a specialist) is not to forget about the diversification of investment capital. Remember that without diversification, you will not increase your funds, and you may even lose.

That is, never put the whole fixed capital in one category of an asset, especially when the style is about medium- and high-risk financial assets.

If you decide to sell without the help of others, then do not rush to open a real account. In order to personally start receiving, you have to sell for more than one year, until the necessary knowledge and the necessary experiment appear. And yet, the more experienced you become, the less you risk, swell into the most risky assets. That is, sometimes you will gain more significant earnings without increasing the risk of losing capital.

Financial asset risk

It should be noted that the concept of “risk” has a rather long history, but various aspects of risk began to be studied most actively in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Essence, types and criteria of risk

In any economic activity, there is always a risk of monetary losses arising from the specifics of certain business transactions. The risk of such losses is represented by financial risks.

Financial risks are commercial risks. Risks are pure and speculative. Pure risks mean the possibility of a loss or a zero result. Speculative risks are expressed in the possibility of obtaining both positive and negative results. Financial risks are speculative risks. An investor, making a venture capital investment, knows in advance that only two types of results are possible for him - income or loss. feature financial risk is the probability of damage occurring as a result of any transactions in the financial, credit and exchange areas, transactions with stock securities, i.e. the risk that arises from the nature of these operations. Financial risks include credit risk, interest rate risk - currency risk: the risk of lost financial benefits.

Credit risks - the danger of non-payment by the borrower of principal and interest due to the creditor.

Interest risk is the danger of losses by commercial banks, credit institutions, investment funds settlement companies as a result of the excess of interest rates paid by them on attracted funds over the rates on loans granted.

Currency risks represent the danger of currency losses associated with a change in the exchange rate of one foreign currency against another, including the national currency during foreign economic, credit and other currency transactions.

The risk of lost financial benefit is the risk of indirect (collateral) financial damage (lost profit) as a result of failure to carry out any activity (for example, insurance) or business activity stoppage.

Investing capital is always accompanied by a choice of investment options and risk. The choice of various options for investing capital is often associated with significant uncertainty. For example, a borrower takes out a loan, which he will repay from future income. However, these incomes are unknown to him. It is quite possible that future income may not be enough to repay the loan. In investing capital, you also have to take a certain risk, i.e. choose a certain level of risk. For example, an investor must decide where he should invest his capital: in a bank account, where the risk is small, but the returns are small, or in a more risky, but significantly profitable event (selling operations, venture investment buying shares). To solve this problem, it is necessary to quantify the amount of financial risk and compare the degree of risk of alternative options.

Financial risk, like any risk, has a mathematically expressed probability of a loss, which is based on statistical data and can be calculated with a fairly high accuracy. To quantify the amount of financial risk, it is necessary to know all the possible consequences of any individual action and the likelihood of the consequences themselves - the possibility of obtaining a certain result.

There are ways to reduce the degree of risk:

Diversification - the process of distributing invested funds between various capital investment objects that are not directly related to each other, in order to reduce the degree of risk and loss of income; diversification allows you to avoid part of the risk when allocating capital between various types of activities (for example, the purchase by an investor of shares of five different joint-stock companies instead of shares of one company increases the likelihood of receiving an average income by five times and, accordingly, reduces the degree of risk by five times).

Acquisition additional information about choices and results. More complete information allows you to make an accurate forecast and reduce risk, which makes it very valuable.

Limiting is the setting of a limit, that is, the maximum amount of expenses, sales, loans, etc., used by banks to reduce the degree of risk when issuing loans, business entities to sell goods on credit, provide loans, determine the amount of capital investment, etc. . With self-insurance, the entrepreneur prefers to insure himself, rather than buying insurance from an insurance company; self-insurance is a decentralized form, the creation of in-kind and monetary insurance funds directly in economic entities, especially in those whose activities are at risk; The main task of self-insurance is to promptly overcome temporary financial difficulties. commercial activities.

Insurance is the protection of the property interests of business entities and citizens in the event of the occurrence of certain events (insured events) at the expense of monetary funds formed from the insurance premiums they pay. The legal norms of insurance in the Russian Federation are established by law.

Long-term financial assets

While there is no strict minimum useful life for classifying an asset as non-current, the most commonly used criterion is that the asset can be used for at least one year. This category includes equipment that is used only during peak or emergency periods, such as a power generator.

Assets not used in the ordinary course of business of the entity should not be included in this category. For example, land held for resale or buildings no longer used in the ordinary course of the business should not be included in property, plant and equipment. Instead, they should be classified as long term investment in real estate.

Finally, if an item is held for sale to customers, then regardless of its useful life, it should be classified as inventories and not as buildings and equipment. For example, a printing press held for sale would be classified as inventory by the machine manufacturer, while a printer that purchased the press for use in the ordinary course of business would classify it as property, plant and equipment.

Tangible assets have a physical form. Land is a tangible asset and, since its useful life is not limited, it is the only tangible asset that is not subject to depreciation. Buildings, structures and equipment (hereinafter fixed assets) are subject to depreciation. Depreciation - allocation of cost or revalued value (in the event that an asset is subsequently revalued) tangible asset non-expendable use (other than land or natural resources) for its estimated useful life. The term refers only to human-made assets.

Natural resources or depleting assets differ from land in that they are acquired for the resources that can be extracted from the land and processed, rather than for the value of their location. Examples of natural resources are iron ore in mines, oil and gas in oil and gas fields, timber reserves in forests. Natural resources are subject to depletion, not depreciation. The term depletion refers to the depletion of resources by extraction, clearing, pumping or other extraction and the way the costs are allocated.

Intangible assets are long-term assets that do not have a physical form, and in most cases relate to legal rights or other benefits that are expected to generate economic benefits for the entity in the future. Intangible assets include patents, copyrights, trademarks, franchises, business expenses and goodwill. Intangible assets are classified into assets with a limited life (for example, a license or a patent), the cost of which is transferred to the expenses of the current period by depreciation by analogy with property, plant and equipment; and assets with an indefinite life (for example, goodwill or certain trademarks), book value which is tested annually for reimbursement. If the recoverable amount of an asset decreases and falls below the carrying amount, the difference is recognized as an expense in the current period. Although current assets such as receivables and prepaid expenses do not have a physical form, they are not intangible assets, as they are not long-term.

Remaining part actual cost or the amount of an asset is commonly referred to as the book value or book value. The latter term is used in this book in relation to long-term assets. For example, the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment is equal to their cost less accumulated depreciation.

Long-term assets differ from current assets in that they support the operating cycle, and are not part of it. They are also expected to generate benefits over a longer period than current assets. Current assets are expected to be realized within one year or operating cycle, whichever is longer. It is assumed that long-term assets last longer than this period. Management issues related to accounting for long-term assets include sources of funding for assets and methods of accounting for assets.

Short-term financial assets

Short-term assets are current assets that are necessary for the daily operation of an enterprise (company, firm). The task of such capital is to cover current expenses as they arise and ensure the normal operation of the organization.

Short-term assets - the rights and assets of the organization, which during the calendar year must be converted into paper equivalent to solve current problems. As a rule, short-term assets make up the majority of a company's capital.

Essence, sources, functions of short-term assets

Short-term assets are a set of property values ​​of the company that contribute to the maintenance of the entire business process, ensure normal operation and timely coverage of short-term liabilities during the reporting period (usually one calendar year).

But such a definition does not fully reveal the essence of short-term assets. It is important to bear in mind that, together with the advance of a certain amount of capital, a similar process takes place in the value funds of additional goods that are produced in the course of the company's activities. That is why many organizations with high level profitability, the volume of advanced short-term assets grows by a certain percentage of net income.

In the case of unprofitable companies, the volume of short-term assets at the end of the circuit may decrease. The reason is certain expenses during the period production activities. Thus, short-term assets are funds invested in cash for the formation and further use of the company's working capital and circulation funds. At the same time, the main task is to reduce the volume of such injections to minimum amounts ensuring the normal operation of the organization and the implementation of all programs and settlements with creditors.

The essence of short-term assets can be represented in the form of cash funds, which are based on financial relations. In turn, the company's financial resources form the basis for further changes in the volume of short-term assets.

Financial relations at the stage of formation of short-term assets manifest themselves in the following cases:

In process statutory fund organizations;
- during the period of application of the company's financial resources to increase the volume of short-term assets;
- when investing balances working capital in securities or other objects.

In practice, short-term assets are formed at the stage of company establishment, so the primary sources of such capital include:

Company, which is formed from the contributions of its founders;
- share investments;
- budget resources;
- support from sponsors.

All these are initial short-term assets, the volume of which may change during the life of the company. Here, much depends on a number of factors - the conditions of calculations, the volume of production, and so on.

Additional sources of replenishment of short-term assets include:

During the life of the enterprise, short-term assets perform two main functions:

1. Production. "Advancing" in revolving funds, short-term capital maintains the company's activities at a stable level, ensures the normal flow of all processes and fully transfers its value to manufactured products.
2. Estimated. The peculiarity of this function is participation in the completion of the circulation of capital and the transformation of the commodity form of assets into ordinary money.

Short-term assets are a complex of monetary and material resources. In this regard, the stability of the entire company largely depends on the correct management of such assets and the clarity of their organization.

In this case, the organization of short-term assets is as follows:

1. The composition and form of short-term capital is determined.
2. The required amount of working capital is calculated and an annual increase in such needs is provided.
3. The sources of formation of short-term capital are determined, and a rational scheme for further financing is formed.
4. Assets are placed in the main areas of the company's production.
5. Disposition of short-term assets and constant control of their volume.
6. Persons are appointed who are responsible for the effective use of short-term assets.

Classification and structure of current assets

The system of short-term assets is not integral - it consists of many different elements that form its final structure.

The main components of the structure of short-term assets include:

1. The main stocks of the company - materials, costs for the sale of goods, fattening animals (for agribusiness enterprises), work in progress, finished products, materials, shipped goods, future costs (during the reporting period), other inventories and expenses. Among the components listed above, special attention should be paid to shipped goods. This category can be considered in several directions - the payment period that has not yet arrived, and the payment period that has already passed. This element of short-term assets is negative, because it arose due to a violation of the company's settlement and economic activities, a deterioration in contractual and settlement discipline. In addition, such problems are often associated with the appearance of defective products or violations in the assortment.
2. Long-term assets, the main purpose of which is further sale.
3. VAT, which is calculated for services, works and goods purchased by the company.
4. Short term investments.
5. Money and its equivalent.
6. Short-term receivables.
7. Other current assets.

Short-term assets can be conditionally divided into borrowed, own and attracted.

In a complex, this entire group should be used to solve priority tasks in the production process:

1. Equity capital acts as a source of formation of the company's constant needs in the amount of the standard and money.
2. The enterprise, as a rule, covers its temporary need for short-term assets at the expense of commercial and bank loans, which refers to borrowed capital.
3. In turn, the attracted capital is accounts payable. At the same time, the attracted capital differs from borrowed capital. The latter is characterized by the principle of payment. The essence of the attracted capital is in the ordinary deferred payment for certain period.

Short-term assets depend on the planning and operating principles of the company, which makes it possible to distinguish two types of such capital:

1. Normalized assets - capital that can and should be planned for the future. Such short-term assets include - finished goods, work in progress, products for resale, inventories.
2. Non-standardized assets are funds in bank accounts, short-term investments, receivables, and so on.

Short-term assets can also be divided by the degree of liquidity. So, you can allocate capital:

Absolute liquidity (money);
- high liquidity (short-term investments and receivables). This category includes those assets that can be quickly converted into a cash equivalent;
- medium liquidity - goods, finished products;
- weak liquidity. This includes work in progress, household supplies, equipment, inventory, materials, and so on;
- low liquidity. Costs planned for the future period, accounts receivable.

Short-term assets can be classified according to the period of operation:

Variable part of assets. This component may change during the period of the company's activity and depend on the season, demand for products and other factors. Here, as a rule, the middle and maximum parts are distinguished;
- the constant part is unchanged and does not depend on any aspects of the company's activities. It is not related to the intended purpose, early delivery of products, the need for seasonal storage, and so on.

Accounting for financial assets

020100000 "Funds of the institution";
020500000 "Income calculations";
020600000 "Calculations on issued advances";
020800000 "Settlements with accountable persons";
020900000 "Settlements for damage to property";
021001000 "VAT calculations for acquired material assets, works, services".

Account 020100000 "Funds of an institution" is intended to account for transactions with funds held on the accounts of institutions opened with credit institutions or with bodies of the Treasury of Russia (in the financial body of the corresponding budget), as well as transactions with cash and monetary documents.

Accounting for temporary funds

Transactions with funds at temporary disposal are reflected in the accounting using the code "3" in the 18th category of the accounts:

320111000 "Funds of the institution on personal accounts in the treasury body";
330401000 "Settlements on funds received under temporary disposal".

For example, these accounts are used for budgetary accounting of financial support for bids and collateral for securing government contracts. In case of refusal of the winning bidder to sign the contract, as well as improper fulfillment of the terms of the contract, the funds are withheld with the subsequent transfer of funds to the budget revenue.

To reflect in the budgetary accounting of the financial security of government contracts in the form of a bank guarantee or a guarantee of a third party, an off-balance sheet account 10 "Securing the fulfillment of obligations" is used.

Funds in temporary disposal must either be returned to the person from whom they were received (from whom they were withdrawn), or transferred to the budget revenue.

Example:

The state institution, being a state customer, announced an open tender, under the terms of which participants must send 54,000 rubles to their personal account to account for funds in temporary disposal. in the form of a security application for participation in the competition. Two organizations (CJSC "Mayak" and LLC "Corporation 21st Century") became participants in the competition and transferred the specified amount. Based on the results of consideration of competitive bids, LLC "Corporation 21st Century" was recognized as the winner, however, the organization refused to conclude a state contract.

Financial assets and liabilities

To begin with, we note that there are two approaches, two definitions - well-established in accounting and taken root with the light hand of Kiyosaki. The first one is considered correct among people who are really involved in finance, the second one captivates with its simplicity, so let's start with it.

According to Kiyosaki, an asset is "anything that puts money in your pocket" that helps generate passive income ("actively works for you, but you yourself are passive".

Accordingly, a liability is "everything that makes you spend money." A profitable investment gives you an asset - for example, good, steadily growing stocks. We hang a liability around our neck, for example, when we buy a house on credit - we have to constantly pay interest to the bank. Everything is very simple, right?

Let's leave this interpretation for now and move on to the "real", accounting understanding of assets and liabilities. It is only slightly more complicated than the replicated American formula.

Liabilities and assets are two parts of the balance sheet, which is a simple form of summarizing information about the activities and economic situation of a company. No need to be afraid of the phrase "balance sheet".

In fact, this is just a table with which you can quickly find answers to many questions:

What does the company own?
who owns the business?
what is the turnover of the company?
where does the company get the money from?

The column "assets" contains the property of the enterprise:

Working capital (money in the current account, purchased raw materials, spare parts for equipment, etc.)
non-working capital (in other words, fixed capital is buildings and structures in which production takes place, offices, main intellectual property (patents), and so on up to the rights to certain domain names: for example, for the Yandex company, owning the ya.ru domain is more than important part of the capital).

In the column "liabilities" are the sources of property (a very accurate phrase that reflects the essence well. It will still be useful to us.):

Own money: authorized capital (of the owner), undistributed profit;
Borrowed capital - credits, loans for business development;
Shareholder money.

Why are liabilities called sources of assets? Yes, because you can increase assets at the expense of liabilities. These two parts of the table correspond to each other (not without reason it is called the balance sheet). In addition, under conditions of correct (more precisely, legal) business, these two scales constantly remain balanced.

For example: a company takes out a loan of $1 million. This leads to 2 consequences:

A) a million dollars appears in her checking accounts (an increase in column A);
b) a million dollars is added to its obligations, borrowed capital (increase in column P).

Finally, to make it quite clear, let's turn to the definitions international system financial statements (IFRS). According to these definitions, the following formula is obtained:

Assets = Liabilities = Equity + Liabilities

So, if everything is pretty clear with liabilities and assets, then such a familiar word "capital" is defined as "this is the share in the company's assets remaining after deducting all its liabilities." Be sure to pay attention to this phrase! (we'll need it later).

Why such a detailed presentation on the pages of a site dedicated to simple financial literacy? There are two reasons for this:

A) Understanding these principles of accounting allows you to better understand the essence of financial liabilities and assets in relation to personal money, the family budget and correctly navigate in relation to its formation.
b) Own business is one of the main ways to achieve financial independence. So it's better to know than not to know basic things about accounting.

Well, actually to the main topic. To the correct understanding of the subject of our conversation in relation to one person. As I said, Kiyosaki's definition seems to me too simplistic and even distorts reality. And this is dangerous - after all, thinking with distorted, incorrect concepts, we will make wrong decisions related to money.

Therefore, I propose to transfer the concept accepted in the accounting world to personal finance.

Then it turns out that:

Assets are what a person owns and uses in his life, regardless of whether it requires expenses or, on the contrary, generates income.
Liabilities are the sum of a person's obligations. That is: all his debts, obligations to pay taxes, insurance premiums, and so on up to the need to make gifts to unloved relatives and undistributed profits.

Distributed profit - ceases to exist in the real world, it turns into assets. The profit accumulated over the years of life is capital.

What is the main difference between these approaches? It's very simple: if we consider the personal budget from the point of view of the concepts adopted in accounting, then the two parts of the table "A" and "P" are so different that they cannot be confused at all.

Assets - really exist. These are things, securities, objects of copyright. Liabilities - only show the attitude of different people and companies to assets. They exist only in relations between people and in their memory, on paper. Is it possible to feel a debt or an overdrawn account? You can only touch paper. What about the accumulated profit over the years? It has turned into real things and is only in our memory (and, for especially accurate people) - in records, money reports.

Financial non-current assets

These include fixed assets (balance sheet accounts 01, 02), profitable investments in tangible assets (balance sheet accounts 03, 02), intangible assets (balance sheet accounts 04, 05), expenses for research, development and technological work (balance sheet account 04), long-term financial investments (balance sheet account 58 (sub-account 55/3 "Deposit accounts")), capital expenditures for the acquisition (creation) of non-current assets (balance sheet account 08), incl. construction in progress (sub-account 08/3 "Construction of fixed assets").

Financial non-current assets are the assets of an organization that are classified by the accounting legislation of the Russian Federation as fixed assets, intangible assets, profitable investments in tangible assets and other assets.

So, what assets should be considered by the firm as part of non-current assets? To answer this question, let's turn to the financial statements of the organization, namely the form N 1 "Balance sheet", approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia N 67n "On the forms of financial statements of organizations."

Non-current assets are reflected in sec. 1 "Non-current assets" of the balance sheet asset and are subdivided as follows:

Intangible assets (line 110);
- fixed assets (line 120);
- Construction in progress (line 130);
- Profitable investments in material assets (line 135);
- Long-term financial investments (line 140);
- Deferred tax assets (line 145);
- Other non-current assets (line 150).

Market of financial assets

Money is a specific object of market purchase and sale, since they themselves are a universal means of payment, performing the functions of a measure of value, a means of circulation and a means of savings (accumulation). Their price is the nominal interest rate (the alternative value of money), which is either paid when receiving loans, or acts as an implicit cost (lost income) of money owners. At macroeconomic analysis money market deals with the formation of demand and supply of money, the mechanism for establishing market equilibrium.

Securities are assets that give their owners the right to receive cash income in the future. There are various types of securities. Some of them (for example, bonds) bring their owners a fixed income, others (ordinary and preferred shares, stock options, etc.) - a variable income. Since the analysis of macroeconomic problems focuses on the money market, all other financial assets (except money) are combined into one, called bonds. Bonds, considered in such a broad sense of the word, represent all assets that bring cash income. In a more detailed study of the securities market, the formation of their optimal portfolio is studied, as well as the specifics of pricing for bonds and shares.

In macroeconomic theory, all subjects of the financial market are divided into two groups: banks and the public. This division is due to the specifics of the functional role performed by each subject in the money market. Banks, i.e. the banking system that combines central bank and commercial banks, ensures the supply of money in the economy of each country. The public, which includes all the main macroeconomic actors involved in the circulation of income and expenditure in the economy (households, firms, government agencies, the foreign sector), makes a demand for money. In the securities market, banks and the public can act as both sellers and buyers.

The market of financial assets is the most perfect of all national markets. It is more often than others in a state of equilibrium or approaches it. This feature of the market is determined by a number of circumstances, which include: a high degree of liquidity of the objects of purchase and sale, the professionalism of the main market participants (banks and financial intermediaries, through which the public sells and buys securities), market competitiveness.

Periodically arising significant disproportions in the market lead to a situation financial crisis and have a negative impact on the functioning of the entire national economy.

Money and securities markets closely interact with each other. They are a kind of "mirror image" of each other. An increase in the money supply is usually associated with an increase in the demand for securities. An increase in the supply of securities is generated by an increase in the demand for money. When there is a shortage in the money market, there is an excess in the securities market. Conversely, an excess in the money market means a shortage in the securities market. As a result of the interaction of markets with each other, they come into equilibrium at the same time.

Structure of financial assets

The structure of assets is called the structure of the investment portfolio at the time of its immediate formation. It consists in the share of investments in shares and securities, in documents, in domestic assets, as well as in foreign assets. In the process of assessing the financial condition of the enterprise, an analysis of the structure of assets is carried out, which is based on the current dynamics.

Non-current assets include:

Construction in progress;
main / fixed assets;
intangible assets;
long-term financial investment;
tax deferred assets;
profitable investment;
other non-current assets.

Current assets include:

Debit debt;
short-term financial investment;
reserves;
money supply;
other current assets.

Industry specifics, the degree of automation of production, the policy of management in the field of capital investment determine the ratio of the main and working capital. Comparing the growth of current assets with the growth of non-current assets, we can see that the increase in current assets significantly outpaces the rate of increase in non-current assets. Such an analysis of the dynamics and structure of assets is characterized not only by the expansion of the scale of production, but also by a slowdown in turnover, which can cause an increase in requirements in the total volume.

The analysis makes it possible to study the structure of working capital, as well as its placement in production. The diversion of a share of current assets to obtain a loan gives an idea of ​​the true immobilization of a share of funds from production. At the same time, it is possible that the production potential of the enterprise (sales of cars, equipment, fixed assets) will be reduced.

Placement of funds of the organization

The placement of funds is of great importance in increasing the efficiency of financial activity. The results and decisions of production and financial activities, as well as and financial condition of the company. correct conclusions about possible reasons changes in the structure of organizational assets will make it possible to detailed analysis composition and structure of assets.

First of all, during the analysis, various changes in the composition, structure, dynamics are studied, after which an appropriate assessment is given. At the same time, changes in each section of the current assets of the balance sheet are analyzed.

The level of liquidity is considered the main feature of the grouping of balance sheet assets. It is he who subdivides all the assets of the balance sheet into fixed capital, long-term assets and current ones. The company's funds are used in internal circulation, as well as abroad - the purchase of securities and shares, receivables.

Analysis of the impact on the FSP of changes and growth in accounts receivable

Growth money supply on bank accounts indicates the strengthening of the FSP. The amount of funds should be sufficient to ensure the repayment of absolutely all urgent payments. The result of the incorrect use of working capital can be the presence of huge balances of money supply. They must be put into circulation in order to acquire profitability by expanding own production and investments in securities and shares of various enterprises.

It is very important to analyze the structure of the balance sheet asset and analyze the impact of changes on the FSP. With the expansion of the company's activities, the number of buyers increases, as well as receivables. At the same time, the company has the opportunity to reduce the shipment of products. In such a situation, accounts receivable are reduced. Thus, an increase in debt may not always be negatively assessed.

It is required to distinguish between overdue and normal debts. Arrears can create certain financial difficulties, since the company will begin to feel a clear lack of financial resources necessary to obtain production stock, wages, and other purposes. At the same time, in no case should funds be frozen. This can lead to a significant slowdown in capital turnover. That is why enterprises are interested in reducing the maturity of payments.

In the course of the analysis, it is important to study the dynamics, composition, causes, prescription of the formation of receivables and establish whether there are unrealistic amounts for collection. If they exist, it is urgent to involve a variety of measures to recover funds. This does not exclude the appeal to Judicial authority. For the analysis of receivables, accounting materials are applicable.

Non-payments are of particular relevance in the context of inflation. At the last moment, the receivables of enterprises reach a truly astronomical limit, a significant part of which can simply be lost during inflation. With an inflation rate of thirty per cent a year, at the end of the required period, only seventy per cent of what could be purchased at the beginning of the year can be purchased.

The direct state of the production stock significantly affects the FSP. The presence of small in volume, but mobile stocks means that the smallest amount of cash on hand is placed in stocks. The accumulation of a large stock indicates an immediate decline in the organization's activities. It is important at the same time to carry out an analysis of the structure of the company's assets without fail. The analysis of the company's assets is a division of each expense item of the profit and loss statement, and reveals the directions and patterns of changes over a certain period of time.

Vertical and horizontal structural analysis

In most enterprises, a significant share of the current asset is already finished products. The loss of sales markets associated with competition, as well as the reduced purchasing power of an economic entity, the population, the high cost of goods, and a failure in the production of products lead to long-term freezing of working capital.

With an increase in the total amount of assets in the organization, the enterprise needs to increase its own potential. In the presence of inflation, this is quite difficult to do. Newly incoming stocks are reflected at current cost, and earlier incoming stocks at the date of receipt. It does not revalue cash.

Structural analysis is divided into: vertical and horizontal. Vertical analysis determines the structure of the final financial indicator and at the same time reveals the impact of each type of asset on the overall result. In the process of analysis, it is possible to identify a certain strategy of an economic entity in relation to long-term investments.

The analysis of current assets is based on internal accounting data. For this, the share of assets with an unlikely sale is determined. Such assets include inventories of products and materials, as well as work in progress. At the moment, one of the main reasons for the decline in production is the decrease in efficiency and low solvency of the enterprise. To analyze the reasons for the formation of product residues, it is required to use analytical data warehouse accounting and inventory.

Sources of financial assets

At the expense of own sources, as a rule, the minimum stable part of working capital is formed. The presence of own working capital allows the enterprise to freely maneuver, increase the effectiveness and sustainability of its activities.

The formation of working capital occurs at the time of the creation of the organization and the formation of its authorized capital at the expense of the investment funds of the founders. In the future, the organization's minimum need for working capital is covered by its own sources: profits, authorized capital, reserve capital, accumulation fund and target financing. However, due to a number of objective reasons (inflation, growth in production volumes, delays in paying customer bills), the organization has temporary additional needs for working capital, which cannot be covered from its own sources. In such cases, borrowed sources are involved for financial support of economic activity: bank and commercial loans, loans, investment tax credit, investment deposits of employees of the organization, bonded loans, as well as sources equivalent to own funds, the so-called stable liabilities. The latter do not belong to the enterprise, but are constantly in its circulation and serve as a source of the formation of working capital in the amount of their minimum balance. These include: the minimum month-to-month arrears in wages to employees of the enterprise; reserves to cover future expenses; minimum carry-over debt to the budget and off-budget funds; creditors' funds received as an advance payment for products (works, services); funds of buyers on pledges for returnable packaging; carry-over balances of the consumption fund, etc.

Borrowed funds are mainly short-term bank loans, with the help of which temporary additional needs for working capital are satisfied. The main directions of attracting loans for the formation of working capital are: lending to seasonal stocks of raw materials, materials and costs associated with the seasonal production process; temporary replenishment of the lack of own working capital; implementation of settlements and mediation of payment turnover.

Bank loans are provided in the form of investment (long-term) loans or short-term loans. The purpose of bank loans is to finance expenses associated with the acquisition of fixed and current assets, as well as financing the organization's seasonal needs, temporary growth in inventory, temporary growth in receivables, tax payments, extraordinary expenses.

Short-term loans may be provided by: government agencies; financial companies; commercial banks; factoring companies.

The provision of a loan is regulated by the following regulations - Articles 819-821 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and Federal Law No. 395-1 “On Banks and banking».

With debt financing, the lender in any case, before opening financing, determines the creditworthiness of the borrower. Creditworthiness is the ability of a person to fully and on time pay off his debt obligations. Creditworthiness should not be confused with solvency, which fixes non-payments. Creditworthiness - forecasting solvency for the future.

Creditworthiness is determined by the following factors:

Moral qualities of the borrower, honesty;
- the borrower's art of working with finances, the reliability of calculations;
- occupation, expected affordable interest on the loan;
- the presence of investments in real estate, the degree of capital immobility, the guarantee of repayment of the loan.

Creditworthiness is determined using the following indicators:

Company liquidity;
- capital turnover;
- stability of the company;
- profitability.

Bank loans to businesses can be different in the following ways:

1. By loan term:
- short term loan issued for a period of less than 1 year;
- a medium-term loan is issued for a period of 1 to 3 years;
- a long-term loan is issued for a period of more than 3 years.

2. According to the reality of lending:
- issued loans - this is the receipt by the borrower from the bank on credit of real amounts of money;
- oval loans are guarantees (guarantees) of banks for the client's obligations to third parties; in case of non-fulfillment of the client's obligations, the bank pays to a third party for the obligations of the client, and between itself and the client draws up a transaction as a loan with a certain fee.

3. According to the terms of lending:
- ordinary credit has the usual conditions;
- a soft loan has preferential terms and is provided to certain categories of borrowers or for certain projects; in principle, if the bank is interested in the client and has a special disposition towards him, then we can talk about preferential lending conditions.

4. According to the method (method) of calculating the loan amount:
- the loan amount is calculated based on a certain turnover. Such a calculation is made when the main source of loan repayment is the client's cash flow. In this case, in Russia, on average, the rule is that banks give an average of 1 monthly turnover per year. But often also the consideration of the terms of the loan is approached individually;
- the loan amount is calculated based on a certain balance. Such a calculation is made when the loan is provided with excellent collateral, which can be firmly relied upon as a source of loan repayment. The maximum loan amount is 50-70% of the value of the collateral;
- the loan amount is calculated in a mixed way. In general, it is important for the bank to know that the loan will be repaid. So, in any case, the bank looks at the financial flows - will the borrower have enough funds to repay the loan.

5. By issuing the amount of credit:
- full credit implies the issuance of the full amount of the loan;
- credit line - method of limitation maximum credit and disbursement of funds as needed. Credit line more commonly used for business development. The advantage for the client is that he may not pay extra interest, temporarily refusing to receive a certain amount, that is, he can take a loan in the size of his own discretion within the limit. Increasing the loan amount within the limit does not require a separate agreement.

6. By the method of loan repayment:
- repayment of the loan amount at the end of the term;
- uniform monthly repayment of the loan amount during the term;
- repayment in accordance with the approved schedule (uneven, possibly with a grace period).

Along with bank loans, sources of financing for working capital are commercial loans from other organizations, issued in the form of loans, bills of exchange, trade credits and advance payments.

A commercial loan is provided to the company on a contractual basis by other companies at the expense of temporarily free cash on the terms of mandatory repayment and payment.

Commodity credit is a commercial credit that is provided in commodity form by sellers to buyers in the form of a deferred payment for goods sold. With a commodity commercial loan, the source of financing is the funds of the seller company.

Collateral for a commercial loan is the obligation of the debtor (buyer) to repay within a certain period of time both the amount of the principal debt and accrued interest (if any). The use of commercial credit requires the seller to have sufficient reserve capital in the event of a slowdown in receipts from debtors.

The provision of commercial and commodity loans is regulated by articles 822, 823 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Either approach may be most effective in specific circumstances. The choice of approach is the main task credit policy companies.

Combinations of approaches are possible:

1. The usual order of implementation. In the usual scheme, the buyer orders the goods, the goods are shipped, and payment for it is made within the specified time after receipt of the invoice.
2. Bill method. A bill of exchange (draft) is used - a written order from the lender to the borrower to pay the latter a certain amount to a third party (remittent). After the goods have been delivered, the seller (creditor) issues a bill of exchange to the buyer (borrower), who, having received commercial documents, accepts it, i.e., agrees to pay within the period indicated on it.
3. Discount subject to payment within a certain period. For the buyer, in the contract or otherwise, 2 payment terms are established: the first (preferential) - for payment at a discount, the second (final) - the deadline for repaying the debt. The essence of the method is to encourage the buyer to pay during the first term. If the payment is made by the buyer on the first date, the discount will be deducted from the price. Otherwise, the entire amount must be paid within the prescribed second term.
4. Open account. An agreement is concluded, according to which the buyer can make periodic purchases without applying for a loan in each individual case within the limits of the loan amount established for him.
5. Seasonal credit. The approach is usually applied in certain sectors of the economy, for example, in the production of toys, souvenirs and other consumer goods calculated for a certain date. Retailers are allowed to buy items well in advance of the target date in order to organize the necessary stocks before the peak of seasonal sales and defer payment for the item until the end of the sale.

This approach allows the manufacturer to produce products and immediately ship them without burdening the buyer with the need for an urgent payment. For the manufacturer, this means no additional costs for warehousing, storage, etc., since the required volume of products is shipped immediately after production, which begins long before the peak of seasonal sales.

For example, toy manufacturers allow merchants to buy toys a few months before the New Year holidays, and pay for the goods in January-February.

6. Consignment. In a consignment, the retailer can receive goods without payment. If the goods are sold there will be an obligation to pay, and if the goods are not sold the retailer may return the goods to the manufacturer without penalty.

Consignment is usually used when selling new, atypical goods, the demand for which is difficult to predict. Traders do not want to take risks and therefore offer suppliers only such working conditions. For example, when selling new textbooks for institutes, book publishers send their books to retail outlets with the condition that they be returned if they are not purchased.

An investment tax credit is provided to an enterprise by government authorities and represents a temporary deferment of the organization's tax payments. In order to receive an investment tax credit, an organization enters into a loan agreement with the tax authority at the place of its registration.

The investment contribution (contribution) of employees is a monetary contribution of an employee to the development of an economic entity at a certain percentage. The interests of the parties are formalized by an agreement or a regulation on an investment deposit.

The organization's needs for working capital can also be covered by issuing debt securities or bonds. The bond certifies the loan relationship between the bond holder and the person who issued the document. Bonds assume urgency, repayment and payment with a fixed, floating or evenly increasing coupon rate, as well as with a zero coupon (interest-free bonds). Income on interest-free bonds is paid once upon redemption of securities at the redemption price.

According to the terms of the loan, bonds are classified into short-term (1-3 years), medium-term (3-7 years) and long-term (7-30 years). Corporate bonds, as a rule, are high-yielding securities, although their reliability is lower than other securities.

Other sources of working capital formation include enterprise funds that are temporarily not received for their intended purpose (funds, reserves, etc.).

The correct ratio between own, borrowed and borrowed sources of working capital formation plays an important role in strengthening the financial condition of the organization.

The analysis assesses the organization's need for working capital, which is then compared with the amount of available financial sources. At the same time, the analysis of the sources of formation of working capital includes not only an assessment of their dynamics, but also a consideration of the structure both as a whole by types of sources, and detailing - by components internal structure.

Determination of the expediency of attracting one or another financial source is carried out on the basis of a comparison of the profitability indicators of investments of this type and the cost (price) of the source. This problem is especially relevant for borrowed funds.

In the process of circulation of working capital, the sources of their formation, as a rule, do not differ. However, this does not mean that the system of formation of working capital does not affect the speed and efficiency of the use of working capital. An excess of working capital means that part of the capital of the organization is idle and does not generate income. The lack of working capital slows down the course of the production process, slowing down the rate of economic turnover of the organization's funds.

The question of the sources of working capital formation is important from another point of view. Market conditions are constantly changing, so the organization's needs for working capital are unstable. It is usually practically impossible to cover them only at the expense of own sources. The attractiveness of the work of the organization at the expense of its own sources fades into the background. Experience shows that in most cases the efficiency of using borrowed funds is higher than the efficiency of using own funds. Therefore, the main task of managing the process of formation of working capital is to ensure the effectiveness of attracting borrowed funds.

As noted above, there are many ways and schemes and sources of formation of the organization's assets, in connection with these, the issue of competent management of these sources in the enterprise is quite acute.

Financial assets of banks

The category of bank assets also includes property objects that belong to a commercial organization. This category includes the funds of depositors that are used to make a profit, as well as the bank's own capital.

The bank's assets are growing thanks to the activities aimed at placing borrowed and own funds, and more specifically, through investment operations and lending. Main criterion quality of a banking asset - the profit that it brings.

It is customary to include real estate, securities, investments, loans, as well as all other objects that can be valued in monetary terms, as banking assets.

Banks are the centers where business partnerships mostly start and end. The health of the economy depends to a decisive extent on the accurate and competent activity of banks. Without a developed network of commercial banks, the desire to create a real and efficient market mechanism remains only a wish.

Commercial banks are a universal credit institution created to attract and place funds on the terms of repayment and payment, as well as to carry out many other banking operations.

The structure and quality of assets largely determine the liquidity and solvency of the bank, and, consequently, its reliability. Capital adequacy and the level of accepted credit risks depend on the quality of bank assets, and the level of accepted currency and interest rate risks depends on the consistency of assets and liabilities in terms of volumes and terms.

The banking portfolio of assets and liabilities is a single entity used to achieve high profits and an acceptable level of risk. Joint asset-liability management provides a bank with a tool to protect deposits and loans from the effects of fluctuating business cycles and seasonal fluctuations, as well as a means to build asset portfolios that help achieve the bank's goals. The essence of asset and liability management lies in the formation of tactics and the implementation of measures that bring the structure of the balance sheet in line with its strategy.

The quality of a bank's assets affects all aspects of banking operations. If borrowers do not pay interest on their loans, the bank's net income will be reduced. In turn, low income (net profit) can cause a lack of liquidity. With insufficient cash flow, the bank must increase its liabilities simply to pay the administrative costs and interest on its existing loans. Unstable (low) net income also makes it impossible to increase the bank's capital. Poor asset quality directly affects capital. If borrowers are expected to default on their principals, the assets demand their value, and capital is reduced. Too many outstanding loans are the most common reason for bank failures.

News Accounting necessary for commercial activities; this can be done both by the individual entrepreneur himself or the director of a small enterprise who does not want to hire extra staff, or by specially trained people. And if working with, calculating income tax or compiling quarterly reports are not particularly difficult, then not everyone succeeds in understanding which categories of company assets are non-financial and which are financial. As a result, labor productivity drops, and errors have to be corrected in already prepared documents.

In fact, understanding the structure of non-financial assets is not so difficult - and certainly easier than learning how to apply formulas for calculating. The list of resources of an individual entrepreneur or company belonging to this category is given in the second section of our material.

What are non-financial assets?

Non-financial assets, like , is a purely accounting term that is practically not used in other areas of the company or individual entrepreneur. In the most general case, these are tangible or intangible resources that in the long term (from one year or more) are at the disposal of the subject of economic relations and bring real material benefits.

Important: Contrary to a common misconception, non-financial assets cannot include resources (objects) that do not bring real income. Simply put, until the property has started to "work", it cannot be called an asset.

The degree of relationship of an economic entity to a non-financial asset does not matter for its identification as such: it can be possession, disposal or use. There are two main factors:

• the resource is in the hands of an individual entrepreneur, a commercial company or a budgetary institution;
• the resource brings real profit, which can be expressed in monetary terms.

Non-financial assets, unlike financial ones, are not subject to free circulation between enterprises and organizations; they remain in the use of the company for the entire time of deriving the benefit, and when sold, they are deleted from the list of their own non-financial assets and are brought into their own by the buyer.

Depending on the source of occurrence, non-financial assets are divided into:

• non-produced, or non-productive;
• produced, or production.

More details about the features and composition of both categories will be discussed in the next section; now - a few words about the display of non-financial assets in accounting documents. In accordance with the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 157n dated December 1, 2010 (Appendix 2, paragraph 22), in relation to these resources, the following types economic and production operations:

• receiving- a non-financial asset is not produced on the basis of own, borrowed or third-party resources, but is extracted or transferred on the basis of a legally binding contract;
• creation- a non-financial asset does not pass "from hand to hand" and is not mined in natural conditions, but is produced by the company itself; the form of production can be both tangible and intangible;
• retirement- a non-financial asset due to sale, donation, inheritance, damage, theft or complete destruction is deleted from the list of resources of an enterprise or organization, since it ceases to be profitable.

As in the case with, reflection of manipulations with non-financial assets is the direct responsibility of the accountant or accountants involved in the preparation of primary documentation. To unify the process, special codes are used, a complete list of which is contained in Appendix 1 to the above order. Regardless of the number and "sign" of operations, they are reflected in the categories from the 1st to the 26th of the Unified Plan. The data entry sequence is as follows:

• lines from 1 to 17 - an analytical code corresponding to the operations of disposals and receipts (including receipt and creation);
• line 18 - code reflecting the type of financial security;
• lines 19 to 23 - synthetic accounts;
• lines from 24 to 26 - code according to the classifier of objects of primary accounting.

What about non-financial assets?

According to the most common classification, the category of non-financial assets includes the following subcategories:

1. Produced. These are the resources for which an individual entrepreneur, commercial company or state budgetary institution has made certain efforts that have a monetary value - in other words, they have done the work. Produced or production non-financial assets include:
   • buildings and structures (tangible fixed assets) - any real estate owned by an economic entity and used by it to generate income, related to residential or non-residential stock;
   • machinery and equipment (tangible fixed assets) - any automatic devices used to perform manipulations related to movement in space, performance of work, provision of services, production of inventory items, and so on;
   • cultivated assets (tangible fixed assets) - any living organisms grown as part of the production program of an enterprise or organization in order to obtain a final valuable product and sell it on a general or special market;
   • software (intangible fixed assets) - any executable codes produced (written) by an organization, regardless of their direction and expediency; they include any application that brings a company or organization real profit;
   • works of art (intangible fixed assets) - any objects fixed on physical media or having a digital nature, having a special value in the eyes of the public, providing access to which without copying, appropriating and modifying the object itself brings benefits to the structure managing it;
   • mineral exploration (intangible fixed assets) - any information about natural values ​​that is owned by an economic entity and is of value both in itself (promising potential profit) and as a commodity: information can be sold to other third parties, receiving real benefit; the sale can be carried out in any form - direct, "from hand to hand", auction, and so on;
   • stocks - any resources that currently do not bring real income, but can be used for such a purpose in a planned or unscheduled manner: stocks can include raw materials, consumables, finished products that have not yet received practical use, and so on;
   • valuables - any non-financial assets that, by their nature, are non-renewable and can be used by the company only once; while use usually implies sale to interested parties; in some cases, the values ​​at the disposal of the company can bring passive income - in particular, when they are placed on deposit;
   • other products produced that are of economic importance to the company and are not intended for sale in the long term - while their sale, as well as donation, alienation or destruction, are not excluded at all and can be made at any time outside the previously indicated plans.
2. Unproduced. To obtain these resources, an individual entrepreneur, enterprise or organization does not use the production base, making efforts only to move and collect material values. Non-produced or non-productive resources include:
   • land (tangible non-financial assets) - any plot owned or disposed of by an economic entity; income in this case can be received both from the lease of land or its sale, and from building objects that directly generate profit: factories, hotels, workshops, and so on;
   • subsoil (tangible non-financial assets) - everything that is in the earth is of any value from an economic point of view and can be extracted and sold; at the same time, the company or organization is not required to conduct development and production at the moment - natural resources can be regarded as a source of potential profit;
   • other non-cultivated biological resources (tangible non-financial assets) - any objects contained in nature and capable of being used by an economic entity in order to derive benefits: berries, mushrooms, medicinal plants, wild birds, animals, and so on;
   • water sources (tangible non-financial assets) - since their ownership is limited at the legislative level, a company or enterprise can profit from them only in the order of use (with rare exceptions); water resources can be used in any permitted way - from the sale of drinking water to the construction of hydroelectric power stations and the organization of excursions;
   • good name (intangible non-financial assets) - in the most general sense, the reputation of a company or an individual entrepreneur, which allows you to conclude more profitable contracts, conduct transactions on optimal conditions and avoid complications in relations with influential business partners; it is almost impossible to sell a good name, that is why it is the most striking example of non-financial assets;
   • lease and temporary use agreements (intangible non-financial assets) - in accordance with them, an economic entity that receives benefits as a lessor makes a profit based on the transfer to operation of some other type of non-financial assets; at the same time, it is not forbidden to sell the contract itself with the receipt of a one-time income in a larger amount;
   • patents - documents that secure the right of an entrepreneur or company to own secrets of production or receive monetary rewards from persons using copyrighted technologies or techniques; in general practice, patents are not sold, but this option is also possible if an economic entity urgently needs to receive funds in a larger volume.
   • other non-financial assets that are not related to production - their list is quite large, and the specific composition depends on the specifics of the enterprise or organization.

Important: when classifying financial and non-financial assets, special attention should be paid to distinguishing between shares and other securities: the former are non-financial assets, unless the company is engaged in their resale, and the latter are financial (also subject to their traditional use).

Summing up

Non-financial assets are any resources that are not subject to sale in the long term and are used by an individual entrepreneur or company for profit. These resources are generally divided into non-productive (non-produced) and productive (produced). Manipulations with non-financial assets (receipt, creation or transfer) are displayed in the primary documentation in accordance with the law.

Non-produced non-financial assets include natural resources (land, subsoil, water, wild plants), good name, patents and lease agreements. To produced - buildings and structures, machines and mechanisms, stocks and values. The main criterion for a non-financial asset in terms of classification is the possibility of making a profit from its use; all resources that do not meet this requirement should be classified in other categories, most often - to financial assets.

State (municipal) budgetary institutions use in their activities such a type of financial assets as monetary documents. Cash documents are purchased documents that have a nominal value. They characterize relations when the settlements for their acquisition have been made, but the services that can be obtained with the help of these documents have not yet been rendered. In its accounting policy, the institution lists monetary documents which are used in its financial and economic activities. According to clause 169 of Instruction No. 157n, such documents include:

Paid coupons for gasoline and oils, for food;

Paid vouchers to rest homes, sanatoriums, camp sites (except for vouchers received by institutions from regional branches of the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation, as well as vouchers received free of charge from public, trade union and other organizations);

Received notices for postal orders;

Postage stamps, stamped envelopes and stamps state duty.

At the discretion of the institution, monetary documents can also include:

Air and railway tickets;

Tickets for public transport;

Express payment cards mobile communications, Internet access, IP-telephony long-distance, international calls, etc.

It is necessary to keep monetary documents at the cash desk of the institution. Arrival at the cash desk and issuance from the cash desk are issued by incoming cash orders (f. 0310001) and outgoing cash orders (f. 0310002), the forms of which are approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 15, 2010 No. 173n. They need to make the inscription "Stock". Incoming and outgoing cash orders issued in this way are registered in the register of incoming and outgoing cash documents separately from documents executing cash transactions.

Accounting for transactions with monetary documents is carried out on separate sheets of the cash book with the entry "Fund" on them.

Analytical accounting of monetary documents is carried out according to their types in the card for accounting for funds and settlements (f. 0504051) (clause 171 of Instruction No. 157n). The card (f. 0504051) opens with records of the amounts of balances at the beginning of the year. Current entries are made no later than the next day after the transaction. At the end of the month, balances are calculated.

Accounting for transactions with monetary documents is kept in the journal for other transactions on the basis of documents attached to the cashier's reports (f. 0504071) (clause 172 of Instruction No. 157n). The journal is also opened by transferring balances to the beginning of the period. It reflects the turnover for the entire period, displays the balances.

One of the most common monetary documents are postage stamps and envelopes with stamps. As necessary, they should be issued to the accountable person for sending correspondence. The accountable person draws up an advance report, to which he attaches supporting documents (correspondence register) or damaged envelopes, stamps. Postage stamps and stamped envelopes are purchased under article 221 "Communication services"

Tickets to the sanatorium. The organization of recreational recreation should be provided for by the charter of the institution or other local regulations. They are issued under the report to the employees of the institution or directly sent for sanatorium treatment if they have reached the age of majority. Upon their return, they submit an advance report with the attached stub (return ticket) of the voucher. Vouchers are purchased under article 262 "Benefits for social assistance to the population."

Railway tickets and airline tickets, travel tickets. If tickets for long-distance trains and planes are purchased in advance, then there is a need to store them. Purchased tickets are handed over to the cashier and are accounted for at the box office as cash documents. Travel tickets are issued to employees whose permanent work is carried out on the road and is traveling in nature. The purchase of tickets is carried out under article 222 "Transport services".

Mobile Express Payment Cards purchased to pay for corporate mobile communications. As a rule, cards are purchased from a mobile operator and have individual numbers. The institution needs to develop an internal regulation that regulates the use of corporate cellular communications. This document should contain a list of positions of employees who are eligible to receive payment cards, and the conditions that must be met, for example, employees are paid only for calls made during working hours, or it is still possible to pay for calls made after hours on weekends . It is also necessary to establish a procedure for employees to confirm their expenses for cellular communications (submission of details of negotiations and an employee’s memo about which calls were business calls).

Express payment cards for mobile communications are purchased under Article 221 "Communication Services".

Food stamps students. There is a category of students to whom the educational institution is obliged to provide free meals. Such food is sold on coupons. The coupon can be made in a typographical way or printed on a printer. It must contain a number of mandatory details:

Individual number;

Validity;

Type of food;

Amount (cost);

Seal or stamp of the issuing organization and signature of the responsible person.

Coupons are issued to the employee responsible for catering, in accordance with the number of students in preferential categories. Expenses for catering for students are referred to article 226 "Other work, services".

Fuel coupons. If under the contract a certain amount of gasoline of the corresponding brand is paid and the institution receives coupons for which drivers will fill cars at gas stations, then such coupons are credited as cash documents. As necessary, coupons are issued to drivers or a specially designated employee under the report.

The received fuel is accounted for as a material reserve of the institution after the delivery of the advance report by the accountable person with supporting documents from the gas station that issued the fuel and lubricants in exchange for a coupon. The cost of purchasing coupons for fuel and lubricants refers to article 340 “Increase in the cost of inventories”.

Cash documents are recorded on account 201 35 000. Accounting for the movement of cash documents in budgetary institutions is carried out in accordance with the instructions:

No. 157n dated December 1, 2010 “On Approval of the Unified Chart of Accounts for Accounting for State Authorities (Government Bodies), Local Self-Government Bodies, Management Bodies of State Extra-Budget Funds, State Academies of Sciences, State (Municipal) Institutions and Instructions for its Application” (hereinafter - Instruction No. 157n);

No. 174n dated December 16, 2010 “On approval of the Chart of Accounts for accounting of budgetary institutions and Instructions for its application” (hereinafter - Instruction No. 174n).

Accounting for monetary documents is made out by the following entries in accounting:

1) receipt of monetary documents at the cash desk:

Credit related accounts analytical accounting account 030200000 “Settlements for commitments» (030213730, 030221730, 030222730, 030226730, 030261730 - 030263730, 030291730, 030234730);

2) issuance of monetary documents from the cash desk:

Debit of the corresponding accounts of analytical accounting of account 020800000 "Settlements with accountable persons"

Credit of account 020135610 "Disposal of monetary documents from the cash desk of the institution";

3) receipt of monetary documents at the cash desk in the order of settlements between the main institution and separate divisions:

Debit 020135510 "Receipt of monetary documents at the cash desk of the institution"

Loan 030404000 "Internal settlements";

4) receipt of monetary documents to the cash desk free of charge from state institutions, organizations on the basis of the Transfer and Acceptance Certificate:

Debit 020135510 "Receipt of monetary documents at the cash desk of the institution"

Loan 040110180 "Other income";

5) receipt of monetary documents in the order of compensation for damage in kind by the guilty persons:

Debit 020135510 "Receipt of monetary documents at the cash desk of the institution"

Loan 040110172 "Income from operations with assets";

6) receipt by the cashier of surplus monetary documents found during the inventory, in accordance with the Act on the results of the inventory (f. 0504835):

Debit 020135510 "Receipt of monetary documents at the cash desk of the institution"

Loan 040110180 "Other income".

7) return from the cash desk of monetary documents to the supplier in accordance with the terms of the contract:

Debit 030213830, 030221830, 030222830, 030226830, 030234830, 030262830, 030263830, 030291830 "Calculations on accepted obligations"

credit of account 020135610 “Disposal of monetary documents from the cash desk of the institution;

8) gratuitous transfer of monetary documents between the head office and separate subdivisions (branches):

Debit 230404000 "Intradepartmental settlements", 240120241 "Expenses on gratuitous transfers to state and municipal organizations", 240120242 "Expenses on gratuitous transfers to organizations, with the exception of state and municipal organizations"

Loan 220135610 "Disposal of monetary documents from the cash desk of the institution";

9) shortage, theft, damage to monetary documents:

Debit 040110172 "Income from operations with assets"

Loan 020135610 "Disposal of monetary documents from the cash desk of the institution";

10) deregistration due to destruction, damage to monetary documents as a result of force majeure on the basis of an act of destruction, damage:

Debit 040120273 "Extraordinary expenses on transactions with assets"

Credit of account 020135610 "Disposal of monetary documents from the cash desk of the institution".

2.3.1. Accounting for cash at the organization's cash desk

The funds of institutions are in cash in the form of cash and monetary documents in bank accounts, issued letters of credit and open special accounts, checkbooks, etc.

When organizing and managing budget accounting funds of the institution are guided federal law"On currency regulation and currency control»; the provisions of the Central Bank of Russia "On the rules for organizing cash circulation in the territory of the Russian Federation", "On the procedure for conducting cash transactions",

“On non-cash payments in the Russian Federation”, etc.

Based on the norms of Russian legislation, it is possible to formulate the main tasks of budgetary accounting of funds:

 safety of funds, strict reporting forms and cash documents at the cash desk;

 targeted use of funds;

 control over the established limit of keeping money at the cash desk;

 carrying out sudden audits of the cash desk;

 control over the spending of budgetary funds.

The procedure for storing, spending and accounting for cash at the cash desk is established

Instructions of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and Instructions on budget accounting.

In accordance with the first document, organizations, regardless of their organizational and legal forms and scope of activity, are required to keep free cash in banking institutions.

Institutions make settlements for their obligations with other organizations, as a rule, by bank transfer through banks or use other forms of cashless payments established by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

To make cash payments, each organization must have a cash desk and keep a cash book in the prescribed form.

Cash received by organizations in banks is spent on purposes,

indicated on the check.

Conducting cash transactions is entrusted to the cashier, who bears full financial responsibility for the safety of the accepted values. Small amounts of money can be kept at the cash desk within the limit set by the bank for paying small household expenses, issuing advances for business trips and other small payments. Exceeding the established limits at the cash desk is allowed only for three working days during the period of payment of wages to employees of the institution, temporary disability benefits, scholarships, pensions and bonuses (in the Far North - five days).

The receipt of money at the cash desk and the issuance from the cash desk are drawn up by incoming and outgoing cash orders (f. 0310001 and 0310002). The amounts of transactions are recorded in orders not only in numbers, but also in words. Credit orders are signed by the chief accountant or a person authorized by him, and expenditure orders are signed by the head of the organization and the chief accountant or persons authorized by them. In cases where the documents, applications attached to the expenditure cash warrants have a permissive signature of the head of the organization, the signature of the head on the expenditure cash warrants is optional.

Acceptance of cash from individuals at the cash desk is carried out according to strict reporting forms - receipts (f. 0504510) and incoming cash orders (f. 0310001). In case of acceptance of cash by authorized persons, the latter daily hand over to the cash desk of the institution the funds issued by the Register of Delivery of Documents with receipts (copies) attached.

A receipt (f. 0504510) is a form of strict reporting and is used to formalize the acceptance of cash by authorized institutions in the prescribed manner by persons from individuals without the use of cash registers. In case of acceptance of cash, the authorized person shall daily deposit the received funds to the cash desk of the institution at the register of delivery of documents with copies of receipts attached.

The receipt indicates the last name, first name, patronymic of the payer of the sums of money, their purpose, source of funding, amount (including in words) and the recipient.

Wages, pensions, temporary disability benefits, bonuses, scholarships are issued from the cash desk not according to cash orders, but according to payroll and payroll signed by the head of the organization and the chief accountant. Upon receipt of money, workers and employees sign the payroll. If the money is issued by proxy, in the text of the cash order, after the surname, name and patronymic of the recipient of the money, the surname, name and patronymic of the person who is entrusted with receiving the money are indicated. When money is issued according to the statement, before the receipt for receiving money, the cashier indicates “By proxy”. The power of attorney remains with the cashier and is attached to the expenditure cash order or payroll.

When issuing cash from the cash desk to distributors, which are determined by the order of the head of the institution and with whom agreements on full liability are concluded, the account is kept by the cashier in the ledger of money issued to distributors for the payment of wages, allowances and scholarships.

The book indicates: the date of issue of cash from the cash desk; name of the structural unit; information about the issuance of money to the distributor from the cash desk (last name, first name,

middle name of the distributor); the amount issued to the distributor (in figures and in words); distributor's signature; information about the return by the distributor to the cash desk of cash (in figures); the amount of paid documents (figures); total amount (in numbers and words); signatures of the cashier and distributor; date of return of cash and documents. Information about the persons appointed as distributors (name of the structural unit; last name, first name, patronymic; number and date of the appointment order; sample signature).

When issuing cash from the cash desk against a report to several persons, instead of individual cash cash orders (f. 0310002), a statement is used for issuing money from the cash desk to accountable persons (f. 0504501).

The listing indicates accountable persons, issued for the report amounts, receipts for receipt and, if necessary, additional signs.

Sheets for the issuance of money from the cash desk to accountable persons can be drawn up separately for wages, household expenses and other needs. Each completed statement is drawn up as an expense cash warrant.

Incoming cash orders and receipts for them, outgoing cash orders and documents replacing them must be filled out clearly and clearly in ink or ballpoint pens or written out on a typewriter (computer). Erasures, blots or corrections, however express, are not permitted in these documents. Receipt and issuance of money on cash orders can be made only on the day they are drawn up.

Accounting for cash transactions in institutions, both in the currency of the Russian Federation and in foreign currencies, is kept in the cash book (f. 0504514).

The receipt and expenditure of cash in foreign currency is kept on separate sheets of this book by types of foreign currencies.

The cash book must be numbered, laced and sealed with a wax or mastic seal. The number of sheets in it is certified by the signatures of the head of the organization and the chief accountant. At the end of the working day, the cashier calculates the results of operations for the day in the cash book and displays the balance of money in the cash register the next day. Entries in the cash book are made with a ballpoint pen or ink through carbon paper on two sheets. One sheet of the book is tear-off, it is handed over at the end of the day along with all receipts and expenditure documents as a report on cash transactions against receipt in the cash book. Erasures and unspecified corrections in the cash book are prohibited. The corrections made are certified by the signatures of the cashier and the chief accountant of the organization.

Subject to ensuring the complete safety of cash documents, the cash book can be maintained in an automated way, in which its sheets are formed in the form of a machinogram "Insert sheet of the cash book". At the same time, a machinogram "Cashier's report" is formed. Both named machine-grams must be drawn up by the beginning of the next working day, have the same content and include all the details provided for in the form of the cash book.

The numbering of the sheets of the cash book in these machine diagrams is carried out automatically in ascending order from the beginning of the year.

In the typogram "Insert sheet of the cash book" for each month, the total number of sheets of the cash book should be automatically printed, and for the calendar year - the total number of sheets of the cash book for the year.

The cashier, after receiving the machinograms "Cash book insert sheet" and "Cashier's report", is obliged to check the correctness of the preparation of these documents, sign them and transfer the cashier's report along with income and expenditure cash documents to the accounting department against receipt in the loose sheet of the cash book.

In order to ensure the safety and ease of use of the machinogram

"Cash book insert sheet" during the year is kept by the cashier separately for each

month. At the end of the calendar year (or as needed)

The "Insert sheet of the cash book" is brochured in chronological order, the pages are numbered and sealed.

Control over the correct maintenance of the cash book is assigned to the chief accountant of the organization.

The heads of organizations are obliged to equip the cash desk and ensure the safety of money in the cash desk, as well as when they are delivered from the bank institution and delivered to the bank. In cases where, through the fault of the heads of the organization, the necessary conditions were not created to ensure the safety of funds during their storage and transportation, they bear responsibility in accordance with the procedure established by law.

The cashier's room must be isolated, and the doors to the cashier during transactions must be locked from the inside. Access to the premises of the cash desk to persons not related to its work is prohibited.

Cash desks of organizations can be insured in accordance with applicable law.

The keys to metal cabinets and seals are kept by cashiers, who are prohibited from leaving them in conditional places, transferring them to unauthorized persons, or making unrecorded duplicates. Accounted duplicates of keys in packages sealed by cashiers, caskets, etc. are kept by the heads of enterprises. At least once a quarter, they are checked by a commission appointed by the head of the organization. Its results are recorded in the act.

If the loss of the key is detected, the head of the enterprise reports the incident to the internal affairs bodies and takes measures to immediately replace the lock of the metal cabinet.

Keeping cash and other valuables that do not belong to this company at the cash desk is prohibited.

In organizations that have one cashier, if it is necessary to temporarily replace him, the duties of a cashier are assigned to another employee in writing.

order (decision, resolution) of the head of the organization. An agreement on full liability is concluded with this employee.

In the event of a cashier suddenly leaving work (illness, etc.), the values ​​under his report are immediately recalculated by another cashier to whom they are transferred, in the presence of the head and chief accountant of the organization or in the presence of a commission of persons appointed by the head of the enterprise. On the results of the recalculation and transfer of values, an act is drawn up signed by the indicated persons.

Within the time limits set by the head of the organization, as well as when changing cashiers, a sudden audit of cash and other valuables in the cash register is carried out. The balance of cash in the cash register is compared with the accounting data in the cash book. To carry out the audit of the cash desk, by order of the head of the organization, a commission is appointed, which draws up an act. If the audit detects a shortage or excess of valuables at the cash desk, the act indicates their amount and the circumstances of the occurrence.

In the conditions of automated cash book keeping, the correct operation of software tools for processing cash documents should be checked.

Responsibility for compliance with the procedure for conducting cash transactions lies with

heads of organizations, chief accountants and cashiers. Persons guilty of repeated violation of cash discipline are held liable in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. The procedure for conducting cash transactions is systematically checked by banks.

Accounting for the movement and availability of cash in cash in the currency of the Russian Federation and in foreign currency is kept on account 020104000 "Cashier".

Budget accounting of temporary cash gaps for operations with cash (the time interval between debiting funds from the account and posting them to the cash desk) is carried out on account 021003000 “Calculations on operations with cash of the recipient of budgetary funds”.

Operations on account 020104000 are documented by the following accounting entries:

Write-off of funds (based on the application of the institution for the payment of cash) from the bank accounts of the treasury body and from accounts opened with credit institutions:

 debit of account 021003560 “Increase in accounts receivable on operations with cash funds of the recipient of budgetary funds”;

 credit of the corresponding accounts of analytical accounting of account 030405000 “Settlements on payments from the budget with the bodies organizing the execution of budgets”, accounts

020101610 "Disposal of the institution's funds from bank accounts", 020102610

"Disposals of funds of the institution received in temporary disposal."

Posting of cash received by checks to the cash desk of the institution on the basis of an incoming cash order:

 credit of account 021003660 “Decrease in accounts receivable on operations with cash funds of the recipient of budgetary funds”.

Posting of cash received from an accountable person on the basis of an incoming cash order:

 debit of account 020104510 “Receipts to the cash desk”;

 credit of the corresponding accounts of analytical accounting of account 020800000 “Settlements with accountable persons”.

Posting of cash received in temporary disposal:

 debit of account 020104510 “Receipts to the cash desk”;

 credit of account 030401730 “Increase accounts payable affordable,

received at temporary disposal.

Cash was returned from the cash desk to the account of the treasury body on the basis of an expenditure cash warrant, receipts for the announcement of a cash contribution:

 debit of account 021003560 “Increase in accounts receivable on operations with found funds of the recipient of budgetary funds”;

 credit of account 020164610 “Disposals from the cash desk”.

Crediting cash to the account on the basis of an extract from the personal

(bank) account:

 debit of the corresponding accounts of analytical accounting of account 030405000 “Settlements on payments from the budget with the bodies organizing the execution of budgets”, accounts

020101510 "Receipts of funds of the institution for bank accounts", 020102510

"Receipts of funds at the temporary disposal of the institution";

 credit of account 020003660 “Decrease in accounts receivable on operations with cash funds of the recipient of budgetary funds”.

Issuance for the purpose of cash in temporary

institution's disposal:

 debit of account 030401830 “Reduction of accounts payable on funds,

received at temporary disposal”;

Issuance of cash from the cash desk under the report to employees for operational and economic needs:

 debit of corresponding accounts of analytical accounting of account 020800560 “Settlements with accountable persons”;

 credit of account 020104610 “Disposals from the cash desk”.

Issuance from the cash desk of wages to employees and monetary allowance, as well as other payments and benefits:

 debit of accounts 030201830 “Reduction of accounts payable on wages”, 030202830 “Reduction of accounts payable on other payments”,

030203830 "Reduction of accounts payable on accruals for wages";

 credit of account 020104610 “Disposals from the cash desk”.

Issuance from the scholarship fund:

 debit of account 030218830 “Reduction of accounts payable for other expenses”;

 credit of account 020104610 “Disposals from the cash desk”.

Issuance of wages to persons who are not on the staff of the institution under civil law contracts:

 debit of the corresponding accounts of analytical accounting of account 030200000 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” (030204830, 030205830, 030206830, 030208830, 030209830,

 credit of account 020104610 “Disposals from the cash desk”.

Cash withdrawals to repay debts previously recorded as deposited amounts:

 debit of account 030402830 “Reduction of accounts payable on settlements with depositors”;

 credit of account 020104610 “Disposals from the cash desk”.

To account for transactions in foreign currency, organizations create a special cash desk, which sets limits in foreign currency. Cash desks must be provided with all instructions, control and reference materials (foreign currency reference books, samples of traveler's checks and eurocheques, etc.).

Cashiers are required to strictly comply with the rules for performing operations for receiving and issuing currency from the cash desk.

When accepting payment documents in foreign currency from customers, the cashier must check their authenticity and solvency according to the available control materials, as well as the completeness and correctness of filling in the details of the documents.

The cash desk accepts cash foreign currency, which does not raise doubts about its authenticity and solvency. Damaged, dilapidated, questionable banknotes from customers are not accepted by the cashier.

Counterfeit banknotes, as well as doubts about their authenticity, are not returned to the client. They are recorded in a separate register and returned to the bank marked

"Fake" or "Doubtful". The client is issued a receipt stating that the accepted currency is counterfeit or that it is in doubt, indicating the name of the currency and its denomination in the receipt.

Payment for goods and services can be accepted in several foreign currencies. The conversion of other types of foreign currencies into dollars is carried out at the market rate, information about which is sent by the bank to the cash desk. The conversion table must be accessible to visitors.

When paying for foreign currency, the change is usually issued in the payment currency. With the consent of the buyers, change may be issued in another freely convertible currency. Issuance of change in rubles is prohibited.

To account for the movement of cash in the currency of the Russian Federation and in foreign currency at the cash desk, institutions use account 020104000 "Cashier".

2.3.2. Accounting for funds in bank accounts

Institutions that do not have personal accounts opened with the bodies providing cash services for the execution of budgets (in the bodies of the Federal Treasury), cash flow transactions are recorded on account 020101000 “Institutional funds in bank accounts”. In this account, institutions record transactions with funds received from income-generating activities (with the treasury).

Based on the statement from the account and the documents attached to it, operations on the movement of funds on the account are recorded in the Journal of operations with non-cash funds (f. 0504071).

Synthetic budgetary accounting of operations on the movement of funds on the account is kept in the "Journal of operations with non-cash funds" on the basis of settlement and other primary documents attached to account statements.

Journal entries are made on the basis of daily account statements and documents attached to them. The journal indicates: date, number and name of the document (extract from the treasury body); name of the indicator (for amounts in foreign currency, the entry “reflected in the ruble equivalent” is given); account number of budgetary accounting for debit and credit; sum; total amounts for debit and credit of budget accounting accounts with incoming and outgoing balances; number of applications.

Cash flow transactions are recorded on account 020101000

"Cash funds of the institution in bank accounts." If there are funds on the account, the amount of which is sufficient to satisfy all the claims made, they are debited in the order of receipt of confirmed payment obligations and other documents for debiting, including judicial acts (calendar priority). In case of insufficient funds to satisfy all requirements, the write-off is carried out in the order established by Art. 255 of the RF BC (Table 2.4).

Write-off of funds from the account for claims relating to one queue,

made in the order of the calendar order of receipt of documents.

1. The receipt of funds associated with the return of budget loans,

loans:

 credit of accounts 020701640 “Decrease in debt on budget loans and credits to legal entities and individuals, residents of the Russian Federation”, 020702640

"Decrease in debt on budget loans and credits to other budgets of the budget system of the Russian Federation", 020703640 "Decrease in debt on state loans to foreign governments", 020704640 "Decrease in debt on state loans to foreign legal entities", 020705640 "Decrease in debt on state loans to international financial organizations ".

Table 2.4

The sequence of debiting funds from the account in accordance with the RF BC

2. Receipt of funds to the account in the reporting year for the restoration of expenses in repayment of receivables:

 debit of account 020101510 “Receipts of funds of the institution to bank accounts”;

 credit of the respective accounts of analytical accounting of account 040101200 “Expenses of the institution”, account 020104610 “Retirement from the cash desk”, of the corresponding accounts of analytical accounting of account 020600660 “Calculations on advanced payments”, of the corresponding accounts of analytical accounting of account 030300830 “Calculations on payments to budgets”.

3. Withdrawal of budget funds from the institution:

4. Return by the institution of the unused balance of budgetary funds at the end of the financial year:

 debit of account 130404000 “Internal settlements between the main managers

(managers) and recipients of funds”;

 credit of accounts 120101610 “Disposal of funds of an institution from bank accounts”, 120107610 “Disposal of funds of an institution from accounts in foreign currency”.

5. Receipt of funds related to the transfer of income administered by the institution:

 debit of account 020101510 “Receipts of funds of the institution to bank accounts”;

 credit of the corresponding accounts of analytical accounting of account 020500560 “Settlements with debtors on income” and account 040101100 “Income of the institution”.

6. Transfer of advance payments to suppliers and contractors in accordance with concluded contracts for the purchase of goods, performance of work, provision of services, and other payments:

 debit of corresponding accounts of analytical accounting of account 020600560 “Calculations on issued advances”;

7. Transfer of funds to pay suppliers' invoices for delivered material assets, services rendered:

 debit of the corresponding accounts of analytical accounting account 030200830 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”;

 credit of account 020101610 “Disposal of funds of the institution from bank accounts”.

8. Receipt of cash by check at the cash desk of the institution:

 debit of account 020104510 “Receipts to the cash desk”;

 credit of account 020101610 “Disposal of funds of the institution from bank accounts”.

2.3.3. Accounting for funds on personal accounts in the treasury

In accordance with the Budget Code of the Russian Federation, budgetary institutions can act as participants in the budget process, on the one hand, as the main managers and managers of budgetary funds, and on the other, as recipients of funds. This division led to the division of personal accounts opened with the Federal Treasury into two categories: personal accounts of fund managers and personal accounts of recipients of funds. Similarly, the delimitation of accounts for accounting for funds in the execution of the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The procedure for carrying out monetary transactions through personal accounts in the federal treasury is regulated by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

To account for operations on the execution of federal budget expenditures, Federal Treasury bodies open and maintain several types of personal accounts designed to record: funds brought to the main manager (manager)

limits of budgetary obligations, amounts of financing and their distribution by managers and recipients of funds under its jurisdiction; operations to reflect the adjusted limits of budgetary obligations, the amount of financing, accepted monetary obligations and cash expenses of the recipient of funds in the process of execution

federal budget expenditures; limits of budgetary obligations and amounts of financing brought to another recipient of funds, as well as cash expenses incurred by another recipient of funds in the process of fulfilling federal budget expenditures.

Personal accounts are assigned numbers in accordance with the established procedure, with the help of which the affiliation of the manager, recipient and other recipient of funds to the main manager should be determined.

Each type of personal account is assigned one of the following codes:

01 - personal account of the funds manager;

03 - personal account of the recipient of funds;

09 - personal account of another recipient of funds.

The personal account number consists of eleven digits:

 where the 1st and 2nd digits are the personal account code;

 from the 3rd to the 10th digits - the account number of the client, of which:

 from the 3rd to the 5th category - the code of the main manager of funds, which is in charge of the manager, recipient, other recipient of funds, in accordance with

budget classification of the Russian Federation;

 from the 6th to the 10th category - the code of the manager or recipient of funds, other recipient of funds in the Register of recipients of federal budget funds;

 11th category - reserve.

The procedure for assigning account numbers is established by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

Personal accounts in the bodies of the Federal Treasury are opened for institutions

included in the Register of recipients of federal budget funds, and are registered by the Federal Treasury in the Book of Registration of Personal Accounts. In this register

the following information is generated:

 date of opening a personal account;

 name of the client;

 personal account number;

 numbers and dates of letters from the Federal Treasury about opening and closing a personal account sent to tax authorities, state non-budgetary

 date of closing of the personal account.

Each sheet of the book is numbered, laced and certified by the signatures of the head and chief accountant of the Federal Treasury body and sealed with his seal. Entries in the Book of registration of personal accounts and making changes to it are made with the permission of the chief accountant by an authorized employee of the Federal Treasury.

Personal accounts of managers are opened for the main managers of funds on the basis of the consolidated budget list of the federal budget for the corresponding

fiscal year in the Main Directorate of the Federal Treasury (GUFK) of the Ministry

Finance of the Russian Federation. Bodies of the Federal Treasury at the location of the main manager of funds may also open accounts, which requires permission from the Main Directorate of the Federal Treasury.

To open a personal account of the manager, the chief manager submits to the GUFK: an application for opening a personal account, a signature sample card signed by the head and chief accountant of the chief manager of funds and sealed with an imprint of his seal with a reproduction of the State Emblem of the Russian Federation, as well as a list certified by the signatures of the head and chief accountant other recipients of funds under its control.

In order to open a personal account for a manager of funds, it is necessary to submit to the Federal Treasury body a constituent document or a written permission from a higher manager of funds, in accordance with which he is given the authority to distribute the limits of budget obligations and the amount of financing among the managers and recipients of funds under his jurisdiction.

To open a personal account of a manager, the Federal Treasury must submit: an application for opening a personal account; a copy of the founding document, certified by the founder or notarized; a signature sample card certified by the signature of the head (his deputy) of the parent organization and an imprint of the official seal of the parent organization or a list of other recipients of funds under his authority notarized by the signatures of the head and chief accountant of the funds manager (another official authorized by the head).

To open a personal account by the main manager (manager) of funds, which is in charge of another recipient of funds, the Federal Treasury shall submit:

 a signature card of the chief fund manager or a fund manager who is in charge of another Recipient of Funds, certified by the signature of the head (his deputy) of the main fund manager or a higher fund manager and an imprint of the official seal of the main fund manager on the signature of the above person or a higher fund manager or notarized ;

 permission to open an account in a subdivision of the settlement network of the Bank of Russia or a credit institution (branch).

The recipient of funds, in order to open a personal account of the recipient (with the exception of a separate division), submits to the Federal Treasury:

 application for opening a personal account;

 a copy of the founding document, certified by the founder or notarized;

 a copy of the document on state registration, certified by the founder or notarized, or by the body that carried out the state registration;

 signature sample card, certified by the signature of the head (his deputy) of the parent organization and an imprint of the official seal of the parent organization or notarized;

 a copy of the tax authority's certificate of registration, certified by a notary or by the tax authority that issued it.

To the Federal Treasury to open a personal account of the recipient,

a separate subdivision submits a letter from the recipient of funds, who has established a separate subdivision, about the application to open a separate subdivision

personal account of the recipient of funds, signed by the head and chief accountant of the recipient of funds; application of a separate division for opening

personal account of the recipient of funds; a copy of the regulation on a separate subdivision, approved by the recipient of funds who created it, certified by the founder or notarized; signature sample card, certified by the signature of the head and the official seal of the recipient of funds who created a separate division, or

notarially; a copy of the notice of registration with the tax authority, certified by a notary or by the tax authority that issued it.

Personal accounts are closed by the Federal Treasury: upon application,

submitted by the client in connection with the reorganization or change of subordination to the main manager of funds, the completion of the work of the liquidation commission,

transfer to service in another body of the Federal Treasury; in connection with the exclusion of the manager, recipient, other recipient of funds from the Register of recipients

funds from the federal budget, as well as in other cases provided for by Russian legislation.

On personal accounts, cash flow operations carried out in the process of fulfilling expenses are recorded on an accrual basis from the beginning of the financial year

federal budget (Table 2.5).

Table 2.5

Types of cash flow operations on personal accounts,

carried out in the process of execution of the federal budget

The end of the table. 2.5

The storage of personal accounts is carried out by the Federal Treasury in accordance with the rules of the state archiving.

To transfer money from a personal account, an institution makes payment order on behalf of the OFC, which, after checking the correctness of registration and intended use, is sent by the Federal Treasury to the regional RCC of the city, which transfer funds to legal entities. The RCC sends to the OFK an extract from the expense account of the Treasury Department, and the OFK sends the Memorial Order and an extract from the personal budget account to the budgetary institution.

Budget accounting of cash flow on personal accounts in the treasury bodies is kept on account 030405000 “Settlements on payments from the budget with the bodies organizing the execution of budgets” in accordance with the classification of operations of the public administration sector, presented in Appendix B.

Payments from the budget are taken into account on the basis of documents attached to the extract from the budget account provided by the treasury body to the relevant main administrators (administrators), recipients of budget funds.

Operations for the receipt and disposal of funds are recorded in the following accounting entries:

 the amount of money written off in payment for the agreements concluded by the institution

(contracts) for the supply of non-financial assets, work performed, services rendered:

 on the amounts of advances transferred to suppliers and contractors:

 Debit of corresponding accounts of analytical accounting of account 020600560 “Calculations on issued advances”.

 Credit of the relevant accounts of analytical accounting of account 030405000 “Settlements on payments from the budget with the bodies organizing the execution of budgets”;

 transfer of funds to a letter of credit account:

 Debit of account 020106510 “Receipts of funds to the letter of credit account”.

 Credit of the relevant accounts of analytical accounting of account 030405000 “Settlements on payments from the budget with the bodies organizing the execution of budgets”;

 transfer of amounts of taxes, fees and payments to the budget revenue:

 Debit of corresponding accounts of analytical accounting account 030300830 “Settlements on payments to budgets”.

 Credit of the relevant accounts of analytical accounting of account 030405000 “Settlements on payments from the budget with the bodies organizing the execution of budgets”;

 amounts of granted subsidies, subventions and other current transfers:

 Debit of corresponding accounts of analytical accounting account 030200830 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”.

 Credit of the relevant accounts of analytical accounting of account 030405000 “Settlements on payment, payments from the budget with the bodies organizing the execution of budgets”;

 receipt of funds for the restoration of expenses in the reporting year,

in repayment of receivables:

 Debit of the corresponding accounts of analytical accounting account 030405000 “Settlements on payments from the budget with the bodies organizing the execution of budgets”.

 Credit of the corresponding accounts of analytical accounting of account 020600660 “Calculations on advanced payments”, account 030300830 “Calculations on payments to budgets”;

21003660 "Decrease in accounts receivable for operations with cash funds of the recipient of budgetary funds";

 transfer to the budget of funds received to compensate for the damage caused to the institution:

 Debit of the corresponding accounts of analytical accounting of account 021002000 “Settlements on budget receipts with the bodies organizing the execution of budgets”

 Credit of the relevant accounts of analytical accounting of account 030405000 “Settlements on payments from the budget with the bodies organizing the execution of budgets”

Cash documents

Often, in their activities, budgetary institutions use monetary documents, which include:

 postage stamps;

 state duty stamps;

 paid coupons for gasoline and oils;

 Paid food stamps;

 paid travel documents;

 paid vouchers to rest houses, sanatoriums, camp sites;

 Notifications received for postal orders, etc.

Cash documents are stored at the cash desk of the institution, they are recorded on the account of the same name 020105000.

As well as cash, monetary documents are accepted at the cash desk, making out the specified operation with cash receipt orders (f. 0310001). The disposal of monetary documents is drawn up by the Expenditure cash orders (f. 0310002).

Monetary instruments should be accounted for at their nominal value, that is, at the cost that is indicated on each of the monetary instruments.

Operations with monetary documents are recorded in the Operations Journal for other operations (f. 0504071).

Analytical accounting of monetary documents is carried out according to their types in the Card for Accounting for Funds and Settlements (f. 0504051).

2.3.4. Accounting for financial investments

Investments of the institution in securities lead to the formation of financial investments, which are divided into short-term and long-term, other financial assets.

Securities include: a government bond, a bond, a bill of exchange, a check, a deposit and savings certificate, a bank savings book to bearer, a bill of lading, a share, privatization securities and other documents that are classified as securities by securities laws or in the manner prescribed by them. papers.

In accordance with Civil Code RF security is a document certifying in compliance with prescribed form and mandatory details property rights, the exercise or transfer of which is possible only upon its presentation. With the transfer of a security, all the rights certified by it are transferred in aggregate.

In cases statutory or in accordance with the procedure established by it, for the exercise and transfer of rights certified by a security, evidence of their fixing in a special register (regular or computerized) is sufficient.

Budgetary accounting of operations on the movement of financial investments is maintained in the Journal of operations with non-cash funds of the institution.

To account for financial investments, account 020400000 “Financial investments” is provided, which are grouped on the following sub-accounts: 020401 “Deposits”; 020402

"Shares and other forms of participation in capital"; 020403 "Bonds, bills".

A deposit is a bank deposit agreement, according to which one party (the bank) that accepted the money received from the other party (depositor) sum of money, undertakes to return the deposit and pay interest on it on the terms and in the manner prescribed in the agreement.

The placement of budgetary funds on bank deposits, the receipt of additional income in the process of budget execution by placing budgetary funds on bank deposits and the transfer of income received to trust management by the Budget Code of the Russian Federation are not allowed. This provision does not apply to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that do not receive subsidies from the Federal Fund for Financial Support of the Regions. The procedure for placing budgetary funds on bank deposits is determined by the state authorities of the subject of the Russian Federation in accordance with the legislation of Russia. They are also responsible for the return of funds to the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Analytical accounting is maintained for each deposit account in the Funds Accounting and Settlement Card.

Operations on the account are made out by the accounting records presented in tab. 2.6.

Correspondence of accounts for accounting of financial investments

Table 2.6

The end of the table. 2.6

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