Problems in the work of social protection. Problems of social protection of the population (on the example of the Department of Social Protection of the Population of the Administration of the Taimyr Dolgan-Nenets Municipal District)
The state social security system in Russia includes retirement benefits, unemployment benefits, benefits for large families, sickness benefits, childcare benefits, and housing subsidies. There are no explicit poverty benefits; instead, there are numerous categories of benefits and benefits, both in cash and in kind, but they hardly provide targeted assistance to the poor. In addition, there are informal sources of support, from household plots where food is grown to help from friends and relatives for families. The current system has proved unable to fully cope with the demands of the transition period and, despite numerous structural changes, still does not adequately protect the poor and vulnerable. With such a system, a number of problems arise:
Insufficient amount of benefits,
Low targeting,
Inadequate resources
The system does not effectively meet the needs of the employed low-income population.
Politically biased encouragement, combined with paternalism, has led to a large-scale number and great actual importance of various benefits in the social protection of the Russian population. These benefits have in fact become the equivalent of material types of social support for certain groups, strata of the population. Currently, over 70% of Russians have various benefits for various reasons. This situation has led to an exorbitant burden on the federal and local budgets, the benefits have become burdensome for the state. In Russia, the issue of modernizing the policy of benefits has acquired an acute urgency and has become central to reforming the system of social protection of the population. At present, there is an obvious attempt at a valuantorist departure from state obligations to fulfill this category. social guarantees... However, the implementation of such an approach will cause social tension, but will not lead to the expected economic and socially positive results.
Since 2005, during the ongoing reform, most of the benefits have been replaced cash equivalents... The complete deprivation of benefits will lead to a significant deterioration in the material situation of many pensioners, disabled people, families with children and other socially disadvantaged, vulnerable segments of the population. This most difficult economic and ethical problem can be solved only in conjunction with other problems: income and expenditures of the population, and, first of all, in the sphere of income from labor activity; reforming the pension system; streamlining medical and pension insurance; compliance by the state with constitutional and other normative legal guaranteed social obligations; creating a market for social goods and services, protecting the population from unscrupulous producers of social goods and services; education of the culture of the population in the aspect of market relations in the social sphere.
The two main elements of the state social protection system in Russia are the State Pension Fund and the Federal Employment Service, another channel of assistance - housing subsidies and compensation. A medium-term social protection strategy in Russia should support reforms and the economic growth: the strategy should provide for protection against the risk of income loss (prevention and alleviation of poverty), as well as promote the efficient functioning of labor markets and thus facilitate the process of enterprise restructuring. Since there is limited scope for increasing social protection funds, the challenge is to determine the best way to use existing resources by rationalizing / closing programs, targeting benefits to the most needy groups of the population, and using the savings thus obtained to increase benefits to more realistic levels.
1. Benefits for poverty. Providing adequate poverty benefits to the most vulnerable, especially the employed poor, is paramount. There is currently no consistent social assistance system in Russia. Instead, there are a large number of special-purpose benefits and benefits. But none of these programs receive adequate funding, and most are universal in nature, that is, provided on the basis of certain conditions, are not tied to contributions, and do not provide for verification of the income of recipients. Many of these benefits and benefits are administered by the federal government but remain unsecured, or only partially backed by related reserves. Targeting and consolidating benefits and benefits should be seen as key elements of a poverty reduction strategy. It seems that targeting will lead to a greater tangible increase in the efficiency of spending on social needs than any other budgetary measure.
2. Unemployment benefits. The aim of unemployment insurance should be the return of the labor force to the labor market (change of employment), which, however, does not involve high tax rates for participants and does not create disincentives to work. In the system of unemployment benefits existing in Russia, none of these conditions are met. The tax rate is at a modest level, and the small size of the benefits does not encourage job change and does not create disincentives, but at the same time does not protect workers from poverty due to job loss. Moreover, the current system mixes the principle of insurance with the principle of poverty reduction. By extending benefits to those employees who have never paid premiums or have not paid them recently, this system is likened to a social assistance program. Finally, the existing system is notable for ineffective redistribution of funds from the employment fund between regions that have budget surpluses and deficits, which often leads to non-payment of benefits.
Under the current conditions, unemployment benefits actually play the role of another poverty benefit - insufficient and with insufficient funding. It seems fair to raise the question of the advisability of further preservation of this type of benefits. Wouldn't it be better to include these funds in the general category of poverty benefits. As a last resort, the unemployment benefit system can be simplified by establishing a fixed benefit only for workers who contributed to the unemployment insurance fund at their last place of work. The amount of this benefit will be subject to availability of funds, but with stricter eligibility rules, the fixed amount may be increased. This should be considered if it appears that, at least for a limited period, this insurance method will contribute to enterprise restructuring. Additional financial resources can be freed up by replacing implicit subsidies wages in enterprises, explicit forms of assistance, limited in time, by more effective use funds from the Employment Fund, as well as additional restrictions on the eligibility and duration of benefits. The government is already taking steps in this direction and should be encouraged.
3. Pensions. There are two pension systems in Russia: a general one, covering the bulk of hired workers, the payment of pensions to which is financed by the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, and a privileged one, which guarantees a high level of pension provision for military personnel, employees of the internal affairs bodies, tax police, customs service, prosecutorial investigators, civil servants, judges, deputies and some others, whose pensions are paid at the expense of budget funds... Moreover, in the latter case, the pension is 5-10 or more times higher than that which is assigned on a general basis. A truly social and economically prosperous state can hardly afford such a thing. There is no doubt that Russia needs to revise the current state pension system.
The current demographic situation, the established retirement age and the likely path of development of the country's economy indicate that in the near future the system will enter a period of chronic and growing deficit. There are few opportunities to increase the size of contributions to the pension fund, and increasing their collection, although it is an important task, as such does not allow to overcome the fundamental imbalances in the system. This will require addressing important structural issues such as retirement age and special benefits. Otherwise, it is not possible to solve the problem of low pension benefits in Russia.
Raising the standard age of retirement for women from 55 to 60, or introducing incentives in the pay-as-you-go pension system to encourage women to work longer, and removing subsidies implicit in early retirement provisions would greatly facilitate the medium term Pension Fund, ensuring the excess of income over expenditure until about 2025.
The reform should achieve at least the following: create conditions for the transfer of part of the income of working years to old age through savings or other means; redistribute additional income for the elderly who have been poor throughout their lives; provide insurance against a variety of risk factors that particularly affect the elderly. It is also desirable for the existing state pension system to support the economy as a whole, that is, to be stable and not place an undue burden on the budget. Currently, these conditions are not met. At the same time, the Pension Fund initiative to introduce a system of individual employee accounts to keep accurate records of contributions can be expected to strengthen, in the eyes of workers, the link between contributions and benefits and increase incentives to comply with payroll requirements. the purpose of retirement benefits.
In the area of pensions, the approach that provides for the social solidarity inherent in the current state system of payment of pensions from current income (the pay-as-you-go system) in Russia and the creation of special funds to promote economic growth is highly commendable.
4. Fund social insurance... Although the Social Insurance Fund has a number of important functions, such as providing sick leave payments and maternal benefits, attention should be paid to the role of this fund. An analysis of the fund's activities for financial management is under way, as well as an analysis of its key functions. This could serve as a good basis for rethinking the role of this fund, including developing appropriate legislation for it, as well as a potential reduction in its share of payroll tax.
While the social protection strategy is primarily aimed at providing assistance to those in need, the restructuring of the system is also driven by the need to support economic reforms, in particular, enterprise restructuring. One of the most important elements of a successful transition to the market is the restructuring of enterprises, which involves the release of unproductive resources in the past for their use in more productive areas of the economy, and important aspect this process is the elimination and creation of jobs. This has already happened in successful reform countries. In Russia, however, these changes have so far been implemented only on a limited scale, which can be explained by the persistence of most of the so-called soft budget constraints in the enterprise sector and the reluctance to apply insolvency law to restructure or liquidate enterprises. The main reasons include: the dominant role of enterprise managers among shareholders; strict provisions of labor laws that prevent the dismissal of workers, as well as the large direct costs of staff reductions (large severance pay and wage arrears); a system of social benefits provided by the enterprise, which increases the cost of replacing wages and benefits for employees.
Lack of an adequate social protection system that protects laid-off workers from poverty and facilitates the search for new jobs: the low level of unemployment benefits practically excludes them as a means of support in the interim period, the referral and advisory service of the employment centers is underdeveloped. In this regard, the government is reluctant to take measures leading to the reduction of workers in state structures and enterprises, and workers themselves are not enthusiastic about the risky prospect of looking for new opportunities.
In connection with the existing problems, it is necessary to solve a number of complex problems, of which the main and fundamental is the improvement legal system regulating economic relations in Russia. The preparation of the reform of labor legislation is very important, since it lays the foundation and creates conditions for the formation of a market economy and effective mechanisms for ensuring market relations. New labor legislation should specifically provide for measures to promote enterprise restructuring through job creation, such as reducing the cost of hiring and firing workers. To simplify the procedure for layoffs and layoffs of employees, and, consequently, to stimulate the recruitment of new employees, labor legislation should provide for more flexible conditions for layoffs, including the use of current vacancies to hire an employee performing work that is no longer needed, as well as abolition of the current requirement to coordinate dismissals with trade unions.
Thus, an important conclusion is being formed - in Russia, until now, there has been no formation of sufficiently clear approaches to reforming the existing system of social protection, which is characterized by an extremely high paternalistic role of the state and extremely poorly defined public institutions. In recent years, the social protection of the population of Russia has been focused on the targeted prompt solution of the most acute, crisis, life problems of certain categories of citizens on a declarative basis. At a certain stage, this path was the most realistic for the practical solution of problems in this area and seemed to be successful. However, time has shown that this approach does not give a long-term effect, since it is not aimed at preventing the recurrence of crisis situations, at the prospective social protection of each individual person and the population as a whole.
Reforms taking place in the country aimed at streamlining all spheres of life require changes in the social sphere, including the creation of a highly effective system of multidisciplinary targeted social protection of the population, oriented towards the expectations of society, which should provide comprehensive and multifaceted assistance to a person in solving various protection, problems throughout his life - starting from the period when the mother was carrying a child and ending with a worthy burial of a person. In this regard, social protection should be viewed as protection against social risks of loss or limitation of economic independence and social well-being of a person.
Let's highlight the following main areas of social protection in Russia and approaches to their reform:
1. Social protection of children, childhood and adolescence should be focused on creating conditions for the life and development of children, allowing all children, regardless of the family in which they were born and live, to have the best opportunities to preserve their health, material well-being, free and affordable education , preschool and school education, harmonious spiritual and moral development, realization of their abilities.
Particular attention should be paid to orphans and children from disadvantaged families. We must learn to take care of these children so that they do not feel superfluous, alienated from society, and the state does not appear to them as something abstract, useless, or even hostile.
It also seems expedient to create a Federal Board of Trustees for Orphans. It is necessary to take all measures to protect and protect children in particularly difficult conditions, including those left without supervision, homeless, subjected to economic and sexual exploitation, suffering from socially determined diseases, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, refugee children, as well as those in imprisonment.
However, the problems of children in especially difficult conditions do not exhaust the many concerns of the state for all Russian children. The difficult situation of women in everyday life and at work, the destruction of family ties between generations have led to an almost uncontrolled and undirected development of children, including from mothers, fathers, grandmothers, grandfathers, and other senior family members. The school has practically ceased to play any significant role in these processes. The current situation must be changed. To this end, it is necessary to conduct an examination (departmental and independent) of the existing multi-level regulatory and program documents concerning the problems of children, to identify the state of implementation and the need to correct these documents.
There is a need to streamline the commercialization of services for children in education, health, children's creativity, physical education and sports, and identify institutions where appropriate.
Legal and organizational gaps in addressing children's problems should be closed. The future of Russia is in our children. This should be the goal of all efforts aimed at social protection of children, childhood and adolescence.
Social protection of children, childhood and adolescence should effectively protect children of all age groups, as well as periods of development, from social risks:
III causing: stillbirth and abnormal childbirth; congenital and birth defects, injuries and diseases; starvation and irrational food for children; neglect and vagrancy, economic and sexual exploitation; addiction to bad habits (alcohol, tobacco smoking, drugs, etc.); negative psychological impact, discrimination based on national, gender, property or any other criteria; involvement in political activity and military action; living in an ecologically unfavorable environment, involvement in inhuman religious and cult organizations and movements.
Ш hindering: health protection; the child's stay in the family; obtaining education and spiritual and moral upbringing; the formation of a comfortable psychological climate for each child in the family, children's groups, in the region of residence, in the country; development of potential professional, creative and other socially useful abilities; introduction to cultural values; physical education and sports; creating conditions for games, other forms of intelligent entertainment and safe recreation; choice of religion; targeted use of benefits and savings intended for children, property interests of children.
At the state level, it is necessary to unambiguously decide on the ideology of child benefits: either unambiguously give the status of these benefits as benefits for poverty, and then the criterion for their payment will be family income, or such benefits should be considered as a manifestation of state policy to support the domestic gene pool and fertility, and therefore the payment of benefits should not depend on which family the child belongs to in terms of income.
2. Social protection able-bodied population should provide for the creation of conditions that ensure a balance of rights, obligations and interests of citizens, when a person can fully realize the ability to economic independence, while not infringing on the interests of fellow citizens and participating in social assistance to people in need. Labor, its remuneration and, as a result, money savings, purchased securities and real estate should become the main sources of income and social well-being of a person, and no one has the right to encroach on them.
Social protection of the working-age population should provide for mechanisms that provide citizens Russian Federation protection against social risks that prevent:
Effective employment of a person;
Ш provision of regulated additional guarantees of employment to certain categories of the population who need special social protection and experience difficulties in finding a job, including: youth; single and large parents raising minors or disabled children; persons of pre-retirement age; servicemen transferred to the reserve; former soldiers - participants in military conflicts; disabled people; persons affected by man-made and natural disasters, as well as victims of military conflicts; persons who have been unemployed for a long time; persons serving a sentence or being on compulsory treatment by a court decision.
Payment and receipt of wages and all types of social benefits in the amounts and terms stipulated by Russian legislation;
Health protection of workers and prevention of unfavorable working conditions;
Rendering and receiving material and other assistance to persons in crisis material and social situations;
And the equality of women in all matters of social life. First of all, we are talking about full de facto equality in pay, promotion, access to education, research, culture and sports. Special measures should be developed to increase the participation of women in government bodies of all branches and levels, in the work of municipal structures, in the activities of public organizations, the media, and to promote their increased involvement in business activity. Particular attention should be paid to women-mothers and those who are preparing to become them. These women have manifold social risks, and this should be provided for in their social protection;
The realization by young people of their potential in educational, scientific, cultural and sports terms.
3. Social protection of disabled citizens should be aimed at humanizing all spheres of life of these people.
Protection of the rights of a disabled person or a disabled person in Russia is still at a very low level. It is necessary to create a legislative and regulatory framework to involve people with disabilities in the normal process of society, provide them with jobs and ensure participation in public life.
Social protection of disabled citizens should include mechanisms to ensure:
To all persons permanently residing in the territory of the Russian Federation, full social security regardless of race and nationality, gender, language, place of residence, type and nature of activity in conditions of a variety of forms of ownership and other circumstances;
Full pension provision in old age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, in other cases stipulated by law, regardless of the territory of which state the right to retirement benefits was acquired, as well as the payment of state benefits to families with children;
Ш strict implementation of the legislative regulation of pension provision, prevention of delays in the payment of pensions, both state and other, under any circumstances;
Ш implementation of measures for preferential pensions for disabled people, as well as measures aimed at preventing disability, ensuring social protection of disabled people, creating conditions for them to realize their rights and legitimate interests, develop their creative abilities, unhindered access to social infrastructure, medical, professional and social rehabilitation;
Ш And also: living in a family; saving money and valuable papers; property interests; decent provision of funeral services.
At the moment, the legislation of the Russian Federation gives every disabled or disabled person the right to individual program rehabilitation, in accordance with which the state guarantees the provision of such essential needs of a disabled person as rehabilitation, education and employment.
4. Social protection of the family as a fundamental pillar of society and the state provides for the need to fully support the institution of the family. It is the family that is capable of preserving society and its values. That's why family policy, focused on providing people with decent conditions for the creation, preservation and development of families, an integral part of social protection of the population.
The forms and methods of social protection of a person should be differentiated, but necessarily accessible, complete, not degrading human dignity, maximally focused on prevention and ways of positively resolving complex critical situations by an individual.
The development of the mechanism for the functioning of the system of multidisciplinary targeted social protection of the population of Russia should be carried out in the following areas:
Ø determination of the role and place of social protection of the population in the social development of the country and regions;
Ш normative legal support of social protection, clearly defining social risks, the consequences of which are subject to correction, guaranteed by the state;
Ш development of state standards of services in health care, education, culture and social services for the population (taking into account regional and local conditions for the reproduction of the labor force and population) for their targeted use in planning social spending and their gradual increase;
NS legal regulation prevention of social risks;
Ш development of strategic scenarios for the development of the social complex;
Ш delineation of powers between federal authorities and authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on social issues;
Ш development of structural reform of public administration of the social complex, including the legal framework for its development;
Institutional and organizational transformations of the social complex: demonopolization; infrastructure development; privatization of social facilities; regulation of paid social services.
Investment policy in the social sphere;
Determination of priorities for the development of the social sphere;
Ш innovative policy of social technologies;
The formation of federal social programs focused on the management of social processes;
The formation of federal-regional, interregional and regional programs of social development, including social protection of the population;
Ш creation of a system of information support for the population on the legal, labor and other regulation of the life of society, with a focus on the active independent solution by people of their problems, as well as a reliable, simple and accessible definition of the role of the state in this process.
Particular attention should be paid to the development of state social standards. The question of minimum standards is becoming a cornerstone. In legal terms, minimization of assistance to a person in need of it is abstract, and in moral and ethical terms, in many cases it is absurd. It is necessary to introduce into the normative legal field a different concept - the minimum state social guarantees, clearly formulate their interpretation and implementation mechanism.
Adequacy of the financial resources allocated for these purposes to the needs of people will be of decisive importance in the success of solving the problems of social protection. The existing centralized state financial support has led to an exorbitant burden on the state budget and non-fulfillment of state obligations for social protection of the population, which causes discontent among citizens and social tension in society. To change this situation, it is necessary to create a mechanism for financial support of this sphere on the principles of differentiated social taxation and social compulsory and voluntary insurance, provided that social assistance is preserved only for those who cannot be helped otherwise than through social paternalism. Legislation should clearly define the criteria for social tax and social insurance premium(mandatory and voluntary), as well as the procedure for their accrual, collection, accumulation and use. It is necessary to gradually move away from state subsidies in various social areas and introduce state orders for solving specific social problems. All interested legal entities and individuals should be involved in the fulfillment of the social order on a competitive basis. This approach will allow you to streamline, target financial flows, make them managed and controlled by the relevant government agencies and the public.
Solving the problems of social protection of the population of Russia, ensuring the above priorities, will require a serious analysis of the state of the social sphere, the existing forms and methods of social assistance to the population, an assessment of the existing services of health care, education, social protection, employment, migration and other responsible structures.
In many regions of Russia, it is necessary to modernize social protection institutions. This is especially true for social inpatient institutions. Decent living conditions should be created for those who, for various reasons, are in boarding schools, specialized boarding houses, neuropsychiatric hospitals. The number of places in these institutions should correspond to regional or interregional needs.
In Russia, the problem of social assistance to people who find themselves in difficult living conditions (homeless, refugees, forced migrants and displaced persons) is urgent. It is necessary for the territorial bodies of social protection to jointly with other interested services solve the problems of organizing night houses, social shelters and hotels. There should be no cases of refusal to help people in extreme situations.
In different territories of Russia, there are striking differences in the material situation of workers in the non-production sphere. This situation requires the most careful study and search for an adequate solution.
The obligations of the state for its social guarantees must be fulfilled at all levels. In the same situations where this cannot be done, it is necessary to clearly explain to people the reasons and possible solutions Problems.
5. Social protection of disabled citizens should be aimed at humanizing all spheres of life of these people.
It is unacceptable for any of them to feel like a superfluous person who burdens loved ones, society. Everyone should preserve the desire and opportunity to live in a family for as long as possible, actively participate in the economic, political, cultural development of society, enjoy all its benefits and, if possible, multiply them. The leading role in solving the problems of these citizens belongs to social services and pensions, which require reform.
Social protection of disabled citizens should include mechanisms that ensure: to all persons permanently residing in the territory of the Russian Federation, full social security, regardless of race and nationality, gender, language, place of residence, type and nature of activity in conditions of a variety of forms of ownership and other circumstances; full pension provision in old age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, in other cases stipulated by law, regardless of the territory of which state the right to retirement benefits was acquired, as well as the payment of state benefits to families with children; strict implementation of the legislative regulation of pensions, preventing, under any circumstances, delays in the payment of pensions, both state and others; implementation of measures for preferential pensions for disabled people, as well as measures aimed at preventing disability, ensuring social protection of disabled people, creating conditions for them to realize their rights and legitimate interests, develop their creative abilities, unhindered access to social infrastructure, medical, professional and social rehabilitation; living with a family; preservation of cash savings and securities; property interests; decent provision of funeral services.
Thus, in Russia to date, there has been no formation of sufficiently clear approaches to reforming the existing system of social protection, which is characterized by an extremely high paternalistic role of the state and extremely poorly defined public institutions.
The main objective of reform is to determine the best way to use existing resources by rationalizing / closing programs, targeting benefits to the most needy groups of the population, and using the resulting savings to increase benefits to more realistic levels.
Targeting and consolidating benefits and benefits should be seen as key elements of a poverty reduction strategy.
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Introduction
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 in Art. 22 proclaimed that everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security. This right, by its very nature, should make it possible to ensure, taking into account the material opportunities available to society, a dignified existence of a person in the event of such life situations when he is not able to receive a source of income in exchange for the labor expended. The norms of the declaration bind the realization of the right of every person to a decent standard of living not only during the period when a person works, but also in cases of unemployment, illness, disability, widowhood, old age or other cases of loss of livelihood due to circumstances beyond the citizen's control.
According to Art. 39 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, every citizen of Russia is guaranteed social security by age, in the event of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for raising children and in other cases established by law.
Social protection and social security in a state-organized society is the area of interweaving of the vital interests of citizens, property and distribution relations, legal methods and methods of their regulation, social policy of the state and socio-economic human rights. It is also the sphere of refraction of such universal human values as equality, social justice, humanism, and the moral foundations of society. The purpose of social security is, first of all, that it is a special form of meeting the livelihood needs of the elderly and the disabled.
The constitutive features of social security include: objective grounds that cause the need for a special mechanism of social protection of citizens aimed at maintaining or providing a certain level of life support (illness, old age, disability, unemployment, etc.); special funds, sources of social security; special ways of providing livelihood; consolidation of the rules for the provision of social security in the law.
The objective foundations of social security, with all their differences, affect a person's ability to work in the direction of its temporary or permanent limitation or complete loss. It is they that predetermine the need for a certain number of people to receive a source of livelihood from society in exchange for new labor expended; the need for preventive and health-improving measures for able-bodied members of society with the aim of normal reproduction of the labor force and protection of their health, etc.
Any of these needs can be realized if it is recognized by society as socially significant, that is, enshrined in the law. Society's ignorance of these needs will not slow down to affect its normal functioning. Another thing is that both the degree of recognition and the degree of ignorance of the listed needs are related to the economic basis of society. This is due to the fact that, by its economic nature, social security is directly or indirectly related to the distribution and redistribution relations of society.
It should be noted that in modern society, social security has ceased to act in the form of goodwill, beneficence, provided by the more wealthy strata of society to its less well-to-do categories of citizens. It also cannot be considered as a right-privilege of certain strata of society.
Social protection as a special social institution of a modern state is an indicator of social confidence, a social guarantee for the worthy development of each member of society and the preservation of a source of livelihood in the event of social risks.
The main directions of social policy in
Russian Federation
Social protection is considered one of the most important directions of state policy. She supports the material and social position of every person in society. In other words, it helps those strata of the population who, due to some circumstances, cannot independently support their existence. The right of citizens of the Russian Federation to social protection is enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which declared that the Russian Federation is a social state, the policy of which is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a dignified life and free human development. Also, the Constitution stipulates that every citizen of Russia is guaranteed social security by age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for raising children and in other cases established by law.
Speaking more specifically about the very definition of social protection, we can say that social protection is special kind socio-economic activity, which focuses on different segments of the population. Social protection is the policy of the state aimed at ensuring social, economic, political and other rights and guarantees of a person regardless of gender, nationality, age, place of residence and other circumstances.
Social protection should provide a guaranteed intermediate minimum, the purchasing power of citizens, protection of health, life and property. The need for social protection comes from the presence of a social need to have a system of laws in the state that will compensate for the social imperfection of the organization of the production of material goods and their distribution.
Social security is the main part of social protection of the population. The law establishes state pensions and social pensions, encourages voluntary social insurance, the creation of additional forms of social security and charity.
Social protection and social security is the sphere of such universal values as equality, social justice, humanism and moral foundations of society. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, declared that everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security. The role of social security is that it is a special form of satisfaction of certain needs in the sources of livelihood of disabled citizens and the elderly. In the Russian Federation, labor and health of people are protected, a guaranteed minimum wage is established, state support for family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood is provided, state pensions, benefits and other guarantees of social protection are established.
The forms of social protection of the population can be classified on various grounds: depending on the subject-addressee of social protection:
General, aimed at the entire population.
Exceptional, provided in special cases, on the basis of special regulations, support for persons affected by natural disasters, natural and man-made disasters, and so on.
The main forms of social protection of the population are pensions, provision of social benefits, benefits to especially needy categories of the population, state social insurance and social services.
Social protection measures can be in the form of cash transfers or social services. Cash payments are pensions, allowances, scholarships, grants, grants and compensation. Services should include both natural types of maintenance, for example, medicines, and the beneficial effect resulting from labor, as a purposeful human activity, for example, the delivery of medicines. Benefits and benefits are also among the means of social protection.
Benefits are expressed in granting citizens a priority or extraordinary right to receive social benefits, and benefits facilitate the conditions for meeting social needs and make it free or at a reduced cost, more precisely, they release the recipient entity from any obligations. Benefits and benefits can be extended to able-bodied citizens as an incentive.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation not only proclaims the right of citizens to social protection, but also clearly defines the ways of its implementation, this is, first of all, government insurance working, the creation of other funds that are sources of funding for social protection of the population, as well as the adoption of federal laws guaranteeing the implementation of these rights, this is the law "On the fundamentals of social services for the population in the Russian Federation" and the law "On social protection of disabled people in the Russian Federation."
According to the method of implementation, active and passive social policies can be distinguished. Passive social policy presupposes artificial containment of prices, stabilization or growth due to this standard of living, and an increase in subsidies in all areas of social protection. But the most preferable is an active policy. The main thing in it is to create conditions for the manifestation of initiative and increase the role of the state in supporting the standard of living of pensioners and children.
The provision of state social assistance is carried out in two forms:
1) cash payments, that is, social benefits, subsidies, compensation and other payments;
2) in-kind assistance, which is fuel, food, clothing, footwear, medicines and other types of in-kind assistance.
The essence of social protection is manifested in such functions as economic, political, demographic and social rehabilitation.
The economic function is to replace earnings, income or maintenance lost due to age, disability, loss of a breadwinner; partial reimbursement additional costs upon the occurrence of certain life circumstances; providing minimal cash or in-kind assistance to low-income citizens.
The political function contributes to the maintenance of social stability in a society in which there are significant differences in the standard of living of various segments of the population.
The demographic function is designed to stimulate the reproduction of the population, which is necessary for the normal development of the country.
The social rehabilitation function is aimed at restoring the social status of disabled citizens and other socially weak groups of the population, allowing them to feel like full-fledged members of society.
Social protection has been and will play the most important role in the development and support of society. After all, if there is no social protection, then the low-income level of the population will be on the verge of poverty. Some of them will certainly be able to survive, while others will not, these people will simply become lost to society. You can give an example, a pensioner who lives alone or a person who is ill and cannot take care of himself, how will they survive without social assistance? They will not be able to survive.
The state plays a crucial role in organizing social protection of the population, organizing pension services and providing benefits, social services, social assistance to families and children, preparing legislation on social protection of the population, provisions on the fundamentals of social policy, social standards and recommendations for the development of regional social programs, ensuring foreign economic and international cooperation, analyzing and predicting the standard of living of various categories of the population.
Social protection of the population includes social security, social insurance and social assistance, consistent with the social policy of the state, which, according to the Constitution, is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a dignified life and free human development.
Problems of social protection of the population in the Russian Federation
Social protection of the population has always played a huge role. To develop and prosper, the state must embody law and justice, the support of its population. The stability of society, its sustainable development, and, as a result, its National security... The article highlights the existing problems of social support of the population in Russia for the present stage, as well as measures to improve its efficiency. Key words: social support of the population, social policy, problems of social support, measures to increase the effectiveness of social assistance, priority goals of social protection.
Social support for the population is all sorts of activities that are carried out by social protection authorities in the framework of social policy in Russia. Such events are focused on providing assistance to certain categories of citizens who need support. They are carried out in accordance with legislative and legal acts country. In the Russian Federation there is a program called “Social support of citizens”.
It outlines the main guidelines and tasks that must be completed by 2020. First of all, this is the fulfillment of the obligations of our country to provide social support to citizens. The second task is to meet the needs of citizens in social services. The next task is to create favorable conditions for the functioning of the institution of the family. And the last task in this program is to increase the importance of non-state non-profit organizations in the provision of social services to the population. Until now, there has been no formation of sufficiently clear approaches to reforming the existing social protection system in the Russian Federation. It should be noted that in the system that has developed in Russia, there is an extremely high role of the state. At the moment, the main problem of state social support for the population in Russia is the lack of a single federal law that could fully regulate state support for Russian families.
Currently, there is only a draft of such a federal law: "On the basics state support families in the Russian Federation ”, which establishes the legal framework for state support for families, defines the goals, principles and priorities of state support for families as an important area of state social policy. Despite the fact that recently our state has taken a whole range of measures that could improve the material situation of pensioners, families with children, the unemployed and the disabled, there are still a number of acute sore problems in the field of social security.
It should be especially noted the problem associated with the state and development prospects of the pension system. These issues are by no means limited to questions of retirement age. Various proposals are being put forward for the development of the pension system by abolishing mandatory pension savings, switching to voluntary savings, which will be stimulated by the state, and so on.
The solution to these problems depends not only on the state of the country's economy, but also on the new concept of pension provision. The next urgent problem is the provision of social support to people who find themselves in difficult living conditions. These people include homeless people, refugees, migrants and displaced persons. To solve this problem, it is necessary by joint efforts territorial bodies social protection with other interested services to solve the issues of organizing night homes, as well as social shelters and hotels. It is necessary to minimize cases of refusal to help people who are in an emergency. In addition, there is a problem in Russia related to the provision of a number of measures of social support to the population on a categorical basis. That is, in accordance with the existing status of a citizen, which is determined by both federal and regional legislation.
So, for example, with this approach, social support measures are provided to labor veterans, home front workers, victims of political repression, as well as certain categories of rural specialists and others. The provision of other measures of social support is carried out taking into account the need, which is based on an assessment of income, property or the need for housing. Most of the social support measures are financed from the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. At the same time, there is a regional differentiation in the proportion of social support measures provided at the expense of the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the total number of provided social support measures.
Also, one of the problems of social support of the population is the presence of a dependent attitude among the population, as well as the lack of interest among some citizens in improving their own well-being. The government of the Russian Federation plans to introduce some measures to improve the efficiency of social assistance to the population until 2020:
First, it is the modernization of the labor market. Our country has relatively low unemployment. This requires more effective measures to use existing labor resources, their distribution at points of economic growth. To achieve this, it is necessary to reduce the cost of moving to new places of work, as well as ensure the availability of infrastructure throughout the country.
Secondly, the creation of new opportunities for the development of sectors of human capital, namely education and health care.
Third, providing intensive support to families with children. For example, maternity capital, which has become an important instrument of social policy. The government has expanded the scope of its application and is extending the timeframe for the implementation of this program.
Fourth, the continuation of payments monthly benefits families with many children, including subsidies for housing and communal services.
Fifth, eliminating the queue for land plots for large families or providing them with housing. The Government plans to fulfill this goal in three years.
Sixth, the development of a comprehensive program of assistance to the elderly. Such a program will aim to obtain adequate medical care. It is necessary to update the support system for the elderly, which must meet the needs of modern society. The structure of modern life must also provide the structure of the life of the elderly. Seventh, modernization of the healthcare system, since the level of its development determines the quality of life of any citizen.
This task is quite difficult to perform. At the very least, this is associated with high costs. For example, the funds that have been invested in modern medical equipment in recent years are larger than anything that has been done before.
Eighth, clear formulations of state guarantees of free medical care. The priority is the development of primary health care, telemedicine, the introduction of a unified e-card the patient.
Ninth, ensuring the availability and quality of medicines. This task is the most significant for the state. Even low-income patients need to be able to use drugs. It is also necessary to increase the efficiency of the quality control system for manufactured drugs, medicines and medical equipment. In addition, on June 6, 2016, the Action Plan of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation for 2016 and the planning period until 2021 was released, which identified five priority goals aimed at solving the tasks set for the state. Decent work, fair pay. Decent pension for long and conscientious work. Improving the demographic situation. Social protection will come closer to the person. The public civil service must become open and professional.
Thus, we can conclude that in our state there are a sufficient number of problems associated with social support of the population. However, ways of solving these problems have already been outlined. The state is currently focusing on the social sphere of our country, because this area is the most important for the population. It gives a person confidence in his state, a sense of calmness and desire to develop and help his country "go forward."
Conclusion
The most important attribute of the democratic model of social protection of the population is its multi-personality and polyformism of economic foundations, which are provided by civil society institutions, volunteer, informal efforts, corporate structures, and religious confessions. Non-state actors of social protection with their economic foundations, creativity should be integrated into the social protection system of Russia in every possible way.
The activities of the "third sector" limit the monopoly of the authorities of social protection, therefore its initiatives are often met with resistance. At the same time, many types, forms of social protection, especially at the local level, can be implemented by non-state actors more efficiently and with significant cost savings, for example, on a competitive basis in the execution of state, municipal social orders, etc.
The system of social protection of the population is decisively dependent on the economy. It is in this area that resources are formed, which are redistributed for social policy. In this regard, it is very important to significantly reduce the volume of the shadow economy, including the shadow labor market. "Optimization", or even just tax evasion, unofficial and unaccounted for payment of wages significantly reduce the level of social guarantees for workers and worsen the economic possibilities of financing state off-budget social funds.
In the sphere of economics, self-realization of the individual as an economically independent, self-sustaining subject takes place. Therefore, effective employment, the growth of national production, the restoration of the reproduction and stimulating function of wages, the growth of real incomes are the best shock absorbers of the negative impact of social risks on workers. Undoubtedly, only with a significant increase in the real incomes of the entire population, stabilization of mechanisms and institutions of social insurance, expansion of the participation and responsibility of non-state actors in the social protection system, an increase in the volume of functions performed by civil society structures, and ensuring the self-realization of the individual will we be able to build our own social protection system. population is quite effective and meets the Russian socio-culture and traditions.
LIST OF USED LITERATURE
Constitution of the Russian Federation of 12.12.1993 (as amended on 21.07.2014).
Message from the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly in 2016.
The article "On the results of the analysis of the socio-economic consequences of the implementation of measures of social support for the population by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in accordance with the Federal Law of August 22, 2004 No. 122-FZ (" Law on the monetization of benefits ")" of the analytical center under the Government of the Russian Federation.
Article by D. A. Medvedev from 2016 "Social and economic development - the acquisition of new dynamics." Official site of the State social support of citizens: [Electronic resource]. Access mode: - "http://www.socialnaya-podderzhka.ru/formy_socialnoj_podderzhki/".
Official site of the journal "Voprosy Economiki": [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: - http://www.vopreco.ru/ (date of access: 03.03.2017). Official site of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection: [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: - http://www.rosmintrud.ru/ministry/programms/3/2.
Official website of the Government of Russia: [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: - http://government.ru/.
Moscow University of Finance and Law MFLA
Keywords
state, population, social protection, social security, social guarantees
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The article is devoted to the pressing social problems of the population in the regions of modern Russia. The chronology of the emergence and development of social protection in Russia is carried out, the analysis of the number of people living on the territory of the Russian Federation from the period of the collapse of the USSR to the present is carried out, the corresponding conclusions are drawn. The article talks about the directions and methods of organizing social protection of the population, federal laws are announced. In the conclusion, the most acute social problems of the population are listed and proposals for their solution are made.
Scientific article text
In modern economic literature, there is no generally accepted definition of the category of "social protection", in accordance with which it would be possible to present an interpretation of the socio-economic content of the category "social protection of the population". Social protection of the population as defined by E.I. Single is a set of socio-economic measures carried out by the state and society and ensuring the provision of optimal living conditions, satisfaction of needs, maintenance of life support and the active existence of an individual to various social categories and groups, as well as a set of measures aimed against situations of risk in the normal life of citizens, such like illness, unemployment, old age, the death of a breadwinner. It presents a set of measures to ensure a minimum level of material support for socially vulnerable groups of the population guaranteed by the state during the period of economic transformations. Social protection of the population is a historical phenomenon that is constantly changing. The evolution of social protection is taking place in close connection with economic evolution state and society. In any society - feudal, capitalist, socialist, there are always risks to which every person is exposed. These are the risks of deprivation of livelihoods, disability as a result of illness or injury, old age, unemployment and many others. In society and the state, a system of measures has been formed in one form or another, which is designed to level these risks. In the XX century. traditional capitalist society has actually transformed into a new socio-economic system - a socially oriented market economy. With this transformation, powerful systems of social protection of the population have developed, covering both society as a whole and individual enterprises, firms, joint stock companies, cooperatives, labor organizations, etc. Social security arose in Soviet Russia in the 20s of the twentieth century, at that time there was still no concept of "social protection", and meant the creation of a state system of material support and services for elderly and disabled citizens, as well as families with children at the expense of the so-called public consumption funds. This category is identical to that of social protection, but the latter applies to a market economy. In addition to pensions (for old age, disability, etc.), social security included benefits for temporary incapacity for work and childbirth, for caring for a child under the age of one year, assistance to families in the maintenance and upbringing of children (free or preferential terms nurseries, kindergartens, boarding schools, pioneer camps, etc.), family allowances, maintenance of the disabled in special organizations (nursing homes, etc.), free or on preferential terms, prosthetic care, provision of vehicles for disabled people, vocational training for disabled people, various benefits for families disabled people. With the collapse of the USSR, during the transition to the market, the social security system in modern Russia largely ceased to fulfill its functions, but some of its elements entered modern system social protection of the population. For the first time the term "social protection" was used in the United States in 1935 in the law on social protection, in accordance with which old-age pensions and unemployment benefits were legalized, and a little later it was supplemented to help the poor, disabled, orphans. After that, this term began to be widely used by other countries, as well as an international organization labor of the ILO, denoting a system of measures that protect any citizen of the country from economic and social disadvantage due to unemployment, loss or sharp reduction in income. A full understanding of the importance of social protection is provided by an approach that integrates scientific categories and practical value. An example is the understanding of social protection by Professor G.I. In her understanding, social protection is a system of social relations, measures and legal guarantees that protect any member of society from economic, social and physical degradation due to a sudden and sharp deterioration in the conditions of his well-being, threats to health and life, the impossibility for reasons beyond his control to realize his labor and civil potential. The term "social protection of the population" in modern Russia appeared relatively recently in public and political practice. In 1991. The Ministry of Social Security of the RSFSR was reorganized into the Ministry of Social Protection of the Population of the Russian Federation, its functions and powers were expanded, the structure was changed, etc. The new ministry did not have time to fully implement the function of social security - the appointment of pensions and benefits, since global transformations began in the country. In the same 1991, the population of Russia received the first blow from the state, which inherited from the collapse of the USSR, and, with the transition from the country's socialist system to capitalism, abandoned its people to their fate. Citizens of the new Russia at one point, as a result of default, lost all their savings accumulated in previous decades in conditions of stability; state guarantees and social support created by the previous regime. In the shortest possible time, most of the population, in the conditions of the emergence of market relations. Potentially vulnerable categories of the population appeared, the number of which was rapidly increasing: the unemployed, refugees, internally displaced persons, homeless people, marginalized people, alcoholics, drug addicts; as well as categories of citizens who, at the transitional stage of development, did not find adequate support from the state and society: pensioners, disabled people, creative intelligentsia, adolescents. Against the background of a general misunderstanding of the situation in the country, in the hope of the state in resolving personal problems, during the current economic crisis, the population missed the second blow from the state in 1992, in the form of "voucherisation of the country" created by Chubais. As a result, ownership of state-owned enterprises in Russia was concentrated in the hands of a small handful of the nouveau riche. The population of Russia received the third blow from the state in August 1998, as a result of another default. A radical change in the specifics of socio-economic relations in Russia in the 90s of the last century led to the need to form a system of social protection of the population on new principles, capable of solving the complex tasks of the new state social policy. Social protection of the population is a mechanism for resolving social problems in the implementation of the main directions of social policy. In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, adopted in 1993, the Russian Federation was proclaimed a social state. According to Art. 7 of the Constitution “The Russian Federation is a social state, the policy of which is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free human development (Article 7., Clause 1.). And also in the Russian Federation, labor and health of people are protected, a guaranteed minimum wage is established, state support for family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, disabled people and elderly citizens is provided, a system of social services is developing, state pensions, benefits and other guarantees of social protection are established ( Article 7.P.2.). The Constitution of the Russian Federation also establishes that the coordination of issues of protection of the family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, as well as social protection, including social security, is under the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Federal and regional legislation distinguishes the following categories of the population, protected by certain legal acts, since they can find themselves in a difficult life situation without certain protection measures: - elderly citizens living alone and living alone; - invalids of the Great Patriotic War and families of the dead servicemen; - disabled people, including disabled from childhood, and disabled children; - citizens affected by the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and radioactive accidents in other places; - unemployed; - forced refugees and displaced persons; - orphans, children left without parental care and the family in which they live; - children with deviant behavior; - low-income families; - large families; - single mothers; - Citizens infected with HIV or AIDS patients; - persons without a fixed abode. For these categories, social protection is viewed as a system of permanent or long-term measures guaranteed by the state that provide conditions for overcoming a difficult life situation. These measures are aimed at creating the protected categories of the population equal opportunities with other citizens to participate in the life of society. These include social assistance and social support. For workers, social protection involves the provision of guarantees and compensation, the creation of conditions for normal life and employment. Guarantees and compensations should enable a person to exercise the right to work, the choice of a place of work, profession, specialty. Thus, all of the above guarantees are implemented through the system of social protection of the population. The basis of state social guarantees is the minimum social standards - that is, the minimum levels of social guarantees established by the laws of the Russian Federation or decisions of the representative bodies of state power for a certain period of time, expressed through social norms and standards, reflecting the most important human needs for material benefits, public and free services, guaranteeing the appropriate level of their consumption and designed to determine the mandatory minimum budgetary expenditures for these purposes. As for the social protection of the population, at the present stage it is the most important and priority area the social policy of the Russian Federation, being a system of principles, methods, social guarantees legally established by the state, measures and institutions that ensure the provision of optimal living conditions, satisfaction of needs, maintenance of life support and the active existence of an individual, various social categories and groups; a set of measures, actions, funds of the state and society, directed against situations of risk in the normal life of citizens. Social protection of the population from the state is made up of funds that come to households in the form of direct payments and the provision of services from the health sector, education, and culture, which are paid from the financial resources of the budget system and state targeted insurance funds The social protection system is built on the formation of income from those who have not been exposed to social risks and the redistribution of income to those who have already experienced this risk. In addition, the social protection system forms measures to prevent the onset of social risks, compensate or minimize the consequences of the onset of social risks, which also contributes to the normal reproduction of the labor force and the achievement of economic balance. Economic content social risks leads to contradictions between the employee and the employer, the employer and the state, the employee and the state, the employee exposed to risks and employees not exposed to risks. Social protection helps to achieve a balance between these contradictions. The sources of financing the social protection of the population are state off-budget social funds: the Social Insurance Fund, the Pension Fund, State fund employment of the population, the Fund of compulsory health insurance. Non-state pension funds operate independently of the state pension system. Payment from these funds is carried out along with payments of state pensions. The transfer of funds by employers and employees to non-state pension funds does not exempt them from the obligation to make mandatory contributions to the state Pension Fund and others. extrabudgetary funds ... The goals of social protection of the population: - dignified social existence of a person, respect for his honor and dignity; - provision of material assistance to the population in extreme conditions; - assistance in adaptation of socially vulnerable groups of the population to the conditions of a market economy. Statistics of the population of the Russian Federation in need of social protection. Social protection of the population and the mechanism for its implementation are based on the corresponding constitutional and legal principles. At the moment, there are four main areas of social protection of the population in the Russian Federation. 1. Social protection of children, childhood and adolescence - focused on creating conditions for the life and development of children, allowing all children, regardless of the family in which they were born and live, to have the best opportunities to maintain health, material well-being, free and affordable education, preschool and school education, harmonious spiritual and moral development, the realization of their abilities. In fact, the rights of orphans are being infringed upon. After the onset of 18 years old, children from orphanages are relocated to housing of inadequate quality (emergency, room with a share), sometimes they are not even put on the waiting list for housing. Another facet of the problem is juvenile justice imposed from the West - a specialized judicial and legal system that is being created in Russia to protect the rights of minors, which is capable of destroying the institution of the family and provoking corruption on the part of officials. Juvenile justice not only offers new views on the rights and possible behavior of a child, but is aimed at a radical change in Russian society, at breaking down traditional concepts and ideas about raising a child and parental rights. 2. Social protection of the able-bodied population - designed to provide for the creation of conditions that ensure the balance of the rights, duties and interests of the employee and the employer. In fact, in connection with the transition to the capitalist system in the Russian Federation, many state-owned enterprises, in connection with privatization, passed into private hands. Salaries in many regions of our country, in most cases, are currently divided into "white" - the minimum part and "gray" - the main part, for the enterprise to avoid taxes. The employee is put in a deliberately "slave position", tk. in the signed employment contract between the employer and the employee, only the "white salary" is indicated. The "gray" salary is handed out in an envelope. Turning to the labor inspectorate, in case of infringement of their rights, the employee automatically loses his basic earnings ("gray wages"). This is especially widely practiced in small and medium-sized commercial organizations. It happens that the former employer creates such conditions for the complainant that he risks not finding a job at all in his region in the future. Often people in the hinterland of the country have to work without an employment contract for the so-called "private traders", because as people get older, it becomes more difficult to find a job. In this case, there is a risk of fraud on the part of the employer in the full payment of wages to the employee. An additional disadvantage is that the employee in such conditions does not officially receive work experience, which negatively affects the amount of his pension in the future. 3. Social protection of disabled citizens - should be aimed at humanizing all spheres of life of these people. It is unacceptable for any of them to feel like a superfluous person who burdens loved ones, society. It is implemented with the help of: In fact, across the country there is massive discontent among pensioners in many regions of Russia (the category of disabled citizens, according to the Federal Law of December 15, 2001, No. 166-FZ "On State Pension Provision in the Russian Federation") regarding the accrual of pensions, the size which are not enough to live on. Pensions are enough only to pay for housing (constantly growing tariffs for housing and communal services) and partly for medicines, the cost of which has become very high. The increments accrued to the pension are instantly "eaten up" by annual inflation. The pension system has long been associated with the people as a charlatan. 4. Social protection of the family, which should ensure effective prevention of social risks. In fact, in conditions of unemployment in the country, low living standards of the population, female emancipation, and the inculcation of a "Western lifestyle" in Russia, on average, 15% of young families in the country get divorced after one year of marriage. As a result, the number of single mothers is growing, whose number in Russia is now close to 30% and is about 10 million women. Benefits for social services are one of the most sought-after parties by single mothers state aid... According to the Federal State Statistics Service, which deals with statistics on the number of marriages and divorces, the number of registered marriages and divorces in Russia is as follows: Statistics on the number of marriages and divorces in Russia: Year Registered marriages Number of divorces 2010 1 mln. 215 thousand 639 thousand 2011 1 million 316 thousand 669 thousand 2012 1 million 213 thousand 644 thousand 2013 1 million 225 thousand 668 thousand 2014 1 million 226 thousand 694 thousand Based on these data , we can conclude that the number of registered marriages for five years has practically been kept at the same level, only in 2011 there is a jump of 100 thousand. If we calculate the number of marriages per 1000 people of the population, then we get about 8.5. According to divorces, it is clear that within 5 years, the number of divorces ranges from 600 to 700 thousand. If we calculate the number of divorces per 1000 people, then we get 4.7. The dynamics of marriages and divorces in the past decades: Based on the statistics on marriages and divorces, it can be seen that half of the marriages entered into falls apart. The statistics are very disappointing and this trend is becoming familiar to Russia. Here are some federal laws with the help of which social protection of the population should be carried out: State social assistance the federal law dated July 17, 1999 No. 178-FZ "On State Social Assistance". This Federal Law establishes the legal and organizational framework for the provision of state social assistance to low-income families, low-income citizens living alone and other categories of citizens provided for by this Federal Law. Federal Law No. 388-FZ of December 29, 2015 "On Amendments to Certain Acts of the Russian Federation Regarding Accounting and Improving the Provision of Social Support Measures Based on the Obligation to Observe the Targeting Principle and Applying the Needs Criteria". Pension provision Federal Law No. 400-FZ of December 28, 2013 “On Insurance Pensions”. Certain chapters of the federal law of December 17, 2001 No. 173-FZ "On labor pensions in the Russian Federation" are valid, if they do not contradict the Federal Law "On insurance pensions". Federal Law of December 15, 2001 No. 166-FZ (revised 03.07.2016) "On state pension provision in the Russian Federation." This Federal Law establishes, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the grounds for the emergence of the right to a state pension provision and the procedure for its appointment. Social protection of disabled people Federal Law of November 24, 1995 No. 181-FZ (as amended on December 29, 2015) "On social protection of disabled people in the Russian Federation." Social protection of families Federal Law of 19.05.1995 No. 81-FZ "On State Benefits to Citizens with Children". Federal Law of December 29, 2006 No. 256-FZ "On additional measures of state support for families with children." Social protection of the population is organized by the state with the help of: 1. State bodies for social protection of the population. The Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation is the main federal executive body that conducts state policy and management in the field of labor, employment and social protection of the population. Carries out its activities in cooperation with other federal executive bodies, executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies, public and other associations, as well as other organizations, regardless of their organizational and legal form. 2. Bodies of executive power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. V different regions In the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the bodies of social protection of the population of the region, the krai are called differently, for example, Departments, Administrations, Departments, Committees, Ministries, but the main tasks and functions of these bodies are the same. The bodies of social protection of the population of the region, the region are under double subordination - they are subordinate to the administration of the region, region, as well as the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation. 3. At the municipal level, including at the level of district (city) bodies of social protection of the population. Ensure the implementation of state policy in the field of pension provision; labor and labor relations; social guarantees and social support for elderly and disabled citizens, families, motherhood and childhood, development of a system of social services for the population. In conclusion, it can be noted that in the current economic conditions, at present, in many regions of Russia, measures are not properly taken to mitigate negative consequences associated with a sharp drop in the standard of living of the population. Federal laws are often not enforced by the executive bodies of the subjects of the federation and local authorities. District administrations of regional centers and rural settlements often do not respond to complaints and appeals local residents, and are busy with unsubscribing. Often the local authorities do not take into account the interests of residents, but decide their own issues. Residential buildings in urban centers are illegally declared "dilapidated and emergency housing", but in reality, areas are vacated for the development of elite houses. Residents of such houses, mostly pensioners, are forcibly relocated to the suburbs, to new, uncomfortable areas with a lack of infrastructure. The main social problems in the regions of the country: The problem of pension provision. The efficiency of the Pension Fund is very weak, because pension reform continues and is constantly modified. Minimum size pensioners sometimes do not have enough pensions to live on. prices for essential products are constantly growing, and the annual indexation of pensions is instantly eaten up by inflation. There is a constantly growing budget deficit of the Pension Fund of Russia. Today, the PFR budget is heavily dependent on the federal budget, receiving about half of all its finances in the form of transfers for pensions. This indicates the inadequacy of the formation of pension provision only at the expense of contributions, although the indicators of insurance contributions to the pension fund are increasing annually. The problem of housing and communal services. The current state of housing and communal services in Russia is absolutely critical. Depreciation of networks is 60%, and 40% of all houses in the Russian Federation are in need of major repairs. Management Companies in a number of regions of the country set fairly high utility bills, the tariff of which sometimes exceeds the salaries and pensions of the population (Jewish Autonomous District, Khabarovsk Territory - rent of 10-12 thousand rubles / month). There are many complaints from residents about compulsory payments for major repairs, which in most cases are not carried out by housing and communal services, or carried out with violations of technical conditions. Also, tenants are forced to pay for general household needs, which also raises a lot of questions. Public health problem. In many regions of Russia, due to the general decline in education, there is a shortage of personnel - qualified narrowly focused specialists. Young specialists refuse to go to regional rural settlements due to low salaries and poor living conditions there. Pharmacies became part of private health care, so cheap drugs disappeared from the shelves, and drug prices rose. Often, the necessary medications prescribed by the doctor are replaced with substitutes offered in pharmacies, which often do not give the desired effect in the treatment of the disease. The problem of unemployment. Currently, in view of the current difficult economic situation in the country, enterprises continue to be closed and plundered. The population in the regions loses jobs, or agrees to the conditions of the employer to reduce wages. Many people, after reaching 40-50 years old, it becomes difficult to find a job. Kindergartens are being closed, as a result there are long queues to enroll in the remaining ones, young mothers lose their jobs, because there is no one to leave in the care of children. It is difficult for young specialists who graduated from a university, as well as men who have served in the army, to find work, due to their lack of experience. Having lost their jobs, many citizens lose control over their life situation, and recklessly take loans, in the hope of improving their social status in the future. As a result, credit bondage arises for those who have not been able to adapt to new living conditions. The problem of the roads. In spring and autumn, during the rainy season and muddy roads, roads in the regions of the country (excluding federal highways) become unusable. The quality of roads is especially poor in rural areas, where asphalt pavement is often absent at all. In such cases, transport links between settlements are terminated. In many regions, daytime commuter trains have been canceled, which is a great inconvenience for rural residents, both pensioners and working citizens and students, since the railway remains the most efficient, fastest and most economical way of moving the population. The state is obliged to participate in organizing social protection and solving the urgent problems of the population of Russia. It is necessary to restore the industry and Agriculture in the regions. Such an economic recovery in the country will return jobs to the population and improve their financial situation. The executive authorities of the Subjects of the Federation and local self-government should also perform their functions in relation to the problems and issues of the population efficiently, efficiently and without delay. The legislative base needs further development, which would include new normative legal acts regulating some types of compulsory social insurance.
Keywords
MANAGEMENT OF THE POPULATION SOCIAL PROTECTION SYSTEM / SOCIAL SPHERE/ EDUCATION / HEALTH CARE / SOCIAL WORKERS / SOCIAL SERVICE OF THE POPULATION / STAFF SUPPORT / SOCIAL SERVICE INSTITUTIONS / TRAINING SYSTEM / SOCIAL STANDARDS SYSTEM / MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SOCIAL PROTECTION/ SOCIAL SPHERE / EDUCATION / HEALTHCARE / SOCIAL WORKERS / SOCIAL SERVICES FOR THE POPULATION/ STAFFING / SOCIAL SERVICE AGENCIES / PERSONNEL TRAINING SYSTEM / THE SYSTEM OF SOCIAL STANDARDSannotation scientific article on sociological sciences, the author of the scientific work - Shmykov Alexander Yurievich, Pavlova Irina Vladimirovna
The paper presents some problems associated with the management of social protection of the population, taking into account the actual state of the demographic and migration situation in the Russian Federation. The analysis of the current system of social protection of the population in the Russian Federation and possible ways to improve the functioning and management of the social protection system... The objective reasons and difficulties of reforming the system of social protection of the population and increasing the efficiency of the functioning of the system for the provision of a guaranteed volume of social services to socially unprotected strata of citizens have been investigated. Possible ways of attracting non-state structures to the provision of social services on the basis of the mechanism of public-private partnership are considered. Problems described staffing systems of social protection of the population, the state of the material and technical base of state social service institutions... Analyzed the regulatory requirements for employees of the system of social protection of citizens, described the reasons, objectives and goals of optimizing the structure of institutions for social protection of the population. The necessity of creating a unified information space to ensure the efficiency and stable operation of the social protection system of the population in the context of the constantly increasing needs of citizens is formulated. The characteristic features of the problems of management of the social protection system in the Russian Federation are given.
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The issue presents some problems associated with the operation of social protection of the population. The characteristic features of the management problems of social protection in the Russian Federation. The analysis of the current social protection system in Russia and possible ways to improve the functioning and management of the system of social protection. We investigated the causes and the difficulty of reforming the social security system and improve the functioning of the system to provide a guaranteed level of social services to socially vulnerable citizens. The possible ways to involve social services non-state actors on the basis of public-private partnership. Describes the staffing system of social protection of the population, the state of material and technical base of public institutions of social services. Analyzed the regulatory requirements for employees of the social protection of citizens, described the reasons, goals and objectives of optimizing the structure of institutions of social protection of the population. It formulated the need to create a single information space for efficiency and stable operation of the system of social protection of the population in ever-increasing needs of the citizens. The characteristic features of the system management problems of social protection in the Russian Federation.
The text of the scientific work on the topic "Features and some problems of management of the social protection system of the population (on the example of the Moscow region)"
Internet journal "Science Science" ISSN 2223-5167 http://naukovedenie.ru/ Volume 7, No. 6 (2015) http: // naukovedenie. ru / index.php? p = vol7-6 Article URL: http: // naukovedenie. ru / PDF / 19EVN615.pdf DOI: 10.15862 / 19EVN615 (http://dx.doi.org/10.15862/19EVN615)
UDC 364.01 / 369
Shmykov Alexander Yurievich
FSBI "Research Institute of Labor and Social Insurance" of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation
Russia, Moscow1 Post-graduate student E-mail: [email protected]
Pavlova Irina Vladimirovna
FGOBU VO "Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation"
Email: [email protected] RSCI: http://elibrary.ru/author_items.asp?authorid=678520
Features and some problems of managing the system of social protection of the population (on the example of the Moscow region)
1 105064, Moscow, st. Earthen shaft, 34
2 125993, Moscow, GSP-3, Leningradsky prospect, 49
Annotation. The paper presents some problems associated with the management of social protection of the population, taking into account the actual state of the demographic and migration situation in the Russian Federation. The analysis of the current system of social protection of the population in the Russian Federation and possible ways to improve the functioning and management of the system of social protection of the population. The objective reasons and difficulties of reforming the system of social protection of the population and increasing the efficiency of the functioning of the system for the provision of a guaranteed volume of social services to socially unprotected strata of citizens have been investigated. Possible ways of attracting non-state structures to the provision of social services on the basis of the mechanism of public-private partnership are considered. The problems of staffing the system of social protection of the population, the state of the material and technical base of state institutions of social services for the population are described. Analyzed the regulatory requirements for employees of the system of social protection of citizens, described the reasons, objectives and goals of optimizing the structure of institutions for social protection of the population. The necessity of creating a unified information space to ensure the efficiency and stable operation of the social protection system of the population in the context of the constantly increasing needs of citizens is formulated. The characteristic features of the problems of management of the social protection system in the Russian Federation are given.
Key words: management of the system of social protection of the population; social sphere; education; healthcare; social workers; social services for the population; staffing; institutions of social services for the population; training system; system of social standards.
Shmykov A.Yu., Pavlova I.V. Features and some problems of managing the system of social protection of the population (on the example of the Moscow region) // Online magazine "Science" Volume 7, No. 6 (2015) http://naukovedenie.ru/PDF/19EVN615.pdf (free access). Title from the screen. Language. rus., eng. DOI: 10.15862 / 19ЕУШ15
When considering the role of the system of social protection of the population in the development of states, it is customary to consider the concepts of "social sphere" and "sphere of social protection of the population" synonymous. In order to define the categories and concepts used in this work, the author proposes to share the following point of view.
The concept of "social sphere" is much broader than the concept of "sphere of social protection of the population"; it includes a huge list of areas and issues that require separate detailed consideration. The main sections of the social sphere include: education, health care, physical culture and sports, family and youth policy, culture, social relations, labor and employment, social protection of the population. Each of these sections has a huge layer of features and "bottlenecks" that are invisible at first glance. In turn, the system of social protection of the population is the quintessence of all the above sections of the social sphere and it is impossible to imagine a truly effective existence of social protection of the population without the proper level of development of such sections.
The system of social protection of the population is based on the provision of social services and ensuring a decent standard of living for certain categories of citizens. As a rule, these categories include the least protected segments of the population. For example: minor children, children left without parental care, who have lost their breadwinner, who are in a difficult life situation, have developmental delays, veterans of the Great Patriotic War, elderly people, the elderly, the disabled, citizens dismissed from military service and others. In accordance with Part 1 of Art. 72 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation3, issues of social protection, including social security, belong to the joint jurisdiction of the federal and regional authorities, therefore, the number of categories of citizens that should be provided with the social protection system is different and diverse. So, for example, only in the Moscow region there are at least 504 privileged categories of citizens. Taking into account the history of the development of the Russian Federation, its vast territory, the number of hostilities and, as a result, the change in the composition of the population and other factors, it can be assumed that the largest number of privileged categories of citizens will be precisely the citizens of the Russian Federation.
The system of social protection of the population cannot exist:
Without a health system - health care workers are involved in the provision of social services to all categories of socially vulnerable people;
Without an education system, employees of the education system participate in the provision of social services to privileged categories of citizens (disabled children, orphans, retirees, and so on. Analogies can be drawn with the other above-mentioned spheres).
In addition, other industries have an impact on the system of social protection of the population (issues related to property relations, the system of housing and communal services, housing policy, etc.).
The litmus test in assessing the level of development of state institutions and society as a whole is currently the level of development of the social sphere of any
3 Constitution of the Russian Federation. - M .: Jurid. lit., 2014 .-- 64 p.
4 Law of the Moscow region "On social support of certain categories of citizens in the Moscow region" dated 03.23.2006 No. 36 / 2006-03 // Daily news. Moscow region. - 2006. - No. 56.
the state and, in particular, the sphere of social protection of the population in particular. According to the state of development of the system of social protection of the population in modern world assess the economic, social and cultural development of states.
In modern society, the service sector dominates sharply and can occupy up to 70%, the remaining 30% is occupied by the production of goods.
The system of social protection of the population is aimed at improving the quality and standard of living of the population, reducing social tension in society, reducing inequality between the incomes of various segments of the population, etc.
Ensuring effective and efficient development of the social protection system has a long-term result and affects the satisfaction of society with the existing economic and political situation.
Let's move on to characterizing the features of the social protection system, which is an integral part of the social sphere. The social sphere includes such sectors as: education, health care, physical culture and sports, youth policy, culture, social protection of the population.
The system of social protection of the population in the Russian Federation is very complex and multifaceted. One of the main characteristics of the system is the lack of legislative regulation systems of social protection of the population, regardless of the level of government.
From the point of view of the demographic situation, the population of the country is gradually decreasing, despite the large-scale migration.
The aging process of citizens of the Russian Federation is accelerating, while the number of working-age citizens is growing more slowly. In the long term, this may lead to the inability of the able-bodied population to ensure the functioning of the pension system at the required level.
Due to the historical peculiarities of the country's development (Russia's multiple participation in hostilities and conflicts over the past 70 years), specific gravity disabled citizens in the total population (makes up one tenth).
Another feature is the high proportion of working pensioners in total share working population.
At present, the system of social protection of the population has begun to acquire ever greater targeting, to cover more and more segments of the population. The system should be aimed at solving the problems of a particular citizen, at ensuring the availability and transparency of expenditures directed to the implementation of measures in the field of social protection of the population by detailing expenditures in the structure of expenditures of budgets of all levels.
The system of social protection of the population in the Russian Federation is one of the largest sources of expenditures for budgets of all levels from these sectors.
In 2013, the budget expenditures of the Moscow region amounted to only 1 843.3 billion rubles, including expenditures on social protection of the population - 321.2 billion rubles (17.4%) 5, in 2014 budget expenditures of the Moscow region amounted to only - 1,972.0 billion rubles, in
5 Law of the Moscow region "On the execution of the budget of the Moscow region for 2013" dated 07.07.2014 No. 77/2014-OZ // Daily News. Moscow region. - 2014. - No. 128; Law of the city of Moscow "On the execution of the budget of the city of Moscow for 2013" dated June 25, 2014 No. 36 // Bulletin of the Mayor and the Moscow Government. - 2014. - No. 40.
including expenditures on social protection of the population - 332 billion rubles (16.8%) 6, in 2015 budget expenditures of the Moscow region are provided for in total - 2 039.0 billion rubles, including expenditures on social protection of the population - 337 , 8 billion rubles (16.5%) 7.
In the federal and in regional budgets social expenditures account for more than 60% of all expenditures, while labor costs for social workers are traditionally low.
In 2013, the average salary of one employee in all sectors of the social sphere amounted to 55.58 thousand rubles in the Moscow region. However, this figure was 9:
36.8 thousand rubles - for employees of the social security system amounted to;
87.7 thousand rubles - for doctors, health care workers;
70.1 thousand rubles - for nurses, health care workers;
57.6 thousand rubles - for teaching staff of the education system.
In 2014, the average salary of one employee in all sectors of the social sphere amounted to 61.2 thousand rubles in the Moscow region. However, this figure was:
43.6 thousand rubles - for employees of the social security system amounted to;
90.6 thousand rubles - for doctors, health care workers;
72.4 thousand rubles - for nurses, healthcare workers;
61.4 thousand rubles - for teaching staff of the education system.
For the 1st half of 2015, the average salary of one employee in all sectors of the social sphere amounted to 62.3 thousand rubles in the Moscow region. However, this figure was:
48.9 thousand rubles - for employees of the social security system amounted to;
93.6 thousand rubles - for doctors, health care workers;
73.5 thousand rubles - for nurses, health care workers;
68.9 thousand rubles - for teaching staff of the education system.
6 Law of the Moscow region "On the execution of the budget of the Moscow region for 2014" dated July 18, 2014 No. 122/2015-О3 // Daily News. Moscow region. - 2015. - No. 138; Law of the city of Moscow "On the execution of the budget of the city of Moscow for 2014" dated 24.06.2015 No. 31 // Bulletin of the Mayor and the Government of Moscow. - 2015. -№37.
7 Law of the Moscow region "On the budget of the Moscow region for 2015 and for the planning period of 2016 and 2017" dated 28.11.2014 No. 158/2014-OZ (as amended) // Daily News. Moscow region. - 2014. - No. 228; Law of the city of Moscow "On the budget of the city of Moscow for 2015 and the planning period of 2016 and 2017" dated November 19, 2014 No. 54 // Bulletin of the Mayor and the Government of Moscow. - 2014. - No. 70.
9 Salary of certain categories of workers in the social sphere and science [Electronic resource]: Data federal service state statistics of the Russian Federation. - Access mode: http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/trud/itog_monitor/zarplata.html, free. - Title from the screen.
So, in 2013, the average salary of an employee of the social security system was lower than the average salary of a teacher in the education system (which is the closest in terms of the indicator under consideration) by 20.8 thousand rubles, which amounted to 56.5% of the average salary of an employee of the social protection of the population, in 2014 by 17.8 thousand rubles (40.8%), in the first half of 2015 by 20 thousand rubles (40.8%).
From the presented data, it follows that workers in the social protection system are the least paid among workers in the social sphere (health care, education), despite the growth in average wages in the social sphere as a whole from year to year.
In connection with the above, another characteristic of the author seems to be the absence of effective mechanisms for encouraging employees of the social protection system.
Unfortunately, at present, the system of social protection of the population of the Russian Federation is not characterized by the participation of commercial structures in its development and support of the functioning of the system of social protection of the population, and there is also a lack of effective levers of interaction between the state and private business. I am sure that the first mentioned negative trait can be overcome only with the necessary level of economic and intellectual development of society. As for the second indicator, then, according to the author, the point is in the choice, establishment and legislative consolidation of interaction instruments with the active support of the state.
As a result of the existing problems, the most socially unprotected layers of society suffer.
It should be noted that the state is taking measures to transfer state institutions to an efficient economic regime, incl. transformation of state institutions into effective market players capable of meeting their own needs and requirements in the long term, without resorting to the help of the state budget. Adoption and implementation of the provisions of the Federal Law of 08.05.2010 No. 83-FZ "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in Connection with the Improvement of legal status state (municipal) institutions ”10 is a vivid example of this.
Currently, the system of social protection of the population is characterized by high level deterioration of the material and technical base, an increase in the average age of social workers, a lack of sufficient funding, an outflow of personnel (young people and experienced workers).
Ensuring a change in the development paradigm of the social protection system of the population, destroying the stereotypes that exist in society about social workers is one of those problems government agencies carrying out managerial functions on the way of reforming the system of functioning of state institutions of social services, having decided which the most effective result in the field of social protection of the population will be achieved. The task is difficult, but impossible. It is necessary to develop a set of measures and indicators interconnected and reflecting the goals and
10 Federal Law "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in Connection with the Improvement of the Legal Status of State (Municipal) Institutions" dated 05/08/2010 No. 83-FZ // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. - 2010. - No. 100.
tasks of reforms. Otherwise, the allocated budgetary allocations, the man-hours worked, and most importantly, the lost time, will be impossible to recover.
The general level of depreciation of fixed assets in the sphere of social protection of the population for almost 90% of the positions of fixed assets exceeded 70%, and in some constituent entities of the Russian Federation this indicator may be even higher. The total annual need for material and technical means of social service institutions subordinate to the Ministry of Social Development of the Moscow Region exceeds the actual need of institutions by at least 4 times. In other words, budget allocations go not for structural changes in the quality and level of material and technical support of social service institutions, but for the urgent replacement of equipment and furniture that cannot be repaired due to extreme wear and tear or in connection with the inappropriateness of such repairs. The repair costs will be comparable to the costs of dismantling and disposing of out-of-service equipment and the supply and installation of new equipment; motor vehicles are operated until the last possible year of their use in accordance with applicable law. This is also one of the management problems associated with the efficient allocation of limited financial resources to fixed assets.
Due to the fact that the level of pension coverage is low, and the level of prices for food, utilities and other vital items of expenditure is steadily increasing, as well as in connection with the prevailing economic situation an increase in the average age of workers in social protection of the population is an objective factor.
In the light of the problems of the social services system described above, one of the most pressing issues standing in the way of the development of the system is the problem of staffing the system of social protection of the population.
It is the personnel potential and the provision of a sufficient number of qualified personnel that play a decisive role in the development of the social protection industry.
In the announced in 2012 by the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin's task of creating 25 million highly productive jobs in the Russian Federation by 2020, reflected in the so-called. "May decrees" 11, as one of the factors contributing to economic growth in the country, it is necessary to clearly ensure that labor resources are created by the created jobs on a territorial and sectoral basis. The sector of social protection of the population should be actively involved in this work in order to ensure a change in the model of economic management in the Russian Federation.
At the same time, it is possible to single out some of the main problems of managing the system of social protection of the population.
1. One of the main problems of social protection management is the limited budgetary resources with an increase in the number and variety of social groups and categories of the population that need social support from the state.
The emerging economic situation on the territory of the Russian Federation, the growth of unemployment, progressive inflation, an increase in prices for goods of the lowest category, an increase in tariffs leads to an ever greater stratification of social strata of the population and an increase in
11 Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On long-term state economic policy"Dated 07.05.2012 No. 596 // Russian newspaper. - 2012. - No. 102.
the gap between rich and poor citizens of Russia. Accordingly, the number of socially unprotected segments of the population that need support is increasing.
Over the past years, the average pension in the Russian Federation has grown at an extremely slow pace, while the average wage of the working-age population has been increasing more rapidly. Under these conditions, this can lead to a slide in the average pension to the poverty level.
Migration flows from countries sharing a common border with Russia are becoming more and more massive due to the unstable political and economic situation in such countries. Migrants who come to Russia with their families are generally the poorest people and come in search of employment. Such citizens are also the subject of the implementation of measures for social protection, and the Russian Federation is forced to provide social support to the specified category of people, management and control over their life.
Taking into account the above factors, the burden on the budgets of all levels is increasing and this makes the authorities to carry out more efficient management and distribution of financial resources.
2. Due to the fact that the profession of a social worker is associated not only with the provision of social services to citizens according to the lists established by law, but also primarily with work directly with people, recipients public services in the first place is the problem of personnel management in the industry. As mentioned above, the number of categories of citizens, their age, sex composition, nationality, religion, attitude to social group, the level of income, etc. is enormous and in its own quality characteristics they are very different from each other, in connection with which the correct distribution of human resources is an important problem in the management of social protection of the population.
A social worker should be able to build relationships with citizens, regardless of the combination of these characteristics, be tolerant, not aggressive towards others.
At the same time, a social worker must have certain knowledge on a huge range of issues. For example, he must know the basics of providing emergency medical care and be able to apply them in various life situations; provide legal advice on protecting the legal rights and interests of the population served; psychology issues; know the basics of tariff regulation in the serviced territory, etc. In other words, a social worker must have knowledge of all issues of the life of a certain group of served citizens and be aware of constant changes in legislation in order to be useful and satisfy the needs of the population. The list of questions is so wide that it makes no sense to describe them separately. Moreover, for each individual recipient of social services, the range of issues will always be unique.
3. Low requirements for the level of education and qualifications of managers of social service institutions is another difficult management problem. At present, on the territory of the Russian Federation, when recruiting personnel for managerial positions of social service institutions, they use a professional standard approved by order of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation dated November 18, 2013 No. 678n "On the approval of professional
standard "Head of the organization of social services" (hereinafter - Standard) 12. In this document, the position of the head of a social service organization is required to have an education of at least secondary vocational. Experience shows that such education is not enough.
According to the author, such low requirements for a managerial position may have negative consequences for the development of the system of social service institutions throughout the Russian Federation. As already mentioned above, the sphere of social protection of the population is complex and multifaceted, there is a huge range of issues facing the head of a social service institution for independent decision.
4. At present, the system of social protection of the population is in the process of optimizing the network of state institutions for social services to the population, by liquidating institutions whose financial and economic performance indicators are recognized as unsatisfactory, and joining them to larger institutions. However, to date, there is no unified effective electronic database of information about citizens registered in liquidated institutions and transferred to existing ones. This leads to a repeated and lengthy process of examination and obtaining required documents and data to establish the appropriate social security. Effective work of the social protection system is impossible without solving the problem of electronic interaction in the provision of social services not only in the state, but also in the commercial sector.
5. Lack of a mechanism for public-private partnership in the field of social protection of the population, i.e. lack of management in attracting the resources of third-party organizations to solve acute problems in the field of social protection of the population. Under existing conditions, the provision of any legal, financial, material and other types of assistance from outside organizations will provide better service for large social groups.
It should be borne in mind that the Russian Federation is at a time when the main factors of demographic development and the creation of human resources will be unfavorable. The transition process to market model management will require the Government of the Russian Federation to more accurately regulate the demand for labor, to increase its quality, educational, professional and qualifications.
The Russian Federation is at the stage of its development when economic growth will require not just stimulating economic activity of the population, increasing the number of employees and overcoming the personnel shortage, but also restructuring the economy, modernizing production, mass creation of modern jobs, changing the existing structure of employment, overcoming territorial and structural imbalances in supply and demand in the regional and local labor markets, improving vocational education, adapting the training system to the emerging production structure, increasing involvement of highly qualified workers and specialists in the national economy, increasing the territorial mobility of the labor force, optimizing the attraction and use of foreign labor migrants ...
12 Order of the Ministry of Labor of Russia "On the approval of the professional standard" Head of the organization of social services "dated November 18, 2013 No. 678n // http://www.rosmintrud.ru/docs/mintrud/orders/137.
In conclusion, we can formulate the following important problems of managing the system of social protection of the population:
Increased burden on the budget in connection with the emerging economic and demographic situation leads to the need to revise the methods of managing the system of social protection of the population;
A weak human resources management system is becoming one of the most important problems to ensure the solution of the tasks set and the development of the industry;
Low requirements established by the Standard for the qualifications and education of workers in social protection of the population in various positions;
For the successful and efficient management of the social protection system of the population, it is necessary to create an information system in electronic form, which allows the collection, storage and processing of the necessary data;
Insufficient involvement of third-party organizations in the field of social protection of the population, due to the lack of a legislatively enshrined mechanism for providing support.
This paper presents some significant factors influencing the problems of management in the system of social protection of the population. The list of existing issues requiring prompt decision-making is much wider and more voluminous. Submitting them for consideration within the framework of this work is not the author's task.
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Reviewer: The article was reviewed by members of the editorial board of the journal.
Shmykov Alexander Urievich
Institute of labor and social security Russia, Moscow E-mail: [email protected]
Pavlova Irina Vladimirovna
Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
Russia, Moscow E-mail: [email protected]
Features and some management problems of social protection system (the example of the Moscow region)
Abstract. The issue presents some problems associated with the operation of social protection of the population. The characteristic features of the management problems of social protection in the Russian Federation. The analysis of the current social protection system in Russia and possible ways to improve the functioning and management of the system of social protection. We investigated the causes and the difficulty of reforming the social security system and improve the functioning of the system to provide a guaranteed level of social services to socially vulnerable citizens. The possible ways to involve social services non-state actors on the basis of public-private partnership. Describes the staffing system of social protection of the population, the state of material and technical base of public institutions of social services. Analyzed the regulatory requirements for employees of the social protection of citizens, described the reasons, goals and objectives of optimizing the structure of institutions of social protection of the population. It formulated the need to create a single information space for efficiency and stable operation of the system of social protection of the population in ever-increasing needs of the citizens. The characteristic features of the system management problems of social protection in the Russian Federation.
Keywords: management system of social protection; social sphere; education; healthcare; social workers; social services for the population; staffing; social service agencies; personnel training system; the system of social standards.
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In its activities, the Social Protection Department is guided by the Law of the Krasnoyarsk Territory "On social support of citizens living in the Taimyr Dolgan-Nenets municipal district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory." municipal district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory "// Consultant Plus. Krasnoyarsk region..
The law is aimed at maintaining the level of social support for citizens living in the Taimyr Dolgan-Nenets municipal district, achieved before the formation of a new subject of the Russian Federation - Krasnoyarsk Territory.
The law establishes guarantees and compensations for reimbursing additional material and physiological costs to citizens in connection with work and living in the Far North region with extreme climatic, geographical, socio-economic and medico-biological conditions, as well as measures of social support for certain categories of citizens living in the municipal area.
The law provides the following types social support of citizens of the Taimyr Dolgan-Nenets municipal district:
· Guarantees of the rights to rest;
· Guarantees related to relocation;
· Guarantees of medical care;
· Measures of social support for orphans and children left without parental care;
· Additional measures of social support in education;
· Measures of social support for certain categories of citizens living in the municipal area;
· Additional measures of social protection of certain groups of citizens living in the municipal area, for special services to the municipal area;
Social support measures to pay for housing and utilities certain categories of citizens working and living in rural areas, urban-type settlements;
Subsidies provided to citizens taking into account their income, and regional standards for the normative area of living quarters used to calculate subsidies, the cost of housing and communal services and the maximum allowable share of citizens' expenses for paying for housing and utilities in the total family income;
· Additional measures of social support for certain categories of citizens living in the municipal area;
· Guarantees of the rights of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North.
Guarantees and compensations, social support measures established by this Law are expenditure obligations of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and are financed from the regional budget.
Today, in the activities of the Department of Social Protection of the Population of the Administration of the Taimyr Dolgan-Nenets Municipal District, the priority area of social policy is social support for the elderly, disabled people and families with children. Since 2005, the transfer of benefits in kind (except for benefits for payment of housing and communal services) has been carried out into monetary form. Since 2006, subsidies for housing and utilities have been provided in the form of a personalized payment to the recipient.
The activities of the social protection system of the population are aimed at maintaining an acceptable level and quality of life of low-income and low-income residents, mitigating the negative impact of socio-economic instability on their livelihoods. The Comprehensive Program of Socio-Economic Development of the Taimyr Dolgan-Nenets Municipal District for 2008-2017. Developed in pursuance of the Decree of the Head of the municipal district from 18.01. 2007 № 03 "On the development of a comprehensive program" Social and economic development of the Taimyr Dolgan-Nenets municipal district for 2008-2017 "// Consultant Plus. Krasnoyarsk region..
Analysis of the reports of the Department of Social Protection for 2010 shows that as of 01.01.2011, the number of socially unprotected citizens was 12.3 thousand people or 31.5% of the total population of the municipal district, of which:
§ pensioners - 8.6 thousand people, or 22.0% of the total population (including 6.0 thousand people in old age);
§ disabled people - 1.7 thousand people, or 4.5% of the population (of which children with disabilities - 0.213 thousand people);
§ large families - 0.559 thousand units
On the territory of the municipal district there are 4 institutions of social protection:
§ an enterprise of stationary social services for the elderly and disabled for 29 places;
§ an institution for children in need of social rehabilitation and who find themselves in a socially dangerous situation for 20 places;
§ institution for work with disabled people and families with disabled children;
§ an institution of general profile working with citizens in need of home-based social services, as well as those who find themselves in a difficult life situation for 18 places.
In 2010, social institutions served about 11 thousand people. Home-based social services provide 0.201 thousand people (growth by 2009 - 17.54%), incl. in the countryside 0.075 thousand people.
More than 30% of the population receive social support at the expense of budget funds, have an income below living wage more than 20% of the population, of which 42% are people of working age. Compared to January 2009, the number of recipients of social support increased by 8.8%, which is undoubtedly associated with the most complete coverage of citizens monetary forms social support.
In 2009, there is an outstripping growth in pension provision in relation to the growth in the value of the subsistence minimum per capita, established in the territory. Nevertheless, social support of low-income population from among the elderly and disabled is essential for them and amounts to 50% of a pensioner's income, because the average pension in the Taimyr Dolgan-Nenets municipal district is 13622.41 rubles and provides 59.56% of the subsistence minimum established per capita.
Special attention is paid to social support of families with children. So, since 2009, the amount of the monthly allowance paid to a low-income family has been set at 360 rubles. Currently, 3.7 thousand children live in low-income families, in comparison with 2008 the number of recipients of child benefits has decreased by 17.2%. Large families are provided with additional social support in the form of cash payments, benefits for paying for the services of preschool institutions.
An important place in the system of social protection of the population is occupied by social services provided by institutions of social services to the population.
The main goal of social protection of the population today is to ensure social guarantees, the availability of social services provided to socially unprotected categories of the population of the municipal district, the introduction of new service technologies and improving their quality, increasing the effectiveness of social assistance to the population by strengthening its targeting.
To achieve this goal, the comprehensive program provides for the implementation of the following measures The Comprehensive Program for the socio-economic development of the Taimyr Dolgan-Nenets municipal district for 2008 - 2017. Developed in pursuance of the Decree of the Head of the municipal district from 18.01. 2007 № 03 "On the development of a comprehensive program" Social and economic development of the Taimyr Dolgan-Nenets municipal district for 2008-2017 "// Consultant Plus. Krasnoyarsk region.:
§ introduction of new forms of social services for the population;
§ strengthening the material and technical base of social service institutions;
§ advanced training of personnel;
§ creation and use of unified information data banks about citizens (families) in need of social support.
One of the most important areas in the field of social protection of the population is work with minors. In order to analyze the activities of the Department in this area, as well as to identify problems in the field of social protection of minors living in the Taimyr Dolgan-Nenets municipal district, we organized a survey among the employees of the Social Protection Department. 20 specialists of the Department took part in the survey.
The survey results, as well as graphical data, are presented below.
According to the respondents, the priority tasks of the state in social protection of the population today are:
Reducing social tension in society - 20 (100%);
Provision of social assistance to families, individual citizens in difficult life situations - 18 (90%);
Adaptation of the population to new social and economic conditions - 0 (0%);
Social rehabilitation of citizens, including minors who are disabled - 12 (60%);
Creation of favorable conditions for people in need of inpatient social services, as well as in a temporary shelter - 17 (85%);
Protection of the rights and interests of children and adolescents left without parental care, neglected children, prevention of delinquency among minors - 20 (100%).
Fig. 1.
The most significant areas in the field of social protection of the population, according to the survey, today are: reducing social tension in society, protecting the rights and interests of children and adolescents left without parental care, neglected children, and preventing juvenile delinquency. They were noted by 100% of the respondents.
The respondents believe that in working with children, the activities of the bodies of social protection of the population, first of all, should be aimed at:
Preservation of their health - 5 (25%);
Ensuring material well-being - 20 (100%);
Provision of free and affordable education, preschool and school education - 0 (0%);
Ensuring harmonious spiritual and moral development, the realization of children's abilities - 0 (0%).
Fig. 2.
In the opinion of the majority of respondents, the main task of social protection bodies in working with minors is to ensure their material well-being. 25% of the respondents believe that the task of social protection agencies is also to preserve the health of children. Probably, this refers to measures to health insurance or health improvement of children in specialized sanatorium-resort institutions. Ensuring free and affordable education, preschool and school education and ensuring harmonious spiritual and moral development, the realization of children's abilities are not functions of social protection bodies. These questions are included in the introduction of the Department of Education and Culture.
The respondents noted in their list the categories of children with whom the Social Welfare Department works:
Orphans - 20 (100%);
Children from low-income families - 20 (100%);
Children from disadvantaged families - 20 (100%);
Children from large families - 20 (100%);
Disabled children - 20 (100%);
Children left without supervision - 20 (100%);
Children in prison and released from prison - 2 (10%).
Rice. 3.
From the proposed list, the interviewed specialists of the Department of Social Protection of the Population indicated almost all categories of children: orphans, children from low-income families, children from disadvantaged families, children from large families, disabled children, children left without supervision. These categories were noted by all respondents. The category of children in prison and released from prison was indicated by 10% of the respondents. This is due to the fact that the Department does not work with children who are in prison and released from places of detention, however, when they are released from places of detention, the Social Protection Department provides them with some assistance in conjunction with the guardianship authorities and law enforcement agencies. The main directions of work of the Department for Social Protection of Minors and Families in a Social Dangerous Situation:
Identification and analysis of the causes of family problems - 0 (0%);
Interaction of various organizations and institutions of the municipal district, ensuring the identification of families and minors in a socially dangerous situation - 20 (100%);
Organization of work with children and their families - 0 (0%).
As the answers of the respondents show, the Department of Social Protection of the Population is not engaged in identifying and analyzing the causes of family problems (as a rule, these functions are carried out by law enforcement agencies), is not involved in organizing work with children and their families (as a rule, such events in the municipal district are carried out by educational and cultural institutions). However, the Department of Social Protection provides all possible assistance to organizations and institutions of the municipal district, which ensure the identification of families and minors in a socially dangerous situation.
Rice. 4.
According to the respondents, the most promising areas of work today are:
Social support for pregnant women - 12 (60%);
Social support for families in connection with the birth and upbringing of a child - 20 (100%);
Social support for low-income families - 16 (80%);
Social support for large families - 20 (100%).
Rice. 5.
The most promising areas of work in the field of social protection of the population in the municipal district today, according to the respondents, are: social support for families in connection with the birth and upbringing of a child and social support for large families.
In our opinion, these answers are related to the policy implemented by the Government and the President of the Russian Federation. This is the Federal Law "On additional measures of state support for families with children" Federal Law of December 29, 2006 N256-FZ "On additional measures of state support for families with children" // Consultant Plus., Associated with the provision of Money women who have given birth to a second child. The creation of a unified database fits well into the Concept of electronic government, the work of which was supposed to begin as early as January 1, 2011 Resolution of 28.01.2002 N65 "On the federal target program" Electronic Russia(2002 - 2010) "// Consultant Plus .. However, as practice shows, the electronic government practically does not function on the territory of the municipal district.
As follows from the analysis of the activities of the Department of Social Protection, as well as according to the survey of employees, social protection of the population in the territory of the municipal district is carried out in accordance with the legislation and covers almost all socially vulnerable categories of citizens.
The most priority direction in the field of social protection of the population is to reduce social tension in society. The activities of local self-government bodies - the Department of Social Protection of the Population of the Administration of the Taimyr Dolgan-Nenets Municipal District - is aimed, first of all, at ensuring the material well-being of socially unprotected strata.
However, the specialists of the Department have identified the categories of children whose work on social protection is insufficient. Among them are children in prison and released from prison.
The specialists of the Department consider the most promising areas for social protection of the population to be work with families with children. This is due to the state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of demography.
Evaluation of the activities of the Department of Social Protection of the Population would be insufficiently objective without taking into account public opinion. In this regard, in order to improve the work of local authorities on social protection of the population of the Taimyr Dolgan-Nenets municipal district, we conducted a survey of 20 residents of the city of Dudinka.
The survey questions were developed on the basis of a sociological study among the population of the Bredinsky municipal district on improving the work of social protection institutions for the population of the Chelyabinsk region, the results of which were published on the website of the Ministry of Social Relations of the Chelyabinsk region Improving the work of social protection institutions. Bredinsky municipal district // Website of the Ministry of Social Relations of the Chelyabinsk Region www.minsoc74.ru ..
According to the survey, residents of the city assess the standard of living of their families as:
High - 0 (0%)
Medium - 6 (30%)
Low - 12 (60%)
Below the poverty line - 2 (10%).
Rice. 6.
An analysis of the social well-being of the population of the city of Dudinka showed that 30% of the respondents assess the standard of living of their families as average, but 60% of the respondents noted that their standard of living is low, and 10% live below the poverty line.
The respondents assessed their state of health as:
Excellent - 1 (5%);
Good - 4 (20%);
Satisfactory - 11 (55%);
Severe - 4 (20%).
As we can see from the results of the survey, less than half of the respondents consider their state of health to be excellent (5%) or good (20%). 20% assessed the state of health as difficult, which indicates the need for regular social support for these respondents. Such support is periodically necessary for those who rated their health as satisfactory (55%).
Rice. 7.
To the question "Do you apply for help to the bodies of social protection of the population?" the answers are distributed as follows:
Yes - 18 (90%);
No - 2 (10%).
Rice. eight.
Most of the respondents (90%) apply for help to the Department of Social Protection of the Population.
To the question "Do you receive assistance from the bodies of social protection of the population?" respondents answered like this:
Yes - 18 (90%);
No - 2 (10%).
Rice. nine.
Also, 90% of the respondents receive assistance from the social protection authorities.
In 2011, the respondents received the following types of social support:
Social services (transport, utilities, medical, etc.) - 15 (75%)
Cash assistance (benefits, additional payments, material help etc.) - 12 (60%)
Spa treatment - 3 (15%)
In-kind assistance (food, food packages, clothing, etc.) - 4 (20%)
Not provided - 2 (10%)
Your option is 0 (0%).
As you can see, the measures of social support for the population in the Taimyr Dolgan-Nenets municipal district are quite diverse in nature. The most popular measure is the provision of social services to the population: transport, utilities, medical services, etc. They were used in 2011 by 75% of the respondents. There is a fairly large category of respondents (60%) who find themselves cash aid: benefits, additional payments, material assistance, etc. In 2011, 20% took advantage of such a measure of social support as in-kind assistance: food, food packages, clothing, etc.
Rice. ten.
According to the respondents, the most pressing problems of social protection in the municipal area today are:
The problem of social support for families and children - 20 (100%)
Granting subsidies to citizens for paying for housing and utilities - 16 (80%)
Organization of appointment and payment of state social benefits and compensations - 2 (10%)
The problem of social support for disabled people - 16 (80%)
The problem of social support for veterans - 16 (80%)
The problem of organizing social assistance - 16 (80%)
Your option is 0 (0%).
Rice. 13.
So, a survey of residents of the city of Dudinka showed that 60% of the respondents rate their standard of living as low, and 10% of the respondents live below the poverty line. 90% of the respondents regularly apply to the social protection authorities for the provision of one or another social assistance. The most popular measures of social protection of the population are social services (transport, utilities, medical, etc.) and cash assistance (allowances, additional payments, material assistance, etc.). The most pressing problem, according to the respondents, is the problem of social support for families and childhood.
Thus, the results of this study allow us to draw the following conclusions. The bodies of social protection of the Taimyr Dolgan-Nenets municipal district carry out a fairly comprehensive activity, covering almost all categories of socially unprotected segments of the population. However, the following problems need to be addressed:
Low standard of living of the population of the municipal district;
Insufficient work of local self-government bodies in the field of social protection of children in prison and released from places of deprivation of liberty;
The need for further development of measures of social protection of families with children.
