The project for the production of works on the dismantling of a reinforced concrete column. Modern technologies for dismantling structures

Dismantling works are characterized by a relatively large estimated cost and high labor intensity. An analysis of the estimates of facilities that underwent major repairs shows that the cost of de installation work is 3.1-10% of the total cost, labor intensity - 13 ... 36%. The most labor-intensive work that requires a lot of manual labor is the cleaning and transportation of materials from dismantling and construction debris.

Therefore, the organization of dismantling works has its own specifics and technological sequence. This must be known to all engineering and technical workers who are engaged in the operation, reconstruction, maintenance and overhaul.
Demolition work building structures and engineering equipment, as a rule, are carried out by contractors according to previously developed and approved work execution projects (PPR). For buildings and structures that are technically complex or are being dismantled for the first time, WEPs can be developed by a design organization.

Without the availability of approved documentation, dismantling work is prohibited.
The basis for the development of WEPs is a floor-by-floor inventory plan (or floor plan made on the basis of the results of measurement work), a building or structure survey card and a situational plan underground utilities. PPR, both for the building or structure separately, and for the facility as a whole, is developed in accordance with the requirement normative documents. It is approved by the chief engineer of the contracting organization and agreed with the customer's labor protection engineer.
To PPR in without fail a certificate with the seal and signature of the chief engineer must be attached stating that all engineering communications (water supply, sewerage, heating systems, etc.) are disconnected from the building or structure. Without such a certificate, the PPR is invalid.

The dismantling of building structures and engineering equipment is a complex technological process consisting of two periods: preparatory and main.
Prior to the start of the preparatory period, the work foreman must receive all design and estimate documentation: working drawings, estimates, PPR, situational plan of underground utilities and work order for dismantling. All engineering and technical personnel, foremen and workers must be familiar with the documentation and safe work practices. During this period, all residents and service personnel must be evicted.

During the preparatory period, the following works are carried out:

• inspection of buildings and structures to be dismantled;
• studying and agreeing on the conditions for the performance of work;
• development of technology for dismantling works;
• shutdown test engineering networks located in buildings and structures;
• road preparation:
• delivery and installation of scaffolding, scaffolding, garbage chutes, bunkers and other equipment for the dismantling of structures and engineering equipment and the removal of materials;
• delivery and installation of lifting equipment;
• preparation of equipment for temporary fixing of structures during dismantling;
• laying and connection of temporary engineering networks.

The main period or actual dismantling works includes three stages:

• at the first stage, the structures are dismantled by separating their individual elements from each other; removal of separated elements and their inspection, sorting and stacking; destruction, loosening of monolithic concrete, reinforced concrete and stone structures.
• at the second stage, the materials are sorted after the dismantling of structures and engineering equipment, they are loaded and transported to places for reuse or to a landfill.
• at the third stage, the front is being prepared for the subsequent construction and installation work.

The main task of dismantling works is to remove worn-out building structures and their elements, units of engineering equipment, as well as to create the necessary scope of work for the installation of new structures and equipment. The dismantling works must be carried out within the same area (for example, between stairwells, etc.). At the same time, it is necessary to strictly observe the technological sequence of dismantling structures and equipment, ensuring safe working conditions and maximum preservation of materials from disassembly, as well as structures adjacent to those being dismantled.
The installation of new structures can be started only after the completion of the entire complex of dismantling works at the grip.

The technology of dismantling works for stone buildings and structures has specific features depending on the accepted scheme for the production of works and the type of machines and mechanisms used. In this case, work can be carried out according to two schemes:

• the first scheme provides for the dismantling of structures from top to bottom - roofing, roof, floors, etc. The supply and removal of materials is carried out from above into the well, as a rule, using lifting and transport mechanisms (tower cranes, adjustable cranes, etc.).
• according to the second scheme, the roof is preserved during its selective repair. Submission and removal of materials is carried out through window openings. In this case, lifting mechanisms (lifts, etc.) are used as vehicles, and all construction and installation work is carried out manually.

The main period of dismantling

The main stage of dismantling works is carried out in three steps. First step. Here, structures are dismantled by separating their individual elements. This is followed by their inspection, sorting. Stacking, as well as loosening or destruction of monolithic structures (concrete, reinforced concrete and stone). The second step is the loading and transportation of dismantled structures to places of their reuse or to a landfill. The third step is to prepare the front for subsequent work.

Technology of dismantling of stone buildings

The technology of dismantling stone buildings has its own inherent features, depending on the scheme and the equipment used:

Dismantling scheme No. 1

This option provides that dismantling work will be carried out "from top to bottom". First, the roofing is removed, then the rafters, ceilings, etc. at the same time, the dismantled structures are fed into a special well using lifting and transport equipment: tower or climbing cranes.

Dismantling scheme No. 2

According to this option, the roof of the building remains intact, all dismantled structures are removed through window openings. With this scheme, all mechanisms (lifts, etc.) are used as Vehicle, and all dismantling work is carried out manually using the appropriate tool.

The dismantling of a brick wall implies the complete or partial demolition of the reference point of the structure, therefore it entails a certain danger. In order to prevent the deformation of adjacent walls or the destruction of the building, it is necessary to approach this work with full responsibility.

It will be necessary to assess the condition of the brick structure, develop a redevelopment project and carry out dismantling with strict adherence to technology and safety rules.

Dismantling brickwork: which walls can be demolished

In order to improve living conditions and the implementation of unusual design projects, sometimes it is necessary to demolish a partition or make an opening in a load-bearing wall. Such repair and construction manipulations are risky and must be carried out in accordance with the approved project with the permission of special authorities.

When planning the dismantling of the wall, it is necessary to determine what type of structure you have to deal with. The technology of dismantling works depends on the following parameters:

1. A load-bearing wall or partition not included in the power circuit of the house. In the first option, you will need to obtain a permit to perform work. Dismantling of a conventional wall is carried out after agreement. All changes are reflected in the technical data sheet.
2. Construction material. Walls made of wood, stone, brick, drywall, foam block or concrete are subject to demolition. However, for each type of wall, a separate reconstruction norm is provided. For example, to dismantle a wooden partition, you will need to spend a minimum of effort. Demolition of a monolithic wall is a labor-intensive undertaking.

Important! When dismantling partitions, installation of props is not required. The demolition of the bearing wall without fail is carried out with the simultaneous strengthening of the opening and the installation of capital supports.

Methods for dismantling brick walls

Methods for dismantling brick walls largely depend on the quality of the masonry. If, during the construction of the enclosing floor, technological standards were not observed and the wall was noticeably “outdated”, then it can be destroyed using conventional tools (scrap).

You can determine the quality of the masonry visually. With a slight impact, the cement quickly crumbles - which means that the wall can be easily broken.

Important! Scrap blows should be directed to the seams between the bricks. This will speed up the process of destruction of the partition and help keep the bricks intact. Previously used bricks are suitable for the construction of auxiliary buildings or the arrangement of the foundation.

A well-made wall is somewhat more difficult to demolish. The dismantling of this design involves the installation of metal wedges in the crosshairs. brickwork. The wedges are driven in with a sledgehammer until cracks appear in the seams. After that, the exfoliated bricks are sequentially disassembled.

Dismantling of brick walls, partitions: TTK requirements

Dismantling of brick walls and partitions is carried out according to a typical technical map. The TTK displays recommendations on the organization of the dismantling process, the technology for performing work, labor protection / safety requirements, etc. The rules for the dismantling of brick walls (TTK) are relevant for the complete / partial dismantling of partitions and internal brick walls, with overhaul and reconstruction of residential buildings, industrial and administrative buildings, other structures.

Preparatory work

It is better to start removing any wall with a consultation with a specialist. It is better not to touch some load-bearing walls at all if it is not possible to assess the real degree of risk. In extreme cases, it is safer to entrust the demolition of such a wall to experienced professionals.

Preparatory activities:

1. Remove from wall electrical wiring. If this is problematic (hidden wiring and unknown cable locations), then it is necessary to de-energize the entire line in the house.
2. Protect flooring so that falling bricks do not cause mechanical damage. Lay any springy material on the floor. It can be old blankets or pieces of foam rubber.
3. Remove small items from the room, cover furniture with plastic wrap.
4. If there is old plaster on the wall, then it must be beaten with a hammer and a chisel or with a puncher. To facilitate this process, the surface of the coating must be moistened with water - this will weaken the structure of the plaster or putty.

Procedure and rules for dismantling works

The sequence of dismantling a brick wall:

1. Dismantling the top row. Bricks are knocked out with a sledgehammer or perforator. The work is carried out as carefully as possible in order to prevent the simultaneous destruction of a large part of the wall.
2. The subsequent brick rows are "hooked" with a crowbar or a perforator. To facilitate the work process, special tongs are used. An additional plus of this method is that the dismantled bricks remain intact. How to use forceps:
   • adjacent bricks are clamped with tongs;
   • clamped bricks are broken out of the masonry with the help of a lever.

The dismantling of the brick wall is carried out to the level of the ceiling.

Dismantling rules:

1. No more than 3 rows of masonry are demolished in order. Whole bricks, crushed stone and broken bricks are stacked on floors, controlling the uniform distribution of the load (no more than 150 kg / sq.m.)
2. When dismantling the walls use a jackhammer. With weak masonry - scrap and a sledgehammer.
3. Brick vaulted structures are dismantled sequentially in rows. In the presence of cracks or through holes, the vaults collapse with precautions.
4. Dismantling of walls is carried out by separate captures. The length of one section is up to 1.5 m.
5. Dismantling the window sill part of the wall in brick house, as a rule, is performed by shock method. Fragments of masonry are knocked out with a sledgehammer. To demolish this structural element in a residential apartment building required special permission authorized body issued on the basis of the project. The document must be approved by the sanitary and epidemiological station, gas and fire inspections. In addition, the written consent of the neighbors will be required.

Dismantling the walls in the apartment

The need for planning approval

Many apartment owners, having decided on capital reconstruction, mistakenly believe that it will be possible to legitimize the redevelopment after the fact - at the end of repair work. It is not uncommon for homeowners to implement in their apartment a project “peeped” on the Internet or from friends. They make a serious mistake, because when agreeing on a work plan and issuing a permit for repairs, the housing inspectorate takes into account a number of parameters:

• the number of storeys of the house and the floor of the apartment;
• year of construction;
• material of internal floors / external walls;
• layout and location of the apartment (internal or end);
• condition of the foundation of the house, proximity ground water, reservoirs, etc.

There is a big risk that having spent a lot of money and effort on dismantling, it will not work to agree on the redevelopment. Unauthorized demolition walls can lead to cracking of the interior partitions of the neighbors and have more negative consequences. If an independent redevelopment is revealed, the housing inspectorate has the right to oblige to pay a fine and restore the original state of the apartment.

Development and legalization of the project

The whole process of project development and legalization of redevelopment can be divided into several main stages.

Technical appraisal of the house. Inspection of the building is carried out by a design organization that has the appropriate license. Specialists make an assessment of the condition of the property, draw up a conclusion on the possibility of reconstruction, develop a project.

The probability of dismantling implementation depends on many criteria:

• the presence of openings in the walls of the neighbors;
• house series, floor of dismantling - it is easier to obtain permission for redevelopment on the upper floors of the building;
• level of wear of load-bearing structures.

Dismantling, opening a brick wall is prohibited:

• in columns (racks, poles);
• in diaphragm walls (many frame-panel houses built in the 80s);
• at the joints between prefabricated structures (floor beams, columns, load-bearing walls and beams);
• if the implementation of the project requires the elimination / reduction of ventilation ducts.

Project development. The design engineer compares the wishes of the client, the design possibilities and offers best option redevelopment. V project documentation are indicated:

• opening location;
• distance to the next opening and external walls;
• opening dimensions;
• way to strengthen the opening.

Rescheduling approval. The following documents are submitted to the Housing Inspectorate:

• Reorganization application;
• Notarized copies of title documents;
• Technical conclusion of the design organization on the possibility of dismantling the wall;
• Project;
• Consent of neighbors and all owners of the apartment.

A set of documents is submitted to Rospotrebnadzor, the State Fire Supervision and the Housing Inspectorate.

After the arrangement and strengthening of the opening, the employees of the Housing Inspectorate draw up a Certificate of Completion of Works, on the basis of which changes are made to Technical certificate apartments and BTI archive.

Demolition of the load-bearing wall and reinforcement of the opening

The method of creating an opening, as a rule, is specified in the project documentation. For self-dismantling, use a jackhammer or perforator. Specialized companies for the demolition of the partition use more modern tools - diamond-coated saws, diamond-tipped drills and ropes with bushings.

Consider step by step the technological process of creating an opening and its strengthening with a channel:

Dismantling Safety

An important point in the implementation of dismantling work is compliance with safety regulations. When demolishing a brick wall or partition, a number of rules should be followed:

1. Dangerous areas for people to find during the dismantling period must be fenced off and warning signs installed.
2. Do not overload the scaffold flooring with construction waste.
3. Simultaneous demolition of walls in several tiers along one vertical is unacceptable.
4. It is forbidden to leave overhanging, unstable structures that can spontaneously collapse.
5. To reduce the amount of dust during the demolition of brick walls, it is necessary to periodically water the construction debris with water.
6. When working with a jackhammer, it is necessary to wear safety glasses with safety glasses, a respirator or a gauze bandage.

Modern dismantling of walls, partitions and entire structures in a building is a high-tech process that includes two stages:

• Preparatory.
• Basic.

At the preparatory stage, the contractor must receive from the customer a complete package of project documentation and drawings, which should also include a prepared work estimate, a plan for underground utilities, a PPR and a signed order for dismantling work. All engineering and construction personnel involved in the dismantling work must be familiarized with the documentation. It is also required to conduct a safety briefing during such work.

What is included in the preparatory period for dismantling

• Careful inspection of the premises intended for dismantling;
• careful study terms of reference, formulating the conditions for the performance of such work;
• Selection and development of technologies for dismantling works on a specific site;
• Disabling all available engineering communications in the dismantling area;
• Equipment of the place of work with special scaffolding, bunkers, construction garbage chutes, scaffolds and other equipment necessary for dismantling. It is also necessary to establish a system for the removal of construction debris from the site.
• Selection of equipment for temporary fastening of the necessary working structures;
• Installation and safe connection of temporary utilities to the place of work.

Stages of the main period

• Dismantling of individual structures and elements that are not connected to each other. Elements that are not connected to each other are removed, sorted and stored in a special way. Also, the destruction and subsequent loosening of monolithic structures, which are made of reinforced concrete or natural stone, is carried out;
• Carrying out sorting of the materials and elements of the structure remaining from the dismantling, equipment of engineering and other communications, subsequent storage and transportation to the place specified by the customer;
• Site preparation for subsequent installation and construction works.

In the course of dismantling, old unusable structures, utilities and other structural elements are removed, the further use of which has become impossible for technical reasons.

The personnel must create a place during the dismantling work for the installation of new structures or utilities and other equipment. Only after the complete completion of the dismantling work, it will be possible to begin the installation of new elements and new equipment.

Expensive floor coverings subject to disassembly good quality, engineering equipment in working condition, other equipment such as stoves, built-in furniture and lighting fixtures.

The main stages of dismantling floors of various types

Plank floors

The dismantling of plank floors begins with the removal of skirting boards. Then remove the boards. It is necessary to start work from the site most remote from the front door. If it is intended to reuse the floorboards, then the laying pattern of the boards must not be violated. To save it, each board is marked with special characters. After removing the lag, the inventory wooden flooring installed on the flooring is also removed.

Parquet

Parquet floors are also taken apart. The ridges and tongues of the parquet floor should be marked very carefully to make it easier to assemble the flooring again later.

The dismantling of the panel parquet begins from the place of open fastening. In the event that the fastening is made using screws, then you must first unscrew the fasteners. If the parquet floor consists of independent parquet staves, then the analysis of the coating begins from the middle row. The base of the boards in this case is disassembled according to the scheme for disassembling the plank floors.

The removal of linoleum begins with the dismantling of thresholds made of metal or plastic. Then the linoleum sheet is torn off the floor and rolled into a roll.

Screed removal

Dismantling of the old screed is carried out in case of its complete or partial destruction. Also, removal occurs if the old screed is uneven and does not meet modern sound insulation standards. To remove the concrete layer from the floor, special pneumatic concrete hammers, grinders, various types of perforators and other jacking tools are used.

In this case, it is very important not to touch the electrical wiring laid in the building. According to modern building technologies used in the construction of residential buildings, the electrical wiring for the lower floor is laid under the screed of the upper floor. Usually they are hidden in corrugation or HDPE insulation. Before starting dismantling in such places, it is necessary to carefully study construction documentation and find a place for laying electrical wiring.

Window dismantling

Removal of old window blocks should begin with window sashes. They must be removed along with the vents. Before removing the structure, they tear off the window frame with a nail puller or unscrew the screws. It all depends on the condition of the window structure and the type of fasteners.

Glass and appliances installed on them, such as air conditioners, are removed from window frames. For removal, special portable workbenches are used, on which it is convenient to work. The removed glass is stored in a vertical position in specially prepared boxes that protect the glass from damage.

After the dismantling of window frames is completed, workers begin to remove the slopes. Before that, they knock down the old plaster from them. Only after that proceed to the removal of window sills.

The leaning window block remaining in the window opening is squeezed out with a crowbar from the fasteners and tilted inside the room, carefully laying on the floor.

If bricked window openings are being dismantled, then work begins with dismantling the internal masonry. This is a complex monotonous process that requires great physical effort from the staff. Before disassembling the window unit itself, it is necessary to establish the degree of its suitability for recycling. If the block has become unusable completely, it should be destroyed.

Door dismantling

Disassembly of the door frame begins with the dismantling of fittings and glass from the door leaf. After the complete removal of all these elements, the door leaf itself is removed from the hinges. Before dismantling, the door trim is removed from the inside.

After that, the door frame must be unfastened using boards or special strips. 2 boards are driven into the box at an angle of 45 degrees into the upper corners of the box. The third board is installed in a horizontal position at the bottom of the door frame.

With the help of a crowbar or a nail puller, the box, after unfastening, is separated from the wall and pulled out of the doorway. If necessary, you can remove the trim from the outside of the doorway.

When carrying out dismantling in old houses, as well as when dismantling metal and polymer window structures, special recommendations must be followed. In this case, special gas-cutting and cutting machines are used. They should be delivered to the place of work prior to dismantling.

The last stage of dismantling is the removal of debris and dust from the window or doorway. All construction debris is placed in bags and carried away from the premises.

Dismantling of internal partitions

In building technologies, it is customary to distinguish two types of interior partitions: load-bearing and non-bearing. Non-bearing structures are made of thin concrete slabs, gas silicate or tongue-and-groove elements. Such partitions are disassembled in parts and stored on the floor.

Before starting the dismantling of the internal partitions in the room, it is necessary to seal the windows.

The dismantling of load-bearing partitions must be carried out carefully. The state of the entire structure of the building will depend on this. Often, to create arches or when expanding the doorway, a partial dismantling of the bearing partition is carried out. In this case, it is necessary to strengthen the load-bearing wall. Complete dismantling of load-bearing partitions is never performed.

At the beginning of the dismantling of load-bearing partitions, it is necessary to check the general condition of the building and obtain permission to carry out dismantling work in the architectural committee of the city.

Partial dismantling is carried out using a grinder, which is used to cut an opening of the desired size. All figures must be given in the project document, which guides the workers. Between the enlarged opening, metal corners are inserted, which are welded at the junction. The same is done on the back side of the wall.

After strengthening the load-bearing wall, the pieces are crushed with a perforator or grinder in the allocated area. Work must be carried out from top to bottom. To protect and strengthen the metal corners, after making the opening under the arch, the weld is injected and the corners are painted. For the injection of the seam, the wall located between the horizontal and vertical ceilings is shredded, and the working solution is poured into the resulting opening.

For the safety and security of the ceilings of the lower floors, boards are laid in the places of dismantling. This will prevent the ceiling seam on the lower floor from being broken by the weight of falling concrete structures.

Dismantling of partitions is carried out only after the dismantling of utilities. Before dismantling the load-bearing partitions, the structure should be examined again.

Analysis of non-load-bearing partitions made of blocks

If there is a doorway in such a partition, dismantling should begin at the top of the doorway. First you need to embroider the junction of the ceiling and the wall. Only after that start knocking out blocks. In this case, it is necessary to move along the masonry - horizontally or like a ladder. This will ensure the safety of the worker.

Non-bearing reinforced concrete panels are also dismantled from the top. At the same time, a grinder must be used to cut the reinforcement of reinforced concrete partitions.

The walls are cleaned from old wallpaper with a special fur roller, which is well wetted with water. With it, the wallpaper is moistened with water. You need to apply water in several steps so that the old wallpaper is better saturated. After removing the wallpaper layer, you can proceed to remove the layer of old newspapers in the same way. In the end, completely “bare” walls should remain.

The dismantling of decorative plaster is also carried out by wetting the wall. After that, the old layer of plaster is removed with a spatula.

IT IS FORBIDDEN!

Start dismantling without obtaining permission from the regulatory architectural authorities.

The specifics of the dismantling work

All works of this type begin only after the full approval of all project documentation. The dismantling of the floor screed must be carried out very carefully so as not to disturb the electrical cable laid in the floor, which provides ceiling lighting on the lower floors in new buildings. Its damage will delay the construction work and increase their total cost.

When dismantling the sewer system, the openings of the necks of the sewer risers should be closed.

Checking the quality of the dismantling

Floor coverings must be completely freed from old screeds.
The door or window opening must be completely cleared.
All work must be carried out strictly according to the drafted and confirmed project.
The ceilings should not form cracks after dismantling.

§ 13.3. Technology of demolition of large-panel buildings

The technology of dismantling buildings by the method of destruction is based on the use of powerful excavators equipped with multi-section booms with a hydraulic drive and special working bodies that provide mechanical destruction of structural elements made of brick, concrete and reinforced concrete. Hitachi EX-400, Liebherr 942 excavators are used to carry out the work, which ensure the destruction of buildings up to 20 m high and up to 3 m deep.

For in-line work, a set of machines is used, including dump trucks with a carrying capacity of up to 16.5 tons, a machine for cleaning sewer networks, a fuel tanker, a water jet nozzle and hoses for washing, cleaning dump trucks and dedusting structures.

Table 13.1 lists the main mechanisms of machines and equipment for the production of the main types of work.

Table 13.1

List of machines and equipment

To intensify the dismantling processes, the joint work of two excavators is used, one of which carries out the destruction of structures, and the second one loads the scrap into dump trucks of increased body capacity and carrying capacity.

Prior to the commencement of work on the destruction of the building, the entire set of permits is issued, including the requirements for environmental protection.

During the performance of work, the requirements of SNiP " Technics safety in construction. The safety of the work is ensured by: the choice of a rational technological sequence of dismantling, depending on the degree of constraint of the object; preparation of the construction site with the implementation of all activities of the preparatory period; safe working practices; with constant control over the conduct of work by the responsible engineer; removal of personnel and mechanisms not related to dismantling from the danger zone.

Before starting work, the working personnel must undergo a safety briefing and a medical examination.

The work area must be fenced and signposted.

Technology and organization of work during the dismantling of the roof and the interior of large-panel five-story houses

To obtain recyclable materials, dismantling of the roof, the inside of the building and its preparation for destruction are organized. Prior to the commencement of work on the dismantling of the building, the following types of work and activities are carried out: the fencing of balconies is dismantled from the facade of the building at the places where the lifts are installed; a lift is installed and fixed to move dismantled materials; acceptance is made according to the act of safety and quality of the installation of the lift, for its compliance with technical parameters; a check is made to disconnect all communications from the dismantled building.

The technology for dismantling the roofing is shown in fig. 13.4. It includes cutting and cutting the waterproofing carpet and its removal using carts and a lift, followed by removal of the insulation and feeding it to dump trucks.

Rice. 13 .4 . Technological scheme of dismantling the roofing

The dismantling of the roof, including insulation, is carried out section by section from the edges of the building section to the place where the lift is installed. Within the section, the roofing is cut into cards with dimensions of 1'0.5 m and removed manually. As the work on dismantling the roof is completed, part of the team moves on to the dismantling of the floors. It is carried out according to the scheme from distant rooms to the kitchen opening. According to a similar scheme, the dismantling of sanitary equipment, window and door blocks is carried out.

After completion of work on the first section of the building, the lift moves to the next parking lot and the cycle of work is repeated.

Rice. 13 .5 . Mast forklift installation diagrams ( a) and a technological scheme for the dismantling of sanitary equipment in a section of a residential building ( b)

Dismantling materials are fed using a lift and a bunker to a dump truck for subsequent transportation and processing (Fig. 13.5).

An integrated team of 10-12 people is used.

Demolition of buildings by mechanical destruction

Depending on the position of the dismantling object relative to existing buildings, a scheme of lateral or axial movement of excavators is used. During lateral penetration (Fig. 13.6), the destruction of the end external wall panels is initially carried out according to the “top-down” scheme. Dismantling materials are placed in close proximity to the axial zone of the building. Then the load-bearing structures are destroyed: ceilings and internal wall panels. The technological sequence of destruction is adopted in such a way as to exclude the loss of stability of individual elements and their arbitrary collapse.

Rice. 13 .6 . The technology of dismantling a large-panel 5-section residential building with lateral driving by a Liebherr excavator and loading of slaughter by a Hitachi excavator (fragment of the construction plan ( a) and the diagram of the destruction of the house with the loading of the battle ( b))

The Liebherr excavator destroys structures of 3-4 upper floors. The dismantling materials serve as the basis for moving the Hitachi excavator, which loads the slaughter into dump trucks.

Lateral penetration is used in cases where, according to the conditions of the construction plan, it is impossible to organize a ring road.

The process of loading the slaughter begins after the destruction of one section of the house, which is 3-4 hours of work of the Liebherr excavator. To ensure a more complete loading of the mechanisms by the Hitachi excavator, in addition to loading the battlefield, the destruction of the first, basement and basement floors is carried out. These processes are combined with the work of the Liebherr excavator. To increase the productivity of work on the excavation of the battlefield, additional destruction of prefabricated elements is carried out, which makes it possible to more fully use the carrying capacity of vehicles.

The technological sequence of the destruction of the structures of the building elements is shown in the diagrams shown in fig. 13.7.

Rice. 13 .7 . Technological stages of demolition of a large-panel building a- dismantling of end external panels; b- demolition of structures 1,2 and basement floors; v- loading battle; G- sequence of destruction of panels of external walls; d- the same, ceilings and internal walls

It is determined taking into account the design features of buildings and should exclude loss of stability and spontaneous fall of structures.

The joint work of two excavators provides an intensive process of dismantling the above-ground part of buildings.

A Hitachi excavator is used to excavate the basement and basement. He is also excavating a foundation pit for the newly erected building.

More technologically advanced is the scheme of axial penetration of the excavator. It provides a continuous cycle of destruction of the floors of the building and loading of the battlefield, more rational use vehicles(Fig. 13.8). This scheme of work performance allows to reduce technological interruptions in the operation of excavators and vehicles. The ring scheme of roads reduces the technological downtime of dump trucks and provides a more rational traffic pattern.

Rice. 13 .8 . Dismantling technology for a large-panel 5-section residential building with axial driving by a Liebherr excavator and loading of slabs by a Hitachi excavator (fragment of the construction plan)

To optimize the processes, technological maps are developed, including schemes for the production of work, determination of the parking of mechanisms and the duration of the work. In technological calculations, an analysis of the cost of production is given, which is defined as the sum of operating costs for the operation of excavators, vehicles, lifts and the wages of workers associated with the dismantling of internal equipment.

A special place is given to the calculation of vehicles that ensure the continuous operation of excavators.

The required number of vehicles is determined by the dependence where t P- loading time of the transport unit, taking into account the duration of maneuvers; L- range of transportation of the combat structure; v cp- average speed of movement; t p- unloading time.

When moving vehicles in the city, the optimal route is determined, and statistical data on the intensity or load of this route at different times of the day are also taken into account. These data allow us to more accurately determine the average speed and, accordingly, the number of vehicles.

The duration of loading one dump truck is determined according to regulatory data, taking into account the mass of the broken structures, the load capacity of the dump truck and the operating performance of the excavator t n = H v 60M b /E P, where H v- excavator loading time rate; M b- the average weight of the scrap loaded into the dump truck; E P- the norm of time, machine-hour, for loading 10 tons of battle.

Depending on the size of the destruction of prefabricated elements, the coefficient of use of the dump truck in terms of load capacity varies between 0.6-0.8. Taking into account the random parameters of the speed of movement and the coefficient of carrying capacity, the number of cars is taken in such a way that a certain queue for loading is formed. This circumstance is necessary condition continuous operation of excavators and is a factor that reduces the cost of work.