Extraction of profit as the main goal. this is a legal entity that, in order to generate profit as the main purpose of its activities, on the basis of a special permit (license) of the Central

Profit - an economic value, defined as the difference between total revenue and total costs, the difference between income and expenses. Profit is the indicator that most fully reflects the efficiency of production, the volume and quality of products produced, the state of labor productivity, the level of cost.

For the enterprise, profit is the main source of replenishment of its own working capital, material incentives for employees, financing social sphere etc.

Characterizes economic effect obtained as a result of the activities of the enterprise;

Is the main element financial resources enterprises;

It is a source of formation of the revenue side of budgets of different levels.

In the conditions of commercial calculation, the profit of an enterprise acts not only as the main result (main indicator, assessment criterion) of financial and economic activity enterprise, but also the source of its development, financing of innovative and investment projects, satisfaction of other needs, including material ones, both of the members of the given work collective and the owner, and of society as a whole. Therefore, the main thing in the system of its distribution should be a combination of the interests of business entities, society as a whole and specific workers. The implementation of this requirement determines the basic principles of its distribution: financial commitments in front of society as a whole (represented by the state), the maximum provision of the needs of expanded production at the expense of profit, its use for material incentives for workers, the direction to the development of the non-production sphere.

In countries with market economy profits are taxed. Taxable income is gross profit, net of deductions to reserve funds, income by types of activities, exempt from taxation, deductions for capital investments. As a result, the so-called net profit remains at the enterprise.

Net profit is that part of the profit that remains at the disposal of the enterprise after payment established by law taxes.

The company's net profit is used for its own business purposes. Net income is the only source of funds for the payment of dividends in joint stock companies, distribution between the participants in proportion to their shares in limited liability companies.

In conditions market relations each enterprise seeks to increase the volume of profits, which would allow it to firmly hold its position in the sales market for its products and ensure the dynamic development of its production in a competitive environment. Measures to increase profits include: increase in production; increase in product quality; sale or lease of surplus equipment and other property; reduction of production costs due to more rational use of material resources, labor force and working time; expansion of the sales market, etc.

Credit organization it is prohibited to engage in production, trade and insurance activities.

Credit institutions are divided into two groups:

• banks;
• non-bank credit institutions.

Bank

• attraction in deposits Money individuals and legal entities;
• opening and maintaining bank accounts of individuals and legal entities.

Non-bank credit institution

Non-bank credit institutions- these are credit institutions that have the right to carry out certain Bank operations stipulated in the legislation. The combination of these operations sets.

In addition to banks and other credit institutions, Federal law"About banks and banking»The functioning is envisaged:

1. unions and associations credit institutions that do not pursue the goal of making a profit, but are created to protect and represent the interests of their members, coordinate their activities, develop interregional and international relations, satisfy scientific, informational and professional interests, develop recommendations for the implementation of banking activities and solve other joint credit problems organizations. They are prohibited from performing banking operations. Unions and associations of credit organizations are created and registered in the manner prescribed by law Russian Federation for non-profit organizations (Federal Law "On non-profit organizations"). Unions and associations of credit institutions shall notify the Bank of Russia of their establishment within a month after registration;

2. groups of credit organizations, created to solve joint problems (joint implementation of banking operations) by concluding an appropriate agreement between two or more credit institutions. A banking group is an association of credit institutions that is not a legal entity, in which one (parent) credit institution exerts, directly or indirectly (through a third party), a significant influence on decisions made by the management bodies of another (other) credit institution (credit institutions). The parent credit institution of a banking group is obliged to notify the Bank of Russia in accordance with the established procedure about the formation of a banking group;

3. bank holdings... representing a non-legal entity association of legal entities with the participation of a credit institution (credit institutions), in which entity that is not a credit institution (the parent organization of a bank holding company) has the ability, directly or indirectly (through a third party), to significantly influence decisions made by the governing bodies of a credit institution (credit institutions). Significant influence is understood as the ability to determine the decisions taken by the management bodies of a legal entity, the conditions for conducting entrepreneurial activities by it due to participation in its authorized capital and (or) in accordance with the terms of an agreement concluded between legal entities that are part of a banking group and (or) to a banking holding, to appoint a sole executive body and (or) more than half of the collegial executive body of a legal entity, as well as the ability to determine the election of more than half of the board of directors (supervisory board) of a legal entity.

The head organization of a bank holding company, in order to manage the activities of all credit institutions that are part of the bank holding company, has the right to create a management company of the bank holding company and determine the decisions of this company on issues referred to the competence of the meeting of its founders (participants), including on its reorganization and liquidation. A management company is a business entity, the main activity of which is the management of credit institutions that are part of a bank holding. Management Company a bank holding company is not entitled to engage in insurance, banking, industrial and trading activities... The parent organization of a bank holding company is obliged to notify the Bank of Russia about the formation of a bank holding company in accordance with the established procedure.

Thus, banking system Of the Russian Federation is a two-tier, in which the upper level is represented The central bank RF; it is entrusted with the functions of regulation and management of the second level - banks and other credit institutions. It should be noted that the bulk of credit institutions (95%) are banks.

Legal framework for the activities of credit institutions

The concept and legal status of a credit institution

Credit organizations occupy a significant place in the credit system. The legal status of a credit institution in the Russian Federation is determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. federal laws "On banks and banking", "On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)", other federal laws and regulations Of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

In accordance with the Federal Law "On Banks and Banking Activities" (Art. 1) credit organisation Is a legal entity that, in order to generate profit as the main purpose of its activities, on the basis of a special permit (license) from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, has the right to carry out banking operations. TO banking operations according to Art. 5 of this Law include:

• attraction of funds of individuals and legal entities into deposits (on demand and for a certain period);
• placement of attracted funds on its own behalf and at its own expense;
• opening and maintaining bank accounts of individuals and legal entities;
• settlements on behalf of individuals and legal entities, including correspondent banks, on their bank accounts;
• collection of cash, bills, payment and settlement documents and cash service individuals and legal entities;
• purchase and sale of foreign currency in cash and non-cash forms;
• attraction in deposits and placement precious metals;
• issuance of bank guarantees;
• money transfers on behalf of individuals without opening bank accounts (except for postal orders).

In addition to purely banking operations, credit institutions have the right to carry out certain deal specified in the Federal Law "On Banks and Banking Activities". These include:

• issuance of guarantees for third parties providing for the fulfillment of obligations in cash;
• acquisition of the right of claim from third parties for the fulfillment of obligations in cash;
• trust management of funds and other property under an agreement with individuals and legal entities;
• carrying out operations with precious metals and stones in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;
• lease to individuals and legal entities of special premises or safes located in them for storing documents and valuables;
• leasing operations;
• provision of consulting and information services;
• other transactions in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

It should be noted that credit institutions are prohibited from engaging in production, trade and insurance activities.

Organizational and legal form of credit institutions

A credit organization, in accordance with the Federal Law "On Banks and Banking Activities" and the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, is formed on the basis of any form of ownership as a business entity, i.e. in the form of limited liability companies (Art. 87-94 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Federal Law of February 8, 1998 "On Limited Liability Companies"), additional liability (Art. 95 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) and joint stock companies (Art. 96-104 Of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law of December 26, 1995 “On Joint Stock Companies”).

Credit institution in the form limited liability companies a company established by one or more persons is recognized, the authorized capital of which is divided into shares by certain constituent documents. The founders of such a company are not liable for its obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the company, within the value of their contributions. At the same time, the participants of the company who have not fully made contributions are jointly and severally liable for its obligations within the value of the unpaid part of the contribution of each of the participants.

Additional liability company it is not widespread in the Russian Federation and practically does not occur as a form of ownership of credit institutions. This is primarily due to the fact that it provides for a completely different responsibility of the founders who are responsible jointly and severally on a subsidiary basis in a multiple of the value of their contributions. The main debtor in this case will be the society itself. But if his assets are not enough for settlements with creditors, the founders take on the remainder of the debt in amounts that are multiples of the statutory contribution. The multiplicity is determined by the memorandum of association.

Joint-stock a company is recognized, the authorized capital of which is divided into a certain number of shares. The participants of the joint-stock company (shareholders) are responsible for its obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the company, within the limits of the value of their shares.

If the shares of the company are distributed among its founders or a predetermined circle of persons, then the credit institution is registered as closed joint stock company. Such a company does not have the right to conduct an open subscription to the issued shares or otherwise offer them for purchase to an unlimited number of persons. The shareholders of a closed joint-stock company have the preemptive right to purchase shares sold by other shareholders of this company.

A joint-stock company, whose members can alienate their shares without the consent of other shareholders, is recognized open joint stock company. Such a company has the right to conduct an open subscription to the shares issued by it and their free sale under the conditions established by law, for example, the Federal Law "On Joint Stock Companies" or other legal acts... The duties of such a society include an annual publication for the general public. annual report, balance sheet, profit and loss account.

By the founders of the credit institution in accordance with Instruction No. 109-I "On the procedure for making a decision on state registration credit institutions and the issuance of licenses for banking operations ”can be both individuals and legal entities. Founders - legal entities, must have a stable financial position during the last 6 months preceding the date of submission of documents for state registration, it is enough own funds to contribute to the authorized capital of a credit institution; carry out activities for at least 3 years; fulfill obligations to all types of budgets for the last 3 years. The founders of the bank do not have the right to withdraw from the membership of the bank during the first 3 years from the date of its registration.

For the successful operation of a credit institution, the founders must form authorized capital, which is created on the basis of the sale of shares or shares. A contribution to the authorized capital of a credit institution can be made in the form of: funds both in the national and foreign currency; buildings (premises) owned by the founder on the basis of ownership, or other property in non-monetary form, which must be assessed and reflected in the balance sheet of the credit institution in national currency... To form authorized capital a credit institution can also use funds from the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local budgets, free funds and other objects of property under the jurisdiction of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local authorities, on the basis, respectively, legislative act subject of the Russian Federation or a decision of a local government.

At the same time, it is legally prohibited to use borrowed funds to form the authorized capital of a credit institution, as well as funds federal budget and state extrabudgetary funds, free funds and other objects of property, which are under the jurisdiction of federal bodies of state power, with the exception of cases stipulated by federal laws.

The Bank of Russia provides for control over the formation of the authorized capital, the minimum amount of which is established in accordance with Art. 62 FZ "On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)", art. 11 of the Law on Banks and Banking Activities and amounts to 5 million euros. The decision of the Bank of Russia to change the minimum amount of the authorized capital shall enter into force no earlier than 90 days after the day of its official publication. For newly registered credit institutions, the Bank of Russia applies the minimum authorized capital requirement effective on the day of filing documents for registration and obtaining a license. The Bank of Russia has no right to demand from previously registered credit institutions to change their authorized capital, except in cases established by federal laws.

In addition, the Bank of Russia sets the limit for non-monetary contributions to the authorized capital of a credit institution, which cannot exceed 20% of the authorized capital of a credit institution, as well as a list of types of property in non-cash form contributed as payment for the authorized capital.

Constituent documents of a credit institution

The main provisions of the formation of a company with both limited and additional liability, as well as a joint stock company, are enshrined in the constituent documents. The main ones are memorandum of association, concluded between the founders and determining the procedure for their joint activities to create a company, the size of the authorized capital, the categories of issued shares and the procedure for their placement, as well as other conditions and charter society.

The charter of a credit institution implements the legal status of a credit institution as an independent legal entity.

The charter in accordance with Art. 10 of the Federal Law "On Banks and Banking Activities" records:

• firm (full official) name;
• organizational and legal form of the credit institution;
• information about the location of management bodies and separate subdivisions;
• list of ongoing banking operations and transactions;
• the amount of the authorized capital;
• number of shares (stakes);
• par value of one share (monetary size of the share);
• information about the system of governing bodies, including executive bodies, and bodies internal control, on the order of their formation and their powers;
• mechanisms for making basic management decisions and their implementation, as well as other important provisions.

The charter gains the force of an official legal document from the moment of its registration with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the credit institution is obliged to register with the Bank of Russia all amendments and additions to the charter. The Bank of Russia, within 1 month from the date of submission of all duly executed documents, must make a decision on the registration of amendments and additions to the charter of a credit institution.

The legal status of a credit institution as independent legal entity, provides it with autonomy and independence in its operational financial and economic activities from higher state and local authorities. In accordance with Art. 9 of the Federal Law "On Banks and Banking Activities", the credit institution is not liable for the obligations of the state and the Bank of Russia. The state or the Bank of Russia, in turn, is not liable for the obligations of the credit institution, except for the cases when they themselves assumed such obligations. Bodies of legislative and executive power and bodies of local self-government are not entitled to interfere in the activities of credit institutions, except in cases stipulated by federal laws.

However, in order to reduce the risk of monopolization banking system and the growing influence of certain oligarchic groups, the Bank of Russia is obliged to control the acquisition by legal entities and individuals of shares or stakes in a credit institution for an amount exceeding the optimal value established by law. In particular, the acquisition and (or) obtaining in trust as a result of one or more transactions by one legal or natural person, or by a group of legal and (or) natural persons related to each other by an agreement, or by a group of legal entities that are subsidiaries or dependent on each other. to a friend, more than 5% of shares (stakes) in a credit institution require notification of the Bank of Russia, more than 20% - prior consent of the Bank of Russia. The regulation of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation of March 26, 1999 No. 72-P "On the acquisition by individuals of shares (stocks) in the authorized capital of a credit institution" establishes that when an individual acquires shares (shares) in the authorized capital of a newly created credit institution or when acquiring more than A credit institution must submit 20% of the shares (shares) of an operating credit institution to the territorial office of the Bank of Russia supervising its activities, an application and documents required to verify the legality of payment of the authorized capital of the credit institution at the expense of the specified individual and confirming its satisfactory financial position ... According to Instruction No. 109-I, certified copies of documents confirming the state registration of purchasers, or documents containing such information, extracts from the relevant state register must be submitted; certified copies constituent documents legal entities - purchasers; documents allowing to assess the financial position of the acquirers;

copies of documents confirming the acquirer's ownership of the property in non-monetary form, intended to be made as a contribution to the authorized capital of a credit institution; copies of all contracts trust management shares (stakes) of a given credit institution previously concluded by the same trustee; a list of participants in a legal entity that purchases shares (stakes) in a credit institution (open and closed joint stock companies with more than 50 shareholders present a list of participants holding more than 5% of shares); the conclusion of the federal antimonopoly body.

The Bank of Russia examines these documents and no later than 30 days from the date of receipt of the application informs the applicant in writing of its decision - consent or refusal. Refusal must be motivated. If the Bank of Russia has not informed about the decision taken within the specified period, the acquisition of shares (stakes) in the credit institution is considered permitted. The procedure for obtaining the consent of the Bank of Russia to acquire more than 20% of the shares (stakes) of a credit institution and the procedure for notifying the Bank of Russia about the acquisition of more than 5% of the shares (stakes) of a credit institution are established by federal laws and regulations of the Bank of Russia adopted in accordance with them.

The Bank of Russia has the right to refuse to give consent for the acquisition of more than 20% of the shares (stakes) of a credit institution upon establishing an unsatisfactory financial situation purchasers of shares (stakes), violation of antimonopoly rules, as well as in cases when there are effective court decisions who have established the facts of the commission of illegal actions by the specified person in bankruptcy, premeditated and (or) fictitious bankruptcy and in other cases stipulated by federal laws. The Bank of Russia refuses to give consent to the acquisition of more than 20% of the shares (stakes) of a credit institution, if earlier the court established the guilt of the person acquiring the shares (stakes) of the credit institution in causing losses to any credit institution in the performance of his duties as a member of the board of directors ( the supervisory board) of the credit institution, the sole executive body, his deputy and (or) a member of the collegial executive body (board, directorate).

In addition to this, the Bank of Russia is also entrusted with other functions to regulate the activities of credit institutions, which were mentioned above.

At the same time, credit institutions, due to their special position in the Russian economy and special legal status, have certain advantages, guarantees from state regulatory bodies, primarily the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, in comparison with other financial intermediaries:

• for credit institutions, a refinancing system is being created by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, which it performs in accordance with the functions of the lender of last resort assigned to it by the Federal Law "On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)";
• in order to guarantee the return of attracted funds and compensation for losses of depositors, compulsory insurance deposits. For this, the Deposit Insurance Agency is created, which is public corporation, created by the Russian Federation, the status, purpose of activity, functions and powers of which are determined by the Federal Laws "On Insurance of Deposits of Individuals in Banks of the Russian Federation" and "On Non-Commercial Organizations";
• credit institutions to provide financial reliability the right to create mandatory reserves (funds) at the expense of deductions from profit before tax has been granted, while the amount of these deductions is established by federal tax laws;
• credit institutions have the right to carry out professional activity on the securities market in accordance with federal laws without obtaining a special license. Such activities include: release, purchase, sale, accounting, storage and other operations with securities carrying out the attraction of funds to deposits and bank accounts; with other securities, as well as the implementation of trust management with these securities under an agreement with individuals and legal entities (Article 6 of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Banks and Banking Activities").

Banks and non-bank credit institutions

Credit organizations are subdivided into banks and other credit organizations.

Bank a credit institution is recognized that has the exclusive right to carry out in the aggregate such banking operations as:

• attraction of funds from citizens and legal entities to deposits;
• placement of these funds on its own behalf and at its own expense on terms of repayment, payment, urgency;
• opening and maintaining bank accounts of citizens and legal entities.

Commercial banks are inherently not homogeneous and are subdivided, depending on the field of activity, into specialized and universal.

Specialized commercial banks specialize in one or two banking operations or serve a certain category of clients.

Universal commercial banks are credit organizations that have the exclusive right to carry out in the aggregate such banking operations as: attracting funds from legal entities and individuals in deposits; placement of funds on its own behalf and at its own expense on terms of repayment, payment, urgency; opening and maintaining bank accounts of individuals and legal entities. However, this does not limit the activities of a commercial bank, it conducts transactions with securities and currency, provides various consulting services of an economic nature, performs various Financial services... All of these operations and transactions are characterized by: the authorization procedure, which consists in the obligation of the bank to provide customers with a license to conduct banking operations on demand, information about its financial statements(balance sheet and income statement) and audit report per last year and monthly balance sheets per this year(Article 8 of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Banks and Banking Activities"); the need for licensing activities related to their commission; establishment of supervision and control over the legality of their commission.

The peculiarity of banks is expressed in the legislative consolidation of banking operations of two features: 1) the extension of banking secrecy to banking operations. In accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Article 857), the bank guarantees the secrecy of the bank account and bank deposit, account transactions and customer information, at the same time, the Federal Law “On Banks and Banking Activities” (Article 26) implies a guarantee of secrecy about transactions, accounts and deposits of its customers and correspondents. At the same time, the obligation to keep bank secrecy assigned to all employees of the bank. At the same time, the legislation clearly formulates the responsibility of banks and other credit institutions, as well as their officials for their disclosure of information constituting a bank secret, which consists, in particular, in reimbursing the client for damages caused, or paying a fine in the amount of 100 to 200 times the minimum wage, or in the amount of wages or other income of the convicted person for a period of 1 to 2 months, or in imprisonment for up to 2 years (Art. 857 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation; Art. 183 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation); 2) the presence of a special source of law, as well as a large number of regulations of the Bank of Russia. Other credit organizations can perform one or more banking operations in aggregate, except for the combination typical for the bank specified earlier. At the same time, another credit institution should not register as a bank, but must obtain a license to carry out a specific banking operation or several operations. Other credit organizations primarily include cash collection organizations, settlement organizations and etc.

Non-profit organizations are organizations whose purpose is not to make a profit, but to carry out statutory activities. They can lead entrepreneurial activity but use their income for non-commercial purposes.

Institutions- these are organizations created by the owner for the implementation of managerial, socio-cultural and other functions of a non-commercial nature. They can, within certain limits, engage in income-generating activities, which entails the emergence of the right economic management on the property thus obtained.

Full partnership- this is a partnership, the participants of which (general partners), in accordance with the agreement concluded between them, are engaged in entrepreneurial activity on behalf of the partnership and jointly bear subsidiary liability for the obligations of the partnership.

Fig 1.1 Classification of legal entities.

Fellowship on Faith- this is a partnership in which, along with the participants who carry out entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership and are responsible for the obligations of the partnership with their property (general partners), there are one or more participants - investors who bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the partnership, within the amount contributed their contributions and do not take part in the implementation of entrepreneurial activities by partners.

Limited liability company- is a company founded by one or more persons, the authorized capital of which is divided into shares determined by the constituent documents of the sizes, the participants of which are not liable for the obligations of the company and bear the risk of losses within the value of their contributions.

The subsidiary is the society if another (main) business company or partnership, due to the prevailing participation in its authorized capital, or in accordance with an agreement concluded between them, or otherwise has the ability to determine the decisions made by such a company.

Society is addicted if the other (dominant, participating) company has more than twenty percent of the voting shares of the joint-stock company or twenty percent of the authorized capital of the limited liability company.

Production cooperative / artel/ Is a voluntary association of citizens on the basis of membership for joint production and other economic activities based on their personal labor and other participation and the unification of property shares by its members (participants).

Joint-stock company Is a commercial organization, the authorized capital of which is divided into a certain number of shares, its participants (shareholders) are not liable for the obligations of the company and bear the risk of losses within the value of the shares they own.

Public corporation- a company whose members can alienate their shares without the consent of other members and which has the right to conduct an open subscription and free sale of shares.

A closed joint-stock company is a company whose shares are distributed only among its founders or other predetermined circle of persons, its participants have the preemptive right to purchase shares sold by other shareholders of this company.

PRACTICE ON THE TOPIC

Issues for discussion

1. Can the choice of the organizational and legal form affect the efficiency of activities and the prospects for the development of the enterprise?

2. What are the consequences for the participants of the choice of the organizational and legal form of the enterprise?

3. Name the main advantages and disadvantages of the organizational and legal forms of enterprises in terms of their acceptability for large or small sizes and different types entrepreneurial activity.

Tests

1. By general rule founders and participants:

a) are responsible for the debts of a legal entity

b) are not liable for the debts of a legal entity

c) if the property of a legal entity is insufficient, subsidiary (additional) liability may be assigned to general partners (in full partnerships) or to owners of property of institutions or state-owned enterprises

2. Of the listed organizational and legal forms to commercial organizations relate

a) consumer cooperatives

b) business partnerships

f) charitable organizations

3. The property of a legal entity is separated from the property of the founders

Self-study assignments.

Give a comparative description of business partnerships and companies and fill out Table 1.

Table 1.1

Comparative characteristics

business partnerships and companies.

Topic 2. Fixed assets of the company

The choice of a market coverage strategy involves taking into account the size of the resources of the enterprise (firm) and their limitations. The competitiveness of an enterprise (firm) depends on the efficiency of resource use, which directly affects the level of cost and profit, prices for products (services), and profitability indicators. Fixed assets constitute a significant specific gravity in the value of the property of the enterprise. They are means of labor that are used for a long time in the production and economic activities of the enterprise and at the same time retain their natural-material form. Reimbursement of the costs of the acquisition and creation of fixed assets is carried out gradually over the period of their useful use through the accrual of depreciation and the inclusion of depreciation deductions in the costs of production and sale of products (services).

After studying this topic, you will learn:

What parts does the property of an enterprise consist of and what is the difference between non-circulating and current assets;

Factors affecting the formation of the depreciation policy of the enterprise in order to accounting and taxation;

What indicators can be used to assess the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets.

BASIC CONCEPTS

Fixed assets - part of the property used as means of labor in the production of products (performance of work, provision of services) or for the management needs of the company for a period exceeding 12 months or a normal operating cycle if its duration is more than 12 months.

Active part of fixed assets Are elements that affect the subject of labor, move it in the production process and control the progress of production (machinery, equipment, vehicles, tool).

Passive part of fixed assets- these are elements that create conditions for the production process (buildings, structures, inventory and accessories, other fixed assets).

Production fixed assets include objects, the use of which is aimed at the systematic receipt of profit, as the main goal of the activity fixed in the charter of the enterprise (in the production process industrial products, performing construction works, trade, etc.).

Fixed assets non-production purposes include objects that are not related to the implementation of the main activity (housing and communal services, health care, physical culture and education, i.e. objects created to meet the socio-cultural needs of workers).

Rice. 2.1. Classification of fixed assets

Initial cost fixed assets is defined as the sum of expenses for the acquisition, construction, manufacture of an object, delivery and bringing to a condition suitable for use (net of VAT and other refundable taxes).

Replacement cost- the cost of production or acquisition of an object in the conditions and at the prices of a given year.

Residual value is defined as initial (replacement) less accrued depreciation:

OS rest = OS first (rest) - е И

where: OS ost - residual value fixed assets;

OS first (rest) - initial (replacement) cost of fixed assets;

å And - the amount of the accrued depreciation.

Liquidation value is defined as the difference between the cost of scrap from equipment disposal or proceeds from its sale and the cost of disposal costs.

Rice. 2.2. Types of valuation of fixed assets

Depreciation mechanism assumes the accrual during the useful life at the established rates of the amounts of depreciation deductions included in the costs of production and sales of products. The depreciation rate is determined based on the useful life of the object, which is established when the object is accepted for accounting.

Any business starts with the goal of making a profit, because this is essential to the survival and growth of the company. From point of view economic theory generating cash flows(i.e. making a profit) should be seen as the primary goal of any business unit.

The need for profit is driven by the need to cover production costs as well as expansion and development of the enterprise. Business survival in the absence of profit will be simply impossible.

Some economists believe that maximizing profits should not be the main, dominant goal in the company's development strategy, because this leads to over-exploitation not only of the labor force, but also of the consumers. Other theorists, on the contrary, argue that profit should be the main goal of the firm, since it is a monetary reward for the entrepreneur for the risks taken and, accordingly, a motivating factor for further growth and development.

Recently, among the largest businessmen, there has been a tendency to adhere to the views that business should, first of all, be socially responsible. Improving the quality of life of people, society as a whole, the environment, participation in the solution of acute social problems- here is a list of tasks facing a socially responsible business.

One of richest people Great Britain businessman and bestselling author of Losing Innocence Sir Richard Branson believes that at the heart of any enterprise should be the fundamental idea of ​​benefiting others, and the profit will take care of itself.

V modern world success is achieved by those companies that not only offer the market a high-quality product or service, but demonstrate to potential consumers a sincere social responsibility.

However, profit is important to a business for a number of reasons:

1. Profit is essential for the growth of a company. Profit acts as the main source of financing for the enterprise (procurement of raw materials, materials, equipment, salary payments).
2. Profit is essential to the survival of the company. In order to cover production and other costs, the company must have a source of income. This becomes especially critical during economic downturns.
3. Profit is necessary to meet the individual and social needs of the entrepreneur.
4. Profit is essential economic indicator business success. The indicator of the profitability of the enterprise acts as a litmus test for assessing the prospects, attractiveness and rationality of the functioning of a business unit. This metric is of particular importance for analysts as a company goes public. stock market, traders, investors.

Opponents of profit maximization cite the following facts as arguments:

1. This leads to the exploitation of workers and consumers. Companies, in pursuit of increasing profits, are striving to reduce the expenditure side (employee salary) and increase the revenue side (aggressive advertising, aggressive methods of promoting and selling their products, attempts to manipulate the minds of consumers).
2. This leads to an increase social inequality when the rich get richer and the poor get poorer.
3. This leads to an increase in the incidence of corruption.
4. This reduces the moral spirit of society and increases the degree of its materialism.

This is a legal entity that, in order to generate profit as the main purpose of its activities, on the basis of a special permit (license) of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia), has the right to carry out banking operations provided for by the Federal Law “On Banks and Banking Activities”.

Credit organizations (in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Banks and Banking Activities") BANK is a credit organization that has the exclusive right to carry out in aggregate the following banking operations: attracting funds from individuals and legal entities in deposits, placing these funds on its own behalf and on its own account on terms of repayment, payment, urgency, opening and maintaining bank accounts of individuals and legal entities NON-BANKING CREDIT ORGANIZATION is a credit institution that has the right to carry out certain banking operations provided for by the Federal Law "On Banks and Banking Activities". FOREIGN BANK is a bank recognized as such under the laws of a foreign state in whose territory it is registered.

Redistributive nature Creation and operation of a system of reserves in order to ensure the stability of credit institutions, and credit system country High degree state regulation of not only operations carried out by credit institutions, but also the processes of formation and use of financial resources by them

1 free disposal of one's own funds within the framework established by the current legislation 2 striving for profit, i.e. all other things being equal, preference is given to operations with a maximum profitability 3 risk avoidance, i.e. other things being equal, operations with minimal risk have an advantage 4 preference for sustainable and effective long-term performance over short-term (local) results 5 mandatory compliance statutory norms established by the state, economic standards and other rules governing activities, liquidity, financial sustainability credit institutions

The current functioning of credit institutions is the most powerful stratum of government regulatory influence of the Bank of Russia. In this regard, it is necessary to single out several spheres of manifestation of its managerial influences. 1. The first - the organizing and management function of the Bank of Russia - is associated with its activities on licensing credit institutions and issuing licenses for banking operations.

2. The second sphere of management functions of the Bank of Russia is formed by designating it as a body monetary policy the state. The general state of the economy depends to a large extent on the state of the monetary sphere. In terms of the number of institutions, the volume of credit resources and operations, the base of the entire monetary system is made up of commercial banks and others. credit institutions... Therefore, state regulation of the monetary sphere can be successful only if the state, through the Bank of Russia, is able to influence the scale and nature of operations of commercial banks.

3. The third area of ​​management of the Bank of Russia is the organization of monetary circulation in the territory of the Russian Federation. 4 The fourth area of ​​management of the Bank of Russia is its international and foreign economic function. The Bank of Russia represents the interests of the Russian Federation in relations with central banks foreign states as well as in international banks and other international monetary and financial organizations. In this case, the Bank of Russia acts on behalf of the state.

The Constitution contains a number of provisions that can be applied to credit relations. - Civil Code RF. - The Federal Law "On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)" defines the legal status, goals of activity, functions and powers of a single and independent subject of the first level of the banking system of the Russian Federation. - The Federal Law "On Banks and Banking Activities" regulates credit relations- Federal Law "On Joint Stock Companies" - in terms of approval by the borrower of major transactions, including a loan, credit, pledge, surety or several related transactions; - Federal Law "On Mortgage (Pledge of Real Estate)" - in part state regulation, procedures and registration of a mortgage as a way to secure a loan obligation; - FZ "O currency regulation and currency control "- in terms of providing loans in foreign currency and credit relationships between residents of the Russian Federation and non-residents; - Federal Law" On enforcement proceedings"- in terms of enforcement of obligations of debtors to creditors, including debtors on credit obligations; - Federal Law" On precious metals and precious stones "- in terms of regulating this method of collateral credit liabilities as a pledge of precious metals and precious stones.

1. Regulations on the procedure for the provision (placement) of monetary funds by credit institutions and their return (repayment) 2. Regulations on the procedure for the provision of loans by the Bank of Russia to banks secured by pledges and guarantees 3. Regulations on the rules of accounting in credit institutions located on the territory of the Russian Federation 4. Instructions on the procedure for the Bank of Russia to make a decision on the state registration of credit institutions and the issuance of licenses for banking operations