The quality of construction and installation work. Organization of quality control of construction and installation works

The quality of construction and installation works is assessed by their individual types, by elements and parts of buildings and structures, as well as by completed and prepared for commissioning facilities and complexes.

Quality certain types construction and installation work is determined as they are carried out in the process of acceptance from performers (individual workers, teams, teams) by the foreman, the manufacturer of the work. Quality indicators are recorded in general work journals and then transferred to the work order for consideration when establishing the amount of the bonus.

Quality control hidden works is carried out upon their acceptance by the technical supervision of the customer. In this case, an act for hidden work is drawn up, which indicates the quality indicator. The act is signed by the representative of the customer, contractor (foreman, foreman), and in the case of acceptance of especially critical structures - also by the persons exercising architectural supervision.

Quality assessment is also carried out upon completion of certain types of work on the object, performed both on our own and by subcontractors, with an entry in the general work log.

Assessment of the quality of construction and installation work on objects and complexes of structures is carried out in the process of their acceptance into operation and is recorded in the acts of the working and state commissions... When assessing the quality of construction and installation work, the compliance of the results of the work performed with the normative and project documentation, and also the detected defects are analyzed. Assessment is carried out using points: excellent - 5, good - 4, satisfactory - 3.

In the assessment process, first of all, compliance with each regulatory and design requirement that regulates the quality of the monitored indicators should be checked.

Quality analysis is of great importance for organizing work to improve it, eliminate rejects and reduce non-productive costs. Both the total number of defects and their distribution by groups of significance (critical, significant, insignificant), types of work, and departments are analyzed. The causes of defects are thoroughly analyzed, performers and managers are identified, due to whose fault the low quality and defects of work (products) were allowed. The results of the analysis are used to develop plans of measures to improve quality, to summarize the results of socialist competition, and to carry out educational work in the team. The results of the analysis are systematically communicated to the team. For this, in particular, quality days are used.

SUPPLY MANAGEMENT

Material and technical supply - the process of the planned distribution of the means of production of the organization of their timely integrated delivery from producers to consumers. Uninterrupted and complete supply is the most important prerequisite for the fulfillment of production targets and the rhythmic work of enterprises and construction organizations.

With the expansion of the nomenclature and range of incoming construction site materials, parts and structures, the importance of complete deliveries in the form most prepared for use is increasing. In this way, the procurement process is complemented by the picking process. At the picking bases, some processes are carried out to increase the construction readiness of materials, semi-finished products and non-standard elements are manufactured.

There are three types of sets of materials, parts and technological design. delivery, transport (voyage). Technological kit - a set of materials, "products and structures required for the construction of an object or the performance of a stage of work or a part of a building, structure (section, floor, tier) in accordance with the established work technology. Delivery kit is a part of the technological kit received from one supplier (manufacturer, production and assembly base, assembly trust) in accordance with the schedule of construction and installation works Transport (voyage) set - a group of products and structures, materials transported by one transport unit, addressed to one consumer.

Material and technical supply management consists in influencing employees of supply authorities, supplier enterprises, production assembly bases in order to ensure uninterrupted complete supplies of materials, parts, structures and equipment to construction sites in accordance with the construction and installation work schedules

In construction and installation trusts (associations), house-building factories, production and technological equipment management (UPTK) are being created. They concentrate all the functions of managing the complete material and technical supply of facilities under construction, including: a) obtaining all types of material resources, storing them, creating the necessary stocks; b) performance of work to improve the construction readiness of products, the manufacture of semi-finished products, mortar and concrete mixes, colorful compositions, blanks and preparation of materials for direct use (cutting to size of glass, linoleum, wallpaper, boards, molded products), production of non-serial and atypical structures and parts; c) the formation of kits and their centralized delivery to the facilities under construction according to hourly and weekly-daily schedules, linked to the schedules of construction and installation work - UPTK is a progressive form of organizing material and technical support. When organizing the UPTK, the completeness of supplies is ensured, the degree of construction readiness of materials and products increases, the volume of transit supplies increases, the number of warehouses is reduced, stocks of materials are minimized, accounting and safety of materials are improved, waste is reduced and their utilization is introduced. All this makes it possible to reduce the construction time of objects, increase labor productivity, reduce the cost of material and labor resources, as well as the cost of construction. The structure of the management apparatus for production and technological equipment may be different depending on the volume and structure of the serviced construction and installation works and the conditions of supply.

In some trusts such a form of material and technical supply management has been preserved, in which an office is created in the trust, and in construction management- department of material and technical supply. The office of material and technical supply realizes the allocated funds and limits on materials, keeps records, storage, distribution and delivery of them to construction organizations and manufacturing enterprises. However, such an organization of material and technical supply is considered outdated, since it is characterized by a low level of complete deliveries and a low degree of construction readiness of the supplied materials.

High quality construction is the main condition for ensuring the reliability and durability of structures under construction, social and economic efficiency of capital investments.

The quality of construction depends on:

on the quality, architectural, artistic and technical level of design solutions;

quality of building materials, structures, products, equipment;

qualifications of workers and engineering and technical personnel; the level of technical discipline;

strict adherence to the requirements of the project, GOST, SNiP, technical conditions, construction organization projects (PIC) and work production projects (PPR).

The quality of construction and installation work is regulated by SNiP, part 3, which sets requirements for the quality of work, the composition and procedure for quality control, permissible deviations (tolerances) of geometric dimensions, rules for the design of hidden works and other requirements aimed at ensuring high quality construction products.

Defects encountered in construction practice are classified as follows:

aggravating appearance structures and requiring additional work to eliminate them;

deteriorating the operational qualities of structures;

violating the strength and stability of individual structures, buildings and structures in general.

The first group includes, for example, deviations from the requirements for surface finishing; to the second - violations of the thermal properties of enclosing structures and their waterproofing, as well as sound insulation of walls and partitions ceilings, defects in engineering equipment systems.

Defects of the third group are especially dangerous, which are the result of violation of the requirements of projects and technical conditions, linear dimensions and marks of installation of structures.

As practice shows, the main reasons for the low quality of construction and installation work are deviations from projects, violation of technology and rules for the production of work due to low discipline and qualifications of workers, as well as unsatisfactory technical and architectural supervision and control.

The appropriate level of construction quality is ensured by a quality control system.

Quality control of construction and installation works in production includes the input control of working documentation, structures, materials, products and equipment; operational control of individual construction processes, as well as acceptance control of the work performed. Compliance with the rules for the production of certain types of work, their quality is controlled by the foreman, foreman, foreman - the line personnel of the construction site. The important links of the construction quality control system are departments technical control and construction laboratories of factories and construction trusts.

The technical personnel of the construction sites are responsible for the quality of construction and installation work. External control over the quality of construction is carried out by technical supervision of the customer and designer supervision of design organizations.

A special place is occupied by field supervision, which is obliged to ensure control over the strict fulfillment of the requirements of the project, GOST, TU and SNiP. The authors of the project or the field supervision group, who are entrusted with supervision duties by the design organizations, regularly visit construction sites, keep field supervision journals, and monitor the implementation of their prescriptions. In accordance with the regulation, the designer's supervision has the right to prohibit the use of structures, materials and products that do not meet the requirements of GOSTs and TUs, to demand the suspension of work carried out in violation of the project and SNiP, to submit to the relevant authorities submissions to prosecute officials who have committed poor-quality work performance ...

Design organizations and persons exercising architectural supervision are responsible for the high-quality execution of the project and the fulfillment of obligations stipulated by the Regulations on designer supervision of design organizations over the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures.

Quality control is carried out: visually; measuring linear dimensions and assessing the quality of surface finishing; full-scale tests; using technical means - destructive or mechanical method (test of control samples), or non-destructive method(using ultrasonic or radiation equipment, heat meters, etc.).

Compliance with the necessary requirements of those works that are hidden by subsequent works is recorded by special "Acts for hidden works" drawn up by line personnel with the participation of representatives of the author's and technical supervision.

At each construction site, it is necessary to keep work logs (general and for individual types of work) and a designer's supervision log, draw up acts of intermediate acceptance of critical structures, carry out tests and testing of equipment, systems, networks and devices.

State supervision over the quality of construction is carried out by the bodies of the State Architectural Control and Construction Inspection of Architectural and Planning Administrations and Departments of the Executive Committees of Local Councils of People's Deputies, the State Construction Committee of Ukraine. These bodies carry out systematic inspections of the state of construction quality during the commissioning of completed objects. The quality of work of individual types and of the entire object as a whole is determined by a working commission with the participation of a representative of designer supervision. In case of violation of the requirements of the project, SNiP and technical conditions for the production of work, the object is not accepted. The decision is approved by the State Commission.

In order to ensure the high quality of construction, every enterprise in the construction industry, every construction trust, every construction site develops plans for appropriate measures and draw up integrated construction quality management systems (KSUKS) using moral and material incentives for good and excellent quality achieved by individual workers, teams, construction sites.

Quality control of construction and installation works should be carried out by line personnel and special services created in construction organization, and equipped with technical means ensuring the required accuracy, reliability and completeness of control.

Production control of the quality of construction and installation works should include incoming control of design documentation, structures, products, materials and equipment, acceptance of a geodetic stake out basis, operational and acceptance control of construction and installation works.

During the incoming control of the project documentation, including the construction organization project, a check should be made of its completeness, the availability of approvals and approvals, the presence of references to the TYPE.

The general contractor performs acceptance of the geodetic alignment base provided by the customer, checks its compliance with the established requirements for accuracy, reliability of fixing signs on the ground, if necessary, with the involvement of independent experts. Acceptance of the geodetic alignment base from the customer is formalized by the appropriate act.

At the entrance control building structures, products, materials and equipment are checked for their compliance with the requirements of standards, specifications or technical certificates specified in the project documentation. At the same time, the presence and content of passports, certificates and other accompanying documents confirming the quality of the specified structures, products, materials and equipment. Measurements and control tests of the above parameters can be performed if necessary. Methods and means of measurement and testing must comply with the requirements of the TIPA in force in the Republic of Belarus. The results of incoming control should be recorded in the log of incoming control.

Operational control should be carried out as in the course of execution production operations and after their completion in order to ensure timely identification of defects and the adoption of measures to eliminate them. During operational control, it is necessary to check the compliance with the technology for performing construction and installation works, the compliance of the work performed with the design documentation and the TIPA requirements. The implementation of special measures during the construction of complex and experimental facilities, as well as on subsidence and waterlogged soils, is subject to special control.

The main documents for operational quality control are TYPE in terms of quality control of work and technological (typical technological) charts containing special sections on quality control of construction and installation works. The results of operational control should be recorded in the work production log.

During acceptance control, it is necessary to check the quality of the construction and installation work performed, as well as the quality of critical structures.

Hidden work is subject to certification with the drawing up of acts. The certificate of inspection of hidden works should be drawn up for a completed process performed by an independent unit (link, team) of performers. Survey of hidden work and drawing up an act in cases where subsequent work should begin after breaks should be carried out immediately before the production of subsequent work. It is forbidden to perform subsequent work in the absence of certificates of survey of previous hidden work.

Responsible structures, as soon as they are ready, are subject to acceptance during the construction process (with the participation of a representative of the design organization or field supervision) with the preparation of an intermediate acceptance certificate for these structures.

The quality management of construction and installation works should be carried out by construction organizations and include measures, methods and means aimed at ensuring that the quality of construction and installation works and completed construction facilities meets the requirements of design documentation and TNLA.

At all stages of construction, in order to verify the effectiveness of previously performed production control, inspection control should be selectively carried out. Inspection control is carried out by special services, if they are part of the construction organization, or by commissions specially created for this purpose or by individual specialists.

Based on the results of production and inspection quality control of construction and installation works, measures should be developed to eliminate the identified defects, while the requirements of field supervision of design organizations, technical supervision of the customer and authorities should also be taken into account. state supervision and control.

Conclusion

The organization of construction production should ensure the focus of all organizational, technical and technological solutions to achieve the final result - the commissioning of an object with necessary quality and on time.

For the timely commissioning of the facility, it is necessary to perform well at the preliminary stage, on the basis of the construction organization project and executive documentation, project of work production.

Construction should be carried out in a technological sequence in accordance with the schedule, taking into account the reasonable combination of certain types of work.

When organizing construction production, the work of all participants in the construction of the facility must be coordinated with the coordination of their activities by the general contractor, whose decisions on issues related to the organization of the execution of work are mandatory for all participants in the construction, regardless of their departmental subordination; complete supply of material resources; construction of buildings, structures and their parts by industrial methods based on the widespread use of supplied complete structures, materials, products and equipment; the use of advanced technologies and the organization of construction and installation work, ensuring the reduction of material and energy costs; execution of construction, assembly and special construction works in compliance with the technological sequence of the construction of the facility, technically justified combination of them, taking into account the safe production of work; ensuring the required quality, high culture of construction, compliance with labor safety rules and environmental protection requirements.

Today we will talk about the concept of quality control in the construction industry. This issue is very relevant at the present time in connection with the emergence of many firms and organizations specializing in construction work and sometimes not always paying due attention to the quality of the objects being built. What is it about?

The quality of construction products is understood as the entire sum (in aggregate) of the characteristics of a construction object, ready for use, allowing to meet the assigned needs.

What is quality management?

It is understood as a set of measures to ensure and maintain quality the right level in the design of construction products, their production and operation. Measures for its implementation are systematic control of construction projects and timely impact on all influencing factors and conditions.

A combination of technical, organizational, economic and other means to maintain its optimal level is used in the development of projects, industrial production of products, in the process of construction work by contractor organizations, as well as during warranty period exploitation.

Goals and objectives of the quality management system

What tasks are included in the quality management system when it comes to construction and installation work?

First of all, about planning, that is, about establishing a planned level of quality, according to normative indicators (instruction SN 378-77). Then - about ensuring the readiness of the organization to work this level. It is on the supply of material and technical resources in accordance with the requirements of standards.

Particular attention is paid to metrological assurance of the accuracy and unity of the actual parameters by those indicated in the project, and staffing. An important point is the stimulation of the quality of the material and moral order, as well as information support.

Regulatory documentation as the basis of the CMR system

There are three stages in the development and implementation of the CC of the CMP. At the first of them, an order is issued to create a coordination working group, technical training of specialists, analysis and examination of the existing level of quality is organized. At the second stage, the terms of reference and the project are being developed, the third is the implementation of the system.

Construction control is carried out on the basis of regulatory documentation, which serves as the basis for quality management in all types of construction. It consists of state standards, building codes and regulations, design and estimate documentation as well as industry standards, guidelines, instructions, etc.

The general structure of construction regulatory documents (SND) is regulated by SNiP 10-01-94, which contains requirements for all regulatory documents. Its provisions are mandatory for use by management and supervision bodies, organizations of any form of ownership.

What is the meaning of regulatory documentation

The task of the SND is to ensure the compliance of the construction product with its intended purpose (favorable conditions for the life of people), its safety for life and health, protection from possible risks in emergency situations, the reliability and quality of foundations, structures and engineering systems, compliance with environmental standards.

Normative documents can be state, federal, pertaining to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and industrial and industrial (by constituent economic activity). SNiP (abbreviated designation of building codes and regulations) of the Russian Federation regulate mandatory requirements for the process of creating construction products.

What is it like

GOST (abbreviation stands for " state standards") in our country establish all provisions (from mandatory to recommended) regarding specific characteristics and parameters of buildings, structures, their parts, individual structures, materials and products.

Other provisions at the federal level are spelled out in the joint venture (codes of practice for design and construction), as well as RDS (guidance documents).

The constituent entities of the Russian Federation have established TSN - this reduction corresponds to the territorial building codes, and in certain industries the regulations are set by STP and STO - standards of enterprises and associations, including the provisions of technology and organization of a specific production.

Organization of quality control of construction works

It is conducted at three levels:

1. In the form of state supervision carried out by specially existing bodies.
2. As departmental quality control of construction and installation works (having the same tasks) by the bodies of ministries and departments.
3. In the form of production control within an organization or enterprise. This is internal control. He, in turn, is entrance, acceptance, operational and inspection. The object of such control is the high quality of the technological process and manufactured products.

What is POS and PPR

The work cannot be started without the appropriate documentation. The technical departments of construction organizations check the working drawings received from the customer, estimate documentation agree on all deviations. The most complex drawings are provided on a large-scale by the teams of performers.

The primary basis of everything is the POS - the project for the organization of construction. On its basis, the construction organization is developing a PPR - a work production project approved by the chief engineer of the general contractor organization. Without approved PPR construction not allowed. The control of construction and installation works is based on checking the strict compliance of the ongoing process with both PPR and POS.

About incoming control

Incoming control in mandatory everything that comes to the construction site should be subject - from building materials and products to any engineering equipment. Tests are carried out in construction laboratories and by external examination.

A general work log serves as the primary production document, reflecting all construction control and supervision in the production process - it is usually kept separately for each object. It is filled in by the foreman from the first day of work. It contains the entire list of personnel with changes, registration of used estimates and working drawings, conclusions of expert commissions, etc.

In its main part - a work diary - they reflect the start / end dates of each stage of production with a detailed progress.

What is operational control

Operational quality control is understood as checks during the construction process for the compliance of the work performed with all requirements in the context of individual operations. Its purpose is to prevent and eliminate defects and defects in time.

Its implementation is the task of the foreman or the foreman, and the chief engineer is engaged in the organization.

Construction control in the form of technical supervision carried out by the customer

This type of supervision is established to confirm the quality and volume of work performed, their compliance with the approved project and estimate. The customer controls the quality of the materials and structures used, compliance with GOSTs and TUs.

Technical supervision representatives have no right to make changes during construction in the approved documentation. Their task is to carry out construction control by checking the results laboratory tests and analyzes, availability of passports, sampling, etc. In case of detection of low-quality materials and equipment, they draw up an act and their use is prohibited.

In case of hidden work, construction and technical control requires registration in the form of acts immediately after their completion. Until such acts are signed, the next phase of activity cannot be started. Work in which the approved project was violated will not be accepted, and all defects must be eliminated at the expense of the contractor.

Architectural supervision - what is it about?

In addition, the design organization conducts another quality control of construction work - designer supervision. The General Designer is the Chief Architect and Chief Project Engineer as representatives of the design organization in the institutions and subcontracting firms.

If necessary, they can suspend the progress of work - if violations and deviations from the project are detected. Construction quality control through field supervision may be entrusted to a specialized independent design organization.

Authority of the designer's supervision is the prohibition of the use of parts, materials and structures that do not meet the standards, the requirement to suspend work carried out with obvious violations, making proposals to bring the perpetrators to justice.

Another level of control

We are talking about state control of the quality of construction. As you know, the management of the development (including planning) of cities and other settlements carried out by departments (or departments) for construction and architecture.

The functions of such bodies are to develop and issue to developers architectural and planning assignments for design, control the allotment of plots for all types of construction, supervise the organization of field supervision, guide geodetic services, issue permits, etc.

The chief architect is in charge of the planning and development of any city. Among his powers - unhindered visits to any construction sites in the city and suburban areas. While conducting construction control, he has the right to suspend the progress of the process if the latter is conducted in violation of the law or an approved project.

Inspection Engineer Functions

The role of the deputy chief architect is an inspector engineer of state control, who is entrusted with construction control in the form of visiting construction sites with the right to demand any design materials and documents, control the correct and timely maintenance of work logs and other documentation, make proposals for alteration of low-quality work and prohibit use non-standard materials and equipment.

He can also, if necessary, require an examination or opening of certain doubtful structures, check whether the engineering and technical personnel have certificates granting the right to admit to certain works, raise the issue of bringing to responsibility - both disciplinary and criminal - of persons convicted of violating the legislation in the construction sphere.

About geodetic works

Among other things, one should not forget about the geodetic maintenance of construction, on which the durability and reliability of any structure depends to a large extent. This component technological process, which is carried out in accordance with a time-bound schedule for all work.

Are underway geodetic works according to SNiP 3.01.03-84. Their goal is to create a layout base for construction, to carry out layout work directly, to control the accuracy of the construction of building structures at every stage. Construction control using geodetic methods, it allows timely identification of unwanted deformations and displacements in building elements.

It is the customer's task to create such a breakdown basis for the construction of a structure, to carry out the breakdown work themselves is the functionality of the contractor organization.

Tasks of the customer and contractor

Before the beginning land works the representatives of the contractor and the customer jointly accept the working breakdown of the structures, which has already been carried out by the contractor. In case of compliance with its project, an act is signed with the attached breakdown diagram and reference to the existing (backbone) network.

At the stage of land works, as well as all others, the construction organization is obliged to take care of preparing the conditions for carrying out this type of activity, in particular, the preservation of the necessary geodetic and alignment marks and their restoration in case of damage.

Quality control of work in construction is a check of the conformity of the materials, products, equipment and structures used with the design technologies for the production of works, the requirements of regulatory documents, design solutions, the timing of construction and its cost according to the design and estimate documentation.

It is mandatory to be determined at each stage of work: when drawing up regulatory documentation, design, manufacture of materials and components, installation.

The quality must correspond to the requirements of the project and documentation. It depends on the qualifications of engineers and workers, the products and materials used, the tools and machines used, and technology compliance.

Quality control and the adoption of operational measures to eliminate defects can be internal and external. The latter is carried out by departmental and government bodies control.

The customer carries out technical supervision over the quality of the work performed, their volumes, deadlines and accepts fully finished objects.

State bodies of architectural and construction control sign a permit for the production of work, monitor the linking of the building to the allocated area and compliance with the rules for performing work. Each contractor must have a license to operate.

Internal control the quality of the activities performed is carried out by employees and supervisory bodies of installation organizations at all stages. Superintendents, foremen and foremen carry out the quality of construction work continuously and constantly. They are personally liable (both administrative and criminal) for violation of building legislation and compliance with production technology. (as a technical manager of the organization) systematically carries out selective (for individual objects) control of the quality of construction work.

Internal control consists of input, operational, as well as acceptance and laboratory control.

Input is a quality check of the accepted design documentation, incoming materials, products, component parts and equipment. The technical department of the head office monitors the compliance of the documentation with all the possibilities of performing work during the approval of the project and receipt of working drawings. At the same time, the quality of materials, equipment and products is guaranteed by compliance with certificates, technical specifications, standards, working drawings and passports. This supervision is carried out by line engineers, customer representatives and laboratories.

Operational (individual sections of work) quality control of construction work carried out at the workplace is the main type of internal technical supervision. It is carried out both by the workers themselves and by production personnel. It is carried out after the end of production operations, with the aim of identifying defects and their prompt elimination. It is carried out according to the schemes developed as part of the PPR.

Laboratory control is necessarily carried out with large volumes of construction. Special laboratories control the quality of incoming products and materials, check their compliance with TU, GOST, certificates and standards.

Assesses the quality of already completed structures or their individual parts, as well as hidden works.

Geodetic and metrological quality assurance is carried out by the relevant services and laboratories for the purpose of uniformity, reliability of measurements, and accuracy.

Quality control of construction is an indispensable condition for the construction of facilities, a guarantee of their safety and reliability.