Vertical layout of the construction site. Vertical layout of the construction site

Clearing the territory construction site is a set of measures, including the production of work on cutting down trees and shrubs, uprooting stumps and cleaning stones, preserving the fertile soil layer, demolishing buildings, engineering networks and communications, backfilling of pits, pits and trenches, cleaning and planning of the territory and other types of work.

Clearing the territory and cutting off plant soil is carried out in accordance with the project for the production of works, which indicates: the thickness of the cut off layer of plant soil, places of cutting, collection and embankment of plant soil; methods of protection against damage or transplantation of trees and plants used in the future; storage areas for plant soil cut from the construction site, suitable for use in landscaping and landscaping; methods and procedure for soil reclamation.

The boundaries of the areas to be cleared should be fixed with clearly visible milestones, indicators, benchmarks.

Deforestation or replanting of forest and shrubbery on the territory of the construction site is carried out only in agreement with local authorities and State authorities technical supervision and obtaining a felling ticket strictly within the boundaries established by the project. Green spaces that are not subject to felling must be marked with signs or fenced in and transferred to the safety of the construction organization according to an act with the attachment of a diagram of their location on the ground.

Clearing the area from trees can be done with cutting trees on site and then removing the logs or cutting felled trees outside the construction site.

Removal of the remnants of roots from the vegetation layer is carried out immediately after clearing the area from stumps and logs. The removed roots and bushes are removed from the cleared area to specially designated places for subsequent removal.

Vegetable soil to be removed from the built-up areas must be cut, moved to specially designated places on the construction site or beyond and placed in dumps for further use in the reclamation of disturbed lands or for other needs in accordance with the project.

Before the start of work on cutting the soil of the vegetation layer, the following work must be performed:

• the axes were taken out and the boundaries of the site (route) of the production of work were marked;
• the places of dumping of dumps of vegetative soil are indicated;
• a working breakdown of the site was made with the fixing of road signs;
• familiarized with the technology and organization of work and trained in safe working methods, workers and engineering and technical workers.

When working with plant soil, do not mix it with the underlying non-plant soil, and also pollute it with waste, construction waste.

Reclamation of disturbed lands is a complex of engineering measures for technical training land for subsequent targeted use and biological development of land to restore their fertility.

All lands disturbed by construction are subject to reclamation, in which changes have occurred, expressed in disturbance of the soil cover, in the formation of new forms of relief, changes in the hydrogeological regime of the territory (desiccation, flooding), as well as adjacent lands, on which, as a result of construction, there was a decrease in productivity.

Reclamation is carried out in two stages - technical and biological.

The technical stage provides for the implementation of measures for the preparation of lands vacated after the development of the deposit, for subsequent targeted use in the national economy. These include: rough and fine leveling of the surface of disturbed lands; flattening and (or) terracing of slopes of dumps and sides of quarry excavations; preparation of sites (deforestation, shrubbery, removal of stones, etc.); selective removal, transportation, storage (if necessary) and application of potentially fertile rocks and a fertile soil layer to reclaimed land; elimination of the consequences of sedimentation of dumps of open-pit mining and anti-erosion measures; backfilling with rock or water filling the residual quarries; a set of reclamation measures aimed at improving the chemical and physical properties of dump soils that make up the surface layer of reclaimed lands (if necessary); construction of roads and hydraulic structures, etc.

The biological stage of reclamation includes measures to restore the fertility of reclaimed lands. These include: planting trees and shrubs, sowing perennial grasses, carrying out agrotechnical measures, phytomelioration and other work aimed at restoring flora and fauna.

An important environmental measure during the preparatory cycle is cutting and preserving the vegetation layer of the soil for later use.

The vegetation layer is cut by earth-moving machines: with a relatively low large areas and the range of movement of soil - by bulldozers; for large areas, large thickness of the vegetation layer and moving it over a distance of more than 100 m - with scrapers.

The excavated soil is transferred to a temporary intermediate dump. From the dump, it is shipped by excavators or loaders to dump trucks and taken to the place of use.

We accept cutting of the vegetation layer with a bulldozer with longitudinal movement of the soil.

Scope of work:

1. Preparation for cutting off the vegetation layer

2. Cutting and laying plant soil in a longitudinal roller

3. Reverse turn

Cutting off the vegetation layer is carried out with transverse passes of the bulldozer, overlapping each previous pass by 0.2 ... 0.3 m. The soil is cut to the full thickness of the soil layer and moved outside the right-of-way.

Rice. 4. Scheme of the organization of the workplace

Vertical layout.

Vertical planning is performed only after the vegetation layer has been removed and taken out of the construction site. The vertical layout should be designed in such a way that the unobstructed drainage of surface groundwater... Considering the dependence of the distance between the movement of the soil the volume earthworks a set of machines and mechanisms is economically justified and selected. With a range of soil movement up to 20 m, it is recommended to use leveling excavators and motor graders, up to 100 m - bulldozers, more than 100 m - scrapers and single-bucket excavators with vehicles. In cramped working conditions, as well as in the development of soil with continuous earth-moving machines, conveyor transport should be used.

The deviation of the planning marks from the design ones in non-rocky soils is allowed only in certain places and provided that the given direction of water flow is not violated. When developing planning cuts in rocky soils, underflows up to 10 cm are allowed, while the overflow sites are covered with local fine rocky soil, and in places where there are underflows, surface water drain should be ensured.

Grading in excavation areas should be done prior to laying underground engineering communications, and in places of adding - after their installation.

Cutting off the vegetation layer. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Cutting the vegetation layer." 2017, 2018.

The vertical layout of the construction site is part of the preparatory period in construction. Grading is an artificial change in the terrain according to the design data.

The resulting site with design marks can already be used for further work. Before the start of all construction processes, it is necessary to obtain a permit for the production of work and only then proceed to the development of the territory.

The planning of the construction site is carried out by cutting the soil and filling it in the required volumes and places. It is a mandatory component before starting the construction of the facility.

The building area is leveled, slight slopes are arranged, which serve to remove rain and melt precipitation from the construction site.

If necessary, arrange additional earthen structures - drainage or drainage ditches, embankments, etc. They prevent the flow and accumulation of atmospheric water to the construction site from neighboring territories.

The main stages of vertical planning

The vertical planning must be carried out with the maximum preservation of the natural relief of the area. When calculating in terms of the smallest amount of earthworks.

At the same time, it will be correct to preserve the fertile soil layer where possible. If this cannot be done, then the humus layer of the soil is removed and moved outside the construction site. Subsequently, the cut layer will be used for landscaping.

Performed to prepare a building plot. It is the initial part of the building plan.

The execution of vertical planning can be conditionally divided into several stages:

1. Removal and relocation of the vegetative layer of the soil;
2. Development of earth masses by cutting off embankments and moving them into existing excavations;
3. Backfilling of the design embankment with leveling and soil compaction;
4. Final planning of areas and slopes in embankments and excavations.

Depending on soil conditions ( high level underground waters, weak soils, other) the layout also achieves the solution of other problems.

For example, by erecting an embankment (ground cushion) under the future structure, it is possible to ensure that the foundations are located above the level of subsoil waters. This makes it possible to carry out construction where it was not possible before.

The vertical plan drawings are included in the section of the working drawing set master plan which includes:

• Summary data of working drawings;
• Landing plan of structures on the ground;
• Plan of the projected relief (slopes, contours, ground elevations of structures, etc.);
• The plan of the moved masses of soil (excavations, embankments);
• General plan of engineering communications;
• Landscaped area plan (roads, sidewalks, small architectural forms).

As part of the arrangement of the territory, the vertical planning solves certain problems:

Organizes a drain from the building area - storm, rain, melt water;

Solves the problem of planting buildings, structures, laying underground utilities with the least amount of earthwork;

Provides permissible slopes of streets, driveways, playgrounds, sidewalks for traffic in a safe mode of vehicles, pedestrians;

Organizes the projected relief;

It will not be superfluous to note that in the production of work (POS, PPR) there are requirements for the layout of the construction site.

Correct vertical leveling of the construction site is essential for the accurate installation of jib and tower cranes. As well as scaffolding and scaffolding on the facades of buildings, the correct storage of building materials and structures.

Geodetic works on vertical planning

The project on geodesy of vertical planning is developed by the specialists of the design firm. There are two main types of vertical planning projects development.

• Designing a horizontal area while maintaining the balance of earth masses.
• Design of inclined platforms.

The balance of earth masses is a condition under which the difference between the volumes of cutting and filling of soil should be as close to zero as possible.

If the volume of soil extracted during the development of excavations can be completely laid in an embankment erected on a construction site, then the balance is called zero.

This option can be called optimal, since it does not require additional costs for the development of soil, its loading and transportation.

The design is based on the existing topographic surface of the construction site. V general view the simplest and most common is the following technique.

Geodetic survey (leveling) of the construction site is carried out on a grid of squares. The length of the side of the square is taken from 10 to 100 meters.

The tops of the squares are marked on the ground with pegs. Based topographic survey the elevations of the tops of the squares calculate the design elevation of the planned (horizontal) construction site.

Then the working marks of the intersections of the squares are calculated (plus - add, minus - cut off), as well as the position of the places and lines of zero works. After that, the volumes and cartogram of earth masses are calculated.

A similar technique is used when designing ramps. The vertical layout of the construction site is carried out already taking into account the slope specified by the project.

Performing vertical planning

The preparatory measures include work on cleaning the construction area from trees, bushes, stumps, boulders and other things.

In addition, the diversion of surface waters, drainage of the territory, breakdown construction site for production planning activities cutting off the vegetative layer of the soil.
Main works:

• Development of soil in places where it needs to be cut with moving to places where it needs to be poured;
• Leveling, compacting it in embankments;
• Removal or delivery of earth masses to the construction site, if necessary;
• The final is the layout of the site.

The vertical leveling is carried out using earthmoving machines. For small volumes of work, bulldozers of small and medium power are used.

When moving the soil at a distance of 80-100 meters - high-power bulldozers or small scrapers with a bucket capacity of up to 3m3.

When moving earth masses over a distance of 120 meters, it is most advisable to use scrapers with a bucket capacity of 10 m3 or more.

In some cases, instead of scrapers, it may be more expedient to use excavators in tandem with transport units.

When calculating the volumes of the developed soil, you should know that the developed (loosened) soil increases in volume. The difference fluctuates within 30% versus the volume in the dense state.

Acceptance of the completed earthworks is carried out by the geodetic service of the general contractor from the contractor. If necessary (stipulated by the project), the contractor submits the results of soil compaction analyzes. The vertical layout of the construction site is an important preparatory stage for the construction of the facility.

An important environmental measure during the preparatory cycle is cutting and preserving the vegetation layer of the soil for later use.

The vegetation layer is cut off by earth-moving machines: with relatively small areas and range of movement of the soil - by bulldozers; for large areas, large thickness of the vegetation layer and moving it over a distance of more than 100 m - with scrapers.

The excavated soil is transferred to a temporary intermediate dump. From the dump, it is shipped by excavators or loaders to dump trucks and taken to the place of use.

We accept cutting of the vegetation layer with a bulldozer with longitudinal movement of the soil.

Scope of work:

1. Preparation for cutting off the vegetation layer

2. Cutting and laying plant soil in a longitudinal roller

3. Reverse turn

Cutting off the vegetation layer is carried out with transverse passes of the bulldozer, overlapping each previous pass by 0.2 ... 0.3 m. The soil is cut to the full thickness of the soil layer and moved outside the right-of-way.

Rice. 4. Scheme of the organization of the workplace

Vertical layout.

Vertical planning is performed only after the vegetation layer has been removed and taken out of the construction site. The vertical layout should be designed in such a way that the unimpeded drainage of surface groundwater is ensured. Taking into account the dependence of the degree of movement of the soil the volume of earthworks, a set of machines and mechanisms is economically justified and a set of machines and mechanisms is selected. With a range of soil movement up to 20 m, it is recommended to use leveling excavators and motor graders, up to 100 m - bulldozers, more than 100 m - scrapers and single-bucket excavators with vehicles. In cramped working conditions, as well as in the development of soil with continuous earth-moving machines, conveyor transport should be used.

The deviation of the planning marks from the design ones in non-rocky soils is allowed only in certain places and provided that the given direction of water flow is not violated. When developing planning cuts in rocky soils, underflows up to 10 cm are allowed, while the overflow sites are covered with local fine rocky soil, and in places where there are underflows, surface water drain should be ensured.

Vertical planning in excavation areas should be carried out before the laying of underground utilities, and in the places of filling - after their installation.

referatwork.ru

pdnr.ru

§ E2-1-5. Cutting the vegetation layer with bulldozers

For bulldozer specifications see § E2-1-22.

Guidelines for the application of standards

The norms take into account the cutting of the soil in the absence of bush roots in one or two passes along one track to a depth of 15 cm; in the presence of shrub and tree roots - in two or three passes, one track at a total depth of 25 cm.

The width of the clearing area is taken up to 30 m. The cleaning of soil from the boundaries of the site, if necessary, is standardized separately, depending on the method of cleaning.

The composition of the work

1. Bringing the unit into working position. 2. Cutting the ground. 3. Raising and lowering the blade. 4. Return empty.

Machinist 6 bit

Time rates and prices for 1000 m2 of the cleaned surface

Note. The rates and prices provide for the work of bulldozers in soils of natural moisture. When bulldozers are operating in waterlogged soils, in which the caterpillars of tractors skid or get stuck, N. r. and Rass. multiply by 1.15 (PR-1).

§ E2-1-6. Cutting the vegetation layer with graders

Table 1

Technical characteristics of graders

studfiles.net

Technological map for cutting the soil of the vegetation layer with bulldozers

APPROVED

General manager, Ph.D.

S.Yu. Jedlichka

TECHNOLOGICAL MAP FOR CUTTING THE GROUND OF THE VEGETABLE LAYER BY BULLDOZERS

Chief Engineer

A.V. Kolobov

Department head

B.I. Bychkovsky

This technological map is a mandatory organizational and technological document governing the rules for the production of work on cutting the soil of the vegetation layer with bulldozers.

The map contains instructions on the organization and technology of work on cutting the soil of the vegetation layer by rational means of mechanization, data on quality control and acceptance of work, requirements for safety and labor protection, environmental and fire safety in the production of earthworks.

The technological map is intended for work managers, foremen and foremen of organizations performing earthworks, as well as technical supervision workers of the customer and engineering and technical workers of construction and design and technological organizations.

Employees of JSC PKTIpromstroy participated in the development of the technological map:

Mikhalchuk I.L. - development of a technological map, computer processing and graphics;

V.V. Chernykh - general technological support;

V. N. Kholopov - check of the technological map;

Bychkovsky B.I. - development of a technological map, technical guidance, proofreading and regulatory control;

Kolobov A.V. - general technical guidance for the development of technological maps;

Ph.D. Edlichka S.Yu. - general management of the development of technological documentation.

1.1 The technological map is intended for use by linear production and engineering personnel of construction organizations when cutting off the soil of the vegetation layer of I-II groups of built-up areas with bulldozers.

1.2 The scope of work considered by the technological map includes:

a) during long-term storage of soil in a dump:

b) when using soil for household needs:

Cutting the soil of the vegetation layer with a bulldozer;

Movement of soil up to 50 m to the dump;

Loading of soil into dump trucks from the dump and transportation to places of land reclamation.

1.3 The binding of the technological map to specific objects and local construction conditions is to clarify the organization of the construction process, the amount of work, mechanization means and the need for material and technical resources, costing and the work schedule.

1.4 The form of using the card provides for its circulation in the field information technologies with the inclusion in the database on the technology and organization of construction production of an automated workstation for a construction production technologist (AWP TSP), a contractor and a customer.

2.1 Vegetable soil to be removed from the built-up areas must be cut, moved to specially designated places and stored.

2.2 Prior to the commencement of work on cutting the soil of the vegetation layer, the following work must be performed:

The axes are taken out and the boundaries of the site (route) of the work are marked;

The places of dumping of dumps of vegetative soil are indicated;

A working breakdown of the site was made with the fixing of center signs;

The workers and engineers were familiar with the technology and organization of work and trained in safe working methods.

2.3 The technological map provides for the following sequence of works:

Cutting the soil of the vegetation layer of groups I, II and moving to the dump by bulldozers, the technical characteristics of which are presented in Table 1, in one of the following ways: shuttle or trench;

Storage of soil during long-term storage or subsequent loading of the cut soil of the vegetation layer by excavators equipped with a backhoe, in an open way in motor vehicles with moving to places of land reclamation. The technical characteristics of excavators used for loading soil are presented in table 2.

2.4 When working with vegetative soil, do not mix it with the underlying non-vegetative soil, as well as contaminate it with waste, construction waste, etc.

2.5 When cutting off the soil of the vegetation layer by the shuttle method according to Figure 1, filling the dump with soil, its movement is carried out when the bulldozer moves forward, and idle - when the bulldozer moves in reverse along the same straight line.

Cutting of the soil of the vegetation layer with a bulldozer on the site is carried out from the middle of the site in both directions, forming a two-sided placement of dumps.

The area of ​​the construction site is divided into two sections. First, the bulldozer cuts off the soil of the vegetation layer in one grip and transports it to the nearest dump, the path of movement of the soil is chosen over the shortest distance, the surface of the path of movement must be leveled with a bulldozer.

At the end of the work on the first grip, the bulldozer turns around and works on the second grip.

2.6 A variation of the shuttle scheme for the development of the soil of the vegetation layer is the trench scheme shown in Figure 2. With the trench scheme, the section for cutting off the vegetation layer of the soil is divided into a number of parallel passages (strips). The development of each driving strip begins at the site (strip) closest to the place where the soil is laid. Bridges (ribs) of untouched soil with a width of 0.7 m are left between the rows of penetrations.

After the development of the soil of the vegetation layer in the first two rows of penetrations, the bulkhead (rib) of the untouched soil must be bulldozed into the dump.

The full cycle of the bulldozer operation consists of the following operations:

Lowering the blade and setting it to the required position;

Cutting and filling the dump with soil;

Moving the soil of the vegetation layer to the place of laying;

Unloading (laying) of the soil of the vegetation layer into the dump;

Returning the bulldozer to the face.

2.7 Increasing the productivity of bulldozers used in the development of soil of the vegetation layer can be achieved by combining operations:

Dump lifting with unloading and leveling of the soil;

Lowering the blade with changing the tractor gear and starting the bulldozer in reverse.

2.8 Cutting of the soil of the vegetation layer is carried out on straight sections according to the wedge pattern. The wedge pattern of soil cutting with the use of variable (in height) dump depth ensures the most complete filling of it with soil and the use of the tractor's traction capabilities. To ensure cutting of the soil and its collection, the cutting edge of the bulldozer blade must always be sharp.

When cutting off the soil of the vegetation layer, the blade of the bulldozer blade is set at an angle of up to 60 ° to the horizontal surface.

2.9 In the absence in the project of instructions on the thickness of the cut layer, the vegetative soil used for landscaping the territories, depending on the climatic subareas, should be harvested by removing the top cover of the earth to a depth of:

7 - 20 cm - with podzolic soils in climatic subareas with average monthly temperatures in January minus 28 ° C and below, July - ± 0 ° C and above, severe long winters with a snow cover height of up to 1.2 m and permafrost. Permafrost soil should be harvested in the summer as it thaws and moved to dumps to the roads for subsequent removal;

Table 1 - Technical characteristics of bulldozers

aquagroup.ru

Cutting off the vegetation layer

We cut off the vegetation layer with a bulldozer. We accept all time rates and prices for all types of mechanized earthworks in accordance with

Bulldozer brand DZ - 25 (D522)

Blade type Rotary

Blade length, m 4.43 Blade height, m ​​1.2

Control Hydraulic

Power, kW (hp) 132 (180)

Tractor brand T - 180

Bulldozer weight

equipment, t 2.85

The composition of the link Engineer of the 6th grade.

Bulldozer DZ - 25 with a rotary blade is equipped with mechanisms for tilting and turning the blade in plan, with a hydraulic drive and is intended for earthmoving and planning works, in which it is required to cut and move the soil to the side during the longitudinal movement of the bulldozer, as well as processing the soil with the edge of the blade. The bulldozer has a long blade. This ensures its high performance when leveling the ground surface. The bulldozer is mounted on a T-180GP tracked tractor equipped with a hydraulic drive. All control is concentrated in the tractor cab, and the operator does not need to leave the machine for adjustments, which increases the operator's productivity.

Scope of work:

1. Bringing the machine into working position

2. Cutting the ground

3. Raising and lowering the blade

4. Returning empty

Because the most rational length of soil movement by a bulldozer is about 25 - 30 m, then we take a working scheme with intermediate shafts. The shaft is formed from one side. In this case, it is necessary that the height of the shaft does not exceed 2 m. The angles at the base of the shaft section are 300 and 450.

The length of the grip is taken to be 30 m, while the height of the shaft will be 1.96 m, and the width is 5.35 m. In this case, the number of shafts on the site is limited to two

Determine the operational performance of the bulldozer when cutting off the vegetation layer:

where L is the length of the planned section, m; B - width of capture, m; n is the number of layout strips; b is the width of the overlap strip between adjacent planning strips, taken as 0.15 m;

∑ t is the total duration of the site planning, sec.

where Vр is the working speed of the bulldozer, taken as 3.2 km / h = 0.89 m / s; ty is the control time taken equal to 8 s; tp - the time required for the turn, taken equal to 20s; z is the number of repeated passes in one shift, taken equal to 2.

We accept the lower of the capacities

shifts are necessary for the bulldozer to remove the vegetation layer from the entire construction site.

Selection of an excavator for loading the vegetation layer into dump trucks:

To load the developed vegetation layer into dump trucks, we accept an EO-5122 excavator.

Scope of work:

Installation of an excavator in the face;

Soil excavation with bucket cleaning;

Moving an excavator;

Cleaning of loading sites and bottom of the face;

Moving oversized boulders to the side when developing loosened frozen or rocky soils.

The composition of the link: Engine driver of the 6th grade.

–Volume of the vegetation layer required for loading.

We select the number of dump trucks for the removal of the developed vegetation layer:

–The volume of soil in the bucket.

Determine the mass of soil in the excavator bucket:

where ρ is the bulk density of the vegetation layer, according to it, is taken equal to 1.4. We accept the number of buckets loaded into the dump truck equal to 10.

Determine the volume of soil in a dense body loaded into the body of a dump truck:

We select a dump truck of suitable carrying capacity and body capacity:

KAMAZ-6540, carrying capacity 18.5 t, body capacity 11 m3.

We calculate the duration of one cycle of the dump truck:

where tp - soil loading time, calculated below, s; L is the distance of soil transportation, km; Vg - the speed of the loaded dump truck, taken according to table 6.21; tp - unloading time, according to take 1 min;

Vp - the speed of the empty dump truck, taken according to the above literature, 60 km / h; tм - time of maneuvering before loading

and unloading, taken 2 min.

Determine the required number of dump trucks:

dump trucks are necessary for the continuous operation of the excavator.

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§ 96. Cutting off the vegetation layer with graders.

Feature of graders:

Cutting of the vegetation and sod layer for the base of timber roads and branches when clearing the areas for the upper warehouses and loading points is carried out by longitudinal grader passes with a working stroke in both directions. The provisions of this paragraph provide for the soil without the roots of shrubs and trees.

The soil is cut to a thickness of 15 cm, displaced along the knife and laid with a roller along the strip to be cleared.

Time rates and prices for 1000 m2 of the cleaned surface.

§ 97. Cutting off the vegetation layer with bulldozers.

Instructions for the production of work.

When clearing areas for upper warehouses and loading points, cutting of the vegetation and sod layer under the base of timber roads and branches is carried out by transverse bulldozer passes from the middle of the cleared area to the edges. The cut material at the end of each pass of the bulldozer is laid along the area to be cleared outside the area.

The bulldozer returns to its original position in reverse.

Cutting the soil is carried out in the absence of bush roots in one or two passes in one place to a depth of 15 cm and in the presence of bush and tree roots - in two to three passes in one place to a total depth of 25 cm.

The width of the clearing area is taken up to 3 m. The cleaning of soil from the boundaries of the site, if necessary, is standardized separately, depending on the method of cleaning.

Rates of time per man-hour per 1 hectare of the cleaned surface and prices in rubles-kop per 1 hectare.

Note: the 1st group of soils of the vegetation layer includes the soil without roots and impurities, the 2nd group - with the roots of shrubs and trees.

§ 98. Backfilling of auto-sludge roads with soil with bulldozers t-100, t-130.

The content of the work: clearing (preparation) of the area along the stubble road from shrubs, undergrowth, stumps, deadwood and other waste from construction and logging with the removal of the vegetation layer and moving in the opposite direction from the stubble, moving the soil to a distance of up to 30 m and backfilling it with an autoload road 4 m wide, leveling of the soil along the roadway with leveling and compaction by moving the bulldozer back and forth, preparing the bulldozer for work (p.z.r.).

6th grade machinist, hour tariff rate- 117/106 kopecks.

Rates of time per person-hour and rates in room for 100 running meters of road

At initial filling

B. With the clearing of the area

Notes: 1. The given time norms are calculated for soils of 1 and 2 categories. When backfilling auto-sludge roads with soil of the 3rd category, the time norms are applied with a coefficient of 1.10.

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3.2 Calculation of the volume of work on cutting off the vegetation layer

When developing trenches, the vegetation layer should be cut from the area

where c is the length of the trench along the top, m; d is the width of the trench at the top, m.

where n is the number of trenches

The full scope of work on cutting off the vegetation layer of the soil is determined by the formula

where hr is the thickness of the layer of vegetative soil, m; S is the area where the vegetation layer is cut, m2.

3.3 Calculation of the scope of work to clean up the bottom of an earthen structure (development of shortfalls) and layout

The development of soil shortages must be carried out with mechanized special equipment.

The calculation of the amount of work to clean up the bottom of the pit is carried out according to the formula

where F is the area of ​​the bottom of the pit, m2; hн - depth of soil under-extraction, m.

3.4 Backfill scoring

The backfill volume is calculated based on working scheme earthen structure

The backfill volume of a single foundation is calculated using the formula:

where Vк - pit volume, m3; Vf is the volume of the foundation, m3; Co.r - coefficient of residual loosening of the soil:

And in the end:

Scheme for calculating backfill volumes

3.5 Scope of Backfill Compaction

The volume of work on compaction of the backfill can be calculated either in m2 or m3, depending on how the work will be carried out: mechanically or manually, taking into account the selected compacting machines and their parameters. Compaction of the backfill must be done in layers.

When calculating soil compaction work, you must first select a machine or mechanism for soil compaction and set the thickness of the compaction layer with the selected machine or mechanism.

The volume of soil (m3) to be compacted is equal to the volume of soil to be backfilled. Backfill volume Vo.from a single foundation is calculated by the formula

where Vк is the volume of the pit, m3; VФ is the volume of the foundation structure, m3; Co.r - coefficient of residual loosening

Accordingly, the volume of soil to be compacted is

3.6 Calculation of cavaliers

Backfill soil is usually placed in extended cavaliers at a distance of at least 1 m from the edge of the pit.

When calculating the volume of soil for backfilling, the required area for placing this soil is calculated. For this purpose, the length of the cavalier is determined according to the construction scheme, taking into account the gaps for the device of passages and passages, the height of the cavalier is assigned in the range from 1.5 to 3 m, different in cross-section. The length of the cavalier can be equal to the length of the pit.

Cross-section of cavaliers:

h - the height of the cavalier is from 1.5 to 3 m; B - the width of the cavalier

The volume of the cavalier is equal to the volume of backfilling, taking into account the coefficient of soil loosening.

The width and height of the cavalier are assigned, as a rule, according to the operating parameters of the excavator, namely: the height of the unloading and the radius of the unloading - the maximum and minimum, respectively

The width of the cavalier can be determined by the formula

where Vkav is the width of the cavalier, m; Vkav - cavalier volume, m3; hkav - the height of the cavalier, m; Lkav - the length of the cavalier, m.

Scheme for calculating the cavalier

The results obtained for calculating the volumes of earthen

Technology and organization of construction production

Application area of ​​the technological map

This technological map has been developed for the production of earthworks for the construction of a pit for the strip foundation of the nursery-kindergarten "Solnyshko" for 25 places. The dimensions of the pit along the main axes are 19.8m * 21.6m. The soil of the 1st group is sandy loam, the thickness of the vegetation layer is 0.15 m. The development of the soil is carried out by an EO-4121 excavator - a backhoe with a bucket with a solid cutting edge, with a capacity of 0.4 m 3. Scope of work on the technological map 949.14m 3

The works are carried out in the spring-summer period, in 2 shifts, by a team of 6 people.

The scope of work provided for by the card includes:

· Cutting off the vegetative layer of the soil with a bulldozer;

· Layout of the site by a bulldozer;

· Excavation of soil in a pit with an excavator with loading onto transport and into a dump;

· Cleaning up the lack of soil manually;

· Backfilling of soil with a bulldozer and manually;

· Soil compaction with pneumatic rammers;

Determination of the nomenclature of works

Table 1 - Determination of the nomenclature and calculation of the amount of work

Technology and organization of the construction process

Technology and organization of work

Technology and organization of work. Before the commencement of excavation work, organizational preparatory measures must be performed in accordance with

SP 48.13330.2011 "Organization of construction"

SP 45.13330.2012 "Earthworks, foundations and foundations"

· Construction site fencing in accordance with GOST 23407-78;

· Cleaning of the territory;

· Vertical layout of the construction site;

· Drainage of surface waters;

· Removal of the vegetation layer of the soil;

· Arrangement of sanitary facilities;

· Device of temporary power supply and water supply of the construction site;

Construction site lighting device

· Arrangement of temporary roads;

· Device for washing wheels at the exit from the construction site;

· The place of storage of soil in a dump for backfilling is indicated.

Cutting off the vegetation layer with a bulldozer

Before the start of work on cutting off the vegetation layer, the site is cleared of forest, bushes and large stones; transfer, if necessary, the existing underground communications, supports of overhead power lines, radio and communications; carry out alignment work to restore the track; provide timely refueling of mechanisms with fuels and lubricants.

The vegetation layer of the soil is cut and collected in dumps, which are located at the edges of the right-of-way or on special sites, before the start of earthworks. The vegetation layer is cut off and moved in three to four steps along the length of the transverse cutting strip. The first cutting and moving is done in the area adjacent to the place where the soil is stored.

Each cycle of a bulldozer for cutting plant soil is performed in the following technological sequence:

· Preparation for cutting off the vegetation layer;

· Cutting and moving the vegetation layer;

· Storage of soil in a roller;

· Return to the beginning of the next passage;

· Additional transition.

The length of the longitudinal roll is determined by the need for plant soil to strengthen each side of the embankment. The cut layer is used to strengthen the subgrade slopes and reserves. Regardless of the height of the embankment and the profile of the subgrade, it is necessary to cut the vegetation layer to the full width of the subgrade, taking into account the width of the reserves. The norms take into account the cutting of the soil in the absence of bush roots in one or two passes along one track to a depth of 15 cm; in the presence of roots of shrubs and trees - in two or three passes, one track at a total depth of up to 25 cm. The cross-sectional scheme is recommended to be used when removing a vegetation layer of considerable thickness with a subgrade width of up to 35 m.

The norms provide for the work of bulldozers in soils of natural moisture.

Layout of a construction site by a bulldozer

After the work on cutting the vegetative layer of the soil is completed, vertical leveling of the site with the definition of existing and setting design heights.

The geodetic survey is processed and, based on its results, the balance of earth masses is compiled so that labor costs for moving the soil are minimized. The design marks are adjusted, and according to them, site layout... As a rule, the surface is leveled by a mechanized method - a bulldozer.

When breaking down the territory for a vertical layout, they mark the areas on which it is necessary to cut the soil, and the areas where it needs to be poured. The relief line corresponding to the planning mark is called the zero work line. The vertical leveling is carried out by a bulldozer with the movement of the soil in the direction of the given slope of the site. The cut soil is moved to the filling places. Soil layers are poured horizontally or with a slight slope towards water drainage, followed by compaction to the values ​​specified in the project for the production of works. The cut off vegetation layer is stored in a temporary dump for its subsequent use in the improvement of the territory.