What is the vertical layout of the site? The scheme and methods of planning the construction site of a private house. Features of the vertical layout of the site Vertical layout for construction on slopes

The task of vertical planning is to give the projected surface slopes that provide: drainage of rain and melt water through open trays into the drainage network and further into natural reservoirs; favorable and safe conditions for the movement of vehicles and pedestrians; preparation of the developed territory for development, laying of underground networks and improvement; relief organization in the presence of unfavorable physical and geological processes on the ground (flooding of the territory, flooding of its groundwater, gullying, etc.); giving the relief the greatest architectural and compositional expressiveness.

An important condition for the design of a vertical layout is to achieve the smallest amount of earthworks and a possible balance of the moved soil masses, i.e. equal volumes of embankments and excavations, in order to reduce fare for the delivery or removal of soil.

When developing vertical planning projects, it is necessary to strive for the maximum possible preservation of the existing natural terrain, existing green spaces and vegetative soil cover. In this regard, vertical planning should be provided, as a rule, on land occupied by buildings, structures, streets, roads and squares. A solid vertical layout can be used in the territories of public centers with a building density of more than 25%, as well as with a high saturation of roads and engineering networks.

The naturally formed vegetative layer of the earth is a golden fund for its further use in landscaping the territory. Therefore, SNiPs oblige in projects of vertical planning of territories to provide for places for removal and temporary storage of the fertile soil layer and measures to protect it from pollution during production. construction works for later use in landscaping.

In difficult conditions of territory preparation, it may be necessary to radically change the existing relief by completely filling up areas prone to flooding by flood waters, filling in ravines or cutting off hills that impede the placement of buildings, streets, driveways, etc. At the same time, it is necessary to provide for such placement of earthen masses that could not cause landslide and subsidence phenomena, violation of surface runoff, groundwater regime and swamping of territories. These circumstances are of particular importance when backfilling ravines and excessive moisture areas.

The development of design solutions for vertical planning is preceded by a thorough study of the terrain and other natural factors listed above. Work on vertical planning is desirable to carry out before the construction of buildings and structures.

The study of the relief, its use and change

According to the terminology accepted by the planning practice, the terrain of the location of the city ( locality) are divided into the following types:

1) flat - a slightly sloping surface of the earth without hills and ravines (for example, St. Petersburg);
2) medium - with hills, small valleys and pits (for example, Moscow);
3) complex - with pronounced steep slopes and hills (for example, Kiev).

The terrain is determined by geodetic survey and depicted on the plan in horizontal lines, which are conditional projection lines of the intersection of the surface with horizontal planes located in height at equal distances from one another. Since each horizontal separately is a line connecting points with the same elevations, horizontals of different heights cannot intersect each other in the plan.

On the horizontals, their heights are inscribed - absolute marks, counted from absolute zero (the Baltic Sea). In the absence of such data, the surface is leveled from the conditionally accepted level and the marks are called relative. The difference between horizontals adjacent in height is called the height of the relief section, or the pitch of the contours, and the distance between them in plan is the laying. On a surface with the same angle of incidence of the terrain, the distances between contour lines will be equal. With a gentle relief, the distances between the horizontals will be large, and as the steepness of the slope increases, they decrease.

Depending on the stages of design and the corresponding increase in the scale of the plan, the detail of the relief image changes. When developing detailed projects for the planning and development of cities, it is more expedient to use topographic plans with a scale of 1:2000 and a contour step of 0.5 or 1 m, etc. (M 1:500) (Fig. 1).

Figure 1 shows a plan of the area, which displays in contour lines various conditions of the relief. It can be seen from the plan that the contour lines are laid with a fall in height, or in steps, of 1 m. The arrows show the directions of the surface slopes, the largest of which are determined by the shortest distance between the contour lines (along the normal to them). Consequently, the conditions of the terrain are characterized mainly by slopes and their directions.

Fig.1. Terrain plan showing terrain conditions

B - top; C - saddle; P - peak; B - bergstroke indicating the direction of the slope; P - flat area; K - working area (pit); T-thalweg; L - hollow; G - ridge (arrows show the direction of surface runoff)

The slope is their ratio of the height difference between two individual points to the distance between them (Fig. 2).

Fig.2. Slope Slope is expressed in decimal percentages and in ppm (%o) (thousandths). For example: i = 0.01 corresponds to i = 1% or i = 10%o. Most often in practice -% o.

In nature, slopeless ground surfaces are rarely found, with the exception of wetlands. In Fig. 1, the terrain plan is characterized by the presence of hollows, hills, ravines, flat areas.

The highest lines of the ridges are watershed, and the runoff of surface water is concentrated along the lowest sections of ravines and hollows, called thalwegs. Ridges, or watersheds, are characterized on the plan by the convexity of horizontal lines following one after another (in the direction of the slope), and hollows, or thalwegs, by their concavity. The nature of watersheds and thalwegs is determined by the difference between the highest and lowest elevations, the frequency of contour lines in individual sections and the degree of their convexity or concavity, characterizing the longitudinal slope and steepness of slopes and slopes. More frequent contour lines, i.e. a decrease in the distances between them in the plan indicates an increase in slopes in these areas, and a rarefaction of contour lines indicates their decrease. To facilitate the study of the relief on horizontal lines along the perpendicular, berghstres are applied to them - small dashes indicating the direction of the slope in the direction of lowering the relief.

Categories of unfavorable and especially unfavorable terrain conditions require special measures for vertical planning with a significant change in relief, the installation of retaining walls, slopes, stairs, etc.

The relief of the territory largely determines the planning composition of the street network, and, consequently, the city plan. For laying a network of streets, the most favorable relief is with slopes of 5-60% o, for main streets - 5-80% o, for residential streets and driveways - depending on their classification.

In conditions of complex terrain, the tracing of streets and roads can be designed according to three schemes.

On the greatest slope - across the contour lines, which is sometimes necessary to create the shortest distances between individual points of a populated area. According to this scheme, the longitudinal slopes become the largest and can only be used on residential streets and local driveways of short length. In this case, the slope should not exceed 80%o, and in mountainous conditions -100%o.

On the smallest slope - along the contour lines. This scheme is most suitable for main streets and roads with heavy traffic. At the same time, earthworks are required to level the transverse profile so that the buildings laid on opposite sides of the street are not located at different heights. Sometimes it becomes necessary to install retaining walls or slopes.

Diagonally to the horizontal, i.e. a combination of the first and second schemes. In this case, by increasing the distance between the difference in relief marks, the necessary slope is created.

With significant slopes of the terrain (in mountainous conditions), it is necessary to place buildings on terraces, and route the road and street network along serpentines (Fig. 3). Vertical planning has a significant impact on the improvement of the territory, while one of the most important measures is to ensure the flow of surface water and the convenience of laying drainage and sewer pipelines.

It should be borne in mind that a closed (underground) network of drains and fecal sewage belongs to the category of non-pressure, gravity-flowing structures that require appropriate slopes for normal operation. The underestimation of these obligations leads to the need for the construction of additional complex and expensive artificial structures (siphons, aqueducts, pumping stations). Because underground pipelines in populated areas, they are usually laid along streets and roads, the design of the vertical layout of the road-street network should, along with transport requirements, provide the necessary conditions for their integrated construction.

The conditions for ensuring surface water runoff predetermine the need to create a minimum longitudinal slope of streets of 5%o and, in exceptional cases, with a monolithic road surface (asphalt concrete, cement concrete) - at least 4%o. The maximum longitudinal slope is set taking into account the categories of streets and roads, in order to ensure the convenience and safety of traffic on them at design speeds.

Fig.3. Serpentine road section

L - overhead line; L 1 -L 4 - sections of the developed route of the road; O - the top of the angle of rotation; K - the main curve in the serpentine section; K - reverse curves; r-curve radius; C - inserts between curves

As a rule, the development of a vertical planning of the territory of cities, individual districts and sections is preceded by a vertical planning of a network of streets and roads, in which design (red) marks are set on lines that limit the area occupied by a street or road on both sides, called "red lines" . The vertical layout of the territory adjacent "to the red lines" for its development and improvement is developed with mandatory reference to the design (red) marks, which are guiding.

Stages and methods of design

Depending on the design stages, the development of a vertical layout is carried out by three methods:

1) by the method of design ("red") marks;
2) by the method of longitudinal and transverse profiles;
3) by the method of design (red) horizontal lines.

The method of design ("red") marks is used in the development of a vertical layout scheme, which is the first stage of the high-altitude decision of the territory of a populated place or its separate area. Its essence lies in the fact that on the scheme of the master plan, made on a geodetic sub-base, displaying the existing relief of the territory in marks or contour lines, design (“red”) marks are applied at characteristic points.

The design marks and planned slopes in the areas between them characterize the planned relief and determine the organization of the surface runoff of rain and melt water.

In the vertical layout scheme, design marks are applied along the axes of streets and roads at the points of their mutual intersections, as well as at the places of planned fractures (changes in slopes) of longitudinal profiles. Design marks are determined at the intersections of streets and roads, at artificial structures, in places of planned significant filling or cuts, and at other characteristic points. The difference between the design and existing marks is called the working marks (+ or -), which characterize the size of the bedding or cuts, as well as the altitude position of the surface of the designed artificial structures. In the areas between the points of the specified design marks, the surfaces in the profile are given rectilinear outlines. In this case, the average design slopes of the surfaces are determined by the ratio of the difference between the design marks of the boundary points of the sections under consideration to the distance between these points.

Fig.4. Scheme for determining intermediate marks between contour lines (interpolation method)

The method of design (red) marks is used at the first stages of urban planning - in the development of a feasibility study and a master plan.

The method of longitudinal and transverse profiles is mainly used in the design of linear structures of roads and railways, tram tracks, underground engineering communications etc. The system of design profiles (often longitudinal) gives a fairly complete picture of the planned design solutions and the possibility of their exact implementation in kind.

Profiles are conditional cuts of the existing and designed surfaces in the considered sections. The condition is as follows:

a) it is envisaged that between points with known elevations, the relief is expressed by rectilinear sections;
b) for a more visual representation of the relief, the scales of the sections are distorted. For longitudinal profiles, the distortion is usually taken as 1:10, i.e. the vertical scale is 10 times larger than the horizontal one; for transverse profiles of streets and roads, the scale ratio is 1:2.

The method of design ("red") contour lines favorably differs from the method of profiles in greater visibility, clarity of combination of the projected relief with the placement of structures, and the possibility of covering the entire projected territory. Due to this, the method of design horizontals has become predominant in the development of projects for the vertical planning of areas, microdistricts, and green areas. The essence of this method lies in the fact that horizontal lines are applied to a plan with a geodetic base, reflecting the projected terrain. Figure 5 shows comparable examples of designing a vertical layout using the methods listed above.

Fig.5. Fragments of vertical planning projects made by various methods

a - design ("red") marks; b - profiles, c - design ("red") contours. The arrow shows the direction of the slope; above the arrow - the slope,% o, below it - the distance between the marks, m.

The basis for the vertical planning of the territory of the designed objects is the general scheme of the vertical planning of populated areas or individual areas, drawn up during the development of master plans. When designing these schemes, they solve the issues of the altitudinal orientation of the territory, and also adjust the routes of streets and roads according to the conditions of the relief, taking into account the provision of surface drainage, convenience and traffic safety, economical conditions for sewerage of the territory and the minimum amount of excavation work associated with the redevelopment of the relief

Vertical planning of territories of populated areas and their districts

The vertical planning scheme should determine the changes in the relief of the territory, the conditions for organizing surface runoff and sewerage. To do this, establish places for the discharge of storm and fecal water and outline a network of main drainage collectors. Based on the predominant location of water intake facilities and drainage networks for storm and fecal sewers along the streets, the latter are usually routed along low places in relation to the adjacent territory, which ensures the runoff of surface water from the adjacent territory and the convenience of sewerage of their individual sections.

Depending on the terrain, the planned territories are given a single-slope, two-slope or four-slope surface (Fig. 6). The best are two and four-slope surfaces, as they provide a quick runoff of surface water in the direction of the drains passing through the streets and help to reduce the network of drains in the intra-quarter territories.

The least convenient areas of the territory with a closed contour, i.e. with their low location in relation to the adjacent streets. In such areas, it is necessary to arrange a developed drainage network with the placement of water intake wells in all low places. However, this does not eliminate the possibility of flooding the territory, especially during heavy rains, as well as in case of clogging of storm sewers. Therefore, the road and street network, as well as the adjacent territories, should be planned, if possible, in such a way that surface runoff is ensured in the direction of the drainage networks laid along the streets.

Fig.6. Schemes for the organization of surface runoff in microdistrict territories

a, b - with a single-sided surface; in - with a gable surface; g - with a four-slope surface; d - in a lower area

As already noted, when designing a vertical layout, one should strive to achieve a zero balance of earthworks, i.e. to the equality of the volumes of embankments and excavations in neighboring sections of the planned territories. Sometimes the need for backfilling of territories can be caused by the presence of low areas of terrain with difficult drainage, wetlands, flooded areas, etc., however, large volumes of earthworks are associated with significant costs due to changes in natural conditions, and in some cases underground structures. Therefore, the planned work on raising the level of the surface of the territories should be compared with other possible engineering solutions: lowering the level of groundwater, installing a network of drains in the planned territories, water protection structures (from flooding), etc.

During the projected cutting of the soil, the presence of areas with high level groundwater, hard-to-work rocks, the possibility of damage or the need to rebuild underground structures and road surfaces. Sometimes a change in relief may be associated with the implementation of a kind of architectural and compositional design.

The conditions for changing the relief are characterized by the volume of bedding and cuts in certain areas of the surface. Fillings or cuts are determined by working marks, which are the difference between the designed and existing marks at individual points (Fig. 7).

The arrows indicated on the vertical layout diagrams along the axes of streets and roads characterize the directions of longitudinal slopes in the areas between the reference points. The numbers above the arrows show the design longitudinal slopes of streets and roads (% o - ppm), and under the arrows - the distance between adjacent reference points (in m). The lower numbers at the reference points show the existing surface marks at these points, the upper ones - the design marks and the middle ones - the working marks. Positive working marks (+) characterize the planned volume of bedding, and negative - (-) cuts.

Design slopes are determined by the formula

i \u003d (H 1 - H 2) / l

H 1 and H 2 - design marks at the points under consideration; l is the distance between them.

Fig.7. Fragment of the scheme of the vertical planning of the urban area

The value of i is usually rounded up to thousandths with the corresponding correction of the marks of the considered points.

City streets and roads

Values ​​​​of maximum permissible slopes

In places of mutual intersections of streets and roads at the same level, it is recommended that their longitudinal slopes do not exceed 20-30%o. For bridges, a slope of 30% is the maximum allowable. Intersections with railways of a section of motor roads should be arranged without slope for at least 10 m in each direction from the railway tracks (and when crossing in recesses - at least 20 m).

Sections of the carriageways of streets and roads with different longitudinal slopes are mated with each other using curvilinear inserts. The radii of the vertical curves are set taking into account the smoothness of movement and its safety (Table 3).

The smallest radii of vertical curves, m

The radii of convex curves take more than concave ones, taking into account the visibility of the road, as well as the distances ahead, which are necessary for traffic safety at design speeds.

The transverse slopes of the surfaces of carriageways and roads are set depending on the types of road surfaces and are taken on average for asphalt and cement concrete pavements from slabs 20%o for pavements, as well as crushed stone and gravel pavements treated with binders - 25%o; for crushed stone and gravel coatings - 30% o.

Longitudinal profiles are designed mainly along the axes of the carriageways of streets and roads (Fig. 8).

Fig.8. Longitudinal profile of a city street (road) combined with a geological section

Most often, in detailed planning, they are used for longitudinal profiles M 1: 1000 and for vertical profiles - M 1: 100. For the convenience of taking into account hydrogeological conditions and reducing the number of drawings, the longitudinal profiles of streets and roads are usually combined with geological profiles (sections). When constructing a design longitudinal profile (drawing a design line), the following conditions are guided:

1. The longitudinal slopes stipulated by the norms should be created with the minimum possible amount of excavation work along the entire width of the street within the "red lines". To do this, when designing a longitudinal profile along the axis of the street (road), one should simultaneously take into account what effect the longitudinal slopes will have on the volume of excavation work to create the projected transverse profile of the street.

Fig.9. Examples of cross profiles of streets in different terrain conditions

a - on a flat area; b, c - on slopes, H p - guide mark

The turning marks of the longitudinal profile are set in such a way that, while maintaining the typical elements of the transverse profile and their normative transverse slopes, it is possible to preserve the existing marks of the earth's surface along the "red lines", which eliminates the need for redevelopment of the relief of the adjacent territories (Fig. 8, 9). With limited transverse slopes of the terrain, the indicated conditions can be achieved by changing the transverse slopes of lawns (reducing them from the slope side and increasing them from the upland side). With significant transverse slopes (streets on slopes), it often becomes necessary to design individual elements of streets on different levels with conjugation of terraced areas using slopes or retaining walls.

2. In case of local uneven terrain, the longitudinal profiles of streets and roads must be designed using the secant line method with cutting off individual protruding sections and filling low places with cut soil (relief microplanning).

3. If it is necessary to change the longitudinal slopes of streets and roads, the design lines of the longitudinal profiles should also be applied in the form of secant lines with respect to the existing surface, providing for the smallest additions and cuttings of the soil and the possible equality of the volumes of embankments and excavations in neighboring areas.

4. The number of turning points of the longitudinal profile should be limited, striving to increase the distance between them, especially on the streets and roads intended for the movement of vehicles at high speeds.

5. The lowest places of streets should be located, as a rule, at intersections with other streets, in the direction of which surface water can be diverted, or in other places of a possible spillway. If such a solution cannot be achieved, it is necessary to equip the streets with underground storm sewers along their entire length with the placement of water intake wells in all low places to ensure the removal of surface water.

6. When reconstructing existing streets and roads, it is necessary to preserve, if possible, capital structures, road surfaces and other street elements. If the road surfaces are in good condition, then the working marks in some sections may be zero or with a slight elevation of the design lines. In this case, the profile is corrected by building up the coatings by laying a layer of asphalt concrete over their surface.

7. The end points of the designed longitudinal profiles must have zero working marks, i.e. the design line must mate with the elevations of the existing surface. As a result, in some cases, the boundaries of the design profiles must be taken outside the design areas to a sufficient distance required to interface with the existing surface.

The position of the design line of the longitudinal profile is characterized by design marks, slopes and long sections between the fracture points of the longitudinal profile. At the points of change of slopes, angles appear, forming convex and concave fractures of the longitudinal profile. Convex profile fractures impair road visibility and cause vehicle impacts when driving over a ridge. On concave fractures, under the action of centrifugal force, a push and overload of the springs occur. To ensure the smoothness of traffic and the visibility of the surface of the roadway at a sufficient distance in the places of fractures of the longitudinal profile, straight sections in the profile must be mated with curved radial inserts (convex and concave vertical curves).

The radius of the vertical curves depends on design speed movement. The greater the accepted speed, the greater should be the radius of the vertical curves (see Table 3).

The transverse profiles of streets and roads are designed in accordance with the established elements included in and: the composition, including the carriageway, the central dividing strip, landscaping strips (lawns), sidewalks, bicycle paths, as well as roadsides and ditches for roads with open system plumbing. A transverse profile that reflects all its constituent elements is called a typical structural one, and profiles that set the elevation marks of all its turning points are called working profiles.

Sidewalks and lawns are given a shed surface with a transverse slope towards the carriageway. The carriageways are given a single-slope or dual-slope surface, while the single-slope surface is attached to the carriageways with one-way traffic up to 10.5 m wide. Footpaths are usually parabolic in shape.

Designing by the method of design (red) contours gives a visual representation of the projected relief and the possibility of accurate implementation of the project in kind, especially in areas with small slopes and complex terrain.

In the direction of the resulting slope i, there is a runoff of surface water (perpendicular to the horizontals). All horizontal lines along sections of streets or roads with the same longitudinal and transverse slopes are parallel to each other. With a change in the longitudinal or transverse slopes, the angles of deviation of the contour lines from the direction of the road axis also change. Since sidewalks and lawns usually rise above the carriageway of streets, the horizontal lines on them are shifted relative to the same-name contour lines on the carriageway. In most cases, they also have a different direction, since the surfaces of the carriageway and sidewalk are given opposite transverse slopes - towards the trays. An example of a vertical layout of a street section, made using the design contours method.

Intersections of streets and roads in the same level

Fig.10. Examples of vertical layout of simple intersections

The best conditions for drainage are achieved when crossings are located on watershed areas (Fig. 17, 1, 2), however, in cities such cases are relatively rare, since streets are usually designed along low areas of territories. Crossings are often located in thalwegs (Fig. 17, 3) or on single-slope sections of territories (Fig. 17, 4). When street intersections are located in the thalweg, water from the part of the site lying above to the one lying below is usually transferred through small trays to the surface of the roadway. These intersections are designed in such a way that the least interference with traffic is created and the places of pedestrian crossings are not flooded. To intercept water from the upper sections of the streets, water intake wells of the underground drainage network are installed in front of pedestrian crossings. With open drains, bypass pipes are laid under the roads, connecting the cleats located on the upstream and downstream sections of the territory. Cross profile of the carriageway of the street and the road passing in the transverse hoist

vegu direction, in the presence of underground drains, it may not change, and the conjugation of the carriageways of intersecting streets at the upper section of the intersection is carried out as shown in Fig. 17, 5.

When the intersection is located on a slope (Fig. 17, 4), the carriageway is usually left single-slope, etc., solutions can be very diverse.

The least desirable location of intersections in the basins (Fig. 17, 5). In this case, a closed circuit is formed, from which drainage can only be carried out using a closed drainage network. However, even in the presence of a drain, the possibility of flooding of intersections is not completely ruled out. It is advisable to avoid such a situation.

Intersections of streets and roads in different levels

Transport crossings at different levels are designed primarily on highways of continuous traffic and high-speed roads; at intersections with a traffic intensity of more than 4,000-6,000 driven vehicles during hours of maximum traffic in all directions; in the case when all possible other measures to increase throughput do not provide traffic flow during the construction of bridges over rivers and overpasses over railways with additional space under them to allow traffic to pass.

Transport crossings at different levels are an engineering structure that provides for the laying of carriageways in various planes at the intersections of streets and at key points. The variety of local conditions in cities predetermines a wide variety of transport intersections at different levels. In the practice of design and construction, intersections at two, three and four levels are used. At the same time, based on the topographic conditions, the construction of engineering structures at transport intersections is divided into the following types: tunnel-type overpasses with retaining walls or earthen slopes at the approaches to them (ramps) (Fig. 20); trestle-type overpasses with ramps located on reinforced concrete supports or on a soil bed (embankment) with slopes; half-tunnels and half-overpasses (half-cuts, half-fills); combination of tunnels and flyovers. The latter are used in the design of transport intersections in three or more levels.

Half-tunnels and half-overpasses are designed in order to reduce the depth of the tunnel and the height of the embankment, as well as the length of the ramps, which in some cases, due to the insufficient width of the street, can only be placed within the area of ​​the transport hub. This type of crossing often has to be used to avoid re-laying a large underground pipeline.

In the practice of designing and road construction in cities, transport intersections in two and three levels of various shapes in terms of plan are most widely used. Types of transport intersections at different levels are established during the development of a detailed planning project and development of a city or a separate area. According to the designed transport and planning solution of the intersection in the "red lines" project, completed in M ​​1: 2000, the territory is reserved for its placement.

When choosing the type of intersection, it is necessary to have the following materials: a classification of the streets included in the junction by category, a cartogram of the intensity and nature of traffic on the square or intersection, a plan of the adjacent territory on a geodetic basis, the hydrogeological conditions of the territory adjacent to the junction, the location and depth of occurrence underground utilities, drawings of longitudinal and typical transverse profiles included in the street junction, type of road surface. When designing an intersection at different levels, it is necessary to take into account the geological composition of soils and the level of standing groundwater, which determine the conditions for the construction of artificial structures, the depth of foundations of supports and retaining walls, and the design of the overpass.

The longitudinal profiles of the streets determine the choice of the type of overpass and, taking into account all other factors, its placement in the plan. Depending on the nature of the longitudinal profiles included in the street junction, the direction of the slopes and their values, the vertical layout of the junction with intersections at different levels is also decided. The longitudinal slopes of the streets along which the overpass is placed determine the length of its ramps, and, consequently, the total length of the artificial structure (tunnel, flyover).

city ​​squares

The vertical planning of areas is carried out in accordance with their purpose in the city system. The shapes and sizes of the squares are determined by traffic and pedestrian flows, their direction, capacity and the number of streets flowing into the square. The shape of the area's surface is influenced by the relief and elevation of the streets included in it, the drainage system, as well as the architecture of the area as a whole. It is especially important for the surface of the squares that from one sidewalk the other on the opposite side is visible. This allows you to visually perceive the area as a whole. To comply with this condition, the surface of the area is designed along a complex curve with the following alternation of transverse slopes: from the tray - 30% o, then - 20, closer to the axis - 15 and directly at the axis 10-5% o. The longitudinal slopes of the surface of urban areas should not exceed 30%o, and car parks - 20%o. The longitudinal slope of a rectangular area should not exceed 15%.

The condition for organizing the relief on the territory of the area should be determined in each specific case, taking into account local natural factors, architectural and planning solutions, ensuring unhindered and rapid flow and removal of surface water (Fig. 11)

Fig.11. Examples of the organization of the surface of urban areas

Microdistrict territories

The main tasks of the vertical planning of microdistricts of the city are the high-altitude placement of paths for intra-microdistrict transport and pedestrian traffic, as well as the correct and economical placement of excess soil masses obtained from building pits and from laying underground networks. The vertical planning of the microdistrict has a significant impact on the architectural and planning solution, on the expedient high-rise placement of buildings within the district.

The initial data for the vertical planning of microdistricts are the design marks of the surrounding streets and their intersections, as well as (in the case of reconstruction) the marks of the existing supporting buildings, the depth of underground networks and equipment. Within the microdistrict, a network of footpaths with access to parking lots should be developed.

The vertical planning of micro-district territories should be carried out in relation to the reference marks along the "red lines" obtained when designing streets in accordance with the general layout and vertical planning schemes for individual sections of urban areas. Marks at intermediate points, including at the entrances to micro-district territories, must be determined according to the specified reference marks and design slopes along the streets. In accordance with these marks, the relief of the territory, the planned architectural and spatial solutions, types of buildings and building conditions, a vertical layout of the territory is designed.

When designing the vertical planning of micro-district territories, rainwater runoff is provided in the direction of adjacent streets with the placement of water intake wells of the drainage network in front of them. When micro-district territories are located in low areas in relation to the trays of the carriageways of adjacent streets, in particular on slopes, decisions should be made to exclude the possibility of surface water from entering the micro-district territories from the streets. To do this, the micro-district driveways adjacent to the streets are raised in relation to the trays of the streets, setting the entrance boards, and the driveways over 20-25 m are given a slope (10-20% towards the streets).

Sidewalks also rise above the carriageways of the streets (by 15 cm) and give them a transverse slope towards the carriageway. At the junction of micro-district passages to the streets, the longitudinal slopes of the passages should not exceed 20-30%o.

When designing micro-district territories, optimal solutions can only be achieved as a result of a compromise solution of horizontal and vertical planning, as well as the improvement of these territories.

Unsuitable for development areas of the territory can be set aside for landscaping. On the large areas plots arrange intra-microdistrict gardens or public gardens and parks.

With a rugged relief and large green areas, great attention should be paid to the architectural and spatial solution and the preservation or giving of a picturesque look to the designed areas. In areas with complex terrain, sometimes surface terracing is designed to connect individual terraced sections with the help of slopes or retaining walls and the installation of stairs for pedestrians.

Considerable attention should be paid to the location of buildings on the terrain. In addition to solving architectural and planning problems and compositional problems, it is necessary to ensure the convenience of approach and access to buildings, as well as drainage from them. Surface slopes from buildings are designed towards driveways, especially from buildings with basement floors. When the passage is 3 m away from the building, the mark of the blind area of ​​the building must be at least 18 cm higher than the mark of the passage tray, based on the height of the side of the passage 15 cm and the sidewalk transverse slope of at least 10%o. When buildings with basement floors are located with the long side across the horizontals, the conditions for vertical planning usually become much more complicated (Fig. 12). From which it can be seen that such an arrangement of the building leads to the need for terracing the relief, complicating the entrance to it and giving individual driveways and sidewalks increased slopes, which creates a noticeable inconvenience and danger to traffic.

Fig.12. Vertical layout of the microdistrict area

The slopes of microdistrict driveways and sidewalks should be within acceptable limits. With large slopes of the terrain, a decrease in the longitudinal slopes of intra-quarter passages is created by appropriately terracing them or by arranging cuts and embankments. When designing playgrounds, lawns and other landscaped areas in micro-district territories, they are given slopes that ensure unhindered flow of rain and melt water into drainage devices in the territory of micro-districts or streets adjacent to them.

Sites for various purposes in the territories of the microdistrict are designed with different surface shapes. Household or children's playgrounds are arranged mainly with one or two slopes with a slope of 5-30%o, sports - usually with a two-slope surface (less often with a four-slope) with longitudinal and transverse slopes of 4-5%o. Given the small slopes, the surface of sports grounds is planned especially carefully and provides for raising them above the adjacent territory by 0.5 m or more to ensure the runoff of surface water and the rapid drying of the surface after rain.

Special conditions for vertical planning. Calculation of volumes of earthworks

Fundamental changes in the relief in most cases are not necessary. Sometimes it is advisable to cut off only individual hills or backfill ravines and hollows. Practice shows that with the correct planning of territories, the location of buildings, the laying of intra-quarter roads and sidewalks, and the placement of green spaces, the most difficult territories can be developed without significant changes in the relief. If possible, when planning, you should completely save natural conditions and to minimize the costs associated with reconstruction activities.

The conditions for the placement of buildings depend on their type, the layout of driveways, footpaths or sidewalks, the placement of sports, utility and other sites, the orientation of buildings to the cardinal points, and other factors. The lowest costs associated with the planning of the terrain are achieved when most buildings are located with the long side at a slight angle with respect to the horizontal. Since such a solution cannot always be implemented, it is advisable to build up areas with complex terrain with buildings of short length, with a free orientation in relation to the cardinal points, which makes it possible to place them in the plan in relation to different relief.

Buildings with basement floors and a particularly significant length should be placed at such an angle to the horizontals that the difference in relief over sections of the building with the same floor marks on the first floor does not exceed 1-1.5 m, and the longitudinal slope of the sidewalks located along the building - 10- 15% o. It is possible to use typical buildings intended mainly for flat terrain conditions with slopes of no more than 100-120%o. With large slopes, buildings are provided that are designed for difficult terrain conditions, or buildings that can be adapted to these conditions.

On rugged terrain it is recommended to build single-section tower-type buildings, as well as buildings on poles. When buildings are located on poles along sections with a significant longitudinal slope, it is possible to maintain the same floor marks on the first floor, as well as provide passage or passage under these buildings. The placement of such buildings in the direction of horizontals makes it possible to use the space under them for parking or other purposes.

On steep slopes, buildings can be placed with or without terracing areas (Fig. 13). Terracing territories is associated with large volumes of earthworks and significant costs, especially in the presence of rocky soils, however, this option allows you to place on terraces different kinds typical buildings and creates favorable conditions for driveways, sidewalks, parking lots, etc. Single-section tower-type houses can be placed in conditions of complex terrain, both in terraced and non-terraced buildings.

Fig.13. Examples of building placement on steep slopes

When constructing multi-section buildings on steep slopes, it is advisable to shift their individual sections vertically or use stepped-type houses.

The layout of intra-microdistrict passages should provide convenient access to all buildings, as well as traffic safety. Pedestrian paths and sidewalks are designed to ensure the convenience and safety of pedestrian traffic within the microdistrict, as well as the approach to the nearest streets and public transport stops. If the slopes of paths and sidewalks exceed the allowable (60-80%o), then stairways should be arranged.

Separate terraced areas are connected by means of slopes or retaining walls. Slopes are sown with grass or trimmed, which ensures their strengthening and creates a decorative design. To prevent erosion along the slopes on the upland side, trays are arranged to receive surface water and divert it into the drainage network.

Areas with small slopes. To ensure unhindered water flow, the surface is given a slope (at least 4%) towards the drainage facilities. The exceptions are green areas of territories in hot climates, as well as areas with waterproof (hydrophilic) soils that can absorb water. If the slope is insufficient, it is necessary to plan the territory with filling and cutting the soil.

When laying streets and roads along non-sloping sections of the territory, they have to be given a sawtooth profile with the placement of storm sewer water inlets in low places. At large distances between the breakpoints of the profile, there is a need for significant embankments and excavations, which cause a large amount of excavation work. With partial changes in the directions of slopes, unfavorable conditions for traffic are created. Therefore, in areas with slight slopes or on horizontal sections (embankments), the sawtooth profile is designed only along the drainage trays, and the profile slope along the axis of the carriageway is kept equal to the existing terrain slope or even horizontal. At the same time, the surface of the roadway is given variable transverse slopes in an area up to 1.5 m wide, close to the trays of the roadway, where traffic moves at low speeds during stops.

In order to qualitatively prepare the terrain for the purpose of erecting a stable and durable building, it is necessary to do preliminary planning for the transformation and improvement of surface parameters.

That is, we are talking about an artificial change in the existing surface for the safety and durability of a residential building, in other words, it is a vertical layout of the site within the framework for the construction of a private house.

The correct design of the vertical layout should take into account the following points:

• It is desirable to preserve the fertile soil and vegetation layer.
• The site is thought out and planned not only for a residential building, but also taking into account the accompanying communications.
• The division of the proposed construction area into sections must be carried out according to the principle of functional purpose.
• Solving the problem of draining rainwater and lowering the ground level in order to completely waterproof the residential area.

1. detailed planning scheme both the entire construction site and the erection of the frame base. Here, the surface slope is marked in relation to the size, height and shape of the building to create a drainage of melt and rain water, and, if necessary, a solution for the drainage of perched water.
2. Development of a solution for drawing new horizontal lines of the surface, creating a scheme of the updated and transformed relief of the construction site.
3. Development cartograms of land works, with a clear definition of soil volumes.

Learn more about the land works cartogram

The Geonium program allows you to make a verifiable calculation. It all comes down to dividing the area into squares parallel to the construction grid, and is developed based on it.

It allows display balance sheet to reduce data, because the grid of squares is equipped with the necessary tools for this. Then the squares are cut into shapes - recesses, embankments and coincidence areas.

Sliced ​​objects will remain representatives of a single grid-matrix. This part is done by the program.

And then you can intervene if necessary to remove small fragments and combine the contours of the cut figures - for this there is a special function with images in 3D. At this stage, the real conditions and the desired ones are agreed.

Areas of relief development are indicated, special marks are applied to clarify the redistribution of soil according to the optimal scheme, with a minimum of labor costs, taking into account the advantages and disadvantages of the relief. After that, they begin to calculate the volumes of soil in areas where a decrease and increase are needed.

If compliance is important and reconciliation is necessary for these parameters, then it is better make a manual calculation to present to the inspector. The manual method involves drawing figures and marking knots, editing and counting.

Calculations are made for each individual square of the circuit, assigning a positive or negative sign. The isoline separating the elevation-embankment and the pit-dredging is applied with a dotted line. Also mark reference points and auxiliary.

As a result, both manual and exact methods, two parameters are obtained for each figure. This area and volume unit. In addition, the lines indicate areas where work is not carried out.

The result is project development the most convenient movement of soil volumes to create an optimal relief for construction.

Also, in the vertical planning of a private house, the ennoblement of the adjacent territory with alleys, plants and trees is taken into account, where the angle of inclination of the surface and the features of the relief are important.

Grading methods

In a territory full of elevation changes, a very well-thought-out vertical layout is needed. Here, the solution will be to create slopes that bring the construction site to a single horizontal line.

Slopes move from one site to the next, correcting the height variation.

A flat area also needs to be corrected to provide waterproofing in order to maintain the integrity of the foundation, as well as to avoid dampness and dirt. There is an option to work computer program and manual method.

House construction and vertical layout

If the plot is without slope

It is customary to create a slight slope behind the walls in order to drain groundwater, thus securing the construction site. To organize this bias, in a certain place they make embankment, and from durable material - drainage channels, also accompany the structure with drainage to remove moisture, on both sides.

Platforms of horizontal type make out side reinforcements from an additional volume of soil using tiled structures, bricks, stone. Strengthening the slopes with stone, concrete and wooden stakes are used. Large stones are placed down, and small gravel or pebbles are placed on top.

If the site is on a slope

Drop - 0.3-0.4 m

Pour the site in order to level it into a horizontal surface. As a result, it is possible to make the foundation of the same height around the entire perimeter of the building. More than 60 cm do not fill, as this can further lead to deformation of the foundation, since the soil will settle.

Slope 0.4-1 m

In this case, the elevated part is cut off at the top, and backfilling is done in the lowering zone, thus bringing the construction site to a level state.

On a steep slope with an angle difference of more than 1m

A stepped foundation is used and a basement is built at the level of the foundation contour. So the plinth and foundation go as leveling supporting structures giving strength and solidity to the structure. To protect the basement-supporting part from moisture, you can attach a garage room or a utility block.

V without fail solve the problem of diverting perched and external waters, since the pressure of a building on a slope can cause a violation of underground drains and subsequent excessive moisture.

The sole part is usually placed at the bottom of the slope, and the deepening is done in the high part.

Soil is poured into the embankment in order to level the construction site after the foundation has been arranged.

The slopes to the south or east are optimal, but the slope to the north is considered especially unfavorable. A precisely developed plan with the involvement of specialists or on your own will allow you to manage with a minimum of costs and aesthetically arrange the building.

Useful videos

The video below shows an example of a vertical layout of a plot with a flat terrain and no elevation difference with neighboring plots:

It is used to level an inclined plane, eliminate holes and hills, create artificial slopes for proper drainage, and raise a construction site. The equipment of the ProgressAvtoStroy company will help to perform all types of ground planning:

• Territory preparation. We create access roads for the delivery and parking of equipment.
• Delivery, unloading and distribution of imported soil (see also section ).
• Loading and removal of excess material.
• Cutting off the fertile layer for subsequent restoration.
• - from the layout of simple sites to and.

Land leveling price

Before performing work, we evaluate the scale, develop a project, an action plan, organize the interaction of teams, provide a minimum set of equipment without downtime and additional costs.

Vertical layout: methodsand purpose of land works

Changing the landscape may be required both when planning relatively flat horizontal areas. Vertical leveling of the soil is carried out in several ways:

1. Alignment. , fall asleep pits and trenches, cut off hills. For slope planning, alignment is carried out at the top point (cars fill up the required amount of earth), along the lower level of the territory (excess material is removed) or along the middle line (the soil moves within the site and is leveled,).
2. Vertical layout of the site with a rise in the general level. Required when developing an area with high groundwater, when the land is below the surface of the road or neighboring areas. Sometimes only a vertical leveling of the construction site is carried out to improve the quality of the foundation pour and obtain a stronger foundation (we also carry out the Dismantling and demolition of foundations of all types).
3. Work in coastal areas. Ground planning in this case helps to increase total area, raise the soil one level, strengthen the vertical part of the coastline. To organize the layout of the coastal zone, bulldozers, gabions are used.
4. Formation of steps-terraces (terracing) on ​​the site. The transformation of an inclined plane into several large terraces and the use of steps instead of a slope in the layout reduces the cost of vertical processing and leveling of territories, makes the site more attractive, unusual and at the same time convenient for use.
5. Fulfillment of the requirements of the landscape designer's plan with full or partial modification of the territory. Proper use helps to properly organize areas for growing plants, dig a pit for a pond, make slides, dry streams, prepare sites for greenhouses, garden and ornamental trees, and flower beds.

Simultaneously with all methods of vertical planning of territories, a plan for the proper drainage of storm and flood waters is being thought out. To do this, when planning on flat areas, small slopes are made so that water does not accumulate on a horizontal plane, freely goes into drainage system.

Mechanized ground leveling equipment

The ProgressAvtoStroy company offers rental of any machines for excavation, vertical processing and implementation of a landscape change plan. To yours, experienced specialists, engineers for competent management of the workflow. Moscow and the Moscow region rarely cause problems in terms of land cultivation, standard soil can be processed with any special equipment. The kit may include equipment of all types:

• Bulldozer, front loader, tractor with attachments for moving, distributing, leveling territories. Vertical leveling of the soil with a bulldozer or loader is used to remove irregularities, backfill pits, trenches, and when processing a small suburban area machines usually work as the only technique and perform the entire list of jobs.
• Excavators, draglines, grabs. Vertical leveling of the soil with an excavator is used for digging pits, trenches for cable and drainage, leveling coastal areas, creating embankments and other large-scale works that are in terms of changing the landscape of the territory.
• Scrapers and graders for working on the surface of a large area, when laying roads, developing parking lots, large-scale construction.
• Equipment and tools for loosening hard rocks, preparing land for movement, compacting finished sites. Vertical planning of territories, depending on the composition of the soil and the work plan, can be carried out using a drilling tool, laying explosive charges, destroying underground utilities and structures.
• Dump trucks and trucks for delivery, removal from the territories of planning soil, gravel, sand.

When you apply, you get the necessary set of equipment for vertical planning and engineering preparation of the territory, and additional work.

Together with equipment for vertical processing, qualified personnel arrive at the site, before adjusting the landscape, we develop a scheme, an action plan, organize a change in the vertical shape in such a way as to reduce costs and complete the work as quickly as possible.

Stages of vertical planning of territories

Work on the vertical modernization of the territory begins with an analysis of the task and external conditions. If necessary, the ProgressAvtoStroy engineer arrives at the site, helps to take into account all the details in the terrain plan, determines what exactly needs to be done to complete the vertical layout: raise the level of the territory (or part of it), deliver the planning soil, remove excess material, create artificial slopes , lay the drainage system.

The second stage is the selection of equipment and the preparation of a technical process for specific territories. The scheme takes into account the features of vertical processing, the joint operation of machines, the delivery and removal of soil, the movement of equipment in such a way as to avoid downtime and unnecessary costs.

The third stage is the delivery of equipment to the territory. The duration of the vertical layout of sites, depending on the complexity of the object, can be from 2-3 hours to several weeks. If necessary, we will organize a temporary site for parking equipment, a camp for builders.

In practice, the assessment of vertical processing is much faster: an experienced engineer assesses the situation on the territory in a few minutes and offers solutions to the problem. For processing a small area, it is possible to leave equipment without an engineer - workers cope with simple tasks without a technical process and preparatory work.

How to order a ground plan

Contact a ProgressAvtoStroy consultant and provide details of the upcoming vertical planning: location of the territory, condition, site features, list of tasks, possible difficulties.

If necessary, an engineer visits the facility and independently draws up a list of works for the territory of a certain area. Call, specify how much the vertical layout of the sites costs, how long it takes land works and which technique is best suited for a particular task.

State educational institution higher professional education

DRAFTING A VERTICAL LAYOUT PROJECT

CONSTRUCTION SITE

Educational Toolkit for students of specialties

PG;PS;VV;BPG;MT;ST;GT;PGv;AR;ES, DS

This methodological manual has been compiled with the aim of providing methodological support for the student's independent work when performing a calculation and graphic assignment for drafting a vertical layout.

Compilers:, art. teacher

Teacher

Assistant

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …….. ....……………….2

2 Initial data for the task. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……... . .2

3 Processing the results of leveling the surface by squares.

Calculating the marks of the vertices of the squares…………………………………………….4

4 Construction of a surface plan in contour lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …….5

4.1 Drawing up a plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………………….… 5

4.2 Making a plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .……......................... 5

5 Drafting a vertical layout. . . . . . . …………………….. 5

5.1 Designing a horizontal platform in compliance with

other gravity collectors. A design drawing showing street intersection marks, their fractures, design longitudinal slopes limited by red lines (lines separating the built-up area from the street) is commonly called a vertical planning scheme. The vertical layout scheme is drawn up on topographic plans scale 1:2000 or 1:5000 with a relief section of 1-2 meters. When designing an inclined platform, the initial data are taken from the results of leveling the surface by squares with the mark of the starting point specified by the variant. For the design of an inclined platform, the initial data are: the design mark of one of the vertices of the squares; slopes of the site ix and iy from the initial peak along the X and Y axes.

For example, for the data shown in Figure 7, it is accepted

and slopes from the top a1 along the X and Y axes, respectively

https://pandia.ru/text/80/404/images/image050_0.png" width="164" height="30">

where d is the length of the side of the grid square, which is equal to 20 m in the example.

For instance,

The design marks of all the vertices of the squares are determined, taking into account the slope, and they are recorded on the scheme of squares drawn up on a scale of 1:500.

In the diagram, the design marks are written under the actual marks of the tops of the squares in red. After that, working marks are determined, which are recorded under the design marks in blue. A line is being drawn

zero work in blue, and the volume of earthwork is determined similarly

previous task. The results of the calculations are recorded in the statement of calculations of the volume of earthworks (table 1). Next, actions are performed similar to those for the case of designing a horizontal platform, that is, δ is determined.

6 DRAWING AND FORMING THE TASK

1 The plan of the area in horizontal lines is drawn up on A4 paper according to the model in Figure 2 and drawn in black, the horizontal lines are drawn in brown. On the plan, only thickened horizontal lines are signed at the break points with corresponding marks in the direction of the slopes. When writing the marks, the horizontals are broken by 1 cm. In some places of the plan, but not more than 2 - 3 times, they show the direction of the slopes of the area with bergstrokes. The horizontals are signed in brown, the bases of the numbers should be turned down in the direction of the slope. The situation is applied to the plan with conventional symbols in the appropriate colors in accordance with the requirements for drawing conventional symbols.

2 Requirements for the design of a vertical layout project: the actual marks of the vertices of the squares are signed in black, the design ones are in red, and the workers are in blue. The height of the digits is 4 mm. For clarity, the embankment is painted over in yellow, and the recess in red. A sample of the entire assignment is given

in figures 1-3 and table 1. Design title page given in

application.

3 Subject to submission for this assignment are:

Title page (according to the application);

Scheme of leveling on the surface by squares and outline (similar to Figure 1);

Plan in contour lines (similar to Figure 2);

Cartogram of the movement of earth masses (similar to Figure 3);

Table for calculating the volume of earthworks (according to table 1).

7 OPTIONS OF TASKS

We select options for marks from the table by the number from the teacher's journal.

7.1 Variants for a horizontal platform

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https://pandia.ru/text/80/404/images/image060.png" width="488" height="455 src=">

https://pandia.ru/text/80/404/images/image062.png" width="466" height="469 src=">

7.2 Slope Options

https://pandia.ru/text/80/404/images/image064.png" width="497" height="456 src=">

https://pandia.ru/text/80/404/images/image066.png" width="481" height="455 src=">

https://pandia.ru/text/80/404/images/image068.png" width="467" height="456 src=">

Table 2 - Peak mark a1 (Na1)

8 Control questions for self-test

1 What is surface leveling by squares?

2 Field documents, purpose and purpose of leveling the surface by squares.

3 What is a vertical layout?

4 What are the goals of the vertical layout and the main requirements for drafting a vertical layout?

5 How is the design mark obtained when designing a horizontal platform? Write a formula.

6 How are work marks calculated, definition? Write a formula.

7 How is the correctness of the calculation of working marks controlled? Write a formula.

8 How is the position of zero work points on the sides of the square determined? Write a formula.

9 How is the volume of a tetrahedral prism determined? Write a formula.

10 How is the volume of a trihedral prism calculated? Write a formula.

11 How is it expedient to calculate the amount of earthwork in the transition square?

12 Types of layout works in vertical planning?

13 How is the design mark transferred to the terrain?

14 How is a design line with a given slope transferred to the terrain?

15 How to control the digging of the pit to the design mark?

16 How to dig trenches to the design depth?

17 How to design a horizontal site, subject to the balance of earthworks?

List of sources used

1, Smirnov and topography. - M.: Publishing Center"Academy", 2009.- 176 p.

2 , Mikhelev engineering geodesy. - M.: graduate School, 2001.- 314 p.

3 Fedotov geodesy. - M.: Higher School, 2007. - 463 p.

https://pandia.ru/text/80/404/images/image070.png" height="1079 src="> APPENDIX A

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

State educational institution of higher professional education

UFA STATE OIL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

Chair " Car roads and construction technology"

30 mm 35 mm 30 mm 15 mm 75 mm

https://pandia.ru/text/80/404/images/image071.png" width="703"> Scale gr . ...−…− Signature Date 15 mm Task #…

https://pandia.ru/text/80/404/images/image075.png" width="703"> Completed by …………… ………. ….. 15 mm Vertical

layouts

https://pandia.ru/text/80/404/images/image077.png" width="12" height="65"> construction site

Checked …………… ………. ….. 15 mm

Vertical layout land plot necessary for competent binding of buildings, taking into account the geodetic features of the site, to form the desired relief of the territory.

Geodetic survey

A vertical planning project is being prepared after a geodetic survey of the building area. Surveying is recommended to be ordered by professionals.

If a decision is made to cope on their own, it should be determined what is the height difference on the site as a whole and on the site allotted for construction, in particular. In the second case, the height of the soil surface is compared at the corners of the future foundation. For work, a hydraulic or laser level, a geodetic level is used.

Also, at the construction site, it is required to determine:

• soil type;
• groundwater level;
• the tendency of the soil to heave during freezing.

These characteristics affect the design of the foundation, the possibility of arranging a basement or ground floor etc.

Planting buildings

Before erecting a house, it is necessary to correctly choose its vertical landing - to design at what height the floor of the first floor will be located (designing the basement height), how the soil layout will be changed at the construction site.

With the help of the vertical layout of the site, a set of tasks is solved:

• trenches, pits, foundation foundations should be located above the maximum point of groundwater rise;
• water from floods and precipitation should be diverted from buildings, including outside the site;
• over-foundation structures should be located above the level of snow cover characteristic of a given climate in order to avoid moisture.

Based on geodetic survey data, the design of the foundation and the degree of its deepening are selected, and the height of the base is determined. In addition, it is necessary:

• by adding soil to raise the level of the construction site;
• equip deep drainage that protects the foundation from groundwater;
• plan the terrain and equip a system for draining storm and melt water from the house;
• competently perform a blind area along the foundation.

Under the construction of the house, it is desirable to allocate the highest located section of the allocated territory. The landing of the house is determined after choosing a conditional zero - it can be the level of a neighboring plot or the main road. Then, the depth of planting of the building is calculated and its zero mark is the level of the location of the junction of the blind area to the basement of the building. Relative to the zero mark, the height of the basement, the level of the finishing floor and the upper step of the porch are selected.

Vertical layout of the construction site

Based on how the surface of the building spot deviates from the horizontal level, construction sites are distinguished:

• almost perfectly flat and horizontal;
• with a small slope (on the foundation, the height difference is up to 0.5 m);
• with a significant slope (0.5-1 m);
• on a steep slope (over 1 m difference).

Regardless of the presence and degree of slope, it is important to artificially raise the level of the soil at the construction site, for which an embankment is formed. This allows:

• raise bearing capacity soil under the foundation;
• reduce the degree of heaving of natural soil by reducing the thickness of the freezing layer and protect the foundation from deforming effects;
• create optimal conditions for organizing a drainage system that protects the base of the house;
• carry out all work on the arrangement of the underground part of the building in an area inaccessible to the penetration of groundwater;
• eliminate the need to organize the removal of soil excavated from the foundation pit, trenches, since it is laid under the house.

Raising the level of the construction site above the level of the road by adding soil makes it possible to avoid the “house in the pit” effect, which is inevitable if the adjacent territories are ennobled by importing fertile soil for planting.

An embankment near the foundation part of the house can be formed from soils of any type, if they do not contain peat, vegetation and other organic inclusions. The recommended thickness of the embankment on a horizontal section is 0.2-0.5 m.

Change in the relief of the territory

The vertical planning of the site makes it possible to transform the natural relief of the territory in accordance with the horizontal planning project. The layout can be utilitarian - it is necessary to lay paths that are convenient for movement, create a drainage system and all paths, and equip sites with a slope that provides free flow, as well as aesthetic - the landscape of the object must be expressive.

The vertical layout project must take into account the volume of earth masses that need to be moved. Compliance with the balance of earthworks will make it possible to use for embankments the soil removed when changing the relief, taken out when creating platforms and paths, laying the drainage system.

Playgrounds (sports courts, recreation areas, etc.) are raised above the existing surface, while the slopes are made as gentle as possible by filling the soil, or constructing a retaining wall. If the site is below the level of the natural surface, the formation of slopes is carried out by cutting the soil at a designed angle.

Vertical layout example

Consider a site with a slope to the south. The house is recommended to be built at the top of the site, as close as possible to the east side. For outbuildings, it is desirable to allocate a place in the lower part of the territory. The remaining space is allotted for arranging a recreation area, planting ornamental shrubs and trees, laying out flower beds - plants feel good on the south side.

If the slope is large, terraces with retaining walls are formed, paths with stairs and ramps are built. is designed taking into account the features of the relief, the drain is located in the lower corner of the site.

Competent vertical planning ensures the durability of buildings, allows you to change the relief of the landscape, making it aesthetic and functional.