The result of disposal of assets and occurrence. Is the depositor a debtor or creditor of the organization? Are accounting entries allowed: D50,51,52,55 K60

STRUCTURE OF OTHER INCOME AND EXPENSES ACCOUNT

The structure and procedure for using account 91 "Other income and expenses" are similar to account 90 "Sales". The following sub-accounts are added to account 91 “Other income and expenses”: 91.1 “Other income”, 91.2 “Other expenses”, 91.9 “Balance of other income and expenses”. On account 91 "Other income and expenses" the following accounts are made (Table 13.2):

Table 13.2

On sub-accounts 91.1 “Other income” and 91.2 “Other expenses”, data are accumulated during the year by types of other income and expenses. This information is used to compile the income statement and other financial statements. Sub-account 91.9 "Balance of other income and expenses" is intended for the formation of a profit and loss account during the reporting year.

Upon disposal non-current assets for which depreciation was charged, the following master entries are made in accounting. The entire amount of depreciation accumulated during the use of the object is written off as a decrease in its original cost: debit of account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets” and credit of account 01 “Fixed assets”, debit of account 05 “Amortization of intangible assets” and credit of account 04 “Intangible assets”. The residual value of the object is transferred from account 01 "Fixed assets" or 04 "Intangible assets" to the debit of account 91 "Other income and expenses". The debit of the same account records all expenses associated with the disposal of the asset, and its credit - income from the disposal of the object. For example, when fixed assets are retired, the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” includes expenses for the dismantling of equipment, dismantling of buildings and structures, and the credit includes proceeds related to the sale and other merger of fixed assets: materials, scrap, scrap received during liquidation of objects. Thus, on account 91 “Other income and expenses”, the financial result from the disposal of the asset is formed, which is considered as a component of the operating income and expenses of the organization. If necessary, analytical accounting on account 91 “Other income and expenses” can be organized in such a way as to ensure a systematic determination of the financial result for each disposal of assets.

To account 01 “Fixed assets” or 04 “Intangible assets”, a subaccount can be opened, respectively, “Retirement of fixed assets” or “Disposal intangible assets". This allows you to isolate data on objects in the process of disposal from other objects (in operation, in stock, on conservation, etc.).

When other assets are disposed of, their value and all associated income and expenses are written off to account 91 “Other income and expenses”. Entries are made as income and expenses are incurred.

According to paragraph 15 of PBU 6/01, the amount of the revaluation of the asset for retired fixed assets is transferred from additional capital to the organization's retained earnings.

• > may be allowed as an exception, subject to certain conditions established by regulatory legal acts on accounting
• is a common regulatory practice inventory differences in the manner prescribed accounting policy organizations

181. Is the amount of excise included in the actual cost of damage to materials, allowed in excess of the norms natural loss?

• > yes
• At the discretion of the parties to the agreement

182. Are excise taxes included in the cost of missing and damaged materials, the fact of shortage and deterioration of which was established upon receipt from suppliers?

• > yes

183. In accordance with PBU 2/2008, are the organization's income received from the performance of other types of contracts not directly related to the performance of the contract included in the revenue under the contract? building contract?

• > No

184. Are included in the composition financial investments organizing a buyout operation own shares joint-stock company from shareholders for subsequent resale or cancellation?

• > no
• yes, if shares are bought for subsequent resale

185. Does the amount of conditional income tax expense affect the amount of liabilities to the budget for this tax?

• > yes

186. Do advance income tax payments affect the amount of current income tax, determined in accordance with the requirements of PBU 18/02?

• > No

187. The newly created organization must draw up the chosen accounting policy:

• > Not later than 90 days from the date of registration of a legal entity
• Not later than 90 days from the date of its establishment

188. Is the reduction in all cases economic benefits as a result of the disposal of assets can be recognized for accounting purposes as an expense of the organization?

• > No

189. Is an accounting entry possible: D28 K69

• > yes

190. Is it possible that the current income tax will be equal to the contingent income tax expense?

• > yes

191. Is the following accounting entry possible: D19 K71

• > yes

192. Is the following situation possible? The supply manager of Gurman LLC Fedorova entered into an employment contract with the company to work part-time as a cleaner.

· > yes

193. . Is the contractor organization entitled to use account 07 for the purposes of accounting for a construction contract?

• > No
• Yes, if it is provided for by its accounting policy

194. All shares of ZAO Chugunnoye Litje belong to its founder, V.D. Leonov. Does this mean that the property of the company is also the property of this shareholder?

• > No
• Yes, if it is provided for by the memorandum of association

195. Choose the Right accounting records reflecting the transaction on the acquisition by the bank foreign exchange(100 US dollars) on behalf of the organization at an agreed rate of 30 rubles. per US dollar. The US dollar exchange rate set by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the date the currency was credited to the organization's account amounted to 29 rubles. per US dollar:

• > Dt 57 Kt 51 - 3000; Dt 52 Kt 57 - 2900; Dt 91 Kt 57 100
• Dt 76 Kt 51 - 3000; Dt 52 Kt 76 - 2900; Dt 91 Kt 76 - 100
• Dt 52 Kt 51 - 3000; Dt 91 Kt 76 - 100

196. Select from the following accounting records the one that is used to register the accrual transaction wages workers involved in dismantling a building destroyed by an earthquake:

• > Dt 91 Kt 70
• Dt 99 Kt 70
• Dt 84 Kt 68

197. Works and services performed but not accepted by the customer are accounted for on the invoice:

• > 40

198. Finished products released but not delivered to the warehouse are accounted for on the account:

• > 40

199. Revenue (income) of the reporting segment in the formation of income, expenses, assets and liabilities of the reporting segment of the organization is not recognized:

• interest and dividends, as well as income from the lease of property to external users for a period of more than 12 months after the reporting date
• > interest and dividends, except when such income is the subject of the activities of the reportable segment
• interest and dividends, as well as income from the lease of property to external users for up to 12 months

200. Excess inventories identified during the inventory are accounted for in accounting:

• at accounting prices approved by the organization
• > at market prices on the date of the inventory
• in the assessment by the decision of the inventory commission
• at the price of possible use

201. Surplus identified during the inventory material assets accepted for accounting on the date of the inventory:

• At the price of similar assets held by the organization
• > At current market value
• For the price of possible use

202. The General Director of OJSC Mirage, on the proposal of the head of the legal department, approved the list of persons entitled to sign primary accounting documents for accounting materials. With which official in accordance with current legislation The director was obliged to preliminarily agree on this list?

• With a deputy CEO for logistics
• with financial director
• > With chief accountant

203. The chief accountant of OJSC Vympel was reprimanded for the unsatisfactory organization of keeping the company's financial statements. Is this decision legal?

• > No

204. The chief accountant of the Hermes car dealership draws up transactions for the purchase of cars for sale with an accounting entry: D08 K60, D41 K08. Is it correct?

• > No

205. Chief Accountant Vetrova takes into account R&D that did not give a positive result, in accordance with the requirements of PBU 14/2007. Is it correct?

• > No

206. Artemyeva, Chief Accountant of the Cable Products Plant, determines the current income tax only on the basis of data tax accounting. Is it legal?

• > Yes, if this method is enshrined in the Accounting Policy

207. Chief accountant Ivannikova recognizes expenses in the LLC's accounting records, regardless of the organization's intention to receive revenue. Is this correct?

• > yes

208. The chief accountant of the Scientific Research Institute "Science of the 21st Century" applies PBU 17/02 to R&D, the results of which are accounted for in accounting as intangible assets. Is it correct?

• > No

209. The chief accountant of JSC "Initiative" Kruglova, recognizing assets, uses such criteria as the material form and legal conditions for the use of the object. Is it right Chief Accountant?

• > No

210. Chief Accountant of Children's Cafe LLC Lyalina O.V. conducted an inventory of settlements with the creditor OOO Sladkoezhka. As a result of the inventory, it was found that the debt had expired limitation period. Lyalina issued an accounting certificate, wrote off the debt with attributing it to other income. What mistake(s) did the chief accountant make?

• >

211. The chief accountant of Innovations LLC in analytical accounting to account 84 divides retained earnings intended for the acquisition of new property as follows: - used; - unused. Is the chief accountant right?

• > yes

212. The chief accountant of Primadonna LLC uses its private car for business purposes. For the use of personal property, the employment contract provides for payment monthly compensation. What is the accounting entry for this transaction?

• D73 K70
• D26 K50
• > D26 K70

213. Chief Accountant of Sladkoezhka LLC Sergeeva A.I. conducted an inventory of settlements with the debtor LLC "Children's Cafe". The debtor did not confirm the data on the debt due to the expiration of the limitation period. Sergeeva issued an accounting certificate and wrote off the debt for other expenses. What mistake(s) did the chief accountant make?

• The chief accountant did everything right
• > To write off the debt, it was necessary to issue a written justification and an order (instruction) from the head of Sladkoezhka LLC
• To write off the debt, it was necessary to issue a written justification and order (instruction) of the head of Sladkoezhka LLC, as well as to reflect the amount of the written off debt on the off-balance account 007

214. Finished products (goods) transferred to other organizations on a commission basis are reflected in the accounting of the committent by the following entry:

• Dt 90 Kt 41.43
• Dt 91 Kt 41.43
• > Dt 45 Set 43 (41)

215. State Unitary Enterprise "Natural Fabrics" will be transformed into OJSC. Is the company required to conduct an inventory of receivables and accounts payable?

• > yes
• At the discretion of the head of the enterprise

216. State Unitary Enterprise "NII-Innovations" was created, among other things, to provide for a fee the rights arising from various kinds his intellectual property. The costs associated with this activity are for the SUE:

• > expenses for ordinary species activities
• other expenses

217. Data inventory cards summarized against the data synthetic accounting fixed assets:

• > monthly
• annually
• when taking inventory

218. The date of occurrence of exchange rate differences on contributions to the authorized capital is:

• date of reflection in the accounting of debt on deposits
• > date of receipt of deposit amounts
• date of state registration(acquiring the status of a legal entity)

219. The date of formation of the debt of the founders on contributions to the authorized capital of the organization in foreign currency is the date:

• > state registration of an organization
• actual contribution
• signing the memorandum of association

220. The date of the transaction in foreign currency when importing services is considered:

• date of signing the contract for the provision of services
• date of payment for the service
• > date of recognition of expenses for the service

221. Movement Money target financing in the part that is subject to separate storage, take into account on the account:

• 51 " Settlement accounts»
• 52 "Currency accounts"
• >

222. The business reputation of an organization is:

• > The difference between the purchase price of the acquired enterprise and the value of all its assets and liabilities according to the balance sheet as of the date of its purchase (acquisition)
• The image of the organization, estimated in terms of value
• The sum of all costs of acquiring an organization

223. Is the depositor a debtor or creditor of an organization?

• Debtor
• > Lender

224. Depository debt is reflected in balance sheet by article:

• Receivables
• > Accounts payable
• In the help to off-balance accounts: "Deposit debt"

225. Depositing funds when issuing check books is reflected in the debit of the account:

• 51 "Settlement accounts"
• > 55 " Special Accounts in banks"
• 58 "Financial investments"

226. Amounts deposited:

• Remain at the cash desk of the organization for subsequent payment
• > Rent to the bank

227. . The Director of OOO "Vladimir Pekar" Selivanov performs the functions of the Chief Accountant of the Company. Is it legal?

• > Yes, if it is enshrined in the order of the organization and provided for by the employment contract with the director

228. The director of an LLC is also its founder. What accounting entry reflects the direction of a part of the profit of the reporting year for the payment of income to him following the approval of the annual financial statements of the LLC?

• > D84 K70
• D84 K73
• D84 K75

229. Accounts 15 and 16 are not used for accounting of which of the following assets?

• equipment for installation
• animals for breeding and fattening
• > finished products
• goods

230. For CJSC "Sports Goods" in reporting month work was carried out on the overhaul of equipment used in the main production. The work was carried out on the terms commercial loan(with deferred payment) in the amount of 10 million rubles, including% - 1.5 million rubles. Determine the amount of expenses for the reporting month for overhaul for accrual accounting purposes.

• 10 million rubles
• > 8.5 million rubles
• 0 million rubles

231. For which groups of users of accounting (financial) statements do you need information on the organization's expenses by cost items?

• > Internal users
• External Users
• Internal and external users

232. To summarize information on R&D expenditures, an accounting account is used:

• > 08 "Investments in non-current assets"
• 97 "Deferred expenses"
• 20 "Main productions"

233. To apply the “as available” method in accordance with PBU 2/2008, an organization must:

• > Confirm the degree of completion of work under the contract at the reporting date
• Present the relevant work for payment to the customer
• Confirm the degree of completion of work under the contract as of the reporting date and present the relevant work for payment to the customer

234. To account for inventories, the organization does not use account 15. To which account should it attribute the costs of bringing inventories to a state in which they are suitable for use for the planned purposes?

• > 10

235. To account for specific transactions, an organization may enter additional synthetic accounts into the Chart of Accounts using free account numbers:

• > in agreement with the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
• independently by the decision of the head of the organization
• in agreement with tax authority at the place of registration
• cannot enter additional synthetic accounts

236. To account for actual acquisition costs valuable papers use an accounting account:

• > 58

237. For accounting purposes, the income of an organization is recognized as an increase in economic benefits:

• leading to an increase in the contributions of participants (property owners) of the organization
• leading to an increase in the capital of the organization
• > leading to an increase in the capital of the organization, with the exception of contributions from participants (property owners)

238. For accounting purposes, the following is not recognized as an expense of the organization:

• Calculation of depreciation charges for fixed assets
• > Disposal of assets in connection with the acquisition of intangible assets
• Disposal of assets in connection with payment for the services of third parties for the internal movement of goods

239. For the purposes of accounting, the following receipts from other legal and individuals:

• > Under commission agreements, agency and other similar agreements in favor of the committent, principal, etc.
• License payments for the use of the results of intellectual activity
• Rent for the use of fixed assets

240. For accounting purposes, other expenses are:

• > Cost component of the organization
• Component of expenses for ordinary activities of the organization
• Independent type of expenses

241. For the purposes of PBU 18/02 current tax recognized in profit:

• > Income tax for tax purposes of the reporting period
• Income tax for tax purposes tax period
• Income tax for the reporting year

242. For the purposes of PBU 2/2008, the sum of all expenses actually incurred as of the reporting date and the estimated amount of expenses to be incurred to complete the work under the contract is:

• Contract price
• Estimated value of direct costs under the contract
• > Estimated total contract costs

243. For the purposes of PBU 3/2006, “activities outside Russian Federation" - this:

• Activities for the export of products, goods, works, services
• > Activities carried out by an organization that is a legal entity under the laws of the Russian Federation outside the Russian Federation through a representative office, branch

244. For the purposes of PBU 9/99, payment is referred to as:

• Disposal of cash
• Disposal of other property
• > Disposal of assets

245. For the purposes of subsequent evaluation, financial investments are divided into:

• >two groups
• four groups
• three groups

246. For the purposes of accounting for construction contracts, name, in accordance with which regulatory legal act Are income from the contract recognized as income from ordinary activities?

• > Regulations on accounting "Income of the organization" (PBN 9/99)

247. For the purposes of accounting for construction contracts, name, in accordance with which regulatory legal act, expenses under the contract are recognized as expenses from ordinary activities?

• Regulation on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation
• > Regulation on accounting "Expenses of the organization" (PBU 10/99)
• Regulation on accounting "Accounting for construction contracts" (PBU 2/2008)

248. The loan agreement is drawn up for 6 months. According to the agreement, interest is paid monthly. Can the entity include interest payable as part of other expenses in accordance with the terms of such an agreement?

• > yes

249. A building contract provides for a mixed procedure for determining the price of the work to be performed. Can the presence of: a) confidence that the organization will receive economic benefits associated with a construction contract and b) the ability to identify and reliably determine the costs incurred, be necessary and sufficient conditions for a reliable determination of the financial result of the execution of this contract in accordance with the requirements of PBU 2 /2008?

• > No

250. A construction contract provides for a mixed procedure for determining the price of the work to be performed. To reliably determine the financial result of the execution of the contract, how many conditions are necessary and sufficient in accordance with the requirements of PBU 2/2008?

• > 6

251. A building contract provides for the payment by the customer of a fixed price. To reliably determine the financial result of the execution of the contract, how many conditions are necessary and sufficient in accordance with the requirements of PBU 2/2008?

• > 6

252. A contract for the exchange of goods does not provide for a procedure for the transfer of ownership of the goods being exchanged. How the organization should reflect in accounting the receipt of goods from the counterparty until the moment of fulfillment of its obligations under the contract:

• > on account 002
• Size 41 Set 60 Size 19 Set 60

253. The contract for the construction of the workshop provides for incentive payments to the general contractor for reducing the construction time of the facility. Does it increase the cost capital investments?

• > yes
• Yes, if it is stipulated in the contract

254. Should analytical accounting to account 08 in terms of costs associated with construction provide data on the costs of construction works and reconstruction?

• > yes
• At the discretion of the organization

255. Should a plant for the production of plastic products take into account on account 44 the costs of packaging and packing products in warehouses for finished products?

• > yes

256. Should the cashier, before transferring the duplicate keys from the metal cabinets of the cash register to the head of the organization, pack them in a bag, box, etc., and seal them up?

• > yes
• At the discretion of the cashier
• At the discretion of the manager

257. Should the cashier, when issuing money to persons on payroll make a record of these documents proving their identity?

• > No

258. Should an organization in its accounting (financial) statements for the reporting year disclose information on the official exchange rate of foreign currency against the ruble, established by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the reporting date?

• > yes
• At the discretion of the organization

259. Should an organization in its accounting policy(for the purposes of accounting for construction contracts) establish the procedure for accounting for income received from the execution of other types of contracts not directly related to the execution of construction contracts (for example, contracts for the sale of surplus building materials acquired for the execution of a construction contract)?

• > yes

260. Should the organization keep analytical records of goods by responsible persons?

• > yes
• Yes, if it is provided for by its Accounting Policy

261. Should the organization, when applying methods for assessing the disposal of inventories (by group, type), proceed from the assumption of the sequence of application of accounting policies?

• > No, if previously accepted methods do not allow reliable presentation of the facts economic activity in accounting and reporting of the organization

262. Should an organization apply PBU 5/01 for the purpose of accounting for unpaid tolling raw materials?

• > No
• By decision of the organization

263. Should an organization apply PBU 5/01 for the purposes of accounting for shipped products, the proceeds from the sale of which cannot be recognized in accounting for a certain time?

• > No
• By decision of the organization

264. Should the organization apply PBU 5/01 for the purposes of accounting for finished products paid for by the buyer and left by him in safe custody in the organization?

• > No
• By decision of the organization

265. Should an organization apply PBU 5/01 for the purposes of accounting for goods accepted for commission?

• > No
• By decision of the organization

266. Should an organization apply PBU 5/01 for the purposes of accounting for finished products transferred to other organizations for sale on a commission basis?

• > No???
• By decision of the organization

267. Should the organization disclose in the financial statements information on the cost of inventories pledged?

• > Yes, if this information is material

268. Should an organization independently establish a list of cost items for the production of products, works, services?

• > yes

269. Should an organization comply with the materiality principle when accounting for events after the reporting date?

• > yes

270. Should an organization form in the analytical accounting of securities information about the places of storage of these securities?

• > yes

271. Should the organization that has drawn up the Act on the acceptance of materials - non-invoiced deliveries, send its second copy to the supplier?

• > yes
• At the discretion of the organization

272. Should the packaging contain materials and parts specially designed for its manufacture and repair?

• > yes
• At the discretion of the organization

273. Should the rules of workflow in the organization regulate the procedure for transferring documents to the archive?

• > yes
• At the discretion of the organization

274. Should the head and chief accountant of the organization certify the number of sheets in cash book with your signatures?

• > yes

275. Should a stamp or the inscription “Paid” be used to cancel documents that are annexes to executed cash documents, have an indication of the date (day, month, year)?

• > yes
• At the discretion of the chief accountant of the organization

276. The House of Models "Style of the 21st Century" rents a building in the center of St. Petersburg to carry out its activities. Should he disclose this information in the financial statements?

• At the discretion of the head of the organization
• > Yes, if this information is material

277. Is it allowed, in accordance with PBU 15/2008, to include in the cost of an investment asset additional costs on loans?

• > No

278. Are specified corrections allowed in the cash book?

• > yes

279. Are erasures allowed in the cash book?

• > No
• Yes, but only with reservation

280. Is accounting entry D83 K75 acceptable?

• > yes

281. Is accounting entry D83 K84 acceptable?

• > yes

282. Is accounting entry D86 K83 acceptable?

• > yes

283. Is an accounting entry allowed: D03 K08?

• > yes

284. Is an accounting entry allowed: D08 K19?

• > yes

285. Is an accounting entry allowed: D09 K99?

• > No

286. Is an accounting entry allowed: D41 K19?

• > yes

287. Is an accounting entry allowed: D60 K50?

• > yes

288. Is an accounting entry allowed: D60 K62?

• > yes
• Yes, if provided by the accounting policy

289. Is an accounting entry allowed: D77 K99?

• > yes
• Yes, if it is provided for by the accounting policy of the organization

290. Is an accounting entry allowed: D94 K19?

• > yes

291. Is an accounting entry allowed: Dt 99 - Kt 77?

• > No

292. Is an accounting entry allowed: K99 D84?

• > yes

293. Is an accounting entry allowed: D80 K97?

• > No

294. Is wiring allowed: D68 K66?

• > yes

295. Are accounting entries allowed: D50,51,52,55 K60?

• > yes
• Yes, if it is provided for by the accounting policy of the organization

296. The assumption of property isolation means that:

• assets and liabilities of separate divisions of the organization are accounted for separately
• the assets and liabilities of an entity are accounted for separately from the assets and liabilities of other entities
• > the assets and liabilities of an organization exist separately from the assets and liabilities of the owners of this organization and the assets and liabilities of other organizations

297. Assuming the business continuity of an organization means that:

• the organization consistently from one reporting year to another applies the accounting policy adopted by it
• the organization consistently from one reporting year to another from year to year, recognizes income from ordinary activities as income from the same types of income
• > the entity will continue in operation for the foreseeable future and has no intention or need to liquidate or substantially reduce operations and liabilities will be discharged in due course

298. Is it enough to conduct analytical accounting for account 83 only according to the sources of its formation?

• > No

299. Is it sufficient for an organization, in accordance with the requirements of PBU 2/2008, to disclose in the financial statements for each contract not completed as of the reporting date, only the amount of prepayment received, advances, deposit as of the reporting date?

• > No

300. Income and expenses from the liquidation of a fixed asset are not significant. Is it possible to not show them expanded in the income statement?

• > yes
• sales

301. Income and expenses from the write-off of intangible assets are attributed to:

• income and expenses from ordinary activities
• > other income and expenses

302. Income and expenses from write-off of fixed assets from accounting are:

• income and expenses of the organization from ordinary activities
• > other income and expenses of the organization
• non-operating expenses

303. Income from gratuitous receipt of materials, accounted for on account 98-2 "Gratuitous receipts", are written off to the credit of account 91:

• on the date they are taken into account
• on the date of their transfer by the donor
• > as it is written off to the accounts of production costs (sales expenses) and other disposals

304. Income generating taxable temporary differences is recognized:

• for tax purposes earlier than for accounting
• > for tax purposes later than in accounting
• in the same period, but in different sizes

305. The accounting unit of financial investments is chosen by the organization:

• according to industry regulations
• according to regulatory documents Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
• > independently, according to the accepted accounting policy

306. How many conditions at a time are necessary for the recognition in accounting of expenses for ordinary activities?

• > Five

307. If an asset is not capable of bringing economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future, can it be accepted for accounting as fixed assets?

• > No
• At the discretion of the organization

308. If rent generates income from ordinary activities of the lessor, as what expenses are reflected in his accounting expenses for depreciation of fixed assets leased out?

• > on account 20 "Main production"
• on account 91 "Other income and expenses"
• on account 99 as extraordinary expenses

309. If during some reporting period it is impossible to reliably determine the financial result of the execution of the contract, then under what condition, in accordance with PBU 2/2008, revenue under the contract is recognized in the income statement?

• There is no such condition, i.e. revenue cannot be recognized
• > It is probable that the costs incurred in the performance of the contract will be reimbursed by the customer

310. If, due to the impossibility of fulfilling obligations by the parties to the contract, there is no possibility of reimbursement of expenses incurred under the contract, then in accordance with PBU 2/2008 they are recognized in accounting:

• Extraordinary expenses of the reporting period
• >

311. If, in connection with the recognition of the contract as an invalid transaction, there is no possibility of reimbursement of expenses incurred under the contract, then in accordance with PBU 2/2008 they are recognized in accounting:

• Other expenses of the reporting period
• > Expenses for ordinary activities of the reporting period
• Extraordinary expenses

312. If, in accordance with PBU 15/2008, interest on a loan cannot be included in the cost of an investment asset, then they should be recognized:

• Expenses for ordinary activities
• > Other expenses
• In accordance with the accounting policy

313. If the proceeds from the sale of certain types of goods, products, works and services is 5%, then the organization in the Profit and Loss Statement:

• > Obliged to disclose this information (show revenue for this type of goods, products, works, services)
• Not required to disclose this information

314. If the accounting data for the period preceding the reporting period are not comparable with the data for the reporting year, then:

• the data of the reporting period are subject to adjustment
• no adjustments are made, and the existence of such discrepancies is disclosed in explanatory note
• > data for the period preceding the reporting period are subject to adjustment, based on the rules established by regulatory acts on accounting

315. If, in order to recalculate the value of assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency and payable in rubles, the law or agreement establishes a foreign exchange rate different from that of the Central Bank, is the organization obliged to disclose such a rate in the accounting (financial) statements?

• > yes
• At the discretion of the organization

316. If documented confirmed expenses under the contract are not reimbursed by the customer, then the expected loss is recognized in accordance with PBU 2/2008:

• > In the relevant reporting period
• In the reporting period, completion of all work under the contract

317. If the law or agreement of the parties establishes a foreign exchange rate different from the rate of the Central Bank, should the organization recalculate the value of the asset or liability at this rate?

• > yes
• According to the accounting policy

318. If a change in accounting data cannot be unequivocally classified as due to a change in accounting policy or a change in an accounting estimate, then for the purposes of accounting, this change:

• > Recognized as a change in accounting estimate
• Recognized as a change in the entity's accounting policy

319. If a change in the estimated value (with the exception of a change that directly affects the amount of the organization's capital) affects the financial statements of a given reporting period, then it is subject to recognition in accounting by including in the income or expenses of the organization:

• > The period in which the change occurred
• Future periods
• Not recognized in income and expenses

320. If a change in the estimated value (with the exception of a change that directly affects the amount of the organization's capital) affects the financial statements of this reporting period and future periods, then it is subject to recognition in accounting by including in the income or expenses of the organization:

• The period in which the change took place
• Future periods
• > The period in which the change occurred and future periods

321. If a change in the estimated value directly affects the amount of the organization's capital, then it is subject to recognition by:

• > Adjustments relevant articles capital in financial statements
• Inclusions in the income or expenses of the organization
• Can't be recognized

322. If a change in the estimated value directly affects the amount of the organization's capital, then it is subject to recognition by adjusting the relevant capital items in the financial statements:

• At the end of the period in which the change occurred
• > At the beginning of the period in which the change occurred
• During the period in which the change occurred

323. If damaged materials can be used in an organization or sold (at a markdown), they are accounted for:

• > By prices possible sale
• In a conditional valuation
• At discount prices of the organization

324. If at the reporting date there is uncertainty about the possibility of receipt of all deviations, claims, incentive payments assumed under the contract, then the expected loss is recognized in accordance with RAS 2/2008:

• > Expenses for ordinary activities of the reporting period
• Other expenses of the reporting period

325. If at the reporting date the organization has doubts about the receipt of deviations, claims, incentive payments included in the revenue under the contract, then in accordance with PBU 2/2008, the amounts in respect of which there are doubts are recognized:

• Other expenses of the reporting period
• > Expenses for ordinary activities of the reporting period
• In the reporting period, an adjustment is made to revenue recognized in previous reporting periods

326. If an organization can reliably determine the amounts of deviations, claims, incentive payments, but it does not have confidence that they will be recognized by customers or other persons specified in the contract to whom they are presented, then in accordance with PBU 2/2008 should organization to adjust the revenue under the contract?

• > No
• At the discretion of the organization

327. If the organization recognizes the conditional fact of economic activity, then for the purposes of reflection in the financial statements:

• > contingent liabilities are valued in monetary terms, while contingent assets are not subject to monetary value
• contingent liabilities and contingent assets are valued in monetary terms
• no rating contingent liabilities And contingent assets not produced

328. If for an object of financial investments previously valued at the current market value, as of the reporting date market value is not defined, such an object is reflected in the reporting:

• face value
• > the cost of his last estimate
• original cost

329. If, under the terms of the agreement, the leased property is accounted for on the balance sheet of the lessor, then the accrual of lease payments for the reporting period may be recorded in the accounting records of the lessee with the following entries:

• > Dt 20 (26, 44) Kt 76 sub-account "Debt on lease payments"
• D-t 76 sub-account "Lease obligations" K-t 76 sub-account "Debt on lease payments"
• Dt 91 Kt 76 sub-account "Debt on lease payments"

330. If an employee during a business trip leaves from one country to another, the per diem per day of travel is paid according to the norms:

• the country from which the employee leaves
• > the country to which the employee is sent
• established during business trips within the Russian Federation

331. If the difference between the amount of accrued revenue not presented for payment, which is recognized in the income statement for previous and / or current reporting periods, and the amount of accrued revenue on interim accounts presented for payment is positive, then in the balance sheet in accordance with RAS 2/2008, it is reflected as:

• > Active
• As a commitment

332. If the difference between the amount of accrued revenue not presented for payment, which is recognized in the income statement for previous and / or current reporting periods, and the amount of accrued revenue on interim accounts presented for payment is negative, then in the balance sheet in accordance with RAS 2/2008, it is reflected as:

General provisions

1. This Regulation establishes the rules for the formation of information on expenses in accounting commercial organizations(except for credit and insurance organizations) that are legal entities according to the legislation of the Russian Federation.
In relation to this Regulation non-profit organizations(except budget institutions) recognize expenses for entrepreneurial and other activities.

2. The organization's expenses are recognized as a decrease in economic benefits as a result of the disposal of assets (cash, other property) and (or) the emergence of liabilities, leading to a decrease in the capital of this organization, with the exception of a decrease in contributions by decision of the participants (property owners).

3. For the purposes of this Regulation, the disposal of assets shall not be recognized as expenses of the organization:

• in connection with the acquisition (creation) of non-current assets (fixed assets, construction in progress, intangible assets, etc.);
• contributions to the authorized (reserve) capitals of other organizations, the acquisition of shares of joint-stock companies and other securities not for the purpose of resale (sale);
• transfer of funds (contributions, payments, etc.) related to charitable activities, expenses for sports events, recreation, entertainment, cultural and educational events and other similar events;
• under commission agreements, agency and other similar agreements in favor of the committent, principal, etc.;
• in the order of advance payment for inventories and other valuables, works, services;
• in the form of advances, a deposit in payment for inventories and other valuables, works, services;
• in repayment of a loan, a loan received by an organization.

For the purposes of this Regulation, the disposal of assets is referred to as payment.

4. The expenses of the organization, depending on their nature, conditions of implementation and areas of activity of the organization, are divided into:

• expenses for ordinary activities;
• operating expenses;
• non-operating expenses.

For the purposes of this Regulation, expenses other than expenses for ordinary activities are considered other expenses. Other expenses also include emergency expenses.

Expenses for ordinary activities

5. Expenses for ordinary activities are expenses associated with the manufacture of products and the sale of products, the purchase and sale of goods. Such expenses are also considered expenses, the implementation of which is associated with the performance of work, the provision of services.
In organizations whose subject of activity is the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of their assets under a lease agreement, expenses for ordinary activities are considered expenses, the implementation of which is associated with this activity.
In organizations whose subject of activity is the granting for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property, expenses for ordinary activities are considered expenses incurred in connection with this activity.
In organizations whose subject of activity is participation in the authorized capitals of other organizations, expenses for ordinary activities are considered expenses, the implementation of which is associated with this activity.
Expenses, the implementation of which is associated with the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of their assets, rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property, and from participation in the authorized capital of other organizations, when this is not the subject of the organization's activities are related to operating expenses. Expenses for ordinary activities are also considered to be the reimbursement of the cost of fixed assets, intangible assets and other depreciable assets carried out in the form of depreciation deductions.

6. Expenses for ordinary activities are accepted for accounting in an amount calculated in monetary terms, equal to the amount of payment in cash and in other form or the amount of accounts payable (subject to the provisions of paragraph 3 of this Regulation). If the payment covers only a part of the recognized expenses, then the expenses accepted for accounting are determined as the sum of the payment and accounts payable (in the part not covered by the payment).

6.1. The amount of payment and (or) accounts payable is determined based on the price and conditions established by the contract between the organization and the supplier (contractor) or other counterparty. If the price is not provided for in the contract and cannot be set on the basis of the terms of the contract, then to determine the amount of payment or accounts payable, the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines expenses in relation to similar inventories and other valuables, works, services is accepted. or provision for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of similar assets.

6.2. When paying for acquired inventories and other valuables, works, services on the terms of a commercial loan provided in the form of a deferral and installment plan of payment, expenses are accepted for accounting in the full amount of accounts payable.

6.3. The amount of payment and (or) accounts payable under agreements providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is determined by the cost of goods (values) transferred or to be transferred by the organization. The cost of goods (values) transferred or to be transferred by the organization is established on the basis of the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines the cost of similar goods (values).
If it is impossible to establish the cost of goods (values) transferred or to be transferred by the organization, the amount of payment and (or) accounts payable under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is determined by the cost of products (goods) received by the organization. The cost of products (goods) received by the organization is established on the basis of the price at which, in comparable circumstances, similar products (goods) are purchased.

6.4. In the event of a change in the obligation under the contract, the initial amount of payment and (or) accounts payable is adjusted based on the value of the asset to be disposed of. The cost of an asset to be disposed of is determined by reference to the price at which an entity would normally charge similar assets in comparable circumstances.

6.5. The amount of payment and (or) accounts payable is determined taking into account all discounts (capes) provided to the organization in accordance with the contract.

6.6. The amount of payment is determined (decreases or increases) taking into account the amount differences arising in cases where payment is made in rubles in an amount equivalent to the amount in a foreign currency (conditional monetary units). The sum difference is understood as the difference between the ruble valuation of the actually made payment, expressed in foreign currency (conditional monetary units), calculated at the official or other agreed exchange rate on the date of acceptance for accounting of the relevant accounts payable, and the ruble valuation of this payable, calculated at the official or other agreed exchange rate on the date of recognition of the expense in accounting.

7. Expenses for ordinary activities form:

• expenses associated with the acquisition of raw materials, materials, goods and other inventories;
• expenses arising directly in the process of processing (refining) inventories for the purposes of manufacturing products, performing work and providing services and selling them, as well as selling (reselling) goods (expenses for the maintenance and operation of fixed assets and other non-current assets, as well as keeping them in good condition business expenses, management costs, etc.).

8. When forming expenses for ordinary activities, their grouping according to the following elements should be ensured:

• material costs;
• labor costs;
• deductions for social needs;
• depreciation;
• other costs.

For the purposes of management in accounting, accounting of expenses by cost items is organized. The list of cost items is established by the organization independently.

9. For the purposes of formation by the organization of the financial result of activities from ordinary activities, the cost of goods sold, products, works, services is determined, which is formed on the basis of expenses for ordinary activities recognized both in the reporting year and in previous reporting periods, and passing expenses related to the receipt of income in subsequent reporting periods, subject to adjustments depending on the specifics of the production of products, the performance of work and the provision of services and their sale, as well as the sale (resale) of goods. At the same time, commercial and administrative expenses may be recognized in the cost of sold products, goods, works, services in full in the reporting year of their recognition as expenses for ordinary activities.

10. The rules for accounting for costs for the production of products, the sale of goods, the performance of work and the provision of services in the context of elements and articles, the calculation of the cost of products (works, services) are established by separate regulations and guidelines on accounting.

other expenses

11. Operating expenses are:

• expenses associated with the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization's assets (subject to the provisions of paragraph 5 of these Regulations);
• costs associated with the provision for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property;
• expenses associated with participation in the authorized capital of other organizations (subject to the provisions of clause 5 of these Regulations);
• expenses associated with the sale, disposal and other write-off of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except for foreign currency), goods, products;
• interest paid by the organization for providing it with the use of funds (credits, loans);
• costs associated with the payment for services rendered credit organizations;
• other operating expenses.

12. Non-operating expenses are:

• fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of the terms of contracts;
• compensation for losses caused by the organization;
• losses of previous years recognized in the reporting year;
• the amount of receivables for which the limitation period has expired, other debts that are unrealistic to collect;
• exchange differences;
• the amount of depreciation of assets (excluding non-current assets);
• other non-operating expenses.

13. Composed emergency expenses expenses that arise as a consequence of emergency circumstances of economic activity (natural disaster, fire, accident, nationalization of property, etc.) are reflected.

14. For accounting purposes, the amount of other expenses is determined in the following order.

14.1. The amount of expenses associated with the sale, disposal and other write-off of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except for foreign currency), goods, products, as well as participation in the authorized capital of other organizations, with the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization's assets, rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property (when this is not the subject of the organization's activity), interest paid by the organization for providing it with funds for use, as well as expenses associated with payment for services rendered by credit institutions are determined in the manner similar to that provided for in clause 6 of this Regulation.

14.2. Fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of the terms of contracts, as well as compensation for losses caused by the organization are accepted for accounting in amounts awarded by the court or recognized by the organization.

14.3. Accounts receivable for which the limitation period has expired, other debts that are unrealistic to collect, are included in the expenses of the organization in the amount in which the debt was reflected in the accounting of the organization.

14.4. Amounts of depreciation of assets (except for non-current assets) are determined in accordance with the rules established for the revaluation of assets.

15. Other expenses are subject to crediting to the profit and loss account of the organization, except for cases when the legislation or accounting rules establish a different procedure.

Recognition of expenses

16. Expenses are recognized in accounting under the following conditions:

• the expense is made in accordance with a specific contract, the requirement of legislative and regulatory acts, business customs;
• the amount of the expense can be determined;
• there is confidence that as a result of a particular transaction there will be a decrease in the economic benefits of the organization. There is certainty that a particular transaction will reduce the entity's economic benefits when the entity has transferred the asset, or there is no uncertainty about the transfer of the asset.

If at least one of the above conditions is not met in relation to any expenses incurred by the organization, then the accounting of the organization recognizes receivables.
Depreciation is recognized as an expense based on the amount of depreciation deductions determined on the basis of the cost of depreciable assets, the period beneficial use and methods of depreciation accepted by the organization.

17. Expenses are subject to recognition in accounting, regardless of the intention to receive revenue, operating or other income and from the form of the expenditure (cash, natural and other).

18. Expenses are recognized in the reporting period in which they occurred, regardless of the time of actual payment of funds and other form of implementation (assuming the temporary certainty of the facts of economic activity). If the organization has adopted, in permitted cases, the procedure for recognizing revenue from the sale of products and goods not as the transfer of ownership, use and disposal of the delivered products, goods sold, work performed, services rendered, but after the receipt of funds and other forms of payment, then expenses are recognized after the debt is settled.

19. Expenses are recognized in the income statement:

• taking into account the relationship between expenses incurred and receipts (correspondence of income and expenses);
• by their reasonable distribution between the reporting periods, when the expenses cause the receipt of income during several reporting periods and when the relationship between income and expenses cannot be clearly determined or is determined indirectly;
• for expenses recognized in the reporting period, when it becomes certain that they do not receive economic benefits (income) or receive assets;
• regardless of how they are accepted for the purposes of calculating the taxable base;
• when liabilities arise that are not contingent on the recognition of the underlying assets.

Disclosure of information in financial statements

20. As part of the information on the accounting policy of the organization in the financial statements, the procedure for recognizing commercial and administrative expenses is subject to disclosure.

21. In the profit and loss statement, the expenses of the organization are reflected with a subdivision into the cost of goods sold, products, works, services, selling expenses, management expenses, operating expenses and non-operating expenses, and in case of occurrence - extraordinary expenses.

21.1. In the case of allocation in the income statement of types of income, each of which individually amounts to five or more percent of total amount income of the organization for the reporting year, it shows the part of the expenses corresponding to each type.

21.2. Operating and non-operating expenses may not be shown in the income statement on a gross basis in relation to the corresponding income when:

• relevant accounting rules provide for or do not prohibit such recording of expenses;
• expenses and related income arising from the same or similar in nature fact of economic activity are not significant for the characteristic financial position organizations.

22. In the financial statements, at least the following information is also subject to disclosure:

• expenses for ordinary activities in the context of cost elements;
• change in the amount of expenses that are not related to the calculation of the cost of sold products, goods, works, services in the reporting year;
• expenses equal to the amount of deductions in connection with the formation of reserves in accordance with the accounting rules (forward expenses, estimated reserves, etc.).

23. Other expenses of the organization for the reporting year, which, in accordance with the accounting rules, are not credited to the profit and loss account in the reporting year, are subject to disclosure in the financial statements separately.

Yu.A. Inozemtseva, expert in accounting and taxation

How to "spend" net income correctly

As you know, the net profit (NP) of the company is distributed by the owners. But whatever their decision, the accountant must reflect it in accounting and reporting. The catch is that in regulations accounting only talks about how to calculate profit clause 83 of the Regulations, approved. Order of the Ministry of Finance dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n. During the year, it accumulates on the credit of account 99 “Profit and Loss”, and when compiling annual financial statements, the amount of net profit is debited from account 99 to the credit of account 84 “ Undestributed profits". The credit balance on account 84 is your retained earnings (RRP). But about how to “spend” the profit, practically nothing is said in the accounting regulations, there is only a mention in the Chart of Accounts.

The procedure for the distribution of PE is established by the Laws on JSC and LLC sub. 11 p. 1 art. 48 of the Law of December 26, 1995 No. 208-FZ (hereinafter referred to as the JSC Law); sub. 7 p. 2 art. 33 of the Law of 08.02.98 No. 14-FZ (hereinafter - the Law on LLC). At the same time, joint-stock companies are obliged to send a part of the state of emergency to reserve fund, and LLCs can do it at will pp. 1, 2 art. 35 of the JSC Law; paragraph 1 of Art. 30 of the LLC Law. The rest of the profit shareholders (participants) can distribute at their own discretion. So, under certain conditions, they can send profits to pay dividends in articles 42, 43 of the JSC Law; paragraph 1 of Art. 28, art. 29, paragraph 1 of Art. 30 of the LLC Law. And sometimes the owners decide to direct the PE to purchase new fixed assets or pay bonuses to employees. But the Laws on JSC and LLC do not say how in these cases to reflect the distribution of NRP in accounting.

To understand this issue, let's first talk about what NRP is from a reporting point of view.

What is capital and profit

Retained earnings are part of the capital of the organization, it is reflected in section III "Capital and reserves" of the balance sheet.

The standards establish rules only for the recognition of assets and liabilities, and capital is the arithmetic difference between them. There are no capital accounting rules in either RAS or IFRS.

In turn, profit is the difference between income and expenses and paragraph 7 of IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements.

As in the case of capital, the standards establish only the rules for accounting for income and expenses, and profit is a derived value.

Accounting for income is regulated by a special standard PBU 9/99, and expenses - PBU 10/99. Moreover, the concepts of "income" and "expenses" are also defined using the categories "assets" and "liabilities".

Thus, the income of an organization is an increase in its economic benefits as a result of the receipt of assets or the repayment of liabilities, with the exception of contributions by a participant in clause 2 PBU 9/99. As can be seen from the formula for calculating capital, as a result of the receipt of assets or the repayment of liabilities, capital increases.

The organization's expenses, on the contrary, are a decrease in its economic benefits as a result of the disposal of assets and (or) the incurrence of liabilities, with the exception of a decrease in contributions by decision of the participants (property owners) clause 2 PBU 10/99. As a result of the disposal of assets or the incurrence of liabilities, the capital of the organization decreases.

Of course, this is only general definitions income and expenses, for their recognition it is necessary to comply with certain conditions established in PBU 9/99 and 10/99, but we will not consider them in this article.

Note that the increase or decrease in the economic benefits of the organization that occurred as a result of transactions with its owners (for example, the payment of dividends) is not recognized as income or expenses. True, this is directly stated only in IFRS, but in fact this rule also applies to RAS. 109 IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements.

OUTPUT

Capital, including IRP, is not the property of an organization, but abstract financial categories, which are the arithmetic difference between assets and liabilities (income and expenses).

We distribute profit

The question arises: if profit is not money, but an abstract indicator financial reporting, then how can it be distributed or “spent” on something? Conventionally, we can say that profit is “spent” when its value in the balance sheet decreases. This happens when paying dividends and creating a reserve fund. Let's consider these and other options for profit distribution, as well as their impact on reporting indicators.

Dividends

The most common way to distribute profits is to pay dividends. As we have already said, the outflow of assets in connection with the payment of dividends is not recognized as an expense of the organization. Therefore, the accrual of dividends to participants is directly related to the reduction of the NRP and the capital of the organization, is reflected in the posting: debit of account 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” - credit of account 75 “Settlements with founders”.

Dividends can be paid in cash or property, but in any case, the payment of dividends will lead to a decrease in the assets of the organization paragraph 1 of Art. 42 JSC Law. When paying in money, the posting will be as follows: debit of account 75 “Settlements with founders” - credit of account 51 “Settlement accounts”. And the payment of dividends by property (for example, goods) is reflected as a sale by postings:

• debit of account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” - credit of account 90-1 “Revenue” - revenue from the sale of goods transferred as payment of dividends was recognized;
• debit of account 90-2 "Cost of sales" - credit of account 41 "Goods" - written off the cost of goods;
• debit of account 75 "Settlements with founders" - credit of account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors" - the debt to the participant for the payment of dividends was set off.

OUTPUT

The distribution of profits to dividends leads to a decrease in capital (including EIR line 1370) and assets.

reserve fund

As we have already said, JSCs are obliged to create a reserve fund. Its size must be at least 5% of the authorized capital of the company, and the charter of the joint-stock company may determine a larger amount of the fund yes paragraph 1 of Art. 35 of the JSC Law. If an LLC creates a reserve fund, then its size is determined solely by the charter paragraph 1 of Art. 30 of the LLC Law.

The reserve fund is created by posting: debit of account 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” - credit of account 82 “ Reserve capital". And it is reflected in the balance sheet in line 1360 in section III "Capital and reserves".

Thus, from the point of view of financial reporting, the creation of a reserve fund leads to a reallocation of amounts within the section III balance(part of the NRP is, as it were, “transferred” to another article of capital). As a result of this redistribution, the organization's balance sheet structure improves. After all, only NRP can be distributed as dividends, and the reserve fund will theoretically remain in the capital forever. Since, despite what is written in the Laws on JSC and LLC, it is impossible to spend the reserve capital. And in the asset balance, the reserve fund corresponds to the resources (property, money) provided own funds organizations, which is definitely a good thing.

From a financial (but not legal) point of view, a reserve fund can be compared to authorized capital. It is no coincidence that in the JSC Law, when we are talking about the requirements for the structure of the balance sheet (for example, when deciding on the payment of dividends), the reserve fund is mentioned along with the authorized capital. For example, on the date of the decision to pay dividends net assets must not be less than the sum of the authorized and reserve capital paragraph 1 of Art. 43 JSC Law.

The reserve fund can be used to cover losses if the owners decide to do so. On the date of its adoption, a posting is made: the debit of account 82 “Reserve capital” - the credit of account 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)”. The decision by the owners to pay off losses at the expense of reserve capital must be disclosed in the explanatory notes to the financial statements. clause 10 PBU 7/98. As you understand, as a result of using the reserve fund, as well as when creating it, the capital of the organization will not change. Covering losses at the expense of the reserve fund has rather a psychological effect - a "break-even" balance sheet looks more attractive to investors.

In addition, according to the Law on joint-stock companies the reserve fund can be used to redeem bonds and buy back shares. However, in our opinion, this statement does not make sense. After all, to redeem bonds (or buy back shares) means to pay money to their holder. Consequently, only assets, and not an item of capital, can be directed to the redemption and redemption of securities.

The issue of bonds is reflected in the same way as attraction of a loan by posting on the debit of account 51 “Settlement accounts” and the credit of account 66 “Settlements on short-term loans and loans » clause 1 PBU 15/2008.

Accordingly, the repayment of bonds is reflected in the posting: debit of account 66 “Settlements on short-term loans and borrowings” - credit of account 51 “Settlement accounts”. As a result, assets and liabilities on the balance sheet decrease simultaneously. Capital items are not affected by this operation. True, the commentary to account 82 of the Instructions for the Application of the Chart of Accounts states that the repayment of bonds at the expense of the reserve fund is reflected in the posting: debit of account 82 “Reserve capital” - credit of account 66 “Settlements on short-term loans and borrowings”. However, we cannot agree with this. Indeed, as we have already said, the credit of account 66 reflects the issue of bonds, and not their redemption.

OUTPUT

The creation of a reserve fund at the expense of PE and its use to pay off losses leads to a redistribution of amounts within capital items. It is impossible to use the reserve fund for other purposes (for example, to redeem bonds).

Accumulation and consumption funds

Sometimes owners want to use NRP to purchase new fixed assets, pay bonuses to employees, or donate to charity. Usually in such cases they decide to create so-called accumulation and consumption funds.

The accountant needs to reflect the decision of the owners in the accounting. But how to do this, because such funds are not mentioned either in the Laws on JSC and LLC, or in the current regulations on accounting. Let's say right away that you can not create any funds in accounting.

TELLING PARTICIPANTS

Pure profits can only be spent on dividends. It is not necessary to create consumption and accumulation funds from net profit, since “live” money, and not profit, is still spent on the acquisition of assets.

The very concept of funds at the expense of profit came to us from Soviet accounting. For example, Soviet enterprises created production development funds, the funds of which were directed to the purchase of new equipment. The Instructions to the Chart of Accounts of 1985 state that the funds of such a fund intended for the purchase of equipment should be kept in a bank in a special account e

Expenses - a decrease in economic benefits as a result of the disposal of assets (inventory, cash, other property) and (or) the emergence of obligations, leading to a decrease in the capital of this enterprise, with the exception of a decrease in contributions by decision of the participants (property owners). The costs associated with the implementation of capital and financial investments do not apply to the expenses of the enterprise. “Expenses ... are recognized as a decrease in economic benefits as a result of the disposal of assets (cash, other property) and (or) the emergence of obligations, leading to a decrease in the capital of this organization, with the exception of a decrease in contributions by decision of the participants (property owners).”

Enterprise costs - economic indicator the work of the enterprise, reflecting the financial costs of the enterprise for the production of goods and services.

The cost of production is the most important indicator economic efficiency its production. It reflects all aspects of economic activity, accumulates the results of the use of all production resources. Depends on its level financial results activities of enterprises, the rate of expanded reproduction, financial condition business entities.

Thus, distinguishing between the concepts of expenses, costs, costs and prime cost, we can say that expenses relate to the operating activities of the enterprise and its cash flow, since they arise in the course of its current operating activities and require cash for their payment. Expenses are an accounting category, with cash flow are not connected and serve as elements that form the cost indicator. Some of the costs are operating expenses, and some are related to financial or investment activity enterprises and is included in the cost of production in parts in accordance with the approved rules and regulations. The cost of products, works and services is understood as expressed in monetary form the costs of all types of resources: fixed assets, natural and industrial raw materials, materials, fuel and energy, labor used directly in the production process and performance of work. Costs from an economic point of view represent the cost of all expended materials and services.

So, costs are those real costs that an enterprise must incur in the course of its activities aimed at making a profit. Costs are one of the most important economic categories economic and financial activities enterprises. They reflect the use of factors of production ( natural resources, raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, fixed assets, labor resources and etc.).

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