Thanks to this, South Africa has achieved high results. The main directions of development of the economy of South Africa
Primitiveness and modernity are combined here, and instead of one capital - three. The article below discusses in detail the EGP of South Africa, the geography and features of this amazing state.
General information
The state known in the world as the Republic of South Africa, the local population used to call Azania. This name arose during the segregation policy and was used by the indigenous African population as an alternative to the colonial one. In addition to the national name, there are 11 official names of the country, which is associated with a variety of state languages.
The EGP of South Africa is much more profitable than that of many other states on the continent. This is the only African country that is included in. People come here for diamonds and impressions. Each of the nine provinces of South Africa has its own landscape, natural conditions and ethnic composition, which attracts a huge number of tourists. The country has eleven national parks and many resorts.
The presence of three capitals, perhaps, adds to the uniqueness of South Africa. They share different state structures. The government of the country is located in Pretoria, so the city is considered the first and main capital. The judicial branch, represented by the Supreme Court, is located in Bloemfontein. Cape Town is home to the parliament building.
EGP South Africa: briefly
The state is located in southern Africa, washed by the Indian and Atlantic oceans. In the northeast, South Africa's neighbors are Swaziland and Mozambique, in the northwest - Namibia, the country shares its northern border with Botswana and Zimbabwe. Not far from the Dragon Mountains is the enclave of the Kingdom of Lesotho.
In terms of area (1,221,912 sq. km), South Africa is in 24th place in the world. It is about five times the size of the UK. EGP characteristic South Africa would not be complete without a description of the coastline, which has a total length of 2,798 km. The mountainous coast of the country is not strongly dissected. In the eastern part is the bay of St. Helena and there are also bays and bays of St. Francis, Falsbay, Algoa, Walker, Dining Room. is the southernmost point of the continent.
Wide access to two oceans plays an important role in the EGP of South Africa. Along the coast of the state there are sea routes from Europe to Southeast Asia and the Far East.
History
The GWP of South Africa has not always been the same. Its changes were influenced by various historical events in the state. Although the first settlements appeared here at the beginning of our era, the most significant changes in the EGP of South Africa over time occurred from the 17th to the 20th century.
The European population, represented by the Dutch, Germans and French Huguenots, began to populate the territory of South Africa in the 1650s. Prior to that, Bantu, Khoi-Koin, Bushmen, and others lived on these lands. The arrival of the colonists caused a series of wars with the local population.
Since 1795, Great Britain has become the main colonizer. The British government pushes the Boers (Dutch peasants) to the Orange Republic and the Transvaal province, abolishes slavery. In the 19th century, wars began between the Boers and the British.
In 1910, the Union of South Africa was created, consisting of the British colonies. In 1948, the National Party (Boer) wins the elections and establishes an apartheid regime that divides the population into blacks and whites. Apartheid deprives the black population of almost all rights, even citizenship. In 1961, the country became the independent Republic of South Africa and eventually abolished the apartheid regime.
Population
The Republic of South Africa is home to approximately 52 million people. The EGP of South Africa has significantly influenced the ethnic composition of the country's population. Thanks to its favorable location and rich natural resources, the territory of the state attracted Europeans.
Now in South Africa, almost 10% of the population is made up of ethnic white Europeans - Afrikaners and Anglo-Africans, who are descendants of colonial settlers. represent the Zulu, Tsonga, Sotho, Tswana, Xhosa. They are about 80%, the remaining 10% are mulattoes, Indians and Asians. Most Indians are the descendants of workers brought to Africa to grow cane.
The population professes various religious beliefs. Most of the inhabitants are Christians. They support Zionist churches, Pentecostals, Dutch Reformers, Catholics, Methodists. Almost 15% are atheists, only 1% are Muslims.
There are 11 official languages in the republic. The most popular among them are English and Afrikaans. Literacy among men is 87%, among women - 85.5%. In the world, the country ranks 143rd in terms of education.
Natural conditions and resources
All types of landscapes and different climatic zones are represented in the Republic of South Africa: from subtropics to deserts. The Dragon Mountains, located in the eastern part, smoothly turn into a plateau. Here grow monsoon and sub rainforests. In the south are located. On the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, the Namibia desert is located, along the northern bank of the Orange River stretches part of the Kalahari Desert.
There are significant reserves of mineral resources on the territory of the country. Gold, zirconium, chromites, diamonds are mined here. South Africa has reserves of iron, platinum and uranium ores, phosphorites, and coal. The country has deposits of zinc, tin, copper, as well as rare metals such as titanium, antimony and vanadium.
Economy
Features of the EGP of South Africa have become the most important factor for the country. 80% of metallurgical products are produced on the continent, 60% are in the mining industry. South Africa is the most developed country on the mainland, despite this, the unemployment rate is 23%.
Most of the population is employed in the service sector. About 25% of the population works in the industrial sector, 10% is agriculture. The financial sector, telecommunications, and the electric power industry are well developed in South Africa. The country has huge reserves natural resources, coal mining and export are best developed.
Among the main industries Agriculture there is animal husbandry of goats, sheep, birds, cattle), winemaking, forestry, fishing (hake, sea bass, anchovies, moquel, mackerel, cod, etc.), plant growing. The republic exports more than 140 types of fruits and vegetables.
The main trading partners are China, the USA, Germany, Great Britain, the Netherlands, India and Switzerland. Among the African economic partners are Mozambique, Nigeria, Zimbabwe.
The country has a well-developed transport system, a favorable tax policy, developed banking and insurance business.
- The world's first successful heart transplant was performed in Cape Town by surgeon Christian Barnard in 1967.
- The largest depression on Earth is on the Vaal River in South Africa. It was formed as a result of the fall of a giant meteorite.
- The Cullinan diamond weighing 621 was found in 1905 in a South African mine. It is the largest gemstone on the planet.
- This is the only country in Africa that does not belong to the Third World.
- It was here that gasoline was first produced from coal.
- About 18,000 native plants grow on the territory of the country and 900 species of birds live.
- South Africa is the first country to voluntarily give up its existing nuclear weapons.
- The largest number of fossils is found in the Karoo region of South Africa.
Conclusion
The main features of the EGP of South Africa are the compactness of the territory, wide access to the oceans, location next to the sea route connecting Europe with Asia and Far East. Most of the residents are employed in the service sector. Because of large stocks natural resources in South Africa, the extractive industry is well developed. The country's population is only 5% of the total population of Africa, however, the country is the most developed on the continent. Due to its economic position, South Africa has a fairly strong position in the world.
Area: 1.2 million km2
Population: 49 million people
Capital: Pretoria
Geographical position
The Republic of South Africa (SAR) is located in the extreme south of Africa, south of the Southern Tropic and is washed by the waters of two oceans. The cold Benguela current in the west and the warm current of Cape Agulhas in the east determine the climate and nature of the country. The slightly indented coastline and desert areas of the west coast do not contribute to its intensive development. The south coast has a more favorable geographical position for development . On the territory of South Africa there are two small independent states - Lesotho and. (Find out on the map which countries South Africa borders on.)
Natural conditions and resources
South Africa has the most powerful economic potential in and is the only African country that is among the developed countries. The Republic of South Africa was proclaimed in 1961.
Most of the country lies above 1000 m above sea level. The geological structure of the territory determined the wealth of South Africa in ore and the absence of deposits. The bowels of the country are extremely rich in manganese ores, chromites, platinum, diamonds, gold, coal, iron and.
The territory of South Africa is located in the subtropical and tropical zones. The climate is arid, but cooler than in the north of the mainland. Average annual temperatures - +20…+23 °С. The difference between the temperatures of the hottest and coldest seasons is only about 10 °C. Annual rainfall ranges from 100mm on the west coast to 2000mm on the slopes of the Drakensberg Mountains.
The territory of South Africa is crossed by several large rivers: Orange, Tugela. The largest river in South Africa is the Orange River, which is almost 2,000 km long. The most important industrial and agricultural regions of the country are located in its basin. Large hydraulic structures have been built on the river, including reservoirs and hydroelectric power stations. The Dragon Mountains are crossed by the Tugela River, on which the highest waterfall in Africa - Tugela (933 m) is located.
The soils are varied and mostly fertile: red-brown, black, gray-brown. A significant part of the territory in the center and in the east is occupied by savannahs. Tropical forests have been preserved along the banks of the rivers. In the south, subtropical forests and evergreen shrubs are common. The flora of the country has about 16 thousand species, savanna formations predominate. In the most humid areas - savannahs with palm trees and baobabs, in and Karoo - deserted savannah (dry-loving trees, shrubs and succulents (aloe, spurge, etc.). juicy grass is a good fodder for sheep.
In the Cape floristic region (district) there are more than 6 thousand plant species, most of which are endemic. The flower of the silver tree (protea) has become the national symbol of South Africa. Deserts and mountains, river valleys, a significant length of the ocean coast determine the diversity of the flora and fauna of South Africa. The most diverse fauna in the national parks, the most famous of them - Kruger, Kalahari-Gemsbok, in which all representatives of the animal world, including endemics, are concentrated. About 200 species of snakes are known in the country, more than 40 thousand species of insects, pockets of malarial mosquitoes and tsetse flies have been preserved.
South Africa is the richest country in Africa in terms of mineral resources. Climatic conditions allow growing cultivated plants all year round.
Population
The ethnic composition of the population of South Africa is very complex. About 80% of the country's citizens are black Africans who belong to various ethnic groups (Zulu, Xhosa, Suto, etc.). The population of European origin is less than 10%. The third largest population group in South Africa is mulattoes and mestizos. There is a significant population of Asian origin.
Population density 37 people/sq. km. The most densely populated areas are Cape Town and Durban. More than 35% of the population lives in cities. Since the end of the 90s. natural population growth due to morbidity has sharply decreased and since 2005 has a negative indicator.
According to the structure of employment of the population, South Africa is a post-industrial country (65% of the working population is employed in the service sector, more than 25% in industry).
The high level of economic development made it possible to solve many social issues and ethnic relations. Previously, most of the local population was subjected to oppression. The policy of apartheid existed in South Africa for 45 years. She preached racial oppression of the colored population, the creation of reservations for blacks, the prohibition of mixed marriages, etc. In 1994, the apartheid political regime was overthrown as a result of general elections and the whites' refusal from the monopoly on power. South Africa has been restored to the world community.
Cities
The capital is the city of Pretoria (more than 800 thousand people). Urban population is 64%. South Africa is dominated by small towns with a population of up to 10,000 people. In addition to Johannesburg (3.2 million people) and, the largest cities are port cities - Cape Town,.
Industry
The country's economy produces 2/3 of the continent's GDP. The country's economy is determined by its mining industry. About 52% of the country's exports come from mining products. The country ranks second in the world in diamond mining, and third in uranium ore mining. Almost all types of minerals have been found in South Africa, excluding oil. Coal mining is developed - in terms of the use of coal for South Africa, it ranks 3rd in the world.
The mining industry is closely related to the production of gold bars (25% of world production) and platinum. The main center of gold mining is Johannesburg, the largest city in South Africa, the “economic capital” of the country. Several dozen gold mines operate here, and an urban agglomeration has formed (about 5 million people). The branch of specialization of the country is ferrous metallurgy. South African steel is the cheapest in the world. Non-ferrous metallurgy is represented by the production of most non-ferrous metals: from copper, antimony and chromium to rare earth metals.
The service sector is developing rapidly. The banking sector and trade received the greatest development. The service sector provides up to 62% of GDP.
Agriculture
In agriculture, the leading role is played by animal husbandry, primarily wool sheep breeding. Sheep wool and leather make up a significant part of the export. Cattle and goats are also bred. South Africa is the world's largest producer of angora goat mohair (South African mohair is considered the best in the world). They also breed ostriches.
Droughts affect the development of agriculture, 1/3 of all land is affected. Cultivated land makes up about 12% of the territory. The main crops are corn, wheat, sorghum. South Africa provides itself with all basic food products, exports sugar, vegetables, fruits and berries, citrus fruits. Many lands are marginal and need constant fertilization.
Transport
The main inter-district mode of transport in South Africa is rail. Railways connect port cities with. Increasing role road transport, which accounts for 80% of all traffic in the country. The most important seaports are Durban, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, etc.
South Africa is the only highly developed country Africa. South Africa is known in the world as the leader in gold mining - 25% of world production. The South African economy accounts for 2/3 of the continent's GDP.
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Economy and national economy
South Africa is the most developed on the African continent and at the same time the only country that does not belong to the Third World. GDP for 2009 amounted to 505 billion dollars (26th in the world). GDP growth was at the level of 5%, in 2008 - 3%. Country still not included developed countries world, despite the fact that its market is actively expanding. In terms of purchasing power parity, it ranks 78th in the world according to the IMF, according to World Bank 65th, according to the CIA 85th. It has a huge stock of natural resources. Telecommunications, electric power industry, financial sphere are widely developed.
Currency: South African rand, equal to 100 cents. There are coins in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 cents, 1, 2, 5 rand, banknotes - 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 rand.
Main import items: oil, foodstuffs, chemical products; exports: diamonds, gold, platinum, machinery, vehicles, equipment. Imports ($91 billion in 2008) exceed exports ($86 billion in 2008).
It is a member of the international organization of ACT countries.
Work force
Of the 49 million people in South Africa, only 18 million are able to work. Unemployed - 23% (in 2008).
65% of the working population is employed in the service sector, 26% in industry, 9% in agriculture (in 2008).
Branches of the national economy
Extractive industry
South Africa owes its rapid development to a large extent to the wealth of natural resources. About 52% of exports come from the mining industry. Manganese, platinum group metals, gold, chromites, aluminoglucates, vanadium and zirconium are widely mined. Coal mining is very developed - in terms of the use of coal for the production of electricity, South Africa ranks 3rd in the world (due to the lack of oil, about 80% of South Africa's energy resources are based on the use of coal). In addition, the country has concentrated reserves of diamonds, asbestos, nickel, lead, uranium and other important minerals.
Agriculture
Since most of the country has an arid climate, only 15% of its area is suitable for agriculture. However, it can be said that, unlike most other countries in Africa, where soil erosion occurs, this 15% is used wisely - advanced agrotechnical achievements of South Africa and the leading countries of the world are used to protect soils and efficient agriculture. This led to surprising results: South Africa fully meets domestic food needs, and is also one of the leading (and in some respects, the leading) suppliers of agricultural products - the country exports about 140 types of fruits.
Winemaking
In South Africa, there are three zones for winemaking. The Northwest (Northern Cape - Cape) and East Coast (KwaZulu-Natal) are not considered sources of the best wines, as they have a very hot and arid climate. But the South-West of South Africa (Western Cape) has a wonderful climate for winemaking.
animal husbandry
Meat and dairy production is concentrated in the north and east of the Free State province, in the hinterland of Hoteng province and in the southern part of Mpumalanga province. Meat breeds are common in the Northern and Eastern Cape. The arid areas of the Northern and Eastern Capes, the Free State and Mpumalanga have sheep farming areas. Skins of astrakhan sheep are supplied to the world market.
Goats are bred in large numbers, mainly - 75% - Angora, whose wool is highly valued in the West (up to 50% of the world's mohair production is in South Africa). The other most common breed is the Boer goat, which is bred for meat. In terms of goat wool shearing (92 thousand tons per year), South Africa ranks 4th in the world.
Compared to predominantly extensive sub-sectors such as cattle and sheep raising, poultry and hog raising are more intensive and prevalent on farms near the major cities of Pretoria, Johannesburg, Durban, Pietermaritzburg, Cape Town and Port Elizabeth.
IN last years- mainly in the province of the Free State - ostrich breeding is actively developing. The export from South Africa of meat, skin and feathers of this bird is gradually increasing.
Fishing
In terms of fish catch (about 1 million tons per year), South Africa occupies a leading position in Africa. The main fishery objects are sardines, herring, hake, anchovies, sea bass, mackerel, cod, Cape salmon, mackerel, monkfish. countries of Southeast Asia, as well as the Cape seal. Fishing is carried out mainly off the western coast of South Africa, washed by the Benguela Ocean Current, in a fishing zone 200 nautical miles wide. About 40% of the catch falls on freshwater fish caught in the rivers Elands, Limpopo and others, as well as by breeding in artificial reservoirs.
Forestry
The main zone is the southern part of the province of KwaZulu-Natal. Natural forests occupy 180,000 hectares, that is, only 0.14% of the country's territory. Most of the commercial wood comes from forest plantations, which cover only 1% of the territory of South Africa. Approximately half of the forest "plantations" are planted with pine, 40% with eucalyptus and 10% with mimosa. Yellow and ebony, Cape laurel, assegai and camassi are also grown. Trees reach marketable condition in an average of 20 years - in contrast to trees growing in the Northern Hemisphere, where this process lasts from 80 to 100 years. The annual volume of wood entering the market is 17 million cubic meters. m. More than 240 woodworking and timber enterprises operate in South Africa.
Agriculture accounts for 35-40% of all exports and accounts for 5% of South Africa's GDP.
Economic policy of the state
The economic policy of the state is aimed at stabilizing the economy.
According to TheHeritageFoundation statistics, the republic is in 57th position in the world in terms of economic freedom. South Africa has a relatively high income tax(up to 40% depending on income level).
The average per capita income of South Africa is 7016 euros.
There is no doubt that South Africa is the most economically developed country in Africa today. But its successes are impressive only in comparison with how things are going with its neighbors on the continent. In comparison, for example, with Latin America, South Africa is clearly losing, both in terms of GDP per capita and in other indicators, such as the human development index or , for example, life expectancy (it is only 49 years in South Africa), or infant mortality.
The main wealth of South Africa is minerals. According to the US Geological Survey, South Africa ranks 1st in the list of the richest countries in the world with mineral resources, the value of ore reserves in this country is more than $2.5 trillion. The basis of the South African economy is mining and processing.
The main income comes from gold, 15% of the world's gold production is carried out here. precious metal. 40% of the world's diamond production is controlled by De Beers. The level of platinum production in South Africa is estimated at about 85% of the world, palladium at 30%. Many other valuable metals are also mined, as well as coal, from which even gasoline is made. Since there is no oil in South Africa.
Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, the production of manganese, chromium, and the refining of platinum and gold have also long been developed in South Africa. However, all high-tech industries in recent years have experienced a shortage of highly qualified personnel. According to various sources, in 1994-2004. Between one million and one and a half million skilled workers, mostly members of the white minority, left South Africa, and this trend continues. Moreover, many are willingly accepted by such countries as Canada, Australia, the USA and Great Britain.
The policy of supporting the indigenous population, pursued by the South African government, makes it preferable when hiring native Africans, gives them benefits for doing business, etc. This often leads to the fact that incompetent people get into management, because the level of education among Africans is extremely low.
It got to the point that the Chinese community demanded in 2008 that the Chinese be recognized as "black". The Chinese Association of South Africa has filed a lawsuit in the Supreme Court that the Chinese are being discriminated against because they are perceived as "white" by Africans. And the Supreme Court decided to recognize the Chinese as "black".
If we take into account that there are many contradictions between different nationalities living in South Africa, it becomes clear that modern relative economic well-being is under threat. If white professionals still in South Africa continue to emigrate en masse, the industry may simply not be able to resist.
A special problem hindering the development of tourism in South Africa, which has excellent natural opportunities, is crime. Even during the World Cup, which was held in the summer of 2010 in South Africa, for the first time on the African continent, the country's government, despite the enormous costs of 100 million euros, failed to ensure the safety of the championship guests. economy african republic economy
Players, journalists, and fans suffered from robberies, theft and robbery. Given that the prices for tourism services in South Africa are very high, then before security issues are resolved, it is unlikely that the tourism industry in South Africa will experience a period of rapid growth. Of particular concern is the fact that almost 30% of the population in South Africa has AIDS, and this is already affecting the country's economy.
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1 BELARUSIAN STATE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM Controlled independent work on the discipline: « international market services" Development of the service sector in African countries in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries 2nd year students Basharova M., Belskaya N., Blakhova E., Borisyuk O., Burbitskaya O., Misevich S., Rusakovich E., Telitsina T., Khramova A. Head of Art. teacher Mozgovaya O.S. Minsk, 2011
2 Outline of the presentation 1. General characteristics of the development of the service sector in Africa 2. Development of the service sector by region: 2.1 Development of the service sector in North Africa 2.2 Development of the service sector in Central Africa 2.3 Development of the service sector in South Africa 3. Republic of South Africa 3.1. Transport services of South Africa 3.2. Financial services of South Africa 3.3. Development of communications and telecommunications services in South Africa 3.4. Tourist services in South Africa 4. Features of the development of the service sector in African countries
3 2 1. General characteristics of the development of the service sector in Africa, second half. 90s, the beginning of the formation of the service market in Africa, the gradual development of the service market in the 90s and 00s (growth in the share of services in GDP from 35% in 2001 to 58% in 2010 on average for the region) second half. 90s - slow entry into the world market of services, activation of foreign trade in services in the most developed countries, persistence of crisis phenomena due to undeveloped economic infrastructure, political instability, complex demographic situation Note: Source
4 Africa's place in international trade in services in 1997 and 2008 3 Regions 1997 export import export import World trade North America 11.9 9.8 19.7 14.3 Latin America 4.6 6.9 3.8 5.1 Asia 13.0 17.3 22.7 27.5 Western Europe 56.0 49.6 45.6 43.0 Central and Eastern Europe 2.5 2.5 3 .1 3.6 Africa 3.1 6.7 2.1 3.0 Other 8.9 7.2 3.0 3.5 Note: Source Ekonomika_i_pravo/SFERA_USLUG.html?page=0
5 2.1. Development of the service sector in North Africa: Geographically, the North African region includes the following states of the northern part of the African continent: Algeria Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara
6 Share of services in the structure of GDP (2008/2010) 5 Algeria 30.2% (2010) Egypt 48.6% (2010) Libya 33.6% (2010) Mauritania 40.7% (2008) Morocco 51.4% (2010) Sudan 38.9% (2010) Tunisia 54.8% (2010) Western Sahara 40% (2007) Regional average 42, 3% Note: Source
7 Share of employment in the service sector (early 00s) 6 Algeria - 40% (2003) Egypt 51% (2001) Libya 59% (2004) Mauritania 40% (2001) Morocco 35.5% (2006) Sudan 13% (1998) Tunisia 49.8% (2009) Western Sahara 15% (2005) Regional average 37.9% Note: Source
8 Algeria, $ Year Total 976,049 30, Note: Source Ekonomika_i_pravo/SFERA_USLUG.html?page=0
9 Egypt, $ Year Total,3 9320.8 Transport,3 2797.1 3298.9 4016.3 4745.6 5489.1 6949.4 Other services,2 3190.4 4055.2 3046.4 3054.1 Communications, 1,220.7 309.1 404.7 841.9 Insurance Financial services Information and computer 30 9.4 21.9 36.7 37.9 58.2 36.3 81.8 216.3 75, 2 84.8 79.6 73.9 85.2 27.2 22.7 33.3 24.9 51.5 87.9 218.8 170.7 Royalties 59 46.3 37.6 120, Other business services Personal , cultural and entertainment services,7 1948.3 2091.9 2779.7 1548.7 1337.7 1786.8 53.1 82.9 74.1 102.7 Trade services,2 Note: Source Ekonomika_i_pravo/SFERA_USLUG.html ?page=0
10 Tunisia, $ Year Total 2766.5 2911.4 4294, Transport Other services 594.07 611.6 545.61 Communications 12.2539 9.754 - Insurance Financial services Information and computer 14.547 20. 202 55,852 18,403 18,467 19, Royalties 14, ,058 - Other business services Note: Source Ekonomika_i_pravo/SFERA_USLUG.html?page=0
11 General features of the development of the service sector in North Africa (gg.) In Egypt, Libya, Tunisia and Morocco, the tourism sector of the economy is developing at an active pace. The second most important market for engineering services in the developing countries of the state of North Africa. The leading position in the engineering market of North Africa is occupied by French and British companies. Transport retains the colonial type: railroads run from the areas of extraction of raw materials to the port of its export. Relatively developed rail and sea modes of transport. In recent years, other modes of transport have also been developed - automobile (a road has been laid across the Sahara), air, pipelines. Internet retail trade is actively developing in the region. Companies of various sizes are represented: from universally recognized world brands in electronics and the entertainment industry to small family confectioneries. Communication and information technologies is booming, providing employment opportunities.
12 2.2. Development of the service sector in Central Africa 11 Geographically, the Central African region includes the following states of the African continent: Gabon Cameroon Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Sao Tome and Principe Central African Republic Chad Equatorial Guinea Angola
13 Share of services in GDP (2008/2010) Sao Tome and Principe 62.4% (2010) Cameroon 49.1% (2010) Chad 42.5% (2010) Democratic Republic of the Congo 36.6% (2008) Gabon 32.8% (2010) Republic of the Congo 32% (2010) Central African Republic 25% (2010) Angola - 24.6% (2008) Equatorial Guinea 3 .8% (2010) Regional average 34.3% Note: Source
14 Share of services in GDP (late 1990s) Sao Tome and Principe 58% (1997) Cameroon 36.5% (1999) Chad 46% (1998) Democratic Republic of the Congo 25% (1997) .) Gabon 30% (1999) Republic of the Congo 42% (1999) Central African Republic 27% (1999) Angola 33% (1999) Equatorial Guinea 20% (1998) Regional average 35.3% Note: Source
15 Share of employment in the service sector (late 1990s) Angola - 15% (1997) Cameroon 17% (1999) Central African Republic 8% (1999) Chad labor force 11% (1998) Democratic Republic Congo 19% (1997) Republic of the Congo 13% (1999) Equatorial Guinea 5% (1998) Gabon 25% (1999) Sao Tome and Principe 22% (1997) Regional average 15% Note: Source
16 Share of employment in the service sector (early 2000s) Angola - 5% (2003) Cameroon 17% (2001) Central African Republic 7% (2001) Chad labor force 10% (2003) Democratic Republic of the Congo 12% (2003) Republic of the Congo 11% (2010) Equatorial Guinea 5% (2001) Gabon 25% (2000) Sao Tome and Principe 24% (2001) Regional average 12.8 % Note: Source
17 General features of the development of the services sector in Central Africa (gg.) Expansion of mainly traditional, non-knowledge-intensive types of service activities Slow growth in the number of people employed in the service sector Severe shortage of personnel for work in the sector Low demand for tertiary sector products due to the low standard of living of the population Weak investment into the sphere due to the unstable political and economic situation in the region Gradual increase in liberalization of trade in services Gradual increase in privatization traditionally government industries spheres
18 2.3. Development of the service sector in the countries of South Africa Geographically, the South African region includes 16 states of the southern part of the African continent: Botswana Lesotho Namibia Swaziland South Africa Angola Zambia Zimbabwe Comoros Mauritius Madagascar Malawi Mayotte Mozambique Reunion Seychelles
19 The share of the service sector in the structure of 18 GDP () Botswana - 51.9% (2009) Lesotho 58.2% (2010) Namibia 61.3% (2008) Swaziland - 49.4% (2010) South Africa 65, 8% (2010) Angola 24.6% (2008) Zambia 46.6% (2010) Zimbabwe 56.5% (2010) Comoros 56% (2008) Mauritius 70.5% (2010) Madagascar 56.8% (2010) ) Malawi 44.9% (2010) Mozambique 45.2% (2010) Seychelles 66.2% (2009) Regional average 53.8% Note: Source
20 Tourism services in South Africa Tourism is a promising and dynamically developing service industry in South Africa. An important source of government revenue. The number of foreign tourists visiting Africa, and cash receipts make up about 2-3% of the world. The growth of international tourism was constrained by the high prices of the African product in the tourist markets. Therefore, now the region is switching to inexpensive mass, mainly beach tourism. The largest tourist market is the African countries themselves, giving up to 50% of all tourists. The most popular tourist destinations: South Africa Seychelles, Mauritania Zimbabwe.
21 3. Republic of South Africa South Africa is the only country in Africa that belongs to the group of developed countries. The service sector and non-material production is the most dynamically developing industry in South Africa. The tourism industry remains the most promising. Also high development received: financial, transport, communication services.
22 3.1. Transport services of South Africa The transport network of South Africa is one of the most extensive and developed in the world. The length of roads is km, of which km are motorways. Total length railways km, of which half is electrified. Due to the geographical remoteness of South Africa from the countries that are its main trading partners, the main role in the implementation of foreign economic relations of South Africa is played by maritime and air Transport. South Africa has a large merchant fleet. The three South African ports of Cape Town, Durban and Port Elizabeth are capable of receiving ocean-going vessels. The state airline "South African Airways" carries out cargo and passenger transportation both on domestic and international routes. There are 20 private airlines. The country's main international airport is Jan Smuts Airport in Johannesburg. Other major airports are in Cape Town and Durban. The presence of large commercial ports guaranteeing South Africa access to all maritime destinations: to Asia, Europe, America and other countries of the African continent. Note: Source
23 3.2. Financial services in South Africa A distinctive feature of the service sector in South Africa is the presence of a financial market with clear and reliable banking and insurance services. Stock Exchange in Johannesburg is one of 15 largest exchanges peace. Core stock market Republic of South Africa - Exchange valuable papers(JSE). The banking system of South Africa is distinguished by professional management, profitability and developed market capitalization. The banking system of South Africa is characterized by the extensive development of the public sector (more than 2,000 branches). In addition to state-owned, 52 more foreign banks have their representative offices in the country. Widespread use of advanced technologies in banking sector, such as Internet technology. Note: Source
24 3.3. Development of communication services and telecommunications in South Africa Existence of an extensive network of well-organized telecommunications services. Provision of all types of telecommunication services and Internet services. Market mobile services and IP technologies South Africa is showing one of the highest rates of development in the world. Telcom, a South African telecommunications company with a backbone network, is constantly increasing its share of the fiber optic component, which allows increasing the speed and quality of telecommunications services. Note: Source
25 3.4 Tourism services in South Africa Tourism remains the most promising industry in South Africa. Rapid development of tourism in South Africa is facilitated by developed transport and hotel infrastructure. The number of tourists in the country has doubled since 2000, and the industry now provides more than 7% of the jobs in the country. South Africa is the first country in Africa in terms of arrivals and receipts. More tourists visited South Africa in 2005, most of the visitors (more than 1 million people) were tourists from Europe and the USA. Ecotourism is gaining popularity, as well as an entertainment complex in Sun City. Note: Source UNWTO Highlights 2010
26 4. Features of the development of the service sector in African countries by region 25 The most developed service sector in South Africa compared to Central and North Central Africa has a low level of development and is inferior to all other regions, due to the high share of the agricultural sector in the economy of most countries in the region B In North Africa, industry and the service sector play a decisive role in the economy. Here, a subgroup of oil-exporting countries with relatively high level GNP per capita and a high share of services in the structure of GDP.
27 Features of development of the sphere of services 26 in African countries African countries are characterized by a high share of imports of services. In Egypt, Libya, Tunisia and Morocco, tourism services are rapidly developing. Africa is characterized by weak investment in the sphere due to the unstable political and economic situation in the region. Low demand for products of the tertiary sector, due to the low standard of living of the population Most African countries have an agrarian-raw material orientation of the economy, where the service sector is extremely poorly developed. However, the share of the service sector in the structure of the GDP of South African countries accounts for an average of 52%.
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REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA, South Africa. State in southern Africa. Capital- Pretoria (1.9 million people - 2004). Territory- 1.219 million sq. km. Administrative-territorial division- 9 provinces. Population– 46.3 million people (2005). official languages- Afrikaans, English, Isizulu, Isikosa, Isindebele, Sesotho Saleboa, Sesotho, Setswana, Sivati, Tshivenda and Hitsong. Religions- Christianity, etc. Currency unit - rand. National holiday- April 27 - Freedom Day (1994). South Africa - a member of more than 50 international organizations, incl. UN since 1946, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organization of African Unity (OAU) since 1994, and since 2002 its successor - the African Union (AU), the Southern African Development Community (SADC) since 1994, a member of the Commonwealth (an association of countries that were part of the British Empire) and others
The urban population is 64% (2004). Approx. 80% of the "white" population. Major cities are Cape Town (approx. 4 million people - 2005), Durban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, Pietermaritzburg and Bloemfontein.
Among those who came to the country for permanent residence in con. 1990s - early. In the 2000s, there were many citizens of Zimbabwe, which in turn accepted refugees from South Africa during the years of the apartheid regime (in 2004, there were 2 million Zimbabweans in South Africa), Nigeria, China and the UK. According to the established tradition, people come to South Africa to work in mines and on farms. labor migrants from Swaziland, Lesotho and Botswana (12 thousand people annually immigrate from Botswana to work in the mines, and about 30 thousand people work illegally in the manufacturing industry and on farms).
There is a Russian diaspora, which includes both the descendants of Russian gold and diamond miners who came to South Africa in the 1870s and emigrants who left Russia after the 1917 revolution. There are also Russian entrepreneurs who immigrated to the country in 1990–2000.
Emigrants from South Africa live in Namibia and other African countries. There is a problem of the so-called. "brain drain". In 2003 from South Africa to the USA, Europe, Australia and New Zealand emigrated more than 10 thousand people, among whom there were many medical workers(including approx. 200 experienced doctors), accountants, teachers (approx. 700 people), as well as IT specialists.
Since the 2000s, the gap between the number of emigrants and immigrants has been slowly narrowing.
Religions.
Complete freedom of religion is legally enshrined. More than 80% of the population are Christians (the majority are Protestants). The spread of Christianity began in mid. 17th century and is associated with the activities of European missionaries. In the city of Midrand, located not far from the capital, there is a church of St. Sergius of Radonezh (the first Russian church in South Africa). There are a number of Christian-African churches that arose in the 1880s on the basis of schismatic movements. Some Africans adhere to traditional African beliefs (animalism, fetishism, the cult of ancestors, the keepers of the hearth, the forces of nature, etc.). The Muslim community (the majority profess Sunni Islam) includes Cape Malays, Indians, people from northern Mozambique, and others. Among the Indian population there are also Ismaili Shiites. There is a Hindu community. Judaism is widespread, there are approx. 200 Jewish societies.
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
State device.
Parliamentary republic. The constitution adopted in 1996 is in force. The head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces is the president, who is elected during the first meeting of the National Assembly after the elections from among its deputies. The term of office of the president is 5 years, he can be elected to this post no more than two times. Legislative power is exercised by a bicameral parliament, which consists of the National Assembly (400 seats) and the National Council of Provinces (NCP, 90 seats). Deputies to the National Assembly are elected on the basis of proportional representation from the provinces for a 5-year term. The NSP performs the functions of the Senate and coordinates the activities of all regions. Composition of the NSP: 54 permanent representatives from the provinces (6 from each of the 9 provinces) and 36 alternate representatives (4 from each province).
Increasing racial discrimination.
Apartheid became the cornerstone of National Party politics. A law passed in 1949 forbade the marriage of whites to coloreds or Africans. The Population Registration Act of 1950 provided for the classification and registration of South Africans on a racial basis; "ethnic" zones - racial ghettos for Africans, coloreds and Indians, where they had the right to own property. The government secured constitutional amendments that changed the voting rights of the colored population of the Cape Province: now it could elect four white deputies to parliament. Declaring that, in accordance with the Statute of Westminster, it was no longer necessary to obtain the necessary two-thirds majority in Parliament, as provided for by the South Africa Act of 1910, which formed the basis of the South African constitution, in 1951 the government passed the Separate Vote Act by a simple majority. ". The ensuing constitutional crisis was overcome in 1955 by increasing the number of members of the Senate in such a way that the government could always count on the two-thirds of the votes it needed. The law "On Bantu Self-Government" adopted in 1959 provided for the creation of new political institutions on the territory of South Africa - bantustans (the first of them, the Transkei, was created in 1963). The law provided that in 1960 the representation of the African population in the lower house of parliament by three white deputies would be abolished. In the 1960s, the process of separating the population along racial lines and Africans along linguistic lines continued. Legislative acts, adopted in 1963-1964, regulated living and working in "white" areas. In accordance with the new legislation of 1968, the colored population of the Cape Province was deprived of the right to elect four white deputies to parliament.
In order to further strengthen the apartheid system, the Public Safety Act, better known as the "sabotage" law, was passed in 1962. Under this law, anyone who committed a criminal act, from a common offense to murder, or who attempted to "implement or encourage social or economic change" in the country, could be sentenced without trial to imprisonment and even the death penalty. The Subversive Activities Act, passed in 1967, provided for the detention of people without an arrest warrant, solitary confinement, detention indefinitely, a general trial of people who committed different kind crimes and sentencing a group of persons for the illegal actions of one person in certain situations. Under a law of 1969, a State Security Administration was created in South Africa, whose activities could be controlled only by a minister specially appointed by the president. A law was also passed prohibiting the dissemination of information harmful to national security.
The position of the Asian population.
The government of the National Party abolished the existing system of immigration, according to which in 1948-1950 more than 40 thousand British subjects entered the country. In 1949, from 18 months to five years, the period was extended until the expiration of which emigrants from the countries of the Commonwealth, led by Great Britain, did not receive voting rights. Since many Afrikaners did not want to bother learning English, in educational institutions the bilingual education system was abolished. In 1961 South Africa withdrew from the Commonwealth and proclaimed itself the Republic of South Africa, thereby avoiding sharp criticism from the Asian and African members of the Commonwealth.
For a long time it was believed that the Indian population, concentrated mainly in the province of Natal and to a much lesser extent in the Transvaal, could not be assimilated. The South African government has developed a whole system of incentives to encourage Indians to leave the country. But many Indians prospered in their new homeland and began to acquire property, which caused growing concern among the white population of Natal. In 1940 and 1943, commissions of inquiry into the "penetration" of Indians into the country worked, and in 1943 the rights of Indians to own property in South Africa were curtailed. Under the law of 1946, areas of the country were established where immigrants from India had the right to own property. After 1950, under the Group Settlement Act, many Indians were forcibly relocated to areas designated for them.
Non-White Organizations.
Before the nationalists came to power in 1948 and in subsequent years, the activities of organizations of the non-white population that professed non-violent methods of struggle did not have much influence on the political life of the country. The African National Congress (ANC), established in 1912, became the leading organization of the African population. Until 1960, it adhered to nonviolent methods of opposing the regime of the white minority.
Efforts were made to create trade unions for African workers. However, the Union of Industrial and Trade Workers, created in 1917, and the South African Federation of Trade Unions, which arose in 1928, lost their influence by the early 1930s.
For many years, the main spokesman for the interests of the colored population was the African Political Organization, founded in 1902 (later it renamed itself the African People's Organization). In 1909-1910, she unsuccessfully tried to extend the voting rights enjoyed by the colored population of the Cape Province to the colored northern provinces. In 1944 was formed National Union people of color, who called for cooperation with the white authorities rather than with the African majority of the South African population.
In 1884, Gandhi, who lived in South Africa, created the Indian Congress of Natal, which in 1920 merged into the South African Indian Congress (SIC). It was the Indians who introduced the methods of non-violent resistance into the political struggle. During the Second World War, the YIC moved to more decisive action and began to advocate for the unity of non-white forces, which ultimately led to the unification of the efforts of the YIC and the ANC.
In 1952, a campaign of non-violent action began against discriminatory laws, during which 10,000 Africans were arrested. The government brutally suppressed non-white protests. In March 1960, the radical Pan-African Congress (PAC), created in 1959, organized a mass demonstration in Sharpeville, which was dispersed by the police, and 67 demonstrators were killed. After that, the government banned the activities of the ANC and PAK, which abandoned non-violent methods of struggle and went underground.
In the 1960s and early 1970s, South Africa experienced a period of economic prosperity. The government ensured the internal security of the country by strengthening the police forces and modernizing and increasing the size of the army.
African performances. After the fall of the Portuguese colonial empire in Africa in the mid-1970s, the ruling regime of South Africa faced a serious threat. In 1974-1975, the national liberation struggle in Mozambique ended with the coming to power of left-wing Africans, who provided political asylum to partisans who fought against the white minority regime in Southern Rhodesia (modern Zimbabwe). The South African Police provided assistance to the Southern Rhodesian government. In Angola, after the departure of the Portuguese, a civil war began between rival factions that waged an armed anti-colonial struggle. South Africa provided assistance to the one supported by the United States. However, the victory in 1976 was won by a group that enjoyed the support of the USSR and Cuba. Thus, a regime hostile to South Africa became a neighbor of South West Africa (modern Namibia). The national liberation movement also covered a significant part of the territory of Namibia itself. South Africa unsuccessfully tried to create a multiracial independent government in this country, which should not include figures of the national liberation movement, and in 1990 South African troops were withdrawn from Namibia.
On June 16, 1976, race riots swept South Africa itself. On this day, students in the black Johannesburg suburb of Soweto, where approx. 2 million people demanded the abolition of Afrikaans as a compulsory language in schools. The police opened fire on the students, after which the riots spread throughout Soweto. Although the government made concessions to students, protests against the apartheid regime continued among the urban African population until the end of 1976. More than 600 Africans were killed in the suppression of the riots.
In the 1970s - early 1980s, ca. 3.5 million Africans were forcibly evicted to the territory of bantustans created on an ethnic basis. On October 26, 1976, the South African government announced the granting of "independence" to the Transkei bantustan, December 6, 1977 - Bophutthatswana, September 13, 1979 - Wende and December 4, 1981 - Ciskei. Millions of Africans who lived in the Bantustans and were assigned to them were deprived of their South African citizenship.
In 1977, one of the leaders of the African movement, Stephen Biko, was killed in police dungeons. In the same year, the South African authorities banned almost all organizations that opposed the policy of apartheid. Against this background, the number of acts of sabotage by the ANC against state-owned enterprises and institutions has increased. In June 1980 there were riots in Cape Town, during which more than 40 people were killed.
New constitution.
In 1983, Prime Minister P.V. Botha made a proposal to amend the constitution, which provided for some participation of the colored and Asian population in government. Despite stubborn resistance from the most conservative elements of the white population and opposition from the Africans, the proposed constitutional changes received the support of the majority of the white population in a referendum held in November 1983. On September 3, 1984, a new constitution came into force, according to which President Botha also became the head of the executive branch and a tricameral parliament was created (representatives of whites, coloreds and Indians). The majority of the colored and Indian population considered the reforms insufficient and refused to participate in the elections.
The armed struggle of the ANC against the apartheid regime continued. A new generation of African and colored youth rioted in the streets, clashed with the police and attacked those Africans who collaborated with the white minority regime. Demonstrations were banned, but the funeral of the Africans killed by the bullets of the police turned into thousands of rallies. Forces opposed to the regime demanded the release of ANC leader Nelson Mandela from prison.
Strengthening the struggle against the apartheid regime.
In the context of ongoing unrest, local authorities in African settlements practically ceased to function, and young ANC activists began to create new self-government bodies. In July 1985, the government introduced a state of emergency in a large part of the country. By the end of November of that year, over 16,000 Africans had been arrested. Many of those who were subsequently released spoke about the use of torture in the dungeons.
In the summer of 1985, South Africa faced serious financial difficulties. The country's external debt reached 24 billion dollars, of which 14 billion were short-term trade credits which had to be renewed periodically. As the struggle against the racist regime of South Africa intensifies foreign banks refused to provide short-term loans. In September, the South African government announced a freeze on foreign debt repayments.
By intensifying the struggle against the opposition, the South African government tried to create the appearance of reforming the apartheid system. In April 1986, the pass laws for Africans were repealed, but the replacement of passes with identity cards made little difference. In March, the state of emergency was lifted, but already in June, law enforcement measures were tightened throughout the country. Many thousands of Africans were thrown into prison.
Real power in South Africa increasingly passed into the hands of the command of the country's armed forces. In May 1986, South African commandos attacked ANC bases in Zambia, Zimbabwe and Botswana. Between September 1984 and August 1986, more than 2.1 thousand people were killed in South Africa itself, almost all of them were Africans.
On the way to reforms.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, South Africa embarked on a path of gradual abandonment of the apartheid policy. This course of the government was largely forced: economic situation the country has deteriorated significantly, not least because of the economic sanctions undertaken by the EU, the US and other countries in order to put pressure on the South African authorities. In addition, private foreign companies and creditors began to curtail their activities in South Africa, fearing further destabilization. Despite state repression and strict media censorship, the resistance of the African population to the racist regime has steadily increased.
In early 1989, P.V. Botha suffered a stroke, and instead of him, the leader of the party's branch in the Transvaal, Frederick W. de Klerk, became the leader of the National Party and the president of the country. During his election campaign on the eve of the 1989 parliamentary elections, de Klerk put forward a five-year plan to dismantle the apartheid system, which, however, did not provide for the transfer of power to the African majority. The National Party won the parliamentary elections, but a large number of The far-right Conservative Party won the vote.
Changes in public policy began almost immediately after the election. In September, one of the leaders of the ANC, Walter Sisulu, was released from prison, and racial segregation on the beaches and in some places where the white population lived was eliminated in November. In February 1990, the government lifted the ban on the activities of the ANC, and Nelson Mandela was released from prison. In May, at meetings of President F.V. de Klerk with the delegation of the ANC, headed by N. Mandela, an agreement was reached on the terms of negotiations on a new constitution. As a gesture of goodwill, the government lifted the state of emergency throughout the country, except for Natal, and the ANC suspended hostilities.
In 1991, the government allowed the ANC fighters who were in Zambia to return to their homeland and released all political prisoners. Two main racist laws were repealed - "On the registration of the population" and "On resettlement in groups." Some states, including the US, Japan, Canada and India, have responded to these moves by easing economic sanctions against South Africa. After a 21-year excommunication from the international Olympic movement, South Africa was allowed to participate in the 1992 Olympic Games.
In the second half of 1991, the facts of secret government financing of the Inkata movement, a predominantly Zulu organization led by chief Mangosutu Buthelezi, became public. Part of the funds was directed to organizing rallies of this organization, which the white authorities intended to turn into a reliable counterbalance to the more radical ANC and PAK. The government also financed the covert training by South African troops of Inkata militants, many of whom subsequently participated in attacks on the population of African townships that supported the ANC. It was believed that Inkata supporters living in workers' dormitories in the 1980s and early 1990s were responsible for the numerous bloody clashes that swept through the black townships.
Transition to multiracial democracy.
In December 1991, the first meeting of the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA), a forum created by de Klerk and N. Mandela to discuss a new constitution and the country's transition to a multiracial democratic society, took place. The Convention was criticized by white pro-apartheid groups, as well as by militant African organizations such as the PAC, which refused to participate in the negotiations. Nevertheless, in a white referendum held on March 18, 1992, de Klerk's efforts to restructure the country's political system were supported 2:1.
Negotiations within the framework of CODESA were almost disrupted in June 1992, when representatives of the ANC and some other African organizations declared that it was impossible to continue work. This demarche was prompted by the fact that the supporters of Inkatha, with the approval or even with the active participation of the police, killed at least 45 residents of one of the black townships near Johannesburg. Three months later, during a demonstration in the bantustan of Ciskei against the local military ruler, 35 ANC supporters fell at the hands of soldiers. The escalation of political violence forced F.V. de Klerk and N. Mandela meet at the end of September; during this meeting, the leader of the ANC agreed to continue negotiations within the framework of CODESA. A protocol was signed providing that a new constitution would be drafted by an elected constitutional assembly and that a multi-racial transitional government should be formed following the elections. The Inkata Movement, now known as the Inkata Freedom Party (FSI), opposed this agreement, and in December 1992 Chief Buthelezi published a draft constitution for the future state of the ethnic Bantustan of KwaZulu and the province of Natal. The conservative wing of the Afrikaners reacted to the agreement by creating a secret committee to mobilize the discontented white population to fight the reforms. The ultimate goal of the conspirators was to create, if necessary, a separate Afrikaner state.
Negotiations between the ANC and the de Klerk government continued in 1993 against the backdrop of an ongoing bloody terror against the ANC by the Inkata militants, who enjoyed the support and protection of the South African security forces, who continued their habitual practice of carrying out terrorist acts at the hands of their African agents. Supporters of the ANC and PAK responded to killings with killings. On April 10, 1993, the Secretary General of the South African Communist Party, Chris Hani, died at the hands of a white extremist. Several members of the Conservative Party took part in the conspiracy, and three of them were later convicted and imprisoned.
In November 1993, 19 CODESA members approved a draft provisional constitution, which was ratified in December by the South African Parliament, thereby voting for self-dissolution.
Now, no terrorist actions and provocations on the part of Afrikaner extremists and PSI militants could prevent changes in the life of the country. In March 1994, the population of the Bantustans of Ciskei and Bophutthatswana overthrew their rulers, and the provisional government of South Africa took over the administration of these territories. In the same month, a state of emergency was declared in Natal, where the PSI called for a boycott of the elections and again turned to violent tactics. However, at the last minute, the PSI leadership nevertheless decided to participate in the elections, which took place on 26-29 April. On April 27, 1994, an interim constitution came into force, and South Africa became a multiracial democracy.
The ANC came to power with the support of an absolute majority of voters - 63%, while 20% voted for the National Party, and 10% for the Inkatha Freedom Party. The remaining political parties failed to overcome the 5% barrier required to include their representatives in the government. As a result, a coalition government of national unity, which was to lead the country for the next five years, was formed from representatives of the ANC, the National Party and the Inkata Freedom Party.
On May 9, 1994, the National Assembly elected Nelson Mandela President of South Africa. The outstanding personal qualities of the new president played a decisive role in maintaining stability in the country during the transition period.
In November 1995, local elections were held throughout the country, with the exception of KwaZulu-Natal and Cape Town, again ending in a landslide victory for the ANC, which received the support of 64% of the voters, while the National Party - 16% and the Inkata Freedom Party - 0.4%.
Having repeatedly expressed disagreement with the policy of the ANC, the National Party in July 1996 withdrew from the government of national unity, becoming the largest opposition force. One of the reasons for the conflict between the parties was the fact that the draft of the new constitution did not provide for the preservation of a coalition government after 1999. The Inkata Freedom Party made claims to the ANC about certain provisions of the constitution. This party wanted the main document of the country to more firmly enshrine the principles of federalism and, in protest, boycotted the meetings of the Constitutional Assembly. The Freedom Front also expressed its dissatisfaction, which insisted on mentioning the Volkstaat (People's State of the Boers) in the text of the constitution. Nevertheless, the Constitutional Assembly in October 1996 approved a new constitution for South Africa, which came into force on February 4, 1997.
In late 1998, the Truth Restoration and Reconciliation Commission published its final report on the results of its activities, which contained accusations against the National Party, as well as the ANC and other political organizations, of massive violations of human rights during the apartheid period. Although accusations were made against some members of his own party, Nelson Mandela supported this document.
During 1998, South Africa was preparing for the second democratic elections scheduled for May 1999. In 1997, the leader of the African National Congress, and in 1998, the probable successor to Mandela and Vice President of South Africa, Thabo Mbeki, became the de facto leader of the country. The National and Democratic parties gradually lost their political positions, and the Inkatha Freedom Party continued to cooperate with the ANC in the coalition government of national unity. Trade unions became increasingly disillusioned with the government's policy of creating a market economy and in Mbeki's approach to social and economic issues. Throughout 1998, South Africa continued to move extremely slowly towards achieving its goals - economic growth and a just reconstruction of society. GDP growth was less than 2% per year, while the population increased, access to education became more difficult, medical service population.
In the parliamentary elections held on June 2, 1999, the ANC won a landslide victory with 66% of the vote. The second place was taken by the Democratic Party (10% of the vote), the third place was taken by the Inkata Freedom Party.
On June 16, 57-year-old Thabo Mbeki, a friend and colleague of N. Mandela, officially took office as President of South Africa.
The new President Mbeki continued the course of his predecessor's government. The government's political and social base was expanded to include members of opposition parties representing all racial and ethnic groups in the country.
At the turn of the 21st century the key element of the foreign and domestic policy of South Africa has become the concept of "African renaissance". It was put forward by President Mbeki in May 1996 at a meeting of parliament dedicated to the adoption of the constitution, as a new "national idea" that determined the role and place of South Africa in Africa. The concept of "African renaissance" was officially announced by him at a conference on attracting capital to Africa (Virginia, 1997). Mbeki, together with Algerian President A. Bouteflika and Nigerian President O. Obasanjo, became one of the authors of The Millennium Partnership for the African Recovery Program (MAP), put forward at the OAU summit in 1999. In October 2001 in Abuja (Nigeria) at the first meeting of the Program Implementation Committee (by that time the so-called “Omega Plan” of the President of Senegal A. Wada had been integrated into it), the document was amended, and it was approved called the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD). The secretariat of the committee was located in Midrand (a suburb of Pretoria). At the first summit of the African Union (AU), held in Durban on July 9-10, 2002, NEPAD was declared its operational economic program. Mbeki was elected Chairman of the AC.
South Africa in the 21st century
In the beginning. The 2000s saw the growth of the South African economy, which was driven by high prices for minerals, active inflow of capital investments and increased consumer demand, which in turn led to an increase in imports and appreciation national currency. In 2004, government revenue from privatization was $2 million.
In the general elections held on April 14, 2004, the ruling ANC party won a landslide victory with 69.68 votes. She won 279 seats in the National Assembly. In addition, the Democratic Alliance, DA (50), Inkata Freedom Party (28) and the United Democratic Movement, UDM (9) received seats in parliament. 131 MPs are women. Women have also been appointed to the positions of chairperson and speaker of parliament.
In May 2005, celebrations were held in Pretoria, Cape Town, Johannesburg and Durban to mark the 60th anniversary of victory in World War II. (334 thousand volunteers from South Africa fought in parts of the British army in Italy, in North and East Africa). On June 26, 2005, the 50th anniversary of the adoption of the Freedom Charter, which became the basis of the 1996 constitution, was widely celebrated. In October 2005, Mbeki participated in the regular AU summit (Abuja, Nigeria), dedicated to the problem of forming a unified government for the African continent.
In 2005, GDP amounted to 527.4 billion US dollars, its growth is 5%. In the same year, investments amounted to 17.9% of GDP, while inflation was 4.6%. The strengthening of the rand in 2003-2005 led to a decrease in exports (in 2005, the foreign trade deficit reached its highest level in the last 22 years - 4.7% of GDP) and job cuts. Unemployment in 2005 was 27.8%. The appreciation of the national currency also led to a decrease in income in the mining industry. The income gap between different segments of the population has widened. The share of the middle class in 2004 was 7.8% (in 1994 - 3.3%). More than 50% of the 7.5 thousand dollar millionaires in Africa are South Africans.
The government's economic policy is aimed at further liberalizing the economy, attracting foreign investment and the fight against poverty. In 2005, a special fund of 42 billion rand was created to provide loans to low-income South Africans for housing construction.
The Africanization policy is being actively pursued not only in relation to changing the racial composition of legislative and executive bodies, but also in the economic sphere - black businessmen are increasingly heading private companies and banks, white citizens are being squeezed out of some areas of business (for example, taxi services). According to the official statement of the authorities, in March 2006, in order to accelerate the progress of land reform, a large-scale confiscation of the lands of white farmers, with whom the authorities could not agree on deadlines about compensation. The first such confiscation took place in October 2005.
The government is trying to develop a set of measures to eliminate unemployment and fight crime. In April 2005, a law on combating terrorism was adopted.
On June 14, 2005, ANC Deputy President Jacob Zuma, who was considered the main candidate for successor to the head of state, was fired after a case was filed against him for involvement in corruption. According to the decision of the General Council of the ANC, he nevertheless remained in the post of deputy president of the party. In the apparatus of the ruling party, the struggle intensified over the election of a new leader of the ANC at the congress, which is scheduled for 2007. In early February 2006, President Mbeki announced that he did not intend to amend the constitution in order to be able to run for president again at elections in 2009. The question of a successor, in his opinion, will be decided at the party congress in 2007. Around the same time, Zuma was brought to trial on charges of raping a woman who was a close friend of his family. Zuma's supporters say the campaign against him is political.
In November 2005, a new Anti-Corruption Commission was established. As part of the campaign against corruption in 2004-2005, 66 officials of the South African Ministry of the Interior were fired. In early February 2006, a new political scandal began, in the center of which was the new deputy president, Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka. She was accused of embezzlement of public funds (approx. 100 thousand US dollars), which she used to travel with family and friends to the UAE (December 2005) on a government aircraft. President Mbeki spoke in defense of the accused.
Lyubov Prokopenko
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