The origins of construction. Some facts from the history of the development of construction equipment

INTRODUCTION

The history of the development of construction is closely connected with the beginning of the emergence of the entire human race. Throughout its existence, human civilization has worked tirelessly to create the highest quality and comfortable conditions for its daily life and habitat and solved the problem of creating independence and protection from environment.

With the development of technology and science, more and more new building materials began to appear, which were superior to their counterparts not only in quality, but also in lower production costs.

HISTORY OF WORLD CONSTRUCTION

Ancient times

The construction of cities largely depends on the level productive forces and the state of technology. Typically, large structures were erected by slaves and the population of rural communities. It is enough to point to the construction of the Cheops pyramid in Ancient Egypt, which took about 30 years to build. Thousands of slaves built this pyramid. It was built from stone blocks weighing from 2.5 to 30 tons. Its height initially reached 146.5 m.

With the beginning of the rapid development of industry and the concentration of population in cities, the need arose to construct large volumes of multi-story and high-rise buildings. The first city in which high-rise buildings began to be built was Chicago, at the end of the 19th century. played a significant role in the development of the United States.

In this city, buildings with 12-16 floors began to be erected for the first time, which led to difficulties in their operation. Firstly, water pumps of that time could only supply water to a height of 15 m, and secondly, rising above 5-7 floors also did not contribute to the construction tall buildings 10-12 floors, and only the use of a frame system, the invention of a safe elevator, and the development of more powerful pumps created the opportunity to increase the height of buildings to 100 meters or more.

The first multi-storey and high-rise buildings were built from brick; the inconsistency of such construction was shown by the construction of the Monadnock building in 1891. A 16-storey building with load-bearing external and internal walls had an outer wall thickness of 1.8 m (figure below), which, due to design features, did not allow having rooms with large areas and large-sized display windows.

Exterior wall of the Monadnock building (Chicago, USA)

One of the first theorists of high-rise construction was Louis Sullivan, who formulated five basic principles for the construction of high-rise buildings, which are used by all modern architects. First, a skyscraper needs an underground floor in which boiler rooms, power plants and engineering equipment, providing the building with energy and heat. The second - first floor should be at the disposal of banks, shops and other establishments that need large space, a lot of light, bright shop windows and easy access from the street. The third - second floor should have no less light and space than the first, since it is easily accessible with the help of stairs. Fourth - between the second and top floors there should be office premises, which may not differ in any way from each other in layout. The fifth - the top floor, as well as the underground, must be technical. It must contain a ventilation system and other equipment. Sullivan, together with Adler, confirmed his principles in the Guaranty Trust Building project in Buffalo (picture below), where shops and a bank were located on the first and second floors, the top floor was reserved for the installation of the necessary equipment, and the ten floors between them were occupied office space with the same planning solution.

Guaranty Trust Building (Buffalo, USA)

As the design and construction of high-rise buildings has evolved, their architecture, structures and engineering equipment have constantly undergone changes. Inventions in the field of construction, technology, various influences exerted by legislation, architectural theories and styles have left their mark on high-rise construction.

Based on the experience of design and construction of the development of architectural styles, the stages of development of high-rise construction are divided.

Chicago School (1890-1915)

The first series of high-rise office block buildings was erected in the United States, on the basis of which Louis Sullivan and John Welborn Root proclaimed the architectural principle "Form defines function". The new style became known throughout the world as the so-called Chicago School style, which marked the beginning of the modern direction of designing high-rise buildings.

Initially, during the construction of multi-story buildings, by analogy with factories in England, cast iron columns were used according to the design of the architectural engineer William Le Baron Jenney, one of the founders of the Chicago School. The building was the first to use a curtain façade. Built in 1895, the Home Insurance Building is a typical example of the Chicago School of Architecture style, which determined the direction of high-rise construction for many decades. W. Jenny was the first to formulate the principle of separating the function of load-bearing structures and the building envelope, anticipating the curtain wall system. The Chicago School, by combining architecture and structures, structures and forms, in their work into a single whole, bridged the gap between them for the first time.

One of the first high-rise buildings to use a steel frame was the 30-story Park Row Building (architect R. Robertson, picture below), built in 1899. Although the external walls were brick, the facade was horizontally divided by belts and balconies of varying lengths an upper decorative belt and two towers.

General view of the frame

Despite the progressiveness of the design solutions, the architecture of the building has not undergone significant changes (figure below). His volumetric-spatial solutions repeated the motifs of stone buildings - massive lower floors, heavy horizontal floor-to-floor belts.

Park Row Building (New York, USA)

A) b)

A - general form; b - building tower

The use of a metal frame put forward new tectonic tasks for architects, which consisted in abandoning the cladding of the frame with massive stone walls and, on the contrary, in revealing it on the facade and filling the spaces between the frame with glazed surfaces. Thus, when designing an eight-story Leiter store, the façade of the building was 120 m long. Jenny used large and simple proportions, dividing the façade into sections. The frame of the building emphasized the expressiveness of the structure. Large glazed surfaces were separated from each other by fire-resistant metal columns, dividing the façade into large squares. This division of facades was inherent in almost all buildings under construction at that time; one such example is the Margarette Building, built in 1895. In the same year, the 14-story Reliance Building was erected (figure below) . The characteristic features of the erected building were: a steel frame of the so-called Chicago structure and significant window areas. Thanks to the wide bay windows and horizontal belts, the building acquired harmony and lightness. Large bay windows, which did not open in the central part, protruded forward, providing the necessary light front. Narrow windows located on different sides of the bay window served for ventilation. The building itself was divided into two functional volumes - the first two floors with large department store display windows were faced with dark stone, almost without decoration, and the facade of the upper 12 floors of offices was designed in an open and transparent manner, unusual for that time. This building became the forerunner of the glass and steel skyscrapers promoted in the 20-40s. 20th century by the world famous architect Mies van der Rohe.

General view of the Reliance Building (Chicago, USA)

One of the first residential buildings using a steel frame in the structure was the 87-meter Flatiron Building (picture below), built in 1902 in New York, which was more than twice the height of the surrounding buildings. Designed by D. Burnham and D.E. Rutom, a triangular-shaped high-rise building, is perfectly located at the crossroads of Manhattan streets. It repeats the classical canons of a three-part division - the first three floors of the base with large spans are lined with massive hewn stone, the middle part, which gives the building harmony and lightness, is lined with light stone, and the upper part - the penthouse - is decorated with arcades and a carved cornice.

General view of the Flatiron Building (New York, USA)

In the first high-rise buildings “Home Insurance Building”, “Masonic Temple”, “Flatiron Building” and others, the use of lightweight frame structures due to the inertia of thinking did not in any way affect their architectural expressiveness; outwardly they reflected the styles fashionable at that time: Romanesque, Victorian, French or Classical Renaissance. The horizontal structures of bricks and natural stone facades gave the building a heaviness and bulkiness. However, the development of technology for the production of lightweight and powerful frame structures soon significantly changed the classic appearance of high-rise architectural objects.

Eclectic period

The period of eclecticism - neo-Gothic, art deco, “wedding cake”. The high-rise buildings built during this period largely replicate the styles of various structures. In 1908, architect Ernst Flag designed a tower for the existing 14-story Singer Tower. The shape of the towers imitates the corner towers of the Louvre in Paris, and the Metropolitan Life Tower (architect Le Brun), built in 1909, clearly resembles the tower in Venice on St. Mark's Square. This period saw a shift from tall office blocks to office towers.

Attempts to diversify the architecture of high-rise buildings result in eclecticism, when different styles are present in one building at the same time. Architects tried to use neo-Gothic and Romanesque, neoclassical and Renaissance styles to connect the new with the old. The most striking representatives of the neo-Gothic style were the high-rise buildings “Woolworth Building” (1913, architect G. Gilbert), “Enemy Building” (1921, architect G. Anderson and others), “Tribune Tower” (1925 g., architect R. Hood, J. Howells), in which light vertical elements rising to the sky and Gothic turrets visually emphasized the height of the buildings.

In 1922, during an international architectural competition for the right to design the Chicago Tribune Tower newspaper building (picture below), new architectural ideas were formulated.

Chicago Tribune Tower (Chicago, USA)

Architects demonstrated this in practice by building two world-famous skyscrapers at the beginning of 1930: the Chrysler Building and Empire State building" (architect William van Allen) was built in the theatrical art deco style (picture below). The 77-story Chrysler Building was the first building to be taller than the Eiffel Tower and is a transitional type from a stepped building to a tower.

Chrysler Building (New York, USA)

The lower part has a complex U-shaped plan, and the upper part takes on the character of a tower. The architect's desire to enrich the rhythm of the facade with a combination of vertical and horizontal elements led to the arrangement of details of different styles. The finishing of the building resembles stylized automobile wheel rims, which gives the building a symbolic image of the Chrysler company. Soon, the championship in height goes to the Empire State Building (architects Shreve, Lam and Harmon) with a mast for airships, which would break the first time the aircraft docked. However, this was the first time that the futurists' idea that non-bosscrapers would be accessible from the air was actually tried to be implemented. The 381-meter Empire State Building remained the tallest building in the world for more than 40 years (from 1931 to 1972).

In 1972, the palm passed to the 442 m high Sears Tower building, built in Chicago.

International style

In the period between the war and the economic crisis, two buildings were erected in the Art Nouveau style: the PSFS Building in Philadelphia (1932, architect Nou and Lescaze) and the RCA Building of the Rockefeller Center (1940, architect. Hood and Fulow, Hofmeister, Corbett, Harrison and Mac Murray). The PSFS Building in Philadelphia, with its flat roofs, expressive vertical lines and asymmetrical subsections, marked the onset of a new stage in the development of the style - it was one of the first attempts to apply the principles of the International (International) style to the construction of American skyscrapers. The building was the only high-rise building included in the 1932 Modern Architecture Exhibition, an international exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York organized by Philip Johnson and Henry Russell Hitchcock. The companion publication, International Style, chronicles the triumph of the skyscraper for the first time in literature and architectural history.

Beginning in 1919, Mies van der Rohe began to actively research the problems of modern architectural form. Mies based the study of architectural forms on three most important problems, in his opinion, that shape the architecture of buildings: the horizontal division of the building as an expression of its internal structure division of the building volume according to functionality, as well as the use of folded or smooth glazing surfaces as architectural elements.

If Le Corbusier took the geometric shape of the building as the basis of the plan and subordinated it to a functional solution, then Mies van der Rohe, on the contrary, when developing the external appearance of the building, proceeded from the relative position of its individual parts depending on their purpose. Since the 40s. XX century Mies van der Rohe initiated the construction of a new generation of high-rise buildings, the so-called “international style”. He managed to combine architectural and structural form, simplifying the structure of the functional space as much as possible. A typical example is the high-rise 82-meter residential buildings “Lake Shore Drive” (picture below), built in 1951 in Chicago. Between 1948 and 1969 Mies van der Rohe designed fourteen high-rise buildings in Chicago. All of them were based on a simple cubic shape. The Seagram Building, built in 1958 and designed with Philip Johnson, became the prototype for the modern office building. This building was an innovation in urban planning. For the first time, a technique was used in construction when the building was moved inward, creating a spacious area in front of its entrance. This method of development led to the adoption of new urban planning legislation in 1961, which regulated the organization of public areas. Office skyscrapers in the style of Mies van der Rohe have become one of the most common ones built around the world. However, copies did not always match the quality of the original, and the demand for such skyscrapers in the world gradually decreased. After this technique became widespread, the emphasis of the building moved from the top to its base, where public areas were located. A boom in the construction of buildings with a square in front of them, the so-called plazas, began. As a result, during the construction of several buildings next to each other, the street line disappeared, creating a continuous area, which forced architects to move away from such a solution in all high-rise buildings and apply this technique dispersedly.

Lake Shore Drive building (Chicago, USA)

In imitation of Mies van der Rohe, high-rise buildings in the international style were built around the world. In Russia there is the building of the Hydroproject Institute (architect G. Yakovlev, picture below), in Belgium there is the Tour Martini building, in Sweden there is the building of the SAS company and many others.

Building of the Institute "Hydroproject" (Moscow, Russia)

Modernism (postmodernism, futurism)

Until the mid-60s. in world architecture the Art Nouveau style prevailed, which gave the world a large number of magnificent buildings. However, already in the second half of the 60s. New theoretical and practical approaches emerged, which contributed to a departure from the architectural principles of modernism. This, in turn, influenced high-rise construction. Publications by R. Venturi and D.S. Brown defined the direction of postmodernism. Appearance buildings has become significantly more complex. The first significant building of the postmodern era was the AT&T Headquarter, designed by Philip Johnson (1984), who worked with Mies van der Rohe on the Seagram Building project.

The main idea of his building was a demonstrative return to the historical roots of skyscraper architecture. Instead of glass curtain walls, heavy stone facade, in which various architectural styles were mixed and the three-part structure declared by Sullivan (base, trunk, capital) reappeared. The rapid development of the market for such buildings occurred in conjunction with the mass production of a large number of architectural forms and details. In the architecture of postmodernist buildings, one scheme was used - historical type tower ending in a pyramid-shaped top. In 1985, Caesar Pelli built the World Financial Center in New York, repeating his project at the Canary Wharf Tower in London in 1991.

In the 90s The last century continued the search for an alternative to rectangular cubic buildings of the international style, which often did not fit into the existing structural development. The clear forms of this style began to be replaced by more plastic, sculptural ones. The volumetric-spatial solution was considered not only as a purely functional, but also as an architectonic expression of the building.

In Europe, high-rise buildings were initially built not to solve any specific practical needs, but rather as a tribute to technological progress and as an expression of the strength of society, one of these buildings was office building Tour di Midi in Belgium (picture below).

Tour di Midi building (Brussels, Belgium)

In historically established European cities with medieval centers, dominant historical buildings, it was required new approach to high-rise construction. The model of concentrated placement of high-rise buildings in the city center, as was common in American cities, could not be used in Europe. In different European countries this approach was formulated in its own way. French architects Auguste Perret and Le Corbusier were the main developers of the concept of constructing high-rise buildings to create completely new cityscapes. By concentrating high-rise buildings in residential areas, they tried to flatten the compressed plan and make more room for light and air. Their high-rise buildings, designed as elements of promising urban development, reached a height of 200 meters and were located at a considerable distance from each other, leaving the territory for transport interchanges and green areas.

High-rise buildings in Western and Eastern Europe served as symbols of state and economic power. If Western Europe took the path of copying American skyscrapers, then Eastern Europe developed its own style, expressing the ideological positions of socialism.

The first high-rise buildings erected in the Soviet Union, in their architectural expressiveness and artistic composition, largely repeat the features of Russian architecture and, in particular, the Moscow Kremlin (tent ends, spiers, turrets and other elements). One example is the building of Moscow State University on Vorobyovy Hills. Work carried out in post-war years for the restoration and reconstruction of cities, the search for new urban development models led to the need for the construction of high-rise buildings and complexes in megacities. Such buildings in the development major cities served to highlight the center or became dominant at the intersections of the main urban transport routes. Unlike American models Where the concentrated placement of high-rise buildings was common, in Europe high-rise buildings were located in specially designated areas outside the city boundaries, for example the Défense district near Paris, or through dispersed placement in the structure of urban areas. Only in Frankfurt am Main (Germany) high-rise construction was carried out in the very center of the city. This was due to several reasons - the significant destruction of the city after the Second World War, the desire to attract financial structures and their significant pressure to locate bank office buildings and other financial organizations In one place. Stereotypical modernist forms were replaced by various variations of postmodernism. One of these buildings was the Andromeda Tower in Vienna (picture below). Built in 1998, the 113-metre, 29-storey building has a glazed façade with wraparound railings, and protruding volumes give the building a dynamic effect.

Andromeda Tower (Vienna, Austria)

The desire to create interesting three-dimensional forms and an attempt at humanization residential areas led to the emergence of new types of high-rise buildings. The tallest twin towers, Petronas Tower (picture below) in Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), 452 m high, erected in 1998 according to the project of the C. Pelli association, reflected the national architectural features of traditional buildings of Southeast Asia - minarets and pagodas, and the reinforced concrete structure made it possible to make the towers in the spirit of postmodernism - plastic and multifaceted.

Petronas Tower (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia)

Structural Expressionism

The search for new formative possibilities in design and construction, the desire to move away from simple geometric volumetric-spatial solutions have led to an increase in the expressiveness of buildings with different purposes. The definition of the style "structural expressionism" emerged from the so-called technical modernism, when the structural elements of a high-rise building are shown from the outside, on the facade of the building. At the same time, buildings of structural expressionism have different volumetric-spatial solutions.

Futuristic architectural form has the Bank of China (picture below), located in Hong Kong and built according to the design of I. Pei in 1990. The polygonal volume-spatial structure of the building with a height of 367 m resembles the features of national Chinese architecture - the volume decreasing with ledges upwards is shaped like a bamboo stem, and diagonal structures exposed outwards emphasize the elegance of the volume.

Bank of China Building (Hong Kong)

The only seven-star hotel in the world, the Burj Al Arab (architect D. Spears), 321 m high, built in 1999 in Dubai (United Arab Emirates), is distinguished by its unusual volumetric-spatial shape in the form of a sail (picture below).

Burj Al Arab Hotel (Dubai, UAE)

The Lloyd Building in London was erected in the style of structural expressionism in 1986 (R. Rogers company). Structural elements facing the façade - racks and horizontal belts - are placed around the building, while ventilation pipes face the façade, emphasizing the height and giving elegance to the entire volumetric-spatial design of the building, and deliberately exposed stairs give it a sculptural appearance (picture below).

Lloyd Building: a - general view; b - night lighting of the building

A) b)

Bioecological style (1990 onwards)

The bioecological style, emerging since 1990, includes not only architectural and constructive innovations, but also, to a greater extent, achievements in the field of engineering, used to create intelligent, self-sufficient and self-regulating buildings. The biological style is not only the use of resources, but also a new approach to the architecture of high-rise buildings - natural ventilation and natural lighting, the use of intelligent building management systems, as well as regulating facade systems, renewable energy systems (solar panels, wind engines and etc.), modern vertical transport, etc.

The considered stages of development show the path traveled, make it possible to evaluate it and determine the directions for further development of high-rise construction.

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INTRODUCTION

The history of the development of construction is closely connected with the beginning of the emergence of the entire human race. Throughout its existence, human civilization has worked tirelessly to create the highest quality and most comfortable conditions for its daily life and habitat and solved the problem of creating independence and protection from the environment.

1. HISTORY OF WORLD CONSTRUCTION

1.1 Ancient times

The construction of cities largely depends on the level of productive forces and the state of technology. Typically, large structures were erected by slaves and the population of rural communities. It is enough to point to the construction of the Cheops pyramid in Ancient Egypt, which took about 30 years to build. Thousands of slaves built this pyramid. It was built from stone blocks weighing from 2.5 to 30 tons. Its height initially reached 146.5 m.

1.2 Basic building materials

The main building materials were stone, wood, brick . The distribution of this or that material largely depended on the availability of local resources. The fact that stone resists bending 6 times less than compression did not make it possible to bridge large spans with its help as long as bending beams and slabs were used. This led to dominance in ancient architectures Central Asia, Egypt and Greece beam-and-post structures using a colonnade. The largest stone beam at that time was the ceiling - the entrance to the Athenian Acropolis - the Propylaea, not exceeding 3.75 m, and the slab - the ceiling of the tomb of the pharaoh in the Pyramid of Cheops, the length of which reached 5.2 m. In those cases where it was necessary to cover large rooms, the builders were forced to use long rows of columns.

It was possible to increase the size of the spans only after the invention of arches and vaults, in which the stone works for pure compression. The Roman builders of an aqueduct near the city of Nîmes (France) increased the size of the arch span to 24.4 m. The diameter of the dome in the mausoleum of Emperor Hadrian in Rome reached 13.5 m. In search of a way to construct monumental buildings based on any local resources with the help of unskilled work force legionnaires, under the guidance of an experienced engineer, Roman builders used a new building material invented by the ancient Greeks - concrete .

Prepared from crushed stone and lime mortar, which was compacted into a layer of crushed stone with wooden blocks, concrete made it possible to build monumental structures anywhere in the empire. The capabilities of this material were used in the construction of the Roman Pantheon, where a cylindrical building with a height of almost 22 m, a wall thickness of about 7 m, and a diameter of 43 m was covered with a cast dome made of concrete.

Brick making , which was one of the oldest types of craft. In Egypt, brick was made already 4000 BC. e. At first it was made from Nile silt and dried in the sun. Using the experience of pottery, man began to burn raw brick, which increased its strength. Burnt bricks were first used in Ancient Mesopotamia and Ancient India.

Wood played a very important role in construction. The adze was a universal tool for processing wood. The drill played a big role. First wooden and then bronze nails were widely used.

1.3 Construction of large structures

The construction of large structures required solving the problem of transporting large weights and lifting them to considerable heights. For this, the already well-known lever was widely used, then a wheel-shaped block with a groove (stream) around the circumference was invented, through which a rope or other flexible rod was thrown. Its invention led to the creation of the first lifting mechanisms (Fig. 2).

The development of capitalism at the end of the 19th century. imposed new demands on construction and architecture. With the growth of cities and factories, new types of buildings appear.

The main building material at this time was burnt brick. Brick has been known since ancient times. But only from the middle of the 19th century. it began to be produced in mass quantities and acquired the significance of a universal material with which any construction work could be performed.

In the second half of the 19th century. Iron is of great importance in construction. If earlier in construction iron was used only to cover roofs and was used to make nails and bolts, then starting from the 20s of the 19th century. In France, entire structures began to be created from iron. Since the end of the 19th century. iron began to be used for supports that take vertical loads. Soon, iron I-beams began to be produced. For more significant loads, riveted beams made from boiler iron sheets began to be used. Lattice trusses made of rolled iron came into use in bridge construction.

Cement, a binder used in the manufacture of mortars, has become of great importance in the construction industry. The most advanced type of cement, Portland cement, was invented at the beginning of the 19th century, but became widespread only in the last quarter of the last century. Portland cement was invented in 1824 by English mason Joseph Aspdin. Aspdin proposed a method of firing a mixture of slaked lime and clay, resulting in a powdery substance that, when mixed with water, hardened in air into a stone-like mass.

At this time, a completely new building material appeared - reinforced concrete, which is a complex compound consisting of a concrete mass and a metal skeleton or reinforcement distributed inside it. The idea of combining stone and metal arose at the beginning of the 19th century, but the widespread introduction of reinforced concrete began only after the creation of Portland cement, with the advent of which the widespread use of concrete in construction practice began.

1.4 First buildings in Russia

In Russia, the first structures made of reinforced concrete appeared in the late 80s of the 19th century. Since 1892, reinforced concrete pipes began to be used under the railway embankment. In 1911, the first technical specifications and standards for reinforced concrete structures.

Glass was one of the most common materials in construction. . During this period, countless new types of glass appeared, differing from each other in color, strength, thickness and other qualities.

1.5 Changing the structural forms of buildings

The use of new materials in construction, especially reinforced concrete and glass, has led to changes in the structural forms of buildings . The mansion houses typical of cities of the previous era are giving way to four- and five-story buildings. Multi-story houses gain importance commercial enterprises. The architecture of residential buildings is becoming simpler compared to the architecture of the 18th and early 19th centuries. However, in terms of equipment (lighting, sewerage, steam heating), housing construction technology during this period stood at the height of its time.

In 1889, the famous Eiffel Tower was built for the World Exhibition in Paris. The French engineer Eiffel built a colossal structure at that time, 305 m high, entirely out of metal. The Eiffel Tower was made by mounting directly on construction site. In everyday life construction equipment metal structures are firmly established.

1.6 Development of railway transport

The development of railway transport and the construction of new railways required new construction equipment. During this period, the greatest changes occur in the excavation of railway tunnels and the construction of railway bridges. The first railway tunnel, Mont Cenisse, was built by French engineers between France and Italy in the Alps for double-track railway. In Russia, the first large railway tunnel, about 4 km long, was built in 1890. It passed through the Suram Ridge in Transcaucasia. In 1914, the world's longest tunnel for the water supply supplying New York was built in the United States, 29 km long.

1.7 Bridge construction

During this period, bridge construction technology developed quite significantly. . Bridge construction goes back to ancient times. The oldest bridge building materials were wood and stone. From the end of the 18th century. metal, first cast iron, and then iron, bridges appeared. From the second half of the 19th century V. Steel bridges began to dominate. In connection with the advent of a new material - reinforced concrete, the development of reinforced concrete structures began. Since the 80s of the XIX century. reinforced concrete structures are widely used in railway bridge construction.

The invention of the caisson, i.e. a waterproof chamber for working under water and in water-saturated soil, made it possible to build bridge foundations (“bulls”) at great depths. At this time, the technology of suspension bridges continued to improve. In America, for example, back in 1876, the span of suspension bridges on powerful steel ropes reached 486 m. This was the famous Brooklyn Bridge near New York.

Russian scientists and engineers D.I. Zhuravsky and N.A. Belelyubsky made a great contribution to the science of bridge construction. D.I. Zhuravsky (1821 - 1891) is one of the founders of the theory of calculations in bridge construction. He offered his new method calculation of bridge supports, which has become firmly established in the world practice of bridge construction. N. A. Belelyubsky (1845-1922) was an outstanding bridge design engineer. In 1888, Belelyubsky developed a special type of attachment of transverse beams - freely supported transverse beams - with the installation of special transverse struts or rigid, tubular section diagonals in their horizontal connections. By the end of the 19th century. freely supported transverse beams were widespread in bridge construction under the name “Russian method”.

1.8 Hydraulic construction techniques

construction material reinforced concrete bridge

Hydraulic construction technology has also made great strides forward. The development of navigation during this period was greatly facilitated by the construction of canals. Shipping canals were created to reduce the length waterways, improving navigation conditions on the approaches to ports and river mouths, etc. In 1869, the Suez Canal was built, connecting the Mediterranean with the Red Sea. The Suez Canal was built over 10 years, from 1859 to 1869.

In 1914, the Panama Canal was completed, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The dimensions of the Panama Canal far exceed those of other sea canals. The length of the canal reaches 65.2 km, its smallest width is 91.5 m. In a number of places, the width of the canal exceeds 150 m, which ensures the oncoming passage of large ships; the depth of the canal is 12.5 m.

CONCLUSION

Modern technology for organizing the construction process also has a number of features that are distinctive from other areas and is characterized by unique and complex forms of organization and management of the construction process. These include the exclusivity of construction projects, adherence to exact deadlines for the construction of the facility, quality control of the work performed and the materials used, technical Supervision, determining the number of participants in the workflow. Any construction project is characterized by a relatively long-term investment turnover and a fairly high level of risks.

Therefore, we consider it important to preserve a construction culture that allows us not only to build quickly and efficiently, but also to give architectural features to objects - aesthetic value and individual features.

This only means that modern history The development of construction does not stand still and it is written by our contemporaries.

LIST OF SOURCES USED

1. History of development building structures. Access mode (12.01.15.).

2. Stages of development of construction technology. Access mode(01/12/15).

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Introduction

What is construction? Let's turn this question to the free encyclopedias:

Construction- construction of buildings and structures, as well as their capital and Maintenance, reconstruction, restoration and renovation.

The construction process includes all organizational, survey, design, construction and installation commissioning works related to the creation, modification or demolition of an object, as well as interaction with the competent authorities regarding the performance of such work.

Construction- this is an industry material production, ensuring the production of building materials and the creation of building structures from them, i.e. construction and reconstruction of buildings and structures for various purposes. In a broader sense, construction is a process of creation.

The result of construction is considered to be an erected building (structure) with interior finishing, operating engineering and technological systems and a full set of documentation required by law.

Construction is one of the most important industries domestic economy. Its condition largely determines the level of development of society and its productive forces. The role of investment and construction activities especially increases during the period of structural restructuring of the economy. The construction industry is called upon to carry out renewal on a modern technical basis production assets, development, improvement of the social sphere, reconstruction, modernization, technical re-equipment of the production of material goods.

All this determines the importance of this industry and the need for the state to maintain it at the proper level. The good state of the construction industry in the region will have a positive effect on the economy and development of this region overall, providing an influx financial resources to the region.

builder profession construction education

Construction development

The first grandiose architectural structures were created during the slave era - in Ancient Egypt, ancient Greece and Rome (3rd - 1st millennium BC). The construction business received further development in the era of feudalism (IV-XIX centuries). The most characteristic of this time were fortress and religious buildings. The heyday of ancient Russian architecture came in the 14th-15th centuries, when a single Russian state was formed around Moscow from disparate Russian lands. Such unique buildings, like the Moscow Kremlin (XV century), the Smolensk Kremlin (XVI century), St. Basil's Cathedral on Red Square in Moscow, built by the brilliant Russian architects Barma and Posnik.

At the end of the 17th century. a period of intensive civil and industrial construction began. Talented Russian architects of the 18th-19th centuries. created outstanding architectural monuments.

At the beginning of the 19th century, it began to develop domestic industry building materials. The discovery of a method for producing an extremely important material for construction - cement, used for the manufacture of concrete and reinforced concrete structures - dates back to this time. Major advances have been made in the field of bridge construction, theoretical basis which were developed by Russian engineers and scientists.

At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. Russia already had experienced personnel of domestic civil engineers who were world famous. However, at that time in Russia the volume of construction was small, and, despite the high skill of Russian workers and engineers, the organization of construction was ensured with weak mechanization. Construction works were carried out mainly by hand and were seasonal in nature. The work began in the spring and ended in the fall.

Situation with construction business in Russia changed somewhat at the beginning of the twentieth century, especially since the 30s. Construction volumes have increased in all sectors National economy, measures were taken to organize and develop the construction industry, create design and construction organizations, equipping construction organizations with machines and mechanisms.

The construction of large industrial enterprises expanded widely. Along with industrial construction, housing construction has received great development. Construction took on an even greater scale after the end of the Great Patriotic War. In unprecedented short term destroyed cities and villages were completely restored and put into operation industrial enterprises. Modern construction production is characterized by a transition to industrial methods of work inherent in the large machine industry. Construction processes in terms of manufacturing structures are increasingly becoming factory-based. The work of builders is aimed at the mechanized process of assembling and installing buildings and structures from ready-made blocks, parts and parts manufactured in a factory.

The creation of a powerful fleet of construction machines currently makes it possible to carry out comprehensive mechanization of work directly at the construction site, in which manual labor is increasingly being squeezed out of the links of the technological process and is being replaced by machine work.

The origins of construction. Some facts from the history of the development of construction equipment

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY OF WORLD CONSTRUCTION

Ancient times

Exterior wall of the Monadnock building (Chicago, USA)

Guaranty Trust Building (Buffalo, USA)

Chicago School (1890-1915)

General view of the frame

Park Row Building (New York, USA)

General view of the Reliance Building (Chicago, USA)

General view of the Flatiron Building (New York, USA)

Eclectic period

Chicago Tribune Tower (Chicago, USA)

Chrysler Building (New York, USA)

International style

Lake Shore Drive building (Chicago, USA)

Building of the Institute "Hydroproject" (Moscow, Russia)

Modernism (postmodernism, futurism)

Tour di Midi building (Brussels, Belgium)

Andromeda Tower (Vienna, Austria)

Petronas Tower (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia)

Structural Expressionism

Bank of China Building (Hong Kong)

Burj Al Arab Hotel (Dubai, UAE)

Lloyd Building: a - general view; b - night lighting of the building

Bioecological style (1990 onwards)

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