What are industrial facilities? Types of industrial facilities and principles of their placement in the city

Production facilities represent an extensive group of enterprises that are united by the function of manufacturing products or providing services. Typically, such facilities include factories and plants that produce material values- items, things, raw materials, etc. But trade enterprises can also be included in this category. At the same time, objects industrial purpose may have many differences that relate to the management system, the technological organization of activities, the form economic support etc.

The concept of a production facility

Objects production activities can be considered from different points of view - from economic, from functional, from administrative and technological. Therefore, it is customary to define them as a complex system, which is a complex of structures for various purposes. The primary purpose is to manufacture products at the facilities formed by the technical base. These are working areas in which equipment, conveyor lines and auxiliary equipment are provided. It is also common to define industrial facilities as infrastructure complexes, including their own energy, hydro, gas supply systems, etc. The specific content of engineering and transport communications at production enterprises depends on the nature of their activities and requirements for ensuring work operations. That is, the functional content of the object in this case fades into the background, and the definition affects the nuances of technological equipment.

On-site production system

If we consider the concept of a production facility from an administrative and economic point of view, then the organizational system of the enterprise will be the main element of the definition. In accordance with the production and organizational system, functional, logistical and economic models activities. Based on the prepared models, schemes for the supply of raw materials, product control at the outlet, a work shift plan, a maintenance schedule, etc. are organized. In a broader sense, production facilities from the point of view of the organizational system can be presented as means of creating products with certain parameters - according to qualitative, functional criteria. Itself production system characterized by such properties as flexibility, redundancy and sufficiency, structural integrity, etc.

Characteristics of the production facility

Production facilities can be characterized by power indicators, functionality, output volumes, etc. As for power, it is determined by the level and quality technical support. In particular, one of the criteria may be the power potential of the equipment. In the field of mechanical engineering, industrial facilities, for example, are provided with machine tools for the manufacture of metal parts - the speed of production, accuracy and complexity of processing will depend on the capacity of this equipment.

Functionality can characterize objects in terms of their ability to work with different operations. Here we can mention full and partial cycle enterprises. In the first case, the production process can provide, for example, the manufacture of parts from the stage primary processing raw materials to the release of a ready-to-use product. The characteristics of industrial and social facilities may differ in terms of approach to assessing functionality. Service-oriented social welfare depends to a large extent on the level of infrastructure. If directly the production of products is characterized by the same volume of output, then, for example, in the sphere medical care properties such as the number of beds, the number of doctors of different specializations, the range of diagnostic operations and procedures provided will play a role.

Difference between production and non-production facilities

It is possible to draw boundaries between industrial and non-industrial objects according to several parameters. For example, directly production assets are based on technical means, thanks to which the conditions for the manufacture of certain products are created. Moreover, production facilities in most cases are focused on making a profit.

As for non-production assets, they are intended for servicing. These can be services provided in the same area of health care, utilities, education and culture. And unlike firms that manufacture material products, they most often do not make a profit or operate at a zero-loss level. But there are also aspects of activity that unite civil and industrial facilities in different areas. Similar features include the use of equipment, technical tools and equipment. For example, employees of organizations that are engaged in the maintenance of tasks and structures can use the same inventory as workers in manufacturing enterprises.

Design of production facilities

The development of a design solution is carried out on the basis of the initial data. These data are obtained as a result of the analysis of economic and technical and structural models of the functioning of the enterprise. At the first stage, a list is compiled indicating the technological processes that, in principle, the facility will have to perform. These can be processing operations (mechanical, thermal, laser), compression, deformation, assembly, and others. Next, the requirements for the equipment that will implement these operations are drawn up, after which a map of their location is formed. At the same stage, documents with technical parameters and layout of buildings and structures should be prepared. In accordance with the regulations, the object capital construction for industrial purposes must meet not only the requirements for the placement of equipment, but also meet the optimal working conditions. The engineering support of the facility is of considerable importance in this regard. The project describes the requirements and recommendations for the characteristics of ventilation systems, lighting, sewerage, dust extraction and other devices that will create conditions for efficient, comfortable and safe work activities.

Construction of production facilities

Construction activities are carried out in several stages. Work begins with the construction of the foundation. Again, the production complex may include several buildings and structures, for each of which a different type of foundation "cushion" is chosen - columnar, tape or monolithic. Then the insulation works are carried out. Already at this stage, the specifics of technological operations. If industrial buildings will be used for thermal exposure operations, work with strong chemicals or experience increased physical exertion, then insulation may be required special requirements. At a minimum, it should protect the structure from moisture and cold.

The next step is to build the frame. It can be formed by conventional flooring and masonry formation. Modern possibilities for the construction of industrial facilities allow as soon as possible build modular prefabricated structures. But they are more often used for supporting processes and operations - for example, for storing and preparing materials for use on a conveyor. After the construction of the main structure, work is carried out on the installation of the facade and roof structure. At the final stage, the planning of the internal premises and the installation of equipment with engineering systems are carried out.

Classification by service life

There are temporary and permanent production facilities. As for temporary facilities, they include seasonal or mobile complexes that operate at certain intervals. Such structures are characterized by mobility, functionality and low power potential. Temporary objects also include stationary capital buildings in which the production model changes. That is, at the facilities of the same enterprise in different periods a new nomenclature is established. Sometimes to change the production system is completely updated technical equipment. Permanent production facilities, the classification of which implies the allocation of enterprises of a full and incomplete cycle, are characterized by the presence of a capital construction base. These are reliable structures focused on a long service life with a certain range. And while temporary facilities tend to be part-cycle, permanent buildings can also be full-cycle thanks to their higher capacity potential.

Classification by field of activity

In every industry economic activity a person is represented by certain productions. The main list of production facilities in accordance with this classification can be represented as follows:

Metallurgical enterprises.
Woodworking and furniture factories.
Pulp and paper production.
Glass and porcelain factories.
Objects of textile production.
Machine and machine tool factories.
Production of building materials.

Agricultural areas of production can be considered separately. In this area, animal husbandry, crop production, beekeeping, mushroom farming, etc. are distinguished. In each area, special production facilities are used, the classification of which will involve division according to technical and structural solutions and the nature of operation. Farms, storage facilities, silos, greenhouses, reservoirs, pastures, forests, etc. can be used as elements of the infrastructure for agricultural production.

Hazardous production facilities

These facilities include enterprises whose work provides for high risks of accidents. This group also includes industries whose activities are related to the processing of chemically hazardous substances, oxidizing solutions and mixtures, explosive and flammable materials. That is, these are objects, the consequences of accidents at which can cause great harm to material property and human health. In extreme cases, we can talk about the risks of an ecological catastrophe. Minimizing such threats allows the systemic appointment of those responsible for a hazardous production facility and certain areas of its operation. Usually, the main responsibility lies with the chief engineer, who, in particular, is responsible for the safety of the operation of the enterprise, the management of communications, the maintenance of raw materials, etc. An electrician is responsible for the electrical supply, including fire alarms, and the technical condition of the equipment is checked by the chief mechanic. In combination, such coverage of various components of the infrastructure support of the enterprise allows minimizing the risks of serious accidents, as well as increasing the main production indicators.

Conclusion

The manufacturing sector is quite extensive and diverse. A huge range of products presented on the market in different segments, in a large proportion, is produced by enterprises with an individual scheme for organizing activities. Of course, there are also typical approaches to project development, although each case will have its own special factors that correct technical solution. In part, in this regard, one can note the similarity of industrial and non-industrial facilities, the device and operation of which can be influenced by the same external and internal factors. Among them may be climatic conditions, the quality of the technical content of the equipment and apparatus used, sanitary and hygienic factors, etc. But, again, the final product in production differs from the services provided by non-production organizations - it also largely determines the differences in technical and operational aspects of the activities of enterprises of two types.

used by the subject industrial activities to carry it out..."

A source:

LAW of the city of Moscow dated June 16, 1999 N 21

"ABOUT INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES IN THE CITY OF MOSCOW"

"... An industrial facility - a workshop, a site, and other production units used to carry out industrial activities ..."

A source:

"REQUIREMENTS FOR ASSESSING THE SAFETY OF THE OPERATION OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONS OF SUBSUPERVISED INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES AND FACILITIES (SURVEYS OF BUILDING STRUCTURES BY SPECIALIZED ORGANIZATIONS). RD 22-01-97"

(approved by CJSC "CNIIPROEKTSTALKONSTRUKTSIYA" 11.12.1997)

Official terminology. Akademik.ru. 2012 .

See what "Industrial facility" is in other dictionaries:

An object classified as hazardous production facilities and registered in the state register of hazardous production facilities. Edwart. Glossary of terms of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, 2010 ... Emergencies Dictionary

Industrial facility subject to safety declaration- subject entrepreneurial activity(organization), which has one or more especially hazardous industries located on a single site. A source …

2.6. industrial facility Russian Federation subject to declaration of safety, a business entity (organization) that includes one or more high-risk production facilities located on a single ... ... Official terminology

military industrial facility- A group object of protection, the functional activity of which is related to the development, manufacture, testing and operation of weapons and military equipment, as well as other defense issues, information about which is required ... ... Technical Translator's Handbook

Hazardous industrial facility- 2.4. Hazardous industrial facility is an object, production, where fire, explosion and (or) hazardous chemicals are used, produced, processed, stored or transported, creating a real threat of an accident. A source … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

industrial- 3.38 industrial industrial enterprise such as in a chemical plant or in a mine.

Construction is one of the most ancient areas of human activity. People built dwellings and household structures thousands of years ago. With the formation and development of society, construction technologies were gradually improved. Modern buildings, built using innovative techniques and perfect materials, are as convenient as possible to use, reliable and durable. herself building sector today has a rather complex and dynamic structure. There are the most different types construction, both in terms of the type of construction objects, and in terms of the technology for performing the work itself.

Main classification

Modern construction is divided into only two main types:

Capital. Its objects are buildings and structures belonging to the category of real estate, that is, connected to the land through the foundation.
Non-capital. The objects of this type of construction include temporary and light structures.

Types of construction objects (capital)

According to Russian legislation real estate includes:

Building. They are structures that have an underground (foundation, and above-ground part. The system of structures of this kind usually also includes water supply, sewerage, ventilation, etc. Buildings can be designed for living or for people's activities.
Structures. They are linear or flat systems consisting of load-bearing structures, as in the first case, having underground and above-ground parts. Such buildings are usually designed to move people or goods, store products or carry out production processes. Examples of structures include bridges, roads, dams, oil wells, etc.
Objects under construction. This is the name of buildings, the construction of which was stopped for some reason. You can not use them for their intended purpose before the end of the assembly.

Non-capital construction objects

Temporary structures include buildings erected on land for a certain (usually no more than 5 years) period. Examples of non-capital construction projects include:

kiosks;
household blocks;
sheds;
cabins;
collapsible hangars and pavilions, etc.

Classification by object types

There are different and purpose-built buildings. The latter can be residential, industrial, perform special functions, etc. On this basis, construction is classified into:

Civil. The objects of this category are houses, low- and multi-storey buildings, as well as various kinds of public (state, office, retail, administrative, etc.) buildings.
Industrial. This category includes works related to the construction of workshops, plants, combines and factories.
Agricultural.
Transport. Construction of bridges, tunnels and roads.
Hydrotechnical. Construction of dams, canals, reservoirs, dams, etc.
Military. Construction of military facilities.

Civil Engineering

A huge number of companies are engaged in the construction of residential and public buildings in our time. The lion's share of all investments invested in construction today falls precisely on its civilian form.

Residential buildings can be multi-unit or low-rise. In the first case, the administration usually concludes an agreement with the company. locality or enterprise. In the second - a private owner who owns a suburban area.

Public buildings include shops, state, office, canteens, cafes, restaurants, etc. Contracts for their construction can also be concluded by administrative bodies, enterprises or individuals.

Industrial engineering

The construction of production facilities for special purposes has a lot of technological features. Therefore, industrial construction is singled out in a separate group. For example, the roof of industrial facilities is usually flat, shed, in large workshop complexes there are often no windows at all, etc.

Most modern construction firms has the right to engage in the construction of both civil residential buildings and industrial ones.

Construction of military facilities

The types of construction discussed above are carried out by ordinary civil specialized companies. Such firms can also be engaged in the construction of defense facilities. However, this practice is more the exception than the rule. More often, such facilities are still being built by special military construction units. In peacetime, the latter are mainly engaged in the construction of buildings intended for the residence of officers and soldiers, as well as long-term. During the war, such formations are responsible for arranging theaters of military operations.

Agricultural construction

Appointments on farms and for large livestock and agricultural companies is a procedure that also has its own characteristics. Agricultural buildings are usually dispersed over a very large area, which, of course, cannot but cause difficulties with the organization of work. This is the main difference between this type of construction and the rest. In our time, agricultural facilities are being built in the same way as industrial and residential ones, mainly by contract. These can be, for example, poultry houses, livestock complexes, greenhouses, agricultural buildings, veterinary clinics, etc.

Classification by type of work performed

On this basis, construction is divided into:

New. In this case, the building or structure is being built from scratch.
Extension. This type of construction involves the construction of structures that complement an existing building.
Reconstruction. In this case, the existing facilities, dilapidated or partially destroyed for any reason, are restored to their original state.
Technical re-equipment (modernization). Renovation of existing facilities due to their obsolescence.

The list shows the main types of work. There are other, not so large-scale activities that are also included in the duties of firms specializing in the construction of buildings.

These include, for example, repairs and decoration. They differ from reconstruction and modernization primarily in that they do not change during their implementation. technical specifications the main structure of the object.

All these types of construction: reconstruction, repair (including), expansion, modernization, etc. - the work is mostly quite complex. They require the employees of the company to have certain skills and abilities.

General types of work in construction

The process of erection of buildings and structures, as well as their modernization and reconstruction may include:

Geodetic work on the study of the site for construction.
Preparatory work (demolition of old structures, construction of temporary access roads, engineering networks etc.).
Earthworks (drainage, compaction, trenching and excavation).
Well device.
Building foundations.
Works on the device of stone structures.
Installation of metal structures.
Assembly of wooden structures.
Roofing, etc.

All these in construction have their own characteristics and are performed by highly qualified specialists. When erecting any building or structure in without fail SNiP standards are observed, as well as safety regulations.

As you can see, in our time there are different types of construction: reconstruction, modernization, construction of buildings from scratch, etc. Each of them has its own characteristics. Some works are complex, others can be easily performed even by non-professionals. However, in any case, construction is an industry that plays a significant role in the national economy.

An industrial facility is an enterprise, site, workshop, unit and other production units that are used to carry out industrial activities. An industrial facility is the basis of any industrial infrastructure, therefore, when designing it, it is necessary to take into account all technological features. At all stages of design, attention must be paid to all the elements required to ensure optimal conditions for future technological processes. Developed project documentation must strictly correspond to the purpose of production.

Features of industrial design

Design of industrial facilities may be carried out in one or two stages. One-stage design is carried out for technically simple objects, the construction of which is planned to be carried out according to standard or reusable economical projects. Design in two stages involves the development technical project with a summary estimate and financial calculation, after its approval, working drawings are developed.

Industrial design is carried out by a team of different specialists. When designing industrial buildings and structures, existing norms and standards are used:

SNiP ( building codes and rules)
TP ( technical rules);
CH ( sanitary norms);
GOSTs.

An integral part of the design of industrial facilities is a thorough analysis of the future impact of an industrial facility on the environment.

Design stages

The main stages in the design of industrial buildings are:

Goal Planning. At this stage, a feasibility study or feasibility studies are developed, which should establish the economic and technical feasibility and economic necessity of building or reconstructing an enterprise. This step also includes: selection construction site, tap land plot, drawing up and approval of the design task.
Design and survey works s. This is the development phase design and estimate documentation based on the decisions made in the design task.
Sketch design. At this stage, the ideal design is carried out, then the configuration of the real solution by bringing the ideal sketch to the real conditions environment based on the peculiarities of logistics, etc.
Detailed design involves the addition and detailing of preliminary sketches to be implemented and the preparation of the project for implementation.
Development executive project - this is a design taking into account all the necessary measures for the successful implementation of the project.
The implementation of the project includes architectural supervision and control over the course of the project and the commissioning of the facility.

"Project Group YUG" - architectural design of industrial facilities

Industrial design is a very time-consuming and responsible process, the successful completion of which depends on the professionalism of the specialists working on the project and perfect coordination with the customer. An unprofessional design of an industrial facility cannot ensure the safe and reliable operation of future production. Our specialists have extensive experience in industrial design, so we can carry out a full range of design work at a high professional level, taking into account all technical standards, the intended purpose of the object and the wishes of the customer.