A series of multi-storey residential buildings. Series of residential buildings

Typical series of residential buildings

Typical series of residential buildings- types of houses of mass series, built in the cities of the USSR and in some countries of the Warsaw Pact, and which are the basis of the architectural appearance of many residential areas of these cities. According to the construction technology, serial houses are divided into panel, block and brick.

Story

Due to political, ideological and demographic reasons, the period of Khrushchev's "thaw" was the first in the history of the Soviet planned economy, when, along with the development of heavy industry, a significant increase in the production of consumer goods and everything, one way or another connected with the needs of people, and not the military-industrial complex and resource-consuming raw industries.

However, by the mid-1980s, only 85% of families had separate apartments: in 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev pushed back the terms by 15 years, putting forward the slogan “To every Soviet family - a separate apartment by the year 2000".

The prototype for the first "Khrushchev" were block buildings (Plattenbau), built in Berlin and Dresden since the 1920s. The construction of residential buildings "Khrushchev" lasted from 1959 to 1985. In 1956-1965, more than 13 thousand residential buildings were built in the USSR, and almost all of them were five-story buildings. This allowed the annual introduction of 110 million square meters housing. An appropriate production base and infrastructure was created: house-building plants, reinforced concrete factories, etc. The first house-building plants were created in 1959 in the Glavleningradstroy system, in 1962 they were organized in Moscow and other cities. In particular, during the period 1966-1970 in Leningrad, 942 thousand people received living space, with 809 thousand moved into new houses and 133 thousand received space in old houses. Since 1960, the construction of residential 9-storey buildings has been underway. panel houses, since 1963 - 12-story.

Technology

Prefabricated house components

Components of a panel house, which are large reinforced concrete slabs, which are manufactured in factories. In the factory, reinforced concrete products are manufactured according to existing GOSTs, therefore it is assumed that their quality should differ in positive side from products made directly on the construction site. But in reality, some factories do not follow the proper technology. The construction of a panel house resembles the assembly of a children's design kit. Ready-made parts of the structure are delivered to the construction site, which the builders only have to mount. As a result, labor productivity in such a building is very high. Square construction site much less than what is needed during construction brick house. Such long and laborious processes as installation of reinforcement or concreting, which are typical for monolithic housing construction, are completely excluded. It is precisely in this that experts see the main advantage of panel housing construction over other types of construction. The disadvantages of this type is the poor-quality assembly of the structure. A sore point are the interpanel seams, through which, if performed incorrectly, wind and water penetrate. Also, panel houses are characterized by poor sound insulation, unlike houses with wooden floors and some types of monolithic houses.

Seismic issues

Under the same conditions, panel and monolithic multi-apartment and multi-story houses in the seismic zone is preferable due to design features these houses, in which almost all the walls are "bearing", and the ceilings are rigidly connected to each other. In such houses, individual elements are less flexible than in frame houses, and they work as a single structure. Houses with reinforced concrete frame and brick walls must also withstand a seismic load, but in such houses there must be reinforced concrete transverse walls (stiffness diaphragms) to make the house stable, or reinforced concrete “stiffening cores”, the role of which is played by elevator shafts and stairs.

Typical series of houses

1940s

Since 1947, the USSR Academy of Architecture has been developing a prefabricated large-panel dwelling. Frame-panel and frameless houses are being built:

• 4-5-storey buildings (Moscow, Leningrad, Magnitogorsk)
• 8-storey with panels on two floors (Moscow)

1950s

The height of 5 floors was chosen because, according to the then norms, it was the highest number of floors at which it was allowed to build houses without an elevator (however, sometimes houses were built with 6 floors - with a store on the ground floor).

Stalinki:

• II-01
• II-02
• II-03
• II-04
• II-05
• II-08

In English

• en:Category:Urban studies and planning

Notes

1. although for many a room in communal apartments in the early years of Soviet power was an improvement living conditions, allowing them to move out of corners and cellars ;
2. Implementation of the Program for Housing Mortgage Lending for Employees of Russian Railways and Prospects for the Participation of NPF Blagosostoyanie in it. Abstracts of the speech by E. V. Sukhorukova, Executive director NPF "Welfare": As many know, in Soviet Russia, the authorities first thought about providing citizens with housing after the war. On August 23, 1955, a resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers was issued USSR"On measures for further industrialization, improving quality and reducing the cost of construction." Party directives prescribed: by September 1956, to develop standard projects that would dramatically reduce the cost of building housing and make it affordable for workers. The aim of the project was to

And resource-consuming raw industries.

The first in the USSR four-story frame- panel house built in 1948 in Moscow on the 5th st. Falcon Mountain (G. Kuznetsov, B. Smirnov). Currently, his address is Budyonny Avenue, 43. At that time, the country's leadership set the builders the task of creating the cheapest project of a residential building with the possibility of family settlement (that is, with separate, and not communal apartments). The first step in this task was the introduction of the idea of ​​industrial panel housing construction with a load-bearing frame. In 1948-1951, M. V. Posokhin, A. A. Mndoyants and V. P. Lagutenko built up a quarter in Moscow with 10-story frame-panel houses (Kuusinen, Zorge streets). In the same year, a project for a frameless panel house was developed (under construction since 1950 in Magnitogorsk). In 1954 in Moscow on the 6th st. Oktyabrsky field, a 7-storey frameless panel house was built (G. Kuznetsov, B. Smirnov, L. Wrangel, Z. Nesterova, N. A. Osterman). Khrushchevkas, which have been designed since the late 1940s, went into series after the historic decree of 1955 "On the Elimination of Excesses in Design and Construction" ("The outwardly ostentatious side of architecture, replete with great excesses", characteristic of the Stalinist era, now "does not correspond lines of the "Party" and "Government in the architectural and construction business. ... Soviet architecture should be characterized by simplicity, rigor of forms and cost-effectiveness of solutions").

Ideological and scientific rationale new course was reduced to the following points:

The turning point was the resolutions "On measures for further industrialization, improving the quality and reducing the cost of construction" of 1956 and "On the development of housing construction in the USSR" of 1957. The task of the party to the builders was to develop by the autumn of 1956 projects that would dramatically reduce the cost of housing construction and make it affordable for the working people. So the famous "Khrushchev" appeared. The goal of the project was that in 1980 every Soviet family would meet communism in a separate apartment.

However, by the mid-1980s, only 85% of families had separate apartments: in 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev pushed back the deadlines by 15 years, putting forward the slogan "Every Soviet family - a separate apartment by the year 2000."

The prototype for the first "Khrushchev" were block buildings (German. Plattenbau), built in Berlin and Dresden since the 1920s. The construction of residential buildings "Khrushchev" lasted from 1959 to 1985. In 1956-1965, more than 13 thousand [ ] residential buildings, and almost all of them are five-story buildings. This made it possible to commission 110 million square meters of housing annually. An appropriate production base and infrastructure was created: house-building factories, reinforced concrete factories, etc. The first house-building factories were created in 1959 in the Glavleningradstroy system, in 1962 they were organized in Moscow and other cities. In particular, during the period 1966-1970 in Leningrad, 942 thousand people received living space, with 809 thousand moved into new houses and 133 thousand received space in old houses. Since 1960, the construction of residential 9-storey panel houses has been underway, since 1963 - 12-storey houses.

Technology

Among the typical ones, large-panel residential buildings are most widely used.

Components of a panel house, which are large reinforced concrete slabs that are manufactured in factories. In the factory, reinforced concrete products are manufactured according to existing GOSTs, therefore it is assumed that their quality should differ in a positive direction from products manufactured directly at the construction site. Ready-made parts of the structure are delivered to the construction site, which the builders only have to mount. As a result, labor productivity in such a building is very high. The area of ​​the construction site is much smaller than that required for the construction of a brick house. The main advantage of panel housing construction over monolithic housing construction is the absence of large volumes of installation of reinforcement and concreting directly on the construction site.

List of residential building series

1940s

Since 1947, the USSR Academy of Architecture has been developing a prefabricated large-panel dwelling. Frame-panel and frameless houses are being built:

• 4-5-storey buildings (Moscow, Leningrad, Magnitogorsk)
• 8-storey with panels on two floors (Moscow)

1950s

A height of 5 floors was chosen because, according to the norms of that time, it was the highest number of floors at which it was allowed to build houses without an elevator (however, sometimes houses were built with 6 floors - with a store on the ground floor).

• II-01
• II-02
• II-03
• II-04
• II-05
• II-08
• mm 1-3. One of the not very well-known series of five-story residential buildings, built in 1956-1959. Cities of distribution - Moscow (north of the city), pos. Rublevo.
• 1-440. Developer: Workshop im. Vesnina, 1958 Cities of distribution - the USSR (All-Union series).
• 1-149. Developers: Gorstroyproekt (Moscow) and PO Box 53 (construction company servicing nuclear facilities). It is found in the centers of the nuclear industry (Sarov, Zheleznogorsk, Pervouralsk, etc.), as well as in the Novosibirsk Academgorodok (a quarter of the historical housing stock upper zone).

Series developed during the reign of Khrushchev are often called "Khrushchev". They differed in a number of disadvantages:

• small and often irrational sizes of kitchens and living rooms,
• narrow corridors and stairwells,
• low ceilings,
• passage rooms,
• shared bathrooms,
• poor sound insulation
• insufficient thermal insulation - coolness in winter and, conversely, heat in summer (especially on the upper floors),
• a number of shortcomings during construction, which residents often had to fix on their own.

1960s

• Complex series 135 - Complex series 135 includes projects of large-panel buildings for various purposes for construction in the city, as well as in countryside. Projects of one-, two-, three-, four-, five-, nine-, twelve-story houses and a different set of block sections for them have been developed, which allow building houses of various configurations and lengths, hostels of various capacities, dormitories of sanatoriums, rest houses, schools, kindergartens, nurseries, houses with built-in shops and other public facilities.
• 4570-73/75 Developed by the 1st Central Military Project of the Moscow Region. Typical 5-storey houses for building military garrisons.

1980s

In the early 1980s, a series of KOPEs (composite space-planning elements) developed under the guidance of architect A. G. Rochegov was proposed in Moscow, designed for building “buffer zones” between new buildings and protected areas of architectural monuments and areas of mass development, as well as for "revitalization" of the existing areas. The first houses of this series were erected in 1982 near Vorontsovsky Park. The project provided for the possibility of building houses up to 22 floors. At the same time, in many districts of Moscow and other cities of the USSR, standard panel houses continued to be built.

1990s

The territories of demolished 5-storey panel houses are built up with 17-25-storey residential buildings, mainly new series of panel houses. Also continuing to build panel houses of the 1988-1991 series, since 1995 they began to build brick panel houses with beige polygonal clapboard triangles [ ] .

2000s

• HMS-1
• I-1723 - External walls - from bricks, internal structure - from panels
• I-1724
• KOPE - Height of residential premises - 2.64 m. The series is a house of layout (catalog) space-planning elements (abbreviated as " KOPE"), representing a vertical block in the height of the house and part of the section in terms of. The combined "KOPE" form residential complexes of various architecture.
• Kope-m-sail - More than 60% of the facade area - glass
• MES-84
• P-3M - Height of residential premises - 2.64 m. Type - panel houses. Floors from 8 to 17.
• P-44T - modification of the P-44 series, the main project of the DSK-1
• P-44TM - in comparison with P-44T, the area of ​​​​apartments has been increased
• PB-02 - both panels and blocks are used in construction
• Series 75
• Series 87 (Ukraine)
• Series 83 (111-83) Series 83 houses were intended to replace series 1-468.
• Series 93m (111-93m) 1985 Developer: Murmanskgrazhdanproekt, 9-10 floors.
• Series 135 modified in 2012. Type - panel houses. Number of storeys - from 3 to 9. Cross-wall structural system with load-bearing transverse walls, with two internal and two external longitudinal load-bearing walls (maximum spacing of load-bearing walls - 6.3 m), internal longitudinal walls are located continuously along the entire length of the building. Working drawings of typical modified projects were developed using the block-element method. For areas with a seismicity of 8 points, standard designs 135-014s-9 m, 135-015s-9 m, 135-014s-9 m, etc. are used.
• Series 141 (121-141)
• Episode 182 "Mobile"
• Series 90LO and 90LO-m
• "Contact-SP"
• Series "Makarovskaya" or "Optima"

Series of monolithic houses

see also

• Khrushchev, Stalinka, Brezhnevka
• Barracks - In the USSR, barracks were one of the main types of workers' housing before the start of mass housing construction.
• redevelopment
• Residential complex "Pruit-Igoe" in St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
• Rooftop walks
• SWC ( youth residential complex)
• Orgnabor - In the 1980s, Orgnabor was combined with the call of youth to fill the regional capacities of house-building factories as part of programs to create SWC.
• Modular buildings - buildings assembled from one or more block modules with planning and finishing, are placed without a foundation (up to two floors), can be easily dismantled and transported to another place.

Notes

1. EIRC VAO district Novokosino
2. although for many people a room in communal apartments in the early years of Soviet power was an improvement in living conditions, allowing them to move out of corners and basements;

Buying a new home in high-rise building, people often wonder what series the structure has, whether it is subject to demolition, what features it has. It is unlikely that you will be able to answer such questions on your own, which is why we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the information in our article.

Here you'll find answers, facts, and many useful sections to give you the whole picture.

Emergency and liquidated houses

First of all, let's start the article with a section on houses that are about to be demolished, or buildings with a minimum limited lifespan:

• If you suddenly come across such series as: K-7, P-32 (35), 1-MG-300, I-35 and 1605-AM - be careful, these houses were built a long time ago. Even the repair of such buildings does not guarantee that the buildings will last for a long time.

Note!
The most "dangerous" series can be called the K-7 and P-32 series, in which the typical layout of apartments.

• It is worth paying attention to the year of construction, for example, houses built in 59-62 are designed for a short service life. In a good way, they should have been demolished (if you suddenly encounter this) back in the 90s. They have thin facade walls, which increase the loss of heat from the premises, and a feature of these houses is a combined bathroom and semi-passage rooms.

They are not subject to reconstruction, although many service companies “warm” good money on them by repairing cracks in the walls every year.

At the same time, there are series of brick houses that can be called "unbearable", these include 1-511 and 1-447. These houses have stronger and thicker walls, which increase the thermal insulation properties of the building; the layout of the apartments is also considered the most acceptable.

On the other hand, no one canceled repairs for intra-house communication. And if the owners of the apartments make it with their own hands in your house, then this can significantly reduce the service life of building materials.

Series of 5-9 storey buildings

In this section, we will consider a series of brick houses that have been registered, operated and continue to be built:

• Series 86 brick residential buildings include not only a 9-story structure, but can also be a 5-story building. More detailed characteristics, the height of the living quarters is 250 cm, the apartments are 1,2,3 and 4-room (depending on the number of floors).
  They began to build this series in the 1980s, they use it to the present. You can meet more often on the outskirts of large cities, or in the central part of sparsely populated areas.

• Series II-01(5-storey houses) refers to the "stalinkas" of late development. Such structures were built only of brick, the height of the living quarters is about 300 cm. Most of the apartments have a balcony. The construction of houses was carried out from 52 to 59, they are rare, since they were replaced by "Khrushchev". (see also article)
• Built in 52-58, 7 and 8-story houses made of brick blocks, lined with red tiles, belong to the II-02 series. Such buildings are architectural monuments, the price of an apartment in houses of this kind is comparable to modern housing in the city center.
• Series of houses II-08 is the last one, which was developed according to "Stalinist" standards. Such brick houses were built from 57 to 62, in the city of Moscow. The apartments are quite spacious, the ceilings are high, and many residents of the house also have balconies.

• And here are the 5-storey houses of the II-14 series very common in the capital and neighboring cities of the Moscow region. Such structures are called the transitional option from the "late Stalin" to the "Khrushchev".
• Tall (at that time) houses of the SM-3 and SM-6 series, also built of brick. The number of floors floated from 8 to 10, although 9-storey buildings are more common. Moscow was massively built up with such houses in the 50s and 60s.

Variant of the 80th series

Separately, we can say about the 80 series, which includes three modifications (all brick houses):

• Series 164-80-1 It was erected as a 5-storey building, the height of the living quarters reaches 250 cm. The type of housing is room-by-room accommodation, with a shared bathroom and kitchen. The houses were built in the 70s and 80s. (see also article)
• Similar plan series 164-80-3, only floors in the building 9. Most often found as a communal apartment, with room-by-room accommodation, up to 408 places, although in modern times the rooms are connected and sold as combined residential areas. Year of construction 1970-1980.
• And here is the series 164-80-4, which was also built as a 9-storey building, is a hostel for 537 or 1074 places. But, as in the case of the 3-series, the rooms are combined and sold as 2-room apartments.

More modern series

In this section, we describe several typical houses, which began to be built in the last century, but continue to be built to the present (or have recently been “closed”):

• Series 124 represents brick house, which can be either 9-story or 12 or even 14-story. The number of rooms in apartments varies depending on the location: 1 and 2-room apartments are more common, but there are also 3-room ones. Such houses gained the widest popularity in the Moscow region.

• There is another series, which is also known in Moscow and the Moscow region - 114-85(most often there are houses of 9 and 12 floors, but sometimes 6 floors). The living quarters are quite cramped, the ceiling height is 248 cm. The number of rooms depends on the type of house, often there are 2 and 3-room apartments.

Note!
For all the houses built at that time, mainly local building materials were used, manufactured at nearby factories.

• Series E-93 brick houses, offers people to buy housing in buildings built between 1970 and 2000. There are several modifications: 9, 12 and 14-storey buildings, with 1,2,3 and 4-room apartments. The height of residential premises is 260 cm. Most often, such houses can be found in cities near Moscow.
• Series II-66 represented by 9-story brick houses that were built in Moscow and nearby cities. Such buildings were erected from 1973 to 1985, only local building materials were used as raw materials. The number of rooms in the apartment depends on its location, there are 1,2,3 and 4-room apartments.
• Another series of the 70s - MK-9(derived from the MK-5 series - brick 5-story houses). It was popular in Minsk, in the city you can find many similar houses in which there are small but cozy apartments.

Houses of two capitals

In this section, we will describe four series that can be found both in Moscow and St. Petersburg:

• Series 1-528KP-41 - brick house, 9 floors high. Living quarters cannot be called spacious, from floor to ceiling only 248 cm. Rooms in apartments from 1 to 3, 2-room apartments are more common. The disadvantage is the small 6 m2 of the kitchen, in which it is difficult to place anything.

• But the same series, only more modern (used until 1980) - 1-528KP-40, is a more comfortable place to stay. The ceiling height is about 270 cm, the rooms are spacious, the kitchens are increased to 9 m2.
• A series of brick houses 1-528KP-82 is practically never found in Moscow, except perhaps in the Moscow region, but in St. Petersburg and the region it is common. The houses are no longer 9, but 16-storey, with spacious apartments, where the ceiling height is 270 cm. Such houses were built from the beginning of the 70s to the middle of the 80s.
• More attractive is the 1-528KP-80 series (a brick 14-storey building), which was in use until 1985. Such houses are interesting with spacious balconies, which are available in almost every apartment, as well as special rooms for concierges. One of the first video cameras residential buildings appeared in this series, significantly increasing the cost of the apartment and giving them status.

What to do if the house series is unknown

It also happens when people do not know which series their house belongs to, but this can (when selling or buying an apartment) bring unnecessary trouble. It's easiest to look into technical certificate, it can be taken in management company, everything is described in detail there.

There is also an instruction on when the repairs were made, what communications and much more. But you can also “break your head”, determine several parameters and compare them with known data.

For this you need:

• Check the year of construction.
• Specify the material that was used as the basis.
• The region in which the house is built.
• Floors of the house.
• The number of rooms in the apartment.

Then look on the Internet, find a special directory in which the received data fits, and enter your information. After that, you will be given several options with photos in which you can easily find your home.

Another way to find out a brick house series is to simply compare appearance from the options available on the internet. The probability of coincidence is small, since many houses look almost the same, but their series are different, so it’s better to contact the house management service.

Conclusion

The series of the house is important only in those cases when it is necessary to sell or buy an apartment, make repairs and check the building for accidents. It cannot be said that we have listed all the existing series of brick buildings, but most of the exploited houses of the Soviet era have been described.

In every city on the territory of Russia, new houses of various kinds are built annually. On the secondary market apartments in high-rise buildings of various modifications are also offered.

In the article we will consider a series of panel houses that were built in different time periods and are in operation to this day. We will also pay attention to modern housing being built today.

Popularly known "Khrushchev" - multi-apartment residential buildings, built under Khrushchev, were erected from 1956 to 1985. Unfortunately, some of the buildings of that period, belonging to types K-7, 1605/5, II32, II35, 1-335, are being prepared for demolition. The remaining options, of that time, are approved for operation.

"Brezhnevka"(residential buildings, developed by order of Brezhnev) replaced the "Khrushchev".

They differ:

• the presence of an elevator and a garbage chute,
• improved sound and heat insulation,
• convenient layout.

"Brezhnevka" is taken as a basis for the development of modern versions of multi-storey buildings.

Modern modifications

A mass-produced type of houses, which has become widespread in Moscow. The construction began in 1982 and continues to this day, but in new, improved versions.

KOPE - Layout Space-Planning Elements. They allow you to collect housing of various layouts, but in reality, typical buildings are more often used.

Main advantages:

• Panels of 3 layers with improved thermal insulation;
• Each building is equipped with elevators from 3 pieces;
• Batteries for heating with temperature controllers;
• Electrical wiring from copper wire;
• The presence of an automatic chimney.

Disadvantages:

• Insufficient sound insulation;
• There is no possibility for redevelopment.

KOPE options: KOPE80, KOPE85, KOPE87, KOPE2000, KOPE-Tower and Parus.

Specifications:

• internal walls with a bearing function and a step of 3 or 6 meters;
• hinged outer panels with reduced thermal conductivity;
• ceilings - 2.64m.;
• garbage chute at each site;
• at the entrances 1 passenger and 1 passenger-and-freight elevators;
• remote balconies or loggias for each apartment;
• neighboring apartments are combined into blocks.

In these modifications, KOPE-Tower and Parus stand out.

"KOPE-Tower" It is being built only in a tower version with one entrance.

Specifications:

• Number of floors - 25;
• The height of the living space is 264 cm;
• Layout - 1,2,3,4-room, modern;
• Manufacturer - DSK-2.

The KOPE-Tower has been under construction since 2007 to the present day.

The next option is KOPE-M-Parus built since 2003. It was developed on the basis of KOPE, but with significant modifications.

Modern and rationally thought-out apartments on one site, if necessary, are combined into blocks.

The combination of two types of loggias - round and square, as well as additional options for decorating the facades with the help of tiles give the building lightness.

Characteristics of KOPE-M-Sail:

• Manufacturer - DSK-2;
• Layout - 1,2,3,4-room, improved.
• Ceilings - 280cm;
• Concierge room;
• Elevators - two passenger, one cargo;
• Number of floors -22 - 25;
• The first floor is reserved for shops and service organizations.

The best modifications: P-44, P-3, P-55, I-155, KOPE

In the cities of Russia, most of the residential apartment buildings erected according to standard projects. Therefore, when there is a desire to buy, the best and most comfortable option for life is chosen.

By "better" they often mean: a spacious kitchen, a corridor and rooms; isolated rooms, rational use of space, etc.

From the variety of modifications, options stand out with clear advantages over others. These include the "brezhnevka" of the later series and KOPE (including KOPE-Sail and KOPE-Tower), which were described above.

The general benefits are:

• rational layout with isolated rooms;
• passenger and cargo-passenger elevators;
• high ceilings from 2.64 m.

The remaining characteristics are different, so for the P-44 (including P44T, P44K, P44T \ 25, TM25):

• kitchens from 7 to 13 sq.m.;
• isolated rooms;
• loggia or balcony;
• heating with regulation;
• copper wiring.

P-3 (including P3M, P3MK, P3M7-23) - kitchens from 8.4 to 10.2 sq.m. , large balconies.

P-55 (including P55M, PP70, PP83) - large bathroom, kitchen from 8 to 9 sq.m.

• kitchen from 9 to 13 sq.m.;
• double-glazed windows made of wood;
• Temperature regulator;
• smoke exhaust systems;
• fire fighting system
• built-in wardrobes.

New housing requirements

On May 21, 2015, new requirements for architectural solutions apartment buildings. They set new standards for built housing that meets the requirements of quality, comfort and safety.

The new requirements include:

• number of storeys from 6 to 17, including when building within the boundaries of one block;
• flexible layout, including various modifications of housing on one site;
• variability of facade finishing, including plastic, tiles and glazing;
• special designs (for example, for the installation of air conditioners, with laid wiring and other communications);
• variability of planning sections in the corner of the building;
• the first floors are allocated for the placement of shops and service organizations, taking into account the organization of access for the disabled and people with disabilities.

Improved layout options

Model houses made of panels were most widely used in the USSR and some countries of the Warsaw Pact.

Starting from the 70s, the series began to be modified and their improved versions were built that meet the 1985 SNiP.

General features of improved buildings:

• number of floors - 9;
• bathroom - separate;
• ceiling - 2.5 m;
• add. constructions - built-in wardrobe, loggia, mezzanine.

Improved type M-464 (from 1976 to 1983):

• number of apartments on the site - 8;
• elevators - passenger and freight;
• kitchen - 8.9 sq.m.;
• add. structures - pantry, electric stove, mezzanine, garbage chute.

Improved type M-464 (from 1998 to 2006):

• number of apartments on the site - 4;
• elevators - passenger;
• kitchen - 8.9 sq.m.;
• add. structures - pantry, mezzanine, garbage chute.

Improved type M-335-BK (from 1977 to 1985):

• number of apartments on the site - 4 or 6;
• elevators - passenger;
• kitchen - 8.3 sq.m.

How to recognize the panel house series

The first way to find out the series of a residential building is to go to a special service on the Internet, enter the address there and the site will give the result (for example - http://tipdoma.com/). However, the veracity of information from sites does not reach 100%.

The next option is to determine from the pictures on the Internet, but it is difficult for a non-specialist to distinguish modifications of one type of residential building from each other.

The correct way to determine is to contact the following organizations with a request:

• territorial Bureau of Technical Inventory;
• the prefecture of their district, where data is stored for all buildings in operation;
• DEZ or HOA.

Most housing in apartment buildings Moscow and the Moscow region - these are apartments in serial (standard) houses. A series of houses is a group of residential buildings with identical apartment layouts, engineering structures and building materials used. Layouts in such houses are called typical. You can combine different series of houses according to the material of the walls or on a temporary basis.

By used building materials three main types can be distinguished:

• brick houses- typical series, the outer walls of which are built of brick.
• Panel houses- standard series built from prefabricated reinforced concrete panels.
• block houses- typical series, the external walls of which are built of concrete blocks.

Four main periods of construction can be distinguished on the basis of time:

• Stalin series - typical series of houses designed in the 1950s. The houses are mostly brick or block. Distinctive features - high ceilings, spacious rooms, large corridors and kitchens.
• Khrushchev series - typical series of houses designed in the period from 1956 to 1964. The houses are mostly panel, sometimes brick. Distinctive features are small kitchens, lack of elevators, shared bathrooms, poor heat and sound insulation.
• The Brezhnev series are typical series of houses designed in the USSR from 1965 to the end of the 1980s. There are both brick and panel and block projects. The number of floors gradually increased first to 9, and then to 17 floors. Later projects are distinguished by a wide variety of designs and successful standard layouts. The most successful Brezhnev series were modified and are being built today.
• Modern series - typical series of houses designed since the early 1990s. They differ from the previous ones in an attempt to add individual features to typical houses, houses of variable number of storeys appear, combined houses, apartment layouts are becoming more spacious, the quality of the exterior and interior decoration of buildings is growing.

The site contains most standard series houses built since the 1950s. Those. 90% of all options standard apartments and houses presented on the market of Moscow and the Moscow region.