Scientific substantiation of the necessity and possibility of the economy of planned development. S.G

Strumilin (Strumillo-Petrashkevich) Stanislav Gustavovich (01/17/1877, Dashkovtsy village, Podolsk province - 01/25/1974, Moscow). Soviet economist and statistician. Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1931). Laureate of the State Prize (1942), Lenin Prize (1958). Cavalier of four Orders of Lenin (1945, 1953, 1957, 1967), Order of the October Revolution (1971), Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1936). Hero of Socialist Labor (1967).

Since 1897, a member of the revolutionary movement. Social Democrat, Menshevik. Delegate of the 4th (Stockholm) (1906) and 5th (London) (1907) congresses of the RSDLP. After 1917, he retired from political activity.

He graduated from the commercial department of the Petrograd Polytechnic Institute (1914).

He was the head of the statistics department of the Special Conference on Fuel (Petrograd, 1916), the head of the statistics department of the Petrograd Regional Commissariat of Labor (1918-1919), the head of the statistics department of the People's Commissariat of Labor and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (1919-1923). In 1921-1937. and in 1943-1951. worked in the State Planning Committee of the USSR (deputy chairman, member of the Presidium, deputy head of the TsUNKhU, member of the Council of Scientific and Technical Expertise, etc.).

At the same time, he conducted scientific and pedagogical work at Moscow State University (1921-1923), the Institute of National Economy. G.V. Plekhanov (1929-1930), Moscow State Economic Institute (1931-1950).

Main directions scientific activity S.G. Strumilina - statistics, development of planning methods, research of problems of labor economics, labor resources, education, science. He owns one of the methods for constructing the labor productivity index - the so-called Strumilin Index. Under the leadership of Strumilin, a system of material balances was developed for the first time.

S.G. Strumilin is a constant participant in discussions about the long-term plan held in the USSR State Planning Committee, the Communist Academy and the USSR Supreme Economic Council, the central issues of which were questions about the nature and content of the plan, its goals and objectives. Strumilin, in particular, substantiated the assertion that plans inevitably contain, on the one hand, elements of foresight, and on the other hand, elements of designing tasks or directives. Convincing that the plan is the unity of these two principles, he compared planned construction (“social engineering”) with building art.

Planned work is a real science, called upon to scrupulously study the objective real situation, the multitude of forces and influences, the laws of their interaction, and that "art" of foresight, the level of which is largely determined by the subjective factor. The nature of the plan, according to Strumilin, always depends on the social position of the one who made it, on his class aspirations. The plan is, first of all, a system of imperative instructions, which varies depending on the class attachments of the "architects".

S.G. Strumilin pessimistically assessed the chances of the capitalist economy, believing that the absence of a single plan, the very fundamental impossibility of its implementation deprive this economy of dynamism, dooming it to unconditional defeat in the confrontation with the socialist economic system. According to Strumilin, among the economic prerequisites for establishing a "completed planned economy", "completed socialism" is the complete elimination of the influence of the "market elements" on our economy. In this connection, the further preservation of the "individual farms of the petty individualistic bourgeoisie" is also impossible. The plan is an "innate" advantage of socialism, but at the same time, Strumilin emphasized that we do not have any ready-made recipes for developing plans. This matter is “extremely complicated,” Strumilin emphasized: “Such a ready-made planned science that we could borrow from somewhere from some department of one of our universities or even, perhaps, from world practice,” there is no such science yet. He admitted that "we have to create, in essence, completely new methods, new areas of knowledge, and we learn, as they say, from our own mistakes."

Exploring the commodity-money aspects of the development of the capitalist and socialist economic systems, Strumilin pointed out that with the transition to socialism, only the exchange form of value dies out, while the "logical concept" of value not only remains, but even increases its significance in economic life. However, the distribution of consumer goods was to be carried out on the basis of freedom of choice, and in the regulation of this process it was proposed to use "labor rates", which, according to Strumilin's own admission, are "like two drops of water", similar to prices.

S.G. Strumilin for the first time gave a forecast of the size and age-sex composition of the population of Russia. He carried out the first demographic and sociological survey of the time budget of workers and peasants (1922-1923), made calculations and gave economic evaluation Russia's demographic losses in the First World War and the Civil War, associated with a decrease in the birth rate and a reduction in the number of able-bodied population.

Investigating the problems of the economic efficiency of education, Strumilin formulated the law of decreasing productivity of the process of public education, according to which, with an increase in the number of stages of education, its economic profitability for the state decreases, and the qualifications of workers increase more slowly than the number of years spent on their education. Investigating the relationship between the degree of qualification of workers and the timing of their training as specialists, Strumilin approached the definition of the optimal period of study and the amount of expenditure on the education of each student, taking into account the growth of the national income of the state. In his opinion, the introduction of universal primary education gave a socio-economic effect in the Soviet Union, almost twice the funds allocated for its organization; the profitability of primary education for manual laborers was 28 times higher than the cost of education, and the capital costs for it, according to Strumilin's calculations, will pay off in 1.5 years.

Strumilin's conclusions about the high profitability of education in universities for predominantly poor immigrants from workers and peasants confirmed the payback of free higher education and the maintenance of students at public expense, and also made it possible to justify the mandatory 3-year work of university graduates by distribution, establishing them wages below the skilled worker level.

In 1942-1946. S.G. Strumilin - Deputy Chairman of the Council of Branches and Bases of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1948-1952. - Head of the sector of the history of the national economy of the Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1948-1974. - at the Academy of Social Sciences under the Central Committee of the CPSU.

In 1961, Strumilin published an article “In space and at home (On the question of the limits of the growth of the Earth's population). Economist's Notes", in which he expressed his views on the demographic future, believing that over time, when humanity approaches the natural limit of its longevity and moves to simple reproduction population, the attention of society will be directed to the growth of the quality of the population.

S.G. Strumilin is a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Romanian Academy of Sciences, an honorary doctor of science from the University of Warsaw and the Jagiellonian University in Krakow (Poland, 1966), an honorary member of the Demographic Society under the Academy of Sciences of Czechoslovakia, the Academy of Economic Sciences (Romania, 1971).

Hero of Socialist Labor (1967). He was awarded the Orders of Lenin (1945, 1953, 1957, 1967), the Order of the October Revolution (1971), the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1936). Laureate of the Stalin (State) Prize of the 1st degree for the collective work “On the Development of the National Economy of the Urals in War Conditions” (1942); Lenin Prize (1958; for the book "The History of Ferrous Metallurgy in the USSR").

Stanislav Gustavovich Strumilin

Strumilin (Strumillo-Petrashkevich), Stanislav Gustavovich (p. 17(29).I.1877) - Soviet economist. Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1931). Hero of Socialist Labor (1967). Graduated from the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute (1912). Since 1897, he actively participated in the revolutionary movement, a member of the RSDLP in 1899-1906. He was arrested three times (1901, 1903 and 1905), fled from exile (1902 and 1905). Delegate of the IV (Stockholm) and V (London) Congresses of the RSDLP. In 1906-1920 Menshevik, member of the Communist Party since 1923. In the 1900s, he began to act as a publicist (brochures "Wealth and Labor", "A Word to the Peasant Poor", etc.). In 1910-1917 he worked in the field of statistics. After the October Revolution of 1917, he was involved in organizing accounting and planning in the country. He headed the statistical departments of the Petrograd Regional Commissariat of Labor (1918-1919) and the People's Commissariat of Labor and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (1919-1923). In 1921-1937, he worked in senior positions in the State Planning Committee of the USSR (deputy chairman, deputy head of the Central Planning Bureau, deputy head of the Central Administration of National Economic Accounting, etc.). In 1943-1951, Strumilin was a member of the Council of Scientific and Technical Expertise of the State Planning Committee of the USSR. Along with extensive practical activities, Strumilin conducted intensive scientific and pedagogical work (at Moscow State University, the GV Plekhanov Institute of National Economy, the Moscow State Economic Institute, etc.). In 1931-1957 he was a member of the Council for the Study of Productive Forces. In 1942-1946 - Deputy Chairman of the Council of Branches and Bases of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1948-1952 - head of the sector of the history of the national economy of the Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Strumilin published over 200 books and articles. Strumilin's scientific works are devoted to national economic planning, labor economics, statistics and economic history. Strumilin is one of the founders of the historical and economic trend in Soviet historiography. Author of major historical and economic studies: "The problem of industrial capital in the USSR" (M.-L., 1925), "Tsar's Manufactory of the 17th century." (in the book: Peasant manufactory in Russia, part 3, L., 1932), "Industrial crises in Russia. 1847-1867" ("Economic problems", 1939, No 5), "Industrial crises in Russia. 1873- 1907" ("Problems of Economics", 1940, No 2), " industrial revolution in Russia" (M., 1944), "The economic nature of the first Russian manufactories" ("VI", 1948, No 6), "On the history of agricultural labor in Russia" ("Questions of Economics", 1949, No 2), "History ferrous metallurgy in the USSR "(M., 1954), "Essays on the economic history of Russia and the USSR" (M., 1966). Strumilin was awarded the Lenin and State Prizes of the USSR. In 1957, Strumilin's memoirs "From the experience. 1897-1917", in 1963-1965 - "Selected Works" in 5 volumes.

Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 13. SLAVIC STUDIES - XIA CHEN. 1971.

WITH Trumilin Stanislav Gustavovich - scientist economist and statistician, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

Born on January 17 (29), 1877 in the village of Dashkovtsy, Podolsk province, now the Litinsky district of the Vinnitsa region of Ukraine, in the family of an impoverished nobleman (real name - Strumillo-Petrashkevich). In 1896 he graduated from a real school.

In 1897, he participated in a political demonstration of students in St. Petersburg, actively participated in the revolutionary workers' movement. In 1898 he joined the RSDLP, conducted underground revolutionary work. In 1901 he was arrested and exiled. A year later, he fled from exile, returned to St. Petersburg to work illegally, was again arrested and exiled to the Olonets province. In 1908 he fled from exile to the border. He was a delegate to the IV (Stockholm, 1906) and V (London, 1907) Party Congresses. Subsequently, he joined the Mensheviks.

In 1908 he entered the economic department of the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute. In 1910 he was expelled from the institute in connection with student unrest. In 1905-1914 he wrote a number of scientific and popular pamphlets for workers. He worked as a statistician in the Ministry of Agriculture. In 1912 he was reinstated at the institute, in the commercial department, and graduated from it in 1914 (at the age of 37) with the title of candidate of economic sciences. Until the autumn of 1916 he served in the Russian Imperial Army.

After 1917, he retired from political activity, since 1923 - a member of the RCP (b) / VKP (b) / CPSU.

In 1916, he was the head of the statistics department of the Special Conference on Fuel then. In 1917 he was elected a member of the Petrograd Duma, then the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. In 1918-1919 he worked as head of the statistics department of the Petrograd Regional Commissariat of Labor, head of the statistics department of the People's Commissariat of Labor and the All-Union Central Trade Union (1919-1923).

In 1921, on the personal recommendation of V. I. Lenin, he was sent to the State Planning Committee of the USSR, where he worked in 1921-1937 and in 1943-1951. At various times he was deputy chairman of the State Planning Commission, a member of the Presidium, deputy head of the Central Administration of National Economic Accounting (TsUNKhU), a member of the Council of Scientific and Technical Expertise, etc. In 1931 he was elected a full member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

In 1937-1938, he was accused in the party press of following the opportunist theories of the Soviet economy. Under the influence of bullying, he ended up in the hospital. Despite the severity of political accusations, Academician Strumilin escaped repression.

During the Great Patriotic War, he was Deputy Chairman of the Council of Branches and Bases of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

At the same time, he conducted scientific and pedagogical work in the Moscow state university(1921–1923), Institute of the National Economy. G.V. Plekhanov (1929–1930), Moscow State Economic Institute (1931–1950).

In 1948-1952, he headed a sector at the Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He was a lecturer at the Academy of Social Sciences under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks - CPSU, deputy chairman of the Council for the Study of Productive Forces under the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1960 - Member of the State Scientific and Economic Council under the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

The main directions of scientific activity of S.G. Strumilin - statistics, development of planning methods, research of problems of labor economics, labor resources, education, science. He owns one of the methods for constructing the labor productivity index - the so-called Strumilin Index. Under the leadership of Strumilin, the world's first system of material balances was developed for the first time. Author of over 700 articles and monographs on economics, statistics, economic management, planning, demographic forecasting, political economy, economic history, scientific communism, sociology, philosophy.

At Order of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of January 28, 1967 for outstanding services in the development of economic science and in connection with the ninetieth anniversary of his birth Strumilin Stanislav Gustavovich He was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the award of the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal.

Laureate of the Lenin Prize (1958; for the scientific work "History of Ferrous Metallurgy of the USSR"), the Stalin Prize (1942; for participation in the work "On the Development of the National Economy of the Urals in War Conditions"). Foreign member of the Polish Academy of Sciences (1967) and the Romanian Academy of Sciences, honorary doctor of the Warsaw, Jagiellonian (Krakow, Poland, 1966) universities, honorary member of the Demographic Society at the Academy of Sciences of Czechoslovakia.

He lived in the hero city of Moscow, died on January 25, 1974. He was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy Cemetery.

Awarded four Orders of Lenin (06/10/1945, 09/19/1953, 02/04/1957, 01/28/1967), Orders of the October Revolution (05/24/1971), Red Banner of Labor (02/21/1936), medals, including "For Labor Valor" (03/15/1960).

Hero of Socialist Labor (1967). Winner of the Lenin (1958) and Stalin (1942) prizes. One of the authors of plans for the industrialization of the USSR.

Biography

He began his scientific and journalistic activity in 1897. Since 1897, he actively participated in the left revolutionary movement, was prosecuted for illegal activities, twice fled from exile. Delegate of the 4th (Stockholm) (1906) and 5th (London) (1907) congresses of the RSDLP. Subsequently, he joined the Mensheviks. Bolshevik since 1923.

He graduated from the commercial department of the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute (1914).

• head of the statistics department of the Special Conference on Fuel (Petrograd, 1916);
• head of the statistics department of the Petrograd Regional Commissariat of Labor (1918-1919);
• head of the department of statistics of the People's Commissariat of Labor and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (1919-1923);
• Deputy Chairman, Member of the Presidium, Deputy Head of the Central Administration of National Economic Accounting (TsUNKhU) of the State Planning Committee of the USSR,
• member of the Council of Scientific and Technical Expertise of the State Planning Committee of the USSR (1921-1937, 1943-1951).

Head of the sector of the history of the national economy of the Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1947-1952).

Known for his saying "It's better to stand behind high rates than to sit low".

Professor at the Department of Applied Economics, Department of Theory and Technology of Statistics and economic statistics Moscow State University (1921-1923). Conducted teaching work at the Institute of National Economy. G. V. Plekhanov (1929-1930), Moscow State Economic Institute (1931-1950). Conducted scientific and pedagogical work at the Academy of Social Sciences under the Central Committee of the CPSU (1948-1974).

Awards and titles

• Hero of Socialist Labor (1967).
• He was awarded the Orders of Lenin (1945, 1953, 1957, 1967), the October Revolution (1971), the Red Banner of Labor (1936) and medals.
• Laureate of the Stalin Prize of the first degree - for the collective work "On the development of the national economy of the Urals in the conditions of war" (1942).
• Laureate of the Lenin Prize (1958; for the book "The History of Ferrous Metallurgy in the USSR").
• Foreign member of the Polish Academy of Sciences (1967), Romanian Academy of Sciences.
• Honorary Doctor of Science from the Jagiellonian University in Krakow (Poland, 1966), the Academy of Economic Sciences (Romania, 1971), Warsaw University.
• Honorary Member of the Demographic Society at the Academy of Sciences of Czechoslovakia.

Scientific views

Author of more than 700 works in the field of economics, statistics, economic management, planning, demographic forecasting, political economy of socialism, economic history, scientific communism, sociology, philosophy.

Under his leadership, the world's first system of material balances was developed.

Investigating the problems of the economic efficiency of education, he formulated the law of decreasing productivity of school education, according to which, with an increase in the number of levels of education, its economic profitability for the state decreases, and the qualifications of workers increase more slowly than the number of years spent on its education.

Investigated the relationship between the degree of qualification of workers and the terms of their training. He established methods for determining the optimal period of schooling and the amount of expenditure on the education of each worker, taking into account the growth of the national income of the state - the introduction of universal primary education in the USSR gave an economic effect 43 times greater than the cost of organizing it; the profitability of primary education for manual laborers was 28 times higher than the cost of education, and the capital costs for it paid off in 1.5 years.

Strumilin's conclusions about the high profitability of education in universities for predominantly poor immigrants from workers and peasants confirmed the payback of free higher education and the maintenance of students at public expense, and also made it possible to justify the mandatory 3-year work of university graduates by distribution, setting their wages at a level not lower than skilled workers.

Proceedings

• Wealth and Labor (1905).
• Industrialization of the USSR. Epigones of Populism (1927).
• Selected Works (vols. 1-8, 1963-1968).
• Social progress in the USSR for 50 years (Questions of Economics. 1969, No. 11).
• Problems of socialism and communism in the USSR. M., 1961.