Typical series to 7. Will the brick five-story buildings and panel Khrushchevs be demolished?

The era of mass construction of standard housing began under the first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee Nikita Khrushchev. In Moscow, Khrushchev-style houses were built until 1972, and in the Moscow region and in many regions of the country - until the mid-1980s. The people began to call these houses "Khrushchevs". At first, they were built from bricks, and after the 1960s, to speed up and significantly reduce the cost of the process, from reinforced concrete panels.

Distinctive features"Khrushchev" - low ceilings, small kitchens, combined or separate bathroom, poor sound insulation interior walls, lack of elevators, chutes and attics. V brick series under the window in the kitchen, a niche was made with a wall half a brick thick, which could serve as a refrigerator in winter.

"Khrushchevs" of the demolished series were designed for 25 years. They were intended to temporarily solve the housing problem, but some of them are still used for their intended purpose. "Khrushchevs" of unbearable series had a design life of 50 years, but with timely major overhauls their service life can be extended up to 150 years.

The demolished include panel houses series K-7, II-32, II-35, 1605-AM, 1MG-300. In Moscow, they are being dismantled in accordance with the city program for the comprehensive reconstruction of five-storey building areas of the first period of industrial housing construction. The program included 1,722 five-story buildings, subject to demolition in accordance with the decree of the Moscow government dated July 6, 1999, No. 608.

What series of houses are being demolished in Moscow today?

• 1605-AM
• 1MG-300 (MG-300)
• II-32
• II-35
• TO-7

1605-AM

Most of the houses of the 1605-AM / 5 (1-605A) series were built in the Moscow districts of Fili, Davydkovo, Kuntsevo, Ochakovo, Solntsevo, Belyaevo, Zyuzino, Perovo, Zelenograd (microdistrict 3, 6, 8). Small volumes of such houses were built in a number of other residential areas, and in the center of Moscow there is a house of the 1605-A series in the Khamovniki district. Outside the capital, such houses were erected in some cities of the Moscow region (Balashikha, Odintsovo, Dolgoprudny, Mytishchi, Pushkino, etc.) in single quantities.

1MG-300 (MG-300)

Houses of the 1MG-300 (MG-300) series were built in the areas of Cheryomushki, Medvedkovo, Khovrino, Koptevo-Mikhalkovo-Likhobory, Beskudnikovo. No such houses were built inside the Garden Ring, and there are no such houses outside of Moscow. The 1MG-300 series was introduced to replace the structurally less durable K-7 and II-32 series. Sometimes this series of houses is mistakenly called 1MG-510.

II-32

Most of the houses of the II-32 series were built in the Moscow districts of Cheryomushki, Izmailovo, Zyuzino, Prospekt Vernadsky, Khovrino. Houses of the II-32 series were not built inside the Garden Ring. Outside the city, houses of this series were erected in some cities of the Moscow region in single quantities. The original name of the series: VK-32 (from the term "vibrobrick" (panels). The reason for the termination of construction is the rejection of vibrobrick panels due to their weak design characteristics.

II-35

The first house of series II-35 was built on 2nd Novoostankinskaya street. Also, construction was carried out in the areas of Kuzminki and Kuntsevo. No such houses were built inside the Garden Ring and outside Moscow. The II-35 series was experimental, it was on its example that practical methods of calculating the thermal protection of external panels were worked out not only on flat areas, but also at the junctions. As a result, it was decided to abandon the shell structure of vertical walls, this constructive scheme later began to be used only for floors

TO-7

Houses of the K-7 series can be seen in many frames of the films "We'll Live Till Monday", "Operation Y" and other adventures of Shurik "(short story" Partner "). Most of the houses of the K-7 series were built in the Moscow districts of Khoroshevo-Mnevniki, Beskudnikovo, Prospekt Vernadsky, Medvedkovo. The series was also massively built in the districts of Severnoye Tushino, Khovrino, Zelenograd (microdistrict 1, 2, 3, 8), Degunino, Butyrsky Khutor, Sviblovo, Izmailovo, Kuzminki, Cheryomushki, st. Novatorov, st. 1905 and others. No such houses were built inside the Garden Ring.

Based on materials from sites russianrealty.ru,
advancerealty.ru

The first project of mass development of the Soviet period was the housing of the K-7 series. These "Khrushchevs" were the first milestone on the path of transition to the construction of typical industrial buildings. Houses according to the K-7 project could be built quickly and at a minimal cost, which made it possible to provide millions of people with separate housing.

These houses were erected in three shifts, the construction proceeded literally non-stop. Such an innovative approach to construction for that time made it possible to completely assemble a 4-section "five-story building" in just 12 working days. After that, it only remained to execute Finishing work in a buiding. To ensure uninterrupted supplies of construction and related materials (mortars, electrical, plumbing equipment, roofing, joinery materials, electrodes and nails) to K-7 construction sites, special administration(UPTK).

For that time, such a project was a real breakthrough in architecture. However, today the houses of the K-7 series are hopelessly outdated, in particular, the heat-shielding characteristics of the outer panels have deteriorated by about 20% due to their wear. Low-rise and the inability to operate these buildings in the future without reconstruction (which was impractical) became the reasons for their massive demolition.

Design features of the series and facade finishing

The designation "K" in the name of the project means "frame", and constituent parts the frames of the houses were crossbars and columns. These elements of house panels are visible inside the apartments - they protrude from the walls at the corners of the rooms. This design made it possible to reduce the weight of the house and reduce the consumption of concrete through the use of thin-walled reinforced concrete panels with an I-section and a special type of floor.

The design feature of the house is that the ceiling panels rest on the upper edges of the partitions, and the floor panels - on the lower ones. Thus, an air layer is obtained between the boards and panels, which improves the sound insulation of the interfloor overlap.

In houses K-7, balconies were not provided in order to reduce the cost of construction (they were only in one of the early modifications of K-7-3-3, being built in Zelenograd), the ends of the buildings are deaf.

Most of the houses in the series were five-story, but there were also four-story options. The first floor of K-7 is residential, however, in versions of this project that were built in Lefortovo and Horoshevo-Mnevniki, this floor was sometimes allocated for infrastructure facilities. The K-7 houses were not equipped with elevator nodes, and the garbage chute was in some buildings of the third modification and in all buildings of the fifth modification of this project.

Facades K-7 were faced with small tiles of white, light gray or red colors. Some houses were finished on the outside with stone chips or mosaics, and some of the buildings in the series had no cladding at all.

The volume of construction for the K-7 project increased annually. Together with them, the K-7 project itself was improved, which was rather "raw" and not worked out in the first versions of the houses. Thus, the latest modifications of the K-7 houses differed significantly from the houses of the same project in the first years of construction.

Features of apartment layouts

On each floor of the section there were three apartments - 1-, 2-, 3-room. There was a modification of the K-7-3-3 project, in which 4-room apartments were made. In the first houses built according to the K-7 project, the rooms were adjoining-isolated, later the project was changed and all the rooms became isolated.

The load-bearing walls of the K-7 houses are internal, which limited the possibilities for redevelopment.

On the positive side, the bathrooms in K-7 were separate even in "odnushki", and the kitchens were made quite comfortable in size - about 7m2.

Specifications

Igor Vasilenko

Five-story buildings standard series K-7 was the first massive housing project in the Soviet Union and gave impetus to the planting of "" throughout the country. The series contained a lot of shortcomings (ineffective insulation and sound insulation), so many of its modifications and differences in layouts appeared.

In Moscow, frame-panel houses of the K-7 series were built in the main areas of mass development in the 1950s - in the 1960s. Most of the houses of the K-7 series were built in Moscow districts: Khoroshevo-Mnevniki, Beskudnikovo, Prospekt Vernadsky, Medvedkovo. Also, the series was massively built in the areas: Northern Tushino, Khovrino, Zelenograd, Degunino, Butyrsky Khutor, Sviblovo, Izmailovo, Kuzminki, Cheryomushki, st. Novatorov, st. 1905 year. In terms of prevalence, the series ranked 4th in Moscow among five-story buildings of all periods with a market share of 19.7%.

In the Moscow region, houses of the K-7 series were built in the cities: Lyubertsy, Balashikha, Zheleznodorozhny, Elektrostal, Dmitrov, Dubna, Klin, Solnechnogorsk, Pushchino, Podolsk and Troitsk.

In the regions of Russia, the K-7 series was built in the cities of Saratov, Tula and Tolyatti. In Leningrad, a series of analogues were built - OD-4 and OD-6 (Obukhovsky DSK).

At one time, the series K-7 (“K” means “frame”) was a real breakthrough and made it possible to switch from individual construction to mass industrialization. The cost of building 1m² of living space was 119 rubles, in 1961 prices this is the lowest figure (along with) among the Moscow series (and the fourth cheapest indicator in the entire history of industrial housing construction). As a result, the K-7 series turned out to be cheap, pre-fabricated, which made it possible to quickly provide Soviet citizens with housing.

Today, according to the requirements for energy efficiency and housing comfort, the K-7 is hopelessly outdated, and therefore is subject to demolition. Mass demolition of houses of the K-7 series has been carried out in Moscow since the mid-1990s. Absolutely all houses have been demolished in Zelenograd, Southern Administrative District and Central Administrative District, and in the rest of the districts the demolition will be completed in 2015. In St. Petersburg, the corresponding decision was made in the early 2000s, but the demolition has not yet begun. In the Moscow region, the decision to demolish was made in 2007.

Houses of the K-7 series can be seen in many frames of the films "We'll Live Until Monday", "Operation Y" and Other Adventures of Shurik.

Detailed characteristics of the series

Preamble:
Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of November 4, 1955 No. 1871 "On the elimination of excesses in design and construction" (excerpts, if in two words, NS Khrushchev urged to build more and cheaper):
... Carried away by the ostentatious side, many architects are mainly engaged in decorating the facades of buildings, do not work on improving the internal layout and equipment of residential buildings and apartments, neglect the need to create amenities for the population, the requirements of the economy and the normal operation of buildings.
… .Despite the indisputable technical and economic feasibility of construction according to standard designs, many ministries in departments consider the development of standard designs a secondary matter and do not fulfill the plans for standard design.
… ..In Leningrad, out of 353 residential buildings under construction, only 14 houses are being built according to standard designs. In years. In Kharkov, Rostov-on-Don, Voronezh, Gorky, Tbilisi and other cities, the construction of 4-5-storey residential buildings is carried out mainly according to individual projects.
.... Soviet architecture should be characterized by simplicity, severity of forms and economy of solutions. An attractive appearance of a building and structure should be created not by the use of contrived, expensive decorative ornaments, but due to the organic connection of architectural forms with the purpose of buildings and structures, their good proportions, as well correct use materials, structures and parts and high quality work.
The Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR believe that the decisive overcoming of shortcomings in design and construction, the rapid and complete elimination of excesses in architecture will save significant funds and direct them to further expanding housing, cultural, domestic, industrial and agricultural construction, as well as to expand improvement works in greening of cities and towns….
The Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers USSR decide:
….4. In order to carry out housing and civil construction according to high-quality standard projects that ensure a sharp reduction in the cost of construction and improve the living conditions of the population, it is necessary to develop new standard projects residential buildings with 2, 3, 4 and 5 floors, schools for 280, 400 and 880 students, hospitals for 100, 200, 300 and 400 places, childcare facilities, shops and businesses Catering, cinemas, sanatoriums, hotels and rest homes, while using the best domestic and foreign experience in design and construction.
.... When developing the conditions for holding tenders, provide for bonuses for best projects submitted for competitions, having established awards for each type of buildings and structures in the following amounts:
first prize - 30-50 thousand rubles,
second prize - 15-30 thousand rubles ;,
third prize - 10-15 thousand rubles
incentive bonuses for 5 thousand rubles.
.... To deprive the architect Rybitsky of the title of the Stalin Prize laureate, awarded to him for a residential building on Chkalov Street in Moscow, in the project of which major excesses and deficiencies in architectural and planning decisions were made ....
Secretary of the Central
Committee of the CPSU
N. Khrushchev
Chairman of the board
Ministers of the USSR
N. Bulganin