Typical 9-storey panel houses. Series of panel houses

Type series residential buildings

Typical series of residential buildings- types of houses of mass series, built in the cities of the USSR and in some countries of the Warsaw Pact, and which are the basis of the architectural appearance of many residential areas of these cities. According to the construction technology, serial houses are divided into panel, block and brick.

Story

Due to political, ideological and demographic reasons, the period of Khrushchev's "thaw" was the first in the history of the Soviet planned economy, when, along with the development of heavy industry, a significant increase in the production of consumer goods and everything, one way or another connected with the needs of people, and not the military-industrial complex and resource-consuming raw industries.

However, by the mid-1980s, only 85% of families had separate apartments: in 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev pushed back the terms by 15 years, putting forward the slogan “To every Soviet family - a separate apartment by the year 2000".

The prototype for the first "Khrushchev" were block buildings (Plattenbau), built in Berlin and Dresden since the 1920s. The construction of residential buildings "Khrushchev" lasted from 1959 to 1985. In 1956-1965, more than 13 thousand residential buildings were built in the USSR, and almost all of them were five-story buildings. This made it possible to commission 110 million square meters of housing annually. An appropriate production base and infrastructure was created: house-building plants, reinforced concrete factories, etc. The first house-building plants were created in 1959 in the Glavleningradstroy system, in 1962 they were organized in Moscow and other cities. In particular, during the period 1966-1970 in Leningrad, 942 thousand people received living space, and 809 thousand moved into new houses and 133 thousand received space in old houses. Since 1960, the construction of residential 9-storey buildings has been underway. panel houses, since 1963 - 12-story.

Technology

Prefabricated house components

Components of a panel house, which are large reinforced concrete slabs, which are manufactured in factories. In the factory, reinforced concrete products are manufactured according to existing GOSTs, therefore it is assumed that their quality should differ in positive side from products made directly on the construction site. But in reality, some factories do not follow the proper technology. The construction of a panel house resembles the assembly of a children's design kit. Ready-made parts of the structure are delivered to the construction site, which the builders only have to mount. As a result, labor productivity in such a building is very high. Square construction site much less than what is needed during construction brick house. Such long and laborious processes as installation of reinforcement or concreting, which are typical for monolithic housing construction, are completely excluded. It is precisely in this that experts see the main advantage of panel housing construction over other types of construction. The disadvantages of this type is the poor-quality assembly of the structure. A sore point are the interpanel seams, through which, if performed incorrectly, wind and water penetrate. Also, panel houses are characterized by poor sound insulation, unlike houses with wooden floors and some types of monolithic houses.

Seismic issues

Under the same conditions, panel and monolithic multi-apartment and multi-story houses in the seismic zone is preferable due to design features these houses, in which almost all the walls are "bearing", and the ceilings are rigidly connected to each other. In such houses, individual elements are less flexible than in frame houses, and they work as a single structure. Houses with reinforced concrete frame and brick walls must also withstand a seismic load, but in such houses there must be reinforced concrete transverse walls (stiffness diaphragms) to make the house stable, or reinforced concrete “stiffening cores”, the role of which is played by elevator shafts and stairs.

Typical series of houses

1940s

Since 1947, the USSR Academy of Architecture has been developing a prefabricated large-panel dwelling. Frame-panel and frameless houses are being built:

• 4-5-storey buildings (Moscow, Leningrad, Magnitogorsk)
• 8-storey with panels on two floors (Moscow)

1950s

The height of 5 floors was chosen because, according to the then norms, it was the highest number of floors at which it was allowed to build houses without an elevator (however, sometimes houses were built with 6 floors - with a store on the ground floor).

Stalinki:

• II-01
• II-02
• II-03
• II-04
• II-05
• II-08

In English

• en:Category:Urban studies and planning

Notes

1. although for many a room in communal apartments in the early years of Soviet power was an improvement living conditions, allowing them to move out of corners and cellars ;
2. Implementation of the Program for Housing Mortgage Lending for Employees of Russian Railways and Prospects for the Participation of NPF Blagosostoyanie in it. Abstracts of the speech by E. V. Sukhorukova, Executive director NPF "Welfare": As many know, in Soviet Russia, the authorities first thought about providing citizens with housing after the war. On August 23, 1955, a resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers was issued USSR"On measures for further industrialization, improving quality and reducing the cost of construction." Party directives prescribed: by September 1956 to develop standard projects that would dramatically reduce the cost of housing construction and make it affordable for workers. The aim of the project was to

An apartment building differs from an individual one in that it has several separate exits to a land or apartment plot. Also, houses are recognized as multi-apartment houses, the height of which exceeds 3 floors, including underground, basement, attic, etc.

There is the following classification of residential buildings, which differ in the number of floors:

• Low-rise (1 - 3). Most often, they include individual residential buildings. The height of the building, as a rule, does not exceed 12 meters;
• Mid-rise (3-5). The floor height of 15 meters is a standard five-story building;
• Elevated number of storeys (6-10). The building is 30 meters high;
• Multi-storey (10 - 25):

The number of storeys of a building is considered solely by the number of floors above ground. When calculating the number of storeys, not only the value from floor to ceiling is taken into account, but also the value of inter-storey ceilings.

Apartment buildings. Number of floors and height of buildings

V modern projects The "golden mean" is the height of one floor of 2.8-3.3 m.

There are the following types of multi-storey buildings:

• Panel. Belongs to a series of budget. It has a high construction speed, but poor heat and sound insulation. The maximum number of storeys is about 25, depending on the design. In a residential area, the height from floor to ceiling is 2.5 - 2.8 m, depending on the size of the panels.
• Brick. The construction speed is quite low, because the construction is costly. Thermal and sound insulation indicators are much higher than panel ones. The optimal possible number of floors is 10. The average height of each is 2.8 - 3 m.
• Monolithic. These buildings are quite diverse, because everything depends on bearing capacity concrete. They have high seismic resistance. To improve heat and sound insulation during construction can be used brickwork. Allows you to build about 160 floors. Height from floor to ceiling 3 - 3.3 m.

How to get a permit for an IHS? What does a builder need to know?

Permitting authorities follow the order of development and agree on documents for individual housing construction according to RSN 70-88. Thanks to them, not only the accuracy of building up the site is determined, but also the layout of the dwelling and auxiliary buildings. This project needs to be well thought out.

The height of a 12-story building! — Bunker I.V. Stalin

to. what is not shown in the plan will be recognized unauthorized structure and is subject to demolition or re-approval.

Without permission, that is, before the approval of the plan and receipt of documents, work should not begin, otherwise serious problems may arise. In order to find out exactly what documents are required to start building, you should read the "Code of rules for the design and construction of SP 11-III-99".

In order to obtain permission, you need to contact the BTI or the architectural department of the city to provide:

• application for a building permit;
• documents establishing the right to use the site;
• certificate of field determination of boundaries, placement of buildings, etc.;
• cadastral plan of the site;
• House project.

Once issued, the permit is valid for 10 years.

Individual housing construction

The number of storeys of an individual residential building is calculated based on the number of residents and personal preferences. The minimum height of a room according to SNiP is 2.5 m. If the height does not meet these parameters and turns out to be lower, then this room will be considered unsuitable for habitation.

How many floors can be built on the site? On an individual plot it is permissible to build three storey building about 9 meters high. In this case, both underground and above-ground premises are taken into account.

What can be erected in the garden?

Many are interested in the question of what can be erected and how many floors can be built independently on a garden plot? In addition to outbuildings, it is possible to build a dwelling on the garden plot that is not suitable for registration. When erecting buildings on a garden plot, SNiP should be followed.

It is permissible to build two above-ground floors. The height of the house in meters depends on the size of the floor, so the minimum allowable height of one span is 2.2 m.

Is it possible to build a house in a leap year?

In our country, a leap year is considered very unfortunate for the construction of residential buildings, but in some countries, on the contrary, it is very successful. Is it possible to build a homestead? Of course, in modern realities it is difficult to follow all the signs. First of all, it depends on the owner, because not everyone wanted to build a house in 2016, and many put off this business. But to freeze the project apartment building for a year is beyond the power of even companies.

This will interest you:

Only highly qualified specialists are engaged in the construction of multi-storey buildings, since this business requires not only high costs, but also has many nuances.

In 2010, SNiPs were recognized as binding rules. They regulate activities in the field of urban planning, as well as engineering work, design and construction.

Approximately 30 m.
What a source! Logics. Fold each floor by 2.5 m (this is an approximate standard) and + floors between floors and a roof.

Well, the basement usually sticks out by 1-15, the ceiling is a maximum of 30 cm, the ceiling height is 2.5, the attics are different from two to three meters. Well, count 2.5x16 + 0.3x19 (the overlap of the attic and roof can also be calculated) + 1.5 + 2 ...

What is the height of the 9 storey building?

In short, about 50 meters.

don’t worry, everything will be fine .. My cat was gone for 2 weeks, we were all worried, and he crawls on 2 legs, the other 2 were broken .. The veterinarian said that we need to euthanize, but we refused, after 7-8 years, he still runs , jumping..

Considering that the 1st floor is about 3 meters, then the entire building is about 45 meters

Have you already climbed higher, where the beast of the cat family will not reach you? You can get down!
African leopards and cougars can make the highest jump. They are able to jump onto a tree branch (or rock ledge) at a height 5.5 meters.In general, cats jump up to five times their height.

Is your cat a cougar by any chance?

Although, my cat jumped from the floor to a tall cabinet, flew two meters, but so that 5 meters))
Yes, it urgently needs to be in the book of records!

nope 🙂 not sick

I bought a decent one for 5 lats.

go to the doctor 🙂 a friend crushed his heels like that

If there are no cracks or fractures, then fastum will most likely help. Well, or my favorite troxevasin: also good for bruises.
But just in case, control the bruised place: if soft tissues are crushed there, there may be complications. You will understand this if, in addition to pain, signs of inflammation appear: redness, swelling.
Then skip to the doctor!

CopyPro is not very good quality. Especially if you want to print a large poster.

I advise you two places on Merkela:
CopyExpert— Merkela iela 17/19 By the way, they have a 50% discount every day from 16.00-17.00. If I'm not mistaken, you can clarify by calling 67221568 or 27840652. http://copyexpert.lv
Merkelas Drukas Darbnica– Merkela 13. 67320606 or 26424400. http://areatech.lv

Height - floor

Page 2

The floor height in multi-storey buildings is taken as a multiple of 600 mm.

The height of the floors and the grid of the frame columns are assigned in accordance with the requirements for the typification of structural elements and the unification of overall parameters. Such limited mesh sizes are due to large temporary loads on floors, which can reach 15 kN / m2, and in some cases 25 kN / m2 or more.

The length of 1 floor can be expressed as ...

The floor height is the distance from the floor of the floor to the floor of the floor above. The height of the upper floor is taken equal to the distance from the floor level of the penultimate floor to the floor level of the attic; at the same time, the height of the attic floor is taken conditionally equal to the height of the interfloor floor.

The floor height is the vertical distance from the floor level of the underlying floor to the floor level of the overlying floor, and in the upper floors and one-story buildings - to the top of the attic floor mark.

When the height of the floors is different, the length of the staircase is determined by the length of the largest of the flights of stairs, which should not go beyond the cage, otherwise it will cross the rigal connecting its racks into a spatial frame.

Combinations of floor heights may sometimes not meet the technological requirements of the located production facilities. In this case, during the feasibility study, it is allowed to take the necessary combinations of floor heights while maintaining the absolute values ​​provided for by GOST.

Increasing the height of the first floor by more than 5 m does not have a noticeable effect on excess temperatures working area and hi 4 m can be considered close to optimal for the conditions under consideration.

We accept the height of the floor of the building 2 5 m clean, average consumption water in the riser 250 kg / h, pipe diameter Dy 20 mm.

With a floor height of 3 5 - 4 5 m, the warehouse area can be taken approximately at a rate of up to 3 - 4 m2 per 1 L 3 of wood processed by the model shop per year.

With a floor height of 3600 mm or more, additional holes should be provided for the bars of the washing flooring, positioning them so that the distance between the holes in height does not exceed 1800 mm. On the upper floor, additional embedded parts for fastening the guides should be located at a distance of 500 mm from the bottom of the ceiling above the shaft.

It seems to me like the 5th house is equal to 15 meters

If the roof is 18 meters. From the window of the 5th floor, 17 meters from childhood, my brother told ...

15 m in a 5-storey building

Floor ~ 3 meters. 3*5=15 meters

I think it depends on the building itself.

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Surely many people are familiar with the situation when you wake up at night and cannot fall asleep. At this moment, various thoughts come into my head, and sometimes quite strange questions arise that I want to find an answer to.

Today we decided to talk about a question that, as it turned out, is of interest to a huge number of people on the Web: why do we have so many residential buildings with exactly 9 floors? After all, it was possible to construct, for example, 10 for a round number! Having rummaged through various sources referring to information from builders, we have found the answer and are ready to report it ...

First, let's talk about less tall buildings, namely 5-story ones. Everything is very simple here. According to the regulations, buildings with more than 5 floors (a height of more than 15 m) must be equipped with elevators. So we saved as much as we could.

In general, a lot can be explained by savings, given that most of the 9-story buildings were built during the Soviet era. Houses with a height of more than 28 m should be equipped with smoke-free H1 stairs with a passage through an open balcony. And this greatly increases the cost square meter and pays off only in houses with a height of 14-18 floors.

In addition, in houses with more than 9 floors, it was necessary to install 2 elevators, and gas stoves could only be used up to the 9th floor.

But if desired, all these prohibitions could be bypassed (install a high-speed elevator, as well as a fire alarm with sensors and a smoke exhaust system). The architects cite the fact that fire trucks were most often equipped with standard 28 m long mechanized ladders as the main reason.

It is this distance regulatory documents allowed from the fire lane to the top floor window. In most cases, with rare exceptions, under such conditions, the fire escape reaches exactly the 9th floor.

Of course, there are exceptions to all the rules, because you can find, for example, 10-story buildings built back in those days, but there are very few of them. If this material seemed interesting to you, be sure to share it with your friends and acquaintances!

An apartment building differs from an individual one in that it has several separate exits to a land or apartment plot. Also, houses are recognized as multi-apartment houses, the height of which exceeds 3 floors, including underground, basement, attic, etc.

Classification of the number of storeys of buildings

There is the following classification of residential buildings, which differ in the number of floors:

• Low-rise (1 - 3). Most often, they include individual residential buildings. The height of the building, as a rule, does not exceed 12 meters;
• Mid-rise (3-5). The floor height of 15 meters is a standard five-story building;
• Elevated number of storeys (6-10). The building is 30 meters high;
• Multi-storey (10 - 25):

• High-rise. From (25 - 30).

The number of storeys of a building is considered solely by the number of floors above ground. When calculating the number of storeys, not only the value from floor to ceiling is taken into account, but also the value of inter-storey ceilings.

Apartment buildings. Number of floors and height of buildings

In modern projects, the "golden mean" is the height of one floor of 2.8-3.3 m.

Only highly qualified specialists are engaged in the construction of multi-storey buildings, since this business requires not only high costs, but also has many nuances.

There are the following types of multi-storey buildings:

• Panel. Belongs to a series of budget. It has a high construction speed, but poor heat and sound insulation. The maximum number of storeys is about 25, depending on the design. In a residential area, the height from floor to ceiling is 2.5 - 2.8 m, depending on the size of the panels.
• Brick. The construction speed is quite low, because the construction is costly. Thermal and sound insulation indicators are much higher than panel ones. The optimal possible number of floors is 10. The average height of each is 2.8 - 3 m.
• Monolithic. These buildings are quite diverse, because everything rests on the bearing capacity of concrete. They have high seismic resistance. To improve heat and sound insulation during construction, brickwork can be used. Allows you to build about 160 floors. Height from floor to ceiling 3 - 3.3 m.

How to get a permit for an IHS? What does a builder need to know?

Permitting authorities follow the order of development and agree on documents for individual housing construction according to RSN 70-88. Thanks to them, not only the accuracy of building up the site is determined, but also the layout of the dwelling and auxiliary buildings. This project needs to be well thought out, because what is not displayed in the plan will be recognized as an unauthorized structure and must be demolished or re-approved.

Without permission, that is, before the approval of the plan and receipt of documents, work should not begin, otherwise serious problems may arise. In order to find out exactly what documents are required to start building, you should read the "Code of rules for the design and construction of SP 11-III-99".

In 2010, SNiPs were recognized as binding rules. They regulate activities in the field of urban planning, as well as engineering, design and construction.

In order to obtain permission, you need to contact the BTI or the architectural department of the city to provide:

• application for a building permit;
• documents establishing the right to use the site;
• certificate of field determination of boundaries, placement of buildings, etc.;
• cadastral plan of the site;
• House project.

Once issued, the permit is valid for 10 years.

Individual housing construction

The number of storeys of an individual residential building is calculated based on the number of residents and personal preferences. The minimum height of a room according to SNiP is 2.5 m. If the height does not meet these parameters and turns out to be lower, then this room will be considered unsuitable for habitation.

How many floors can be built on the site? On an individual plot, it is permissible to build a three-story house with a height of about 9 meters. In this case, both underground and above-ground premises are taken into account.

What can be erected in the garden?

Many are interested in the question of what can be erected and how many floors can be built independently on a garden plot? In addition to outbuildings, it is possible to build a dwelling on the garden plot that is not suitable for registration. When erecting buildings on a garden plot, SNiP should be followed.

In every city on the territory of Russia, new houses of various kinds are built annually. On the secondary market apartments in high-rise buildings of various modifications are also offered.

In the article we will consider a series of panel houses that were built in different time periods and are in operation to this day. We will also pay attention to modern housing being built today.

Popularly known "Khrushchev" - multi-apartment residential buildings, built under Khrushchev, were erected from 1956 to 1985. Unfortunately, some of the buildings of that period, belonging to types K-7, 1605/5, II32, II35, 1-335, are being prepared for demolition. The remaining options, of that time, are approved for operation.

"Brezhnevka"(residential buildings, developed by order of Brezhnev) replaced the "Khrushchev".

They differ:

• the presence of an elevator and a garbage chute,
• improved sound and heat insulation,
• convenient layout.

"Brezhnevka" is taken as a basis for the development of modern versions of multi-storey buildings.

Modern modifications

A mass-produced type of houses, which has become widespread in Moscow. The construction began in 1982 and continues to this day, but in new, improved versions.

KOPE - Layout Space-Planning Elements. They allow you to collect housing of various layouts, but in reality, typical buildings are more often used.

Main advantages:

• Panels of 3 layers with improved thermal insulation;
• Each building is equipped with elevators from 3 pieces;
• Batteries for heating with temperature controllers;
• Electrical wiring from copper wire;
• The presence of an automatic chimney.

Flaws:

• Insufficient sound insulation;
• There is no possibility for redevelopment.

KOPE options: KOPE80, KOPE85, KOPE87, KOPE2000, KOPE-Tower and Parus.

Specifications:

• internal walls with a bearing function and a step of 3 or 6 meters;
• hinged outer panels with reduced thermal conductivity;
• ceilings - 2.64m.;
• garbage chute at each site;
• at the entrances 1 passenger and 1 passenger-and-freight elevators;
• remote balconies or loggias for each apartment;
• neighboring apartments are combined into blocks.

In these modifications, KOPE-Tower and Parus stand out.

"KOPE-Tower" It is being built only in a tower version with one entrance.

Specifications:

• Number of floors - 25;
• The height of the living space is 264 cm;
• Layout - 1,2,3,4-room, modern;
• Manufacturer - DSK-2.

The KOPE-Tower has been under construction since 2007 to the present day.

The next option is KOPE-M-Parus built since 2003. It was developed on the basis of KOPE, but with significant modifications.

Modern and rationally thought-out apartments on one site, if necessary, are combined into blocks.

The combination of two types of loggias - round and square, as well as additional options for decorating the facades with the help of tiles give the building lightness.

Characteristics of KOPE-M-Sail:

• Manufacturer - DSK-2;
• Layout - 1,2,3,4-room, improved.
• Ceilings - 280cm;
• Concierge room;
• Elevators - two passenger, one freight;
• Number of floors -22 - 25;
• The first floor is reserved for shops and service organizations.

The best modifications: P-44, P-3, P-55, I-155, KOPE

In the cities of Russia, most of the residential apartment buildings erected according to standard projects. Therefore, when there is a desire to buy, the best and most comfortable option for life is chosen.

By "better" they often mean: a spacious kitchen, a corridor and rooms; isolated rooms, rational use of space, etc.

From the variety of modifications, options stand out with clear advantages over others. These include the "brezhnevka" of the later series and KOPE (including KOPE-Sail and KOPE-Tower), which were described above.

The general benefits are:

• rational layout with isolated rooms;
• passenger and cargo-passenger elevators;
• high ceilings from 2.64 m.

The remaining characteristics are different, so for the P-44 (including P44T, P44K, P44T \ 25, TM25):

• kitchens from 7 to 13 sq.m.;
• isolated rooms;
• loggia or balcony;
• heating with regulation;
• copper wiring.

P-3 (including P3M, P3MK, P3M7-23) - kitchens from 8.4 to 10.2 sq.m. , large balconies.

P-55 (including P55M, PP70, PP83) - large bathroom, kitchen from 8 to 9 sq.m.

• kitchen from 9 to 13 sq.m.;
• double-glazed windows made of wood;
• Temperature regulator;
• smoke exhaust systems;
• fire fighting system
• built-in wardrobes.

New housing requirements

On May 21, 2015, new requirements for architectural solutions apartment buildings. They set new standards for built housing that meets the requirements of quality, comfort and safety.

The new requirements include:

• number of storeys from 6 to 17, including when building within the boundaries of one block;
• flexible layout, including various modifications of housing on one site;
• variability of facade finishing, including plastic, tiles and glazing;
• special designs (for example, for the installation of air conditioners, with laid wiring and other communications);
• variability of planning sections in the corner of the building;
• the first floors are reserved for shops and service organizations, taking into account the organization of access for the disabled and people with disabilities.

Improved layout options

Model houses made of panels were most widely used in the USSR and some countries of the Warsaw Pact.

Starting from the 70s, the series began to be modified and their improved versions were built that meet the 1985 SNiP.

General features of improved buildings:

• number of floors - 9;
• bathroom - separate;
• ceiling - 2.5 m;
• add. constructions - built-in wardrobe, loggia, mezzanine.

Improved type M-464 (from 1976 to 1983):

• number of apartments on the site - 8;
• elevators - passenger and freight;
• kitchen - 8.9 sq.m.;
• add. structures - pantry, electric stove, mezzanine, garbage chute.

Improved type M-464 (from 1998 to 2006):

• number of apartments on the site - 4;
• elevators - passenger;
• kitchen - 8.9 sq.m.;
• add. structures - pantry, mezzanine, garbage chute.

Improved type M-335-BK (from 1977 to 1985):

• number of apartments on the site - 4 or 6;
• elevators - passenger;
• kitchen - 8.3 sq.m.

How to recognize the panel house series

The first way to find out the series of a residential building is to go to a special service on the Internet, enter the address there and the site will give the result (for example - http://tipdoma.com/). However, the veracity of information from sites does not reach 100%.

The next option is to determine from the pictures on the Internet, but it is difficult for a non-specialist to distinguish modifications of one type of residential building from each other.

The correct way to determine is to contact the following organizations with a request:

• territorial Bureau of Technical Inventory;
• the prefecture of their district, where data is stored for all buildings in operation;
• DEZ or HOA.