The maintenance of elements and systems of engineering arrangement. Engineering arrangement of territories

Course work

Engineering arrangement of the city of Blagoveshchensk

Introduction. 3

SECTION 1. 4

Initial data for the engineering arrangement of the city of Blagoveshchensk. 4

SECTION 2.5

Organization of transport, pedestrian traffic and engineering support of the microdistrict. 5

1. Determining the width of the carriageway of the street .. 5

. 6

. 10

. 12

1. Checking the throughput of the highway and the intersection. thirteen
2. Setting the width of the sidewalk. 15
3. Select the type of cross profile. sixteen

4.1 Outline of the cross profile of the carriageway. 17

4.2 Placement of green spaces. 17

1. Engineering improvement of settlements. twenty
2. Ways of laying underground engineering networks. 26

Conclusion. 28

List of used literature.. 29

Introduction

The main purpose of writing this course work is: to design a cross profile of the main street of citywide significance, to determine the width and relative position of its elements, the roadway, sidewalks, green spaces.

The development and improvement of the territories of populated areas is an important urban planning problem. Any city, village, rural settlement, architectural complex or a separate building is built on a specific territory, site, characterized by certain conditions - relief, level of standing ground water, the danger of flooding by flood waters, etc. It is possible to make the territory most suitable for the construction and operation of architectural structures and their complexes without excessive costs by means of engineering training.

During the construction and operation of populated areas and individual architectural structures, tasks inevitably arise to improve the functional and aesthetic properties, which is ensured by means of improving urban areas. The improvement of cities and settlements includes a number of measures to improve the sanitary and hygienic conditions of residential buildings, transport and engineering services to the population, artificial lighting of urban areas and equipping them with the necessary equipment, improving the urban environment with sanitary cleaning means. The transport network of the city should provide speed, comfort and safety of movement between the functional zones of the city and within them, communication with external transport facilities and highways of the regional and all-Russian network. The network of streets, roads, squares and pedestrian spaces should be designed as a single citywide system, in which the functions of its components are clearly delineated.

SECTION 1

Initial data for the engineering arrangement of the city of Blagoveshchensk

Climatic region: I A

Humidity zone: 2 normal

Estimated temperature of the coldest five-day period: -34 Cº

Wind pressure region (wind region): II, 0.30 kPa

Area by weight of snow cover (snow area): I, 0.8 kPa

Prevailing wind direction: NW

The wind rose, which characterizes the annual frequency of wind direction and speed based on long-term observations, is built in accordance with Table 1 and is shown in Figure 1.

Table 1

Wind direction repeatability, %

Fig.1 Wind rose
SECTION 2

Organization of transport, pedestrian traffic and engineering support of the microdistrict

1. Determining the width of the carriageway of the street

table 2

Initial data

The width of the carriageway of the street depends on the width of one of its lanes and the number of lanes required to pass a given traffic flow.

To determine the width of the carriageway, you need to calculate:

The capacity of one lane for each mode of transport;

Required number of lanes;

The width of each lane.

Determine the total duration of the traffic light cycle

T c =tTo + twell + th + twell, With

T c = 15 + 5 + 30 + 5 = 55 (With)

Where tTo- the red phase of the traffic light, (With); twell- yellow phase, (With); th- green phase (With). The average distance between regulated intersections is 800 m.

1.1 Calculation of the capacity of one lane

The capacity of one lane is found by the formula

, units/hour

Where V- the speed of movement of various types of transport, (m/s); L- dynamic clearance, or safe distance between transport units moving along in a convoy (including their own length), (m).

The safe distance between transport units is determined by the formula

Where t- the time interval between the moments of braking of the front and the car following it, equal to the reaction time of the driver, depends on the qualification of the driver and is taken within 0.7 - 1.5 s;

φ - adhesion coefficient of the pneumatic tire of the coated wheel, which varies depending on the condition of the coating from 0.8-0.1 (0.6 according to the task);

g- acceleration of gravity, (m/s 2);

i- longitudinal slope, taken when driving uphill with a plus sign, when driving downhill - with a minus sign;

l- crew length, (m)(see Table 3);

S- the distance between the cars after stopping, we accept S=2m.

Table 3

Vehicle length

cars

trucks

buses

trams and trolleybuses

cars

trucks

buses

trams and trolleybuses

When determining the capacity of mass route transport lines, including buses, one should proceed from the fact that it is practically determined by the capacity of stopping points.

The throughput of a stop point for a bus can be calculated by the formula:

, units/hour.

Where T- the total time during which the bus is at the stopping point, (With):

T =t 1 + t 2 + t 3 + t 4 , With

Where t 1 - the time spent on approaching the stopping point (braking time), (With);

t 2 - time for boarding and disembarking passengers, (With);

t 3 - time for signal transmission and door closing, (With);

t 4 - time for the bus to clear the stopping point, (With).

Finding individual terms

t 1 =, c

Where l- "safety gap" between the buses when they approach the stop, equal in length to one bus, l 3 = 10 m;

b - deceleration during braking is assumed to be 1m/s 2 .

Where β = coefficient taking into account how much of the bus is occupied by leaving and entering passengers in relation to the normal capacity of the bus, for stopping points with a large passenger turnover, β = 0.2;

λ - bus capacity equal to 60 passengers;

t 0 - time spent by one incoming or outgoing passenger, t 0 = 1.5 s;

k- the number of doors for the exit or entry of passengers, we accept for buses k = 2, for trams and trolleybuses k = 3.

Time to send a signal and close the doors t 3 taken according to observational data equal to 30 s.

Time to release by bus, trolley bus stopping point

t4 =, c

Where a- acceleration equal to 1m/s 2 .

buses trolleybuses

buses trolleybuses

buses trolleybuses

When calculating the capacity of the lanes of the carriageway used by cars and trucks, it must be taken into account that design speed on the haul is not equal to the actual speed of the message along the street. The actual speed of communication depends on traffic delays at intersections. Thus, the calculated capacity of the lane between the intersections is determined as the capacity of the span with the introduction of the capacity reduction factor α according to the formula

The throughput reduction coefficient, taking into account delays at intersections, is calculated by the formula

Where L n- the distance between regulated intersections, equal in accordance with the task, L n = 800 m;

a- average acceleration when starting off, a = 1 m/s 2;

b - average deceleration of the speed of movement during braking, b= 1 m/s 2;

tΔ- average delay before traffic lights.

The average duration of the delay before the traffic light is calculated by the formula

For routed transport, the traffic delay coefficient α is not determined.

cars

trucks

Thus, the estimated capacity of one lane of the carriageway for cars and trucks, taking into account the traffic delay coefficient α, will be

Nα = (Nlay down+ Ncargo) α, avt./hour

1.2 Determining the number of traffic lanes

The number of lanes for all types of transport is calculated by the formula:

n =

where A- the given intensity of traffic along the street in one direction at rush hour.

cars

trucks

buses

trolleybuses

The passage of vehicles of a given traffic intensity can be provided by:

n \u003d n 1 + n 2 + ... ni

If there are two lanes, then such a decision will inevitably cause a decrease in the speed of cars forced to move along one lane along with trucks, as well as parts of trucks, which, in turn, will move along one lane with buses. Therefore, based on the composition of the traffic flow, it is advisable to take three lanes in each direction.

If the street capacity is calculated not for specialized traffic lanes, but as for a mixed traffic flow as a whole, it is necessary to reduce the mixed traffic to a single-lane (passenger car) using the following reduction factors µ .

Table 4

The value of the reduction factor

On a multi-lane carriageway, the capacity does not increase in direct proportion to the number of lanes, so the capacity of a carriageway with multi-lane traffic on hauls should be determined taking into account the coefficient γ multi-lane, taken depending on the number of lanes in one direction:

One lane -1

Two lanes -1.9

Three lanes -2.7

Four lanes -3.5

Considering the multi-band factor 2*1.9=3.8≈4 bands

1.3 Establishing the width of the carriageway of the streets

The width of the carriageway of streets in each direction is determined by the formula:

B =b· P

Where b- width of one lane, (m);

P - number of traffic lanes.

For a main city street, the lane width is assumed to be 3.75 m. The smallest number of lanes for streets and roads is indicated in the table, excluding lanes for temporary parking. In this regard, and taking into account that the street is built up on both sides with administrative buildings, where a large number of cars can stop, we provide a special lane 3 m wide for their parking.

The total width of the carriageway in each direction of traffic will be:

B =bn + 3, m

The width of the carriageway of streets and roads is set according to the calculation, depending on the intensity of traffic.

Thus, the width of the carriageway will be 36 m.

2. Checking the capacity of the highway and the intersection

We carry out a verification calculation of the capacity of the highway in a narrow section and at the intersection in the section of the stop line. The throughput in this section depends on the regulation mode adopted at the intersection.

The calculation is performed according to the formula:

, bus/hour

Where N n- the capacity of one lane of the carriageway at the intersection in the section of the stop line, bus/hour;

t n- the time interval for passing the intersection by cars, taken on average 3 s;

V n- the speed of passing by cars of the intersection (we accept 18 km/h), m/s.

Taking into account the need to provide left and right turns at the intersection, which require special lanes of the carriageway, we use the following formula to determine the throughput of the highway:

Nm = 1,3 NP(p-2), avt./hour.

Where NP- throughput capacity of the highway in the section of the stop line, bus / hour;

1.3 - coefficient taking into account the right- and left-turning movement;

P- number of lanes.

To compare the throughput in this case, we bring all the given modes of transport to one ( passenger car) using the formula:

N = A µ, auto/hour

Where A - a given intensity of traffic along the street in one direction during rush hour;

µ - reduction factor.

Cars 540 · 1=540

Trucks with carrying capacity up to 2 tons 300 · 1,5 =450

Buses 16 · 2,5=40

Trolleybuses 25 3=75

TOTAL ΣN: 1105 vehicles/hour

Thus, N m > ΣN (1560>1105) and the capacity of the highway in the section of the stop line ensures the passage of the traffic flow with a given intensity.

3. Setting the width of the sidewalk

The prospective intensity of pedestrian traffic on the sidewalks in each direction is 7000 people / hour. The capacity of one sidewalk lane is 1000 people/hour.

Required number of lanes P= 7000/1000 = 7 lanes

The width of one lane of the undercarriage of the sidewalk is 0.75 m.

Thus, the width of the undercarriage of the sidewalk is B = 0.75 7 = 5.25 m.

4. Selecting the type of cross profile

Due to the fact that the main elements of the street in terms of cost and complexity of the device are the roadway and sidewalks, we first outline the cross-sectional profile of the street, using the calculated width of the roadway and sidewalks. After that, it will be possible to proceed with the placement of strips of green spaces, lighting masts and underground engineering communications.

For the traffic conditions specified in the task, we consider the transverse profile of the street in two versions:

Cross profile of a street without a lane to separate oncoming traffic;

Cross profile of a street with a strip to separate oncoming traffic.

The width of dividing strips and other street elements is shown in Table 5.

Table 5

Sizes of city street elements

For better organization of traffic, it is desirable to have an axial dividing strip, however, given the need to create the most complete isolation of residential buildings from noise and vibration caused by passing traffic, we choose the first option for the transverse profile of the street.

According to this option, in addition to a strip of green spaces between the roadway and the sidewalk, we outline another one - between the sidewalk and the building line.

4.1 Outline of the cross profile of the carriageway

The cross profile of the roadway is assumed to be parabolic. Such a profile best meets the requirement of drainage, as it provides a quick runoff of water from the roadway to the trays and storm water wells.

In the first version, the sidewalk is separated from the carriageway by a single-row area of ​​trees and from the building line by a lawn.

In the second option, the roadway is divided by a lawn (dividing strip), and the sidewalk adjacent to the building line is separated from the roadway by a single-row planting of trees.

4.2 Placement of green spaces

The minimum width of the strips of green spaces, m, is taken according to the following data.

Tree planting:

Single row 2 m

Double row 5 m

Shrub planting:

Undersized 0.8 m

Medium 1 m

Large 1.2 m

The planned green stripes in the transverse profile are designed with a width of 2m.

In the first case, lighting masts can be located in the green area near the sidewalks on both sides of the street, in the second case, in the middle of the dividing strip.

Table 6 shows the largest and smallest transverse slopes of the carriageway.

The average transverse slope of the carriageway is taken equal to 20%. To break down the transverse profile, we divide the width of the carriageway into ten equal parts of 3.6 m each and determine the value of the ordinates for intermediate points.

Table 6

Placement of underground engineering structures

Table 7

Minimum distances from underground networks to buildings, structures and green spaces

5. Engineering improvement of settlements

In connection with the rapid development of industry, energy, transport, the territories of populated areas are increasingly beginning to experience negative effects from harmful emissions and effluents, noise, electromagnetic emitters and other adverse phenomena. The basis of the fight against these phenomena, as a rule, is engineering measures. Therefore, the engineering foundations of protection environment can also be considered an essential component of the improvement of urban areas.

The engineering support of a modern city is a complex system of engineering communications, structures and auxiliary devices. Engineering communications are underground, ground and above ground.

Underground engineering networks, mainly used in cities, are one of the most important elements of the engineering improvement of urban areas. Urban underground networks are intended for comprehensive and complete servicing of the needs of the urban population, cultural and household enterprises and the needs of industry. Underground engineering networks include pipelines, cables and collectors.

Water supply of cities is of great importance due to the fact that water consumption for domestic, drinking, communal and industrial needs is increasing. It is expected that water consumption for household and communal needs reaches 400-500 liters or more. Water consumption in cities is different and depends on the category of the city (population), the presence and development of industry, the degree of improvement of the city, climatic conditions and a number of other factors.

When designing water supply networks, it is very important to provide for the preservation of the required water temperature in the pipes. Therefore, it should not be excessively cooled and heated. Therefore, it is accepted that water networks are usually laid underground. But with a technological and feasibility study, other types of placement are allowed.

To exclude hypothermia and freezing of water pipes, the depth of their laying, counting to the bottom, should be 0.5 m more than the calculated depth of penetration into the ground of zero temperature, i.e., the depth of soil freezing. To prevent water heating in the summer season, the depth of the pipelines should be taken at least 0.5 m, counting to the top of the pipes.

Water supply networks are made ring and, in rare cases, dead ends, as they are less convenient for repair and operation, and water can stagnate in them.

The pipe diameter is taken by calculation in accordance with the instructions of SNiP 2.04.02-84. The diameter of the pipes of the water supply system, combined with the fire-fighting one, for urban areas is not less than 100 mm and not more than 1000 mm. The minimum free pressure in the city's water supply network for household and drinking water consumption at the entrance to the building above the ground is taken for a one-story building at least 10 m, with a larger number of storeys, 4 m are added to each floor, which makes it possible to use the water supply network to extinguish fires. For this purpose, throughout the entire length of the water supply network, after 150 m, special devices are installed for connecting fire hoses - hydrants. The norms stipulate that for external fire extinguishing, a water flow of 100 l / s is required.

Sewerage. The modern improvement of the city requires the presence of a developed sewage system for the timely removal of wastewater from the urban area, which, depending on the composition, are divided into household, industrial and storm (rain and melt) drains. For wastewater disposal in cities, common alloy, separate, semi-separate and combined methods are used.

The combined method of sewage is that all city wastewater is discharged through one pipe system. This type of sewage is not widely used due to the significant rise in the cost of treatment facilities, but is used in St. Petersburg, Tbilisi, Samara, Riga, Vilnius and other cities.

With a separate method, two networks of pipelines are arranged. Domestic and waste water is discharged through one pipe network, and rain and conditionally clean industrial waste water is discharged through the other. In the cities of our country, a separate sewerage method is most common. However, it should be noted that at present it has a significant drawback, which consists in the fact that surface runoff is discharged into water bodies, as a rule, without sufficient treatment, thereby contributing to their pollution. This method should be considered the most progressive, but requires high degree storm water treatment.

The diameters of the sewer pipes of the system depend on the amount of wastewater, which is determined by the degree of improvement, i.e. the norm of water consumption, the presence of hot water supply. Thus, the consumption rate of waste water with centralized hot water supply and the presence of a bath is 400 liters per day per 1 person, and with gas heating installations - 300 liters per day.

The sewerage route is selected using a feasibility study options. When laying pipelines, the distance from the outer surfaces of pipes to structures and utilities should be taken in accordance with SNiP 2.04.03-85, based on the conditions for protecting adjacent pipelines and performing work.

The smallest laying depth is taken in accordance with SNiP 2.04.03-85 for sewer pipes with a diameter of up to 500 mm per 0.3 m, for pipes of large diameter - 0.5 m less than the greatest depth of penetration into the soil of zero temperature, but not less than 0, 7 m to the top of the pipe, counting from the layout marks.

Power supply. Consumers are supplied with electricity by thermal power plants (TPPs), hydroelectric power plants (HPPs). The nuclear power industry is the most promising.

The main direction in the field of providing consumers with electricity is the creation of energy systems, such as the unified energy system of the European part of the country, united in the Unified Energy System. The main consumers of electricity are cities. Their electricity consumption is almost 80% of the total electricity consumption in the country. At present, about 20% of the consumed electricity is used for the municipal needs of the city, the rest is for industry.

The city's power supply system consists of an external power supply network, a high-voltage (35 kV and above) city network and medium and low voltage network devices with appropriate transforming installations. Electricity of the net are carried out in the form of overhead power lines (TL) and cable gaskets. Currently, overhead high-voltage lines within the city have been replaced with cable ones, since the area occupied by overhead lines is hundreds of hectares.

Gas supply. The share of gas continues to grow in the fuel and energy supply of cities. The gas supply of cities is determined by the costs of industrial and housing and communal needs, and the latter are constantly growing, as the number of gasified apartments increases.

The gas supply system of a large city is a network of various pressures in combination with gas storage facilities and the necessary facilities that ensure the transportation and distribution of gas.

Gas is supplied to the city through several main gas pipelines, which end in gas control stations (GRS). After the gas control station, gas enters the high-pressure network, which loops around the city and from it to consumers through the main gas control points (GRP).

City networks to ensure the reliability of gas supply are usually solved by ring and only in rare cases by dead ends. The laying of gas pipelines, regardless of gas pressure, is usually carried out underground along the streets, city roads and inter-main areas.

The heat supply of cities provides for the provision of heat to housing and communal and industrial consumers. In cities, district heating is mainly used. District heating improves the environment, as small boiler houses are eliminated with its development.

Heat consumption in the city depends mainly on climatic conditions, the degree of improvement, the number of storeys of the building, and the volume of buildings. Heat is consumed mainly for heating, hot water supply, ventilation and air conditioning, while in the city, up to 40% of the total heat consumption is spent on housing and communal needs.

The main sources of heat for district heating in cities are combined heat and power plants (CHP), which produce both heat and electricity. In the future, for the heat supply of cities, atomic-fueled CHPPs or nuclear boilers can be widely used, which will replace steam-turbine CHPs and boilers operating on fossil fuels. Other sources of energy, such as solar and geothermal energy, can also be used to heat cities. City CHPPs and district boiler houses are located outside the residential area, in industrial and municipal storage areas.

In accordance with SNiP 2.07.01-89*, heat supply of cities and residential areas with buildings with a height of more than two floors should be centralized.

The main networks are located in the main directions from the heat source and consist of pipes of large diameters from 400 to 1200 mm. Distribution networks have a diameter of branch pipelines from the main ones from 100 to 300 mm, and a diameter of pipelines leading to consumers from 50 to 150 mm.

The route of heating networks in cities is laid in the technical lanes allocated for engineering networks parallel to the red lines of streets, roads and driveways outside the carriageway and the strip of green spaces, but when justified, the location of the heating main under the carriageway or sidewalk of the streets is allowed. Heating systems cannot be laid along the edges of terraces, ravines or artificial recesses with subsiding soils.

The slope of heat networks, regardless of the direction of movement of the coolant and the method of laying, must be at least 0.002.

SNiP 2.04.07-86 and SNiP 3.05.03-85 provide special conditions for arranging intersections of other underground structures with heating networks.

6. Methods for laying underground engineering networks

There are several ways or techniques for laying underground networks:

Laying of underground networks separately in independent trenches;

The laying of underground networks is combined in a common trench;

The laying of underground networks is combined in through passage and semi-through collectors and channels;

Laying of underground networks in impassable channels.

Distances from underground networks to buildings, structures, green spaces and to neighboring underground networks are regulated. Minimum values these distances are given in SNiP 2.07.01-89*.

With a street width of more than 60 m, within the red line, the water supply and sewerage networks are laid on both sides of the streets. During the reconstruction of the carriageways of streets and roads, usually the networks located under them are transferred under the dividing strips and sidewalks. An exception may be gravity networks of domestic and storm sewers.

Table 8

The smallest depth of laying networks, counting to their top

Conclusion

Thus, in this term paper I designed the cross profile of the main street of citywide significance, determined the width and relative position of its elements, the roadway, sidewalks, green spaces. The width of the carriageway is 36 m.

Bibliography

1. Nikolaevskaya I.A., Morozova N.Yu., Gorlopanova L.A. Engineering networks and equipment of territories, buildings and construction sites: Textbook: / Ed. O.A. Nikolaevskaya. - 224 s, M: Academy, 2004.
2. Vladimirov V.V., Davidyants G.N., Rastorguev O.S., Shafran V.L. Engineering preparation and improvement of urban areas - M .: Architecture Publishing House - S. 2004.
3. Kalitsun V.I., Kedro V.S., Laskov Yu.M. Hydraulics, water supply and sewerage, Textbook. - M., Stroyizdat, 2000 - 397 p.
4. Beletsky B.F. Sanitary equipment of buildings (installation, operation and repair). - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix. 2002. - 512p.
5. SNiP 2.05.02-85 Highways.
6. SNiP 2.07.01-89 Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements.
7. SNiP 2.04.02-84 Water supply. External networks and structures.
8. SNiP 2.04.03-85 Sewerage. External networks and structures.
9. SNiP 2.04.05-86 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning.
10. SNiP 2.08.01-89 Residential buildings.
11. SNiP 42-01-2002 Gas distribution systems.
12. SNiP III-39-76 Tram tracks.
13. Manual for the design of subgrade and drainage of iron and highways industrial enterprises (to SNiP 2.05.07-85).
14. Designer's Handbook. Modern heating and water supply systems. B, 1991
15. SNiP 23-01-99* Building climatology / Gosstroy of Russia. - M.: GUP TsPP, 2003.
16. SNiP II-3-79* Building heat engineering / Gosstroy of Russia. - M.: GUP TsPP, 2003.

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THEME 1.

INTRODUCTION (2 hours)

1.1. The concept of the engineering arrangement of the territory and the relationship with other disciplines

IOT implies a whole range of activities aimed at providing a multifaceted service to both rural and urban areas.

IOT is closely related to other disciplines:

1.1.1. Land reclamation: ameliorative assessment of soils in various zones; irrigation and drainage melioration, their methods, impact on the natural complex of territories; water sources for irrigation and water supply, use water resources v agriculture; hydrotechnical anti-erosion measures, land reclamation (cultural and technical measures, land use, sanding, claying); phytomelioration; climatic melioration; protection of soil and water resources during land reclamation; land reclamation.

1.1.2. Fundamentals of agromelioration and landscape gardening; relationship between forest and environment; structure and life of forest plantations; tree and shrub species; fundamentals of forest management and organization; protective afforestation; fundamentals of landscape gardening.

1.1.3. Fundamentals of landscaping of populated areas: categories of green areas and the mutual influence of green plantings of the urban environment, gardening and improvement of urban and rural settlements, organization of sanitary protection zones, recreational areas, suburban and green areas of cities; elements of improvement and small architectural forms; fundamentals of urban green economy, protection and maintenance of green spaces.

1.1.4. Engineering equipment of the territory: local roads - road surveys, designing a network of local roads; road profile and plan; road clothes; basic principles for the construction and repair of local roads; tracing and technical characteristics of external engineering series of linear structures: power supply; gas supply; water supply; water supply; sewerage and treatment facilities; district heating; communication systems.

1.1.5. Engineering arrangement of built-up areas; design of the main engineering communications of the city, the principles of tracing and the technical and economic characteristics of linear structures, the basics of design and construction of roads, streets, passages, power supply networks, the placement of sewage and treatment facilities, water disposal methods, etc., design of a television and radio communication system; vertical layout.

1.2. Purpose, methods, main tasks and structure of the discipline.

The main purpose of studying the discipline "Engineering arrangement of the territory" is to obtain the knowledge necessary for the application various kinds and technologies for reclamation of agricultural lands and reclamation of disturbed lands in accordance with their intended purpose and in combination with other types of forest reclamation measures, in particular, the organization of improvement and landscaping of populated areas, agroforestry, forestry and landscape gardening.

In addition, this discipline involves mastering theoretical knowledge and practical skills in the field of designing and placing networks of engineering equipment of territories - roads of local importance and external engineering networks (power supply, gas and water supply, treatment and sewer facilities, heating systems; communications, etc.) .

This knowledge is equally suitable for the development of the territory of enterprises and organizations associated with the use of land, and built-up areas (cities, towns and rural areas)

The discipline includes the following courses:

Land reclamation;

Fundamentals of agroforestry and landscape gardening;

Fundamentals of landscaping of populated areas;

Engineering equipment of territories;

Engineering arrangement of built-up areas.

The discipline considers in detail the following questions:

The essence of agricultural land reclamation, reclamation of disturbed lands;

Principles for choosing environmentally friendly types and technologies for land reclamation and reclamation;

Fundamentals of management and organization of forestry;

Fundamentals of forest management;

Types and groups of protective forest plantations;

Agroforestry measures to combat water and wind erosion of soils;

Fundamentals of landscape gardening;

Basic principles of design and construction of roads and external engineering networks and their parameters;

Know the principles of landscaping and landscaping settlements, city greening systems;

Basic norms for designing green areas;

Fundamentals of urban green economy, protection and maintenance of green spaces;

Basic principles of tracing and technical and economic characteristics of linear structures and networks in cities and rural areas;

Vertical layout methods;

Calculation methods earthworks;

Materials used in the preparation of elevation plans and detailed plan designs.

The discipline forms the following skills in the student:

Design a simple irrigation system;

Develop a scheme for organizing irrigated lands in conjunction with the technical characteristics of irrigation equipment;

Develop a simple drainage system using closed drainage or channels;

Develop a land reclamation project;

Give an ecological and economic justification for the decisions made;

Perform an analysis of the aesthetic and economic qualities of the urban environment;

Determine appropriate ways to place green objects and landscaping elements to increase the urban planning and economic value of urban areas;

Form a system of open spaces.

Engineering improvement of territories is the engineering preparation of the territory, engineering equipment, landscaping, engineering improvement of natural and artificial reservoirs, sanitary improvement of the city, small architectural forms. Engineering improvement is an integral part of urban planning and development of urban areas. The design and implementation of any major urban improvement project is aimed at creating optimal sanitary and hygienic conditions and includes a complex set of engineering measures and structures that ensure the suitability of territories for various types of use.

When developing measures for the engineering improvement of urban areas, the following architectural, planning and engineering tasks are solved:

Engineering training

Engineering equipment

Landscaping and landscaping

Sanitary cleaning

Protection and improvement of the environment

The composition, sequence and content of the complex of engineering measures depend on the natural environmental factors, the degree of anthropogenic and man-made disturbances of the territory, the size of the object and its functional purpose.

When developing planning and development projects for urban and rural settlements, the following measures for the engineering preparation of the territory are envisaged:

Creation of the necessary slopes of streets and roads for the movement of cars and pedestrians and the laying of underground engineering networks;

Vertical layout surface of the earth, providing optimal conditions for the placement and construction of buildings. and soor. and drainage of rain and melt water.

Special

Protection of coastal territories from erosion, flooding by flood waters and flooding by groundwater, lowering the level of groundwater;

Development of wetlands

Landslide control gully erosion

Protection of landslide and landslide-prone areas

Engineering preparation of territories composed of collapsible soils

Engineering preparation of peaty territories, territories with silt accumulations and permafrost soils

Restoration of disturbed territories by mountain and open workings, landfills;

Construction and operation of engineering structures: laying of rain and drainage networks, construction of dams and embankment dams, technical operation of engineering structures systems;

Organization of reservoirs;

artificial irrigation

special purpose

Protection of territories from abrasion, mudflows, snow avalanches;

Engineering preparation of territories composed by karst;

Development of territories with seismic phenomena.

Vertical planning of territories and relief organization is a set of engineering measures for artificial change, transformation and improvement of the existing terrain for use in urban planning.

The removal of surface water is carried out from the entire residential area, for which it is divided into runoff basins, from where rain water with the corresponding sanitary requirements cleaning is sent to reservoirs. To ensure the runoff of rainwater from residential areas to water intake devices on the streets, the territories of microdistricts are located at higher elevations than the marks of the red lines of the streets limiting them. From the surface of residential yards and other intra-microdistrict areas, rainwater is removed through trays along local passages to street water inlets.

Measures for engineering equipment (water supply, sewerage, electricity supply, heat supply, gas supply, etc.) are developed as part of detailed planning projects and projects for the development of residential areas and microdistricts. Within residential areas, engineering networks of water supply, electricity supply, heat supply and gas supply are divided into: supply (trunk), going from the power source to the place of their connection to distribution networks; distribution lines leading to branches of distribution networks; diluting reaching before joining the intra-house systems. Sewerage and drain networks are divided into receiving networks, going from the place of connection of in-house systems to connecting them to the collecting networks; diverting, ensuring the removal of household and rainwater to treatment facilities.

Underground engineering networks should be placed mainly off road surfaces, parallel to red lines and building lines and, if possible, in the shortest directions.

For laying underground engineering networks, the following methods are used: individual or separate laying, when each of the networks is placed regardless of the timing and methods of laying the others, in accordance with technical and sanitary requirements; combined, in which several networks are laid in a common trench; gasket in common manifolds.

Fundamentals of engineering arrangement and equipment of the territory

Section 1. Significance of engineering arrangement and equipment of the territory

The concept and tasks of engineering arrangement of the territory

During the construction and operation of settlements, tasks inevitably arise to improve the functional and aesthetic properties of the territory - its landscaping, watering, lighting, etc., which is provided by the means of improving the urban area.

Any settlement (city, town), architectural complex or a separate building is built on a specific territory, site, characterized by certain conditions - topography, groundwater standing level, the risk of flooding by flood waters, etc. Engineering preparation tools make it possible to make the territory most suitable for construction and operation of architectural structures and their complexes at optimal cost of funds.

The development and improvement of the territories of populated areas is an important urban planning problem, in the solution of which many specialists, including architects, participate. The territory chosen for the construction of a city or already developed territory often requires improvement, improvement of aesthetic qualities, landscaping, protection from various negative influences. These tasks are solved by means of engineering preparation and landscaping. At the initial stage of the construction of cities, as a rule, the best territories are chosen for development, which do not require large works on engineering preparation. With the growth of cities, the limit of such territories ends and it is necessary to build up inconvenient and complex territories that require significant measures to prepare them for construction.

Thus, the engineering arrangement of the territory includes two stages: the engineering preparation of the territory and its improvement.

Engineering preparation of the territory- these are works based on techniques and methods changes and improvements in the physical properties of the territory or its protection from unfavorable physical and geological influences.

The solution of the issues of adaptation and arrangement of the territory for the needs of urban planning is referred to the improvement of these territories. That is, engineering preparation precedes the construction of the city, and landscaping is already a component of the process of building and developing the city, with the goal of creating healthy living conditions in it.

- work related to improvement of functional and aesthetic qualities territories already prepared in engineering respect. Engineering improvement of the territory includes the whole range of activities aimed at multifaceted services for both rural and urban areas.

Elements of city improvement:

construction of a road network, bridges, laying out parks, gardens, squares, landscaping and lighting of streets and territories, as well as providing the city with a complex of engineering communications - water supply, sewerage, heat and gas supply, organization of sanitary cleaning of territories and the air basin of the city (with the help of landscaping).

Master plans of cities

The layout of the city can be characterized as the organization of its territory, determined by a set of economic, architectural, planning, hygienic and technical tasks and requirements. The most progressive method of urban design is complex method when issues of engineering training are simultaneously resolved,

urban development and improvement. But this is possible only in the conditions of designing a new city.

The improvement and development of the urban environment of the existing city is solved by reconstructing (rebuilding, restoring) the old quarters and building new areas that meet the new requirements.

The urban planning system has a multi-stage structure (planning, design stages) in the direction from large territories to smaller ones and from territories to individual objects.

Main design stages:

- territorial planning - schemes and projects of regional planning of regions, regions, administrative districts;

- master plans of cities;

- projects of detailed planning of urban areas (city center, administrative and planning areas, residential areas and microdistricts, etc.);

building projects - technical projects of ensembles, squares, streets, embankments, etc.

The purpose of developing master plans for cities is to determine rational ways of organizing and promising development of residential and industrial areas, a network of service institutions, transport network, engineering equipment and energy.

General plan of the city is a long-term comprehensive urban planning document, in which, based on an analysis of the current state of the city, a forecast is developed for the development of all structural elements for a period of up to 25 years. Within the boundaries of the city limits, the following functional zones are distinguished in the master plan:

- residential (territories of residential areas and microdistricts);

– industrial;

- territories of community centers;

– recreational (gardens, squares, parks, forest parks);

- utility and warehouse;

– transport;

- others.

All these zones are interconnected by a network of streets and roads of various classes; v

As a result, the planning structure of the city is formed. Basic drawings

city ​​master plan are:

– functional zoning scheme;

- the scheme of the planning organization of the city territory.

As part of master plan issues of engineering improvement (including landscaping) of the city, transport and engineering services are also being developed.

Issues of engineering preparation, together with a comprehensive assessment of the territory, are usually resolved at the previous design stage - in the schemes and projects of the district planning and the feasibility study for the development of the city.

1. Goals and objectives of the development of the master plan (draft planning of the settlement)
2. Assignment for the design of the layout of the settlement

1. Natural conditions for the suitability of territories for the construction of settlements

1. The main aspects and the most important principles of planning, their relationship
2. Zoning of the territory of the settlement (functional, territorial, construction)
3. Requirements for the use of the territories of the main zones of the settlement

1. The planning structure of the settlement, its elements
2. Architectural and planning composition, definition, concepts, its components
3. The most important means and techniques of architectural and planning composition

1. Streets as the basis of the planning structure and architectural and planning composition of settlements

1. Typological and constructive characteristics of residential buildings
2. Sanitary-hygienic and fire-prevention requirements for the placement of residential buildings

1. Architectural and planning structure and composition of the residential area

1. Conditions for organizing cultural and community services for the population
2. Trade, catering and consumer services enterprises
3. Cooperative buildings and community center complexes

1. Structure, functions, architectural and spatial composition of the public center

1. The sequence and stages of the implementation of measures for the reconstruction of the residential area
2. Social and architectural planning tasks of reconstruction

1. The main tasks of engineering preparation of the territory of settlements
2. Types of engineering measures for the preparation of territories of settlements

1. Measures to preserve and improve the environment of settlements

1. Organization of an agricultural enterprise as the basis for the placement of production facilities
2. Functional relationships between industrial complexes, residential area, agricultural land and roads
3. Sanitary and hygienic veterinary and fire conditions for the placement of production facilities
4. General rules for planning and building the territory of the production complex

1. General requirements for the formation of the industrial zone of the city

1. Urban planning requirements for the location of industry

1. A system of indicators for evaluating planning solutions for a residential and industrial zone

Engineering arrangement of settlements

Road construction. The most expensive type of improvement is the construction and equipment of roads passing through the streets. Their cost depends on the type of pavement and the design of the roadway. The quality of pavement affects appearance village street.

Pavement used in settlements can be divided into improved capital, improved lightweight and transitional type.
Improved capital pavements include cement-concrete, asphalt-concrete, as well as cobbled, mosaic and clinker pavements on cement-concrete or crushed stone bases. Improved lightweight pavements include crushed stone, treated with bitumen. Pavements of a transitional type (cobblestone, fragmentation, pavement, crushed stone, untreated with a binder) can be considered as temporary. Subsequently, they can be used as the basis for creating a higher class roadway. In all cases, a trough with a depth of 35 ... 40 cm is provided with one or two layers of asphalt concrete 3 ... 4 cm thick. Sidewalks are covered with asphalt (3 cm) or asphalt tiles (4 cm) over a layer of crushed stone 10 ... 15 cm thick.

Water supply. This is the most important type of landscaping. It can satisfy the following needs: drinking, household, fire fighting, industrial, irrigation. Water supply can be local, group or centralized.

Local include water supply from mine wells and springs. The group system consists of a water intake from shaft wells and keys with the organization of capturing and water supply by pumps to the water supply network that supplies water to groups of buildings. The centralized water supply network draws water from closed sources (artesian wells) without water purification and from open sources (rivers, lakes) with preliminary water purification before supplying it to the network.

Sites for the placement of water intake facilities should be in favorable sanitary conditions. The sanitary protection zone for water supply sources consists of the first and second belts. In planning projects, the boundaries of the first belt, or zone of a strict sanitary regime, must be determined.

For underground water supply sources, the boundaries of the first sanitary protection belt are set depending on the protection of aquifers from the surface: for aquifers covered by waterproof layers, within a radius of at least 30 m, for unprotected horizons - 50 m (Figure 26).

For open sources of water supply, the zone of the first sanitary protection belt is established depending on local sanitary-topographic and hydrogeological conditions, but in all cases upstream - at least 200 m from the water intake, downstream - at least 100 m from the water intake, along the coast - not less than 100 m from the water line at its highest level.

The boundaries of the second belt are coordinated with the local sanitary and epidemiological station. Water taken from open sources for household and drinking purposes is defended, filtered and disinfected at a treatment plant.

Figure 26 - Sections of water intake facilities: a- section of a closed water source: R1 - zone of strict sanitary regime (30 m); R2 - sanitary protection zone (50 m); b - section of an open water source: 100, 150, 200 m - distance from the pumping station
first lift; I, II — residential and industrial areas

Plumbing facilities are usually built standard projects. Their composition when using open sources of water supply is as follows: a pumping station of the first rise at the place of water intake with a sanitary protection zone of a strict regime;

Sewerage. Wastewater that must be removed from settlements is divided into three types: household fecal, industrial and atmospheric effluents. The water discharge rate is 80% of the water consumption rate. For areas of non-sewer development, the water discharge rate is 25 liters per inhabitant per day.
For wastewater disposal, a separate sewerage system is used, incomplete separate and combined. A separate sewerage system consists of two networks of pipes for the disposal of household and fecal, industrial effluents and rain (melt) water into the nearest water channels. An incomplete separate sewerage system accepts all drains, except for atmospheric ones, which are discharged through a system of open trays and channels. The general alloy system provides for the construction of a common sewer network to divert all wastewater to treatment facilities.

Depending on the nature and quantity of wastewater, mechanical and biological methods of their treatment are used.
The mechanical method is preparatory to biological treatment, and in favorable conditions - as an independent one, especially during the development of sewerage. Mechanical cleaning facilities include screens, crushers, grit traps, grease traps, settling tanks. Biological treatment can be natural or artificial. Natural biological treatment is carried out in irrigation fields, filtration fields and in biological ponds, artificial in special treatment facilities on various technologies.

Irrigation fields are communal and agricultural, used for crops. The area norm per 100 inhabitants is 35...70 hectares for agricultural irrigation fields at a load of 5...20 m3 per 1 ha per day, for communal irrigation fields - 10..15 hectares per 100 inhabitants at a load of 10 .90 m3 per 1 ha. If there is not enough space, you can use the filtering fields. They require 3...5 ha per 1000 inhabitants at a load of 50...250 m3 per 1 ha. The arrangement of irrigation and filtration fields is possible in areas with average annual air temperatures not lower than 0 ° C in areas with a calm relief (slope no more than 2%), sandy, sandy or loamy soils. Along the contour of the irrigation and filtration fields, it is planned to plant strips of willow and other moisture-loving tree plantations 10 ... 20 m wide.

When choosing biological treatment facilities for rural settlements, it is first necessary to establish the possibility of arranging an irrigation field or a filtration field. On the filtration fields, wastewater is preliminarily settled. Irrigation fields are arranged in all climatic zones, with the exception of the regions of the Far North and permafrost.
Ancillary area for passage through the irrigation and drainage network is up to 25% usable area agricultural irrigation fields.
In the zone of one-story estate building, the installation of a centralized sewage system is uneconomical. In this case, local sewerage is possible in the form of underground filtration fields, the device of which is advisable for groups, as well as individual buildings.

In order to eliminate the pumping station and pressure collectors, it should not be allowed to build up streets with manor houses and blocked or sectional houses on different sides. Therefore, on both sides of the street with a sewer collector should be built up with blocked, sectional residential buildings connected to the sewer network. Manor houses must have their own local flush sewer system.

Heat supply. Centralized heat supply in rural settlements is designed for sectional and blocked residential buildings, for public and part of industrial buildings. Heat is received from a general settlement or from a local boiler house, which is located in separate areas outside residential areas, as close as possible to the center of heat loads, taking into account the relief of the territory and the prevailing winds.
The size of the plot for the boiler house when it is operating on solid fuel is 0.5 ha, on liquid fuel - 0.25, on gaseous fuel - 0.15 ha. From residential and public buildings when working on solid fuels, boiler rooms are located no closer than 35 m, on liquid fuel - 25 m and on gaseous fuel - 15 m.
Individual heat supply is obtained using furnaces of various designs.

Gas supply. Settlements are supplied with gas from main natural gas pipelines, gas plants and from liquefied gas installations. Natural gas is supplied through pipes through gas distribution stations and gas control points, where the gas pressure is reduced to the consumer norm. Gas distribution stations are built outside settlements, and gas control points are built on settlement gas networks.
In settlements remote from gas sources, bottled gas supply with liquefied gas is widespread. Cylinders for supplying buildings with liquefied gas are installed in metal cabinets attached to the blank walls of buildings. There are also group installations with storage of liquefied gas in underground tanks. Depending on the volume of tanks, the nature and fire resistance of buildings, they are placed at a distance of 8 ... 50 m from buildings. The place of storage of tanks is fenced, driveways with a hard surface are laid to it.

Power supply. Settlements are electrified mainly from the network of state high-voltage lines. If it is impossible or inappropriate to connect to the energy system, power supply from a local power plant is provided.
Overhead power lines (TL) with a voltage of 35 kV and above are located outside settlements. Electric networks with voltage up to 10 kV are placed in settlements, and step-down transformers are installed at the input points of power lines. The distance from them to buildings depends on the degree of fire resistance of buildings: at the first and second degrees of fire resistance - 7 ... 10 m, at the third degree - 9 ... 12 m, at the fourth and fifth - 10 ... 16 m.
Width security zone transmission lines from the extreme wires on both sides is: for lines up to 20 kV - 10 m, for lines up to 35 kV - 15 m.

Telephone and radio. In rural settlements, telephone and radio installation is carried out from district exchanges more often via overhead lines, less often via underground cables laid at a depth of 0.4-0.5 m.

© Mikhalev Yu.A. Fundamentals of urban planning and planning of settlements. Textbook / Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University - Krasnoyarsk, 2012 - 237 p.