In what year the adoption of NEP happened. Why and when did the NEP die? Reasons for the New Economic Policy

For many years, this Leninist program was interpreted in our country as a timely transitional period between the Civil War and the acceleration of industrialization and collectivization, as a tactical maneuver of the leader, which became salvation for the young Soviet republic and the even younger Union.

And then they began to pray at the NEP. How the NEP was idealized during the years of perestroika!

Then the new economic policy was presented as a brilliant Leninist idea, the highest in the creative heritage of the leader. They grabbed hold of the phrase "Seriously and for a long time!" Lenin then replied: "I am not such a pessimist." By that time, he was accustomed to monthly sharp tactical maneuvers, according to Lenin's rhythms, three years is already "for a long time."

The theorists of perestroika thought that the private owner, with his initiative, was almost the main goal of the proletarian revolution. A screaming contradiction, but in those years few people were embarrassed by it. The society, tired of the shortage of goods, saw salvation in the re-edition of the NEP ... "The defeat of the NEP" was interpreted as a crime of Stalinism.

At the same time, many were cunning: they wanted to beat the "command-administrative system" with NEP, Lenin - Stalin and Brezhnev, so that, having shaken the situation, then they would hand over both Lenin and the NEP to scrap.

But some did believe in NEP as a "norm of life" to which one should strive. For example, the writer Anatoly Rybakov, who, unlike others sang perestroika, never renounced Lenin and October, did not accept Gaidar's reforms, and invariably recalled the NEP idyllically: “In two years everything has changed beyond recognition. In two years! Canceled grocery cards... Private shops have opened on the Arbat. There was everything! .. The country, destroyed in seven years of war by white, red, green - whatever you want - recovered in a matter of months, was restored, rose. "

But why did the word "Nepman" quickly turn into a dirty word? Is the propaganda overdone?

The most objective participants in the events of those years at times treated NEP as a necessary evil, but never as a good. The NEP did not give way to those who believed in the ideals of socialism, who prepared themselves for selfless labor, for self-improvement, for heroic deeds.

The NEP evoked emotions that were most easily expressed in the well-known rhetorical question: "What did you fight for?" When Leonid Utyosov sang: "What did we fight for, what did we suffer for? .. They are fattening there, they are walking there ..." - everyone understood that this was about the Nepmen.

Is NEP worth a kind word?

The First World War, which was called the Second Patriotic War, two revolutions, the Civil War, intervention and emigration. As a result, there is a shortage of specialists, clear ideas about the strategic goal and vague ones about the nearest tactics and practice. In the early 1920s, the state did not have the resources to exist without private individuals. Without them, the devastation and hunger would not have vanquished. Enthusiasm and violence are reliable tools, with their help they built the foundation of the Soviet state. But without a compromise with the elements of the old order, without the Nepmen, it was impossible to restore the economy, clothe and feed the impoverished country.

The state cannot exist in peacetime in a state of emergency - and therefore such phenomena as surplus appropriation had to be abolished. The civil war proved that the Bolsheviks are strength, an iron fist. But economic tasks are electrification, restoration and expansion of production. With this it was necessary to cope with the whole world, state effort. But in trade, in small-scale production, in the service market, it was impossible to do without a private owner. In addition, the USSR was a peasant country in the 1920s. The surplus surplus showed that the commonwealth of "state" proletarians and peasant-proprietors is an illusion. The authorities had to retreat, suppressing Marxist radicalism.

Under the NEP, a painful dichotomy was felt in the life of the country. At one time, the cruel reality of serfdom was not combined with the ideology of the Orthodox brotherhood, and this led to an explosion. Stalin admitted deception as a means of struggle, as a means of propaganda. But he understood that big lies in politics are unacceptable and disastrous. It is unlikely that the front and rear would have met the enemy together in 1941, if the country was swarming with proprietors with their own private interests.

During the heyday and abolition of the NEP, the Soviet order passed a serious test of strength. It turned out that the Bolshevik regime can be flexible, that it is capable of whimsical dance steps: jumps, turns, compromises. Like the "obscene" Peace of Brest, NEP was needed for a respite, for the regrouping of forces.

Had the Bolsheviks turned out to be impenetrable dogmatists, “the world's first state of workers and peasants” in peacetime would not have existed for several months.

There was such a nostalgic concept in workers ', engineers' and officer's families: “Before the war”. Many have preserved memories: before the war, shortly before the invasion, life began to improve. Stable earnings, work, on the screen - Chapaev and girls with character ... Of course, there was no idyll then, just after the war, peaceful life was involuntarily presented in a rosy light. But the carbon monoxide years of the NEP were remembered as a dangerous and dirty time. This is the memory of the people.

The era of "fun theft"

Yuri
EMELYANOV,
historian:

Yuri Vasilievich, was there an alternative to NEP after the Civil War?

The ruin of the country then reached extreme limits. Industrial production fell to 4-20 percent from pre-war levels. The village could not get the most necessary household implements and the simplest goods for their products ...

Speaking at the 10th Congress of the RCP (b), the People's Commissar of Food Tsyurupa, who is responsible for the provisional allocation across Russia, reported: from the usual consumption rate of the peasants ... This leads to the conclusion that no one will allow, without resistance, active or passive, to pull a piece out of his mouth. " Therefore, the People's Commissar reported, "everywhere demoralization, disorganization and direct extermination of our apparatus ... Only on the Ukrainian food front, 1,700 procurers perished."

Already in February 1921, the Central Committee recognized the need to replace the surplus appropriation system with a tax in kind and restore market relations. Speaking at the X Congress of the Party, V.I. Lenin declared: “We have gone too far along the path of nationalizing trade and industry, toward closing the local turnover. Was this a mistake? Undoubtedly. "

By a decree of May 24, 1921, private trade was allowed, as well as various forms of state capitalism in the form of concessions, leases and mixed companies. Partial restoration of market relations gave a powerful impetus to the development of the country's economy.

However, the new economic policy, which seemed to be the only possible one for the country's leadership and even for representatives of all opposition platforms, was not unambiguously met by many rank-and-file party members. The sacrifices and hardships they suffered in the course of the "last and decisive battle" against the world bourgeoisie now seemed unnecessary. Many committed suicide in despair. Tens of thousands of party members left its ranks in protest against "surrender to the bourgeoisie."

Did you openly oppose the NEP?

In the manual, it was treated as a temporary retreat. Trotsky spoke especially often about the temporary nature of the NEP. He and Zinoviev, Kamenev, who joined him, and their supporters turned the struggle against the NEP and the Nepmen into a slogan directed against the majority in the party leadership. Thus, in a letter dated May 25, 1927 to the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), signed by 83 oppositionists headed by Trotsky and Zinoviev, they condemned the "wrong policy" of the leadership, which allegedly "accelerates the growth of forces hostile to the proletarian dictatorship: kulak, NEPman, bureaucrat ".

However, many young communists mistrust Trotsky and Zinoviev as fighters against the NEP. At that time, the protocol of the meeting of the candidate group of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in the village of Sokhondo, Chita District, was widely known. It captured the explanations of the nature of the opposition, which was proposed by a member of the group Ivan Rusak: "Trotsky began to lead a schismatic line a long time ago ... Zinoviev at one time, I remember, was besieging Trotsky at a plenum, but apparently Zinoviev and Trotsky had some kind of thought."

And what about Stalin?

He supported the transition to NEP. But already in 1926 he announced that the second stage of the NEP development had begun. According to Stalin, the first stage was associated with the restoration Agriculture, which made it possible to create an internal market in the country, to establish the production of agricultural raw materials for industry and to provide the population with food. The second stage of the NEP is "the direct deployment of industrialization," Stalin declared.
Until then, while the NEP provided a way out of the devastation, it suited many working people of the country. However, in the late 1920s, it became obvious to Stalin and his supporters that the interests of the rapidly growing working class came into conflict with the new economic policy... There were good reasons for such conclusions.

Economic or social?

Judge for yourself. Food shortages in many cities in 1927 intensified working-class dissatisfaction with the NEP. Remembering his youth, the Soviet leader K.T. Mazurov noted: “NEP brought prosperity to trade and small business, peasants began to live better. And the workers were still very hard. They often had no bread on their table. Their discontent grew ... The workers thought: let them squeeze those who hide bread, and we will have it ”.

As historians G. Bordyugov and V. Kozlov noted: “The working class did not become the social force that held on and fought for the principles of the NEP ... social problems, food difficulties arose, when in 1928 the "intake books" (rationing system of food supply) were introduced, the workers were no longer tied to the NEP ”.

However, even among a significant part of the peasantry there was no support for the NEP and the market relations recreated by it. Bordyugov and Kozlov wrote that “35% of the peasants exempted from paying the agricultural tax are proletarian, semi-proletarian and poor elements of the village - were they interested in preserving the NEP? Those benefits, class guarantees that the rural poor enjoyed in the 1920s were guaranteed to them by direct state intervention in the economy. "

The transition of the party leadership from defending the NEP in the struggle against the Trotskyists, and then the Zinovievites, to abandoning the NEP was received positively by the majority of the country's working class as the NEP crisis began.

And what about the atmosphere of the NEP, about its ideology?

The contradictions intensified. Writer Lev Sheinin wrote: “It was an amazing time, and that Moscow was amazing ... In the Komsomol clubs they sang“ We are the young guard of workers and peasants ”, studied Esperanto for the maximum acceleration of the world revolution by creating a single language for the proletarians of all countries, stubbornly gnawed at science and fiercely hated the Nepmen, whom they had to temporarily admit ... And in the city, who knows where, and the devil knows why all kinds of evil spirits crawled out of all the cracks - professional sharpshooters and arrogant cocottes, speculators, bandits and just swindlers of all shades, scales and varieties. .. Gentlemen concessionaires, all kinds of Hammers, Petersons and Van Bergs, settled firmly in Moscow, acquired young kept women, secretly bought furs and currency, Rublev icons and Vologda lace, precious paintings and crystal, and slowly melted it abroad. "

Organized crime has become rampant. V. Molotov cited one example of the uncontrolled actions of gangs in his speech at the 15th Party Congress, telling about the events in the Boretskaya volost of the Ryazhsky district of the Ryazan province, where “for five years a gang of bandits, robbers and robbers ruled like at home ... This is hooliganism. intimidated, intimidated, robbed and set fire to local peasants. " Appeals of the local population to the authorities for protection did not lead to anything. “And now banditry has not yet emerged in the Boretskaya volost ... They still say about this volost:“ The fighter is the father of all thieves, ”Molotov reported.

One to one - the village of Kushchevskaya in our time!

The ineffectiveness of the fight against the bandits was largely due to their connections with the authorities. Molotov admitted that the criminals “had connections not only in the Ukom and the Executive Committee, but through some people they were able to influence individual members of the Gubernia Committee, lips. KK and the provincial court ... Criminal elements from the Boretskaya volost managed to find weak points even among individual workers of the provincial party-Soviet apparatus, where they found some threads of ties ... ”This is the atmosphere of the NEP.

The decline of morality was manifested in the forgiveness of criminal acts. In his speech on April 13, 1926, Stalin said with irony: “There is shameful, hidden theft, and there is bold,“ cheerful ”theft, as they say in the press. Recently I read an article in Komsomolskaya Pravda about "merry" theft. There was, it turns out, a kind of fertic, a young man with a mustache, who cheerfully stole in one of our institutions, he stole systematically, tirelessly, and always stole successfully. It is not so much the thief himself that deserves attention here, but the fact that the surrounding public, knowing about the thief, not only did not fight with him, but, on the contrary, did not mind slapping him on the shoulder and praising him for his dexterity, which is why the thief became in the eyes the public is a kind of hero ... When a spy or a traitor is caught, the public's indignation knows no bounds, it demands execution. And when a thief is wielding in front of everyone, plundering state property, the surrounding public is limited to chuckles and pats on the shoulder. Meanwhile, it is clear that a thief who plunders the people's property and undermines the interests of the national economy is the same spy and traitor, if not worse ... We have hundreds and thousands of such thieves. You cannot get rid of everyone with the help of the GPU. "

Stalin was also indignant at the waste of state funds: “We now have revelry, an orgy of all kinds of festivities, solemn meetings, anniversaries, unveiling of monuments, and so on. Tens and hundreds of thousands of rubles are spent on these "cases".

And again, as if about our days!

At the same time, Stalin remarked: “Most significant of all is that non-party people sometimes notice a more careful attitude towards the means of our state than those of the party. The communist acts in such cases more boldly and more decisively ... This is perhaps explained by the fact that the communist sometimes considers laws, the state, etc. things are family business. That is why another communist does not have much difficulty to step over, like a pig (I apologize, comrades, for the expression), into the garden of the state and grab there or show his generosity at the expense of the state. " Stalin called for "a systematic struggle against the so-called" merry "theft in the organs of our state, in the cooperatives, in the trade unions."

Valentin KATASONOV,
economist:

Valentin Yurievich! And where does the NEP begin in economic logic?

I think that the NEP was due to the fact that the party-state elite was not ready to tackle large-scale tasks. There was no experience, there was no trust in the "bourgeois" specialists. The authorities were at a loss. She was especially frightened by the Kronstadt mutiny. Therefore, we decided to let everything go by itself. It is a bit like the current situation, when the authorities are unable to solve large-scale tasks and leave everything at the mercy of the “market”, carrying out massive privatizations of state assets. But it seems to me that under the guise of general "liberalization" the interests of foreign capital... Then Trotsky was on the "horse", he and his like-minded people, despite the leftist demagogy, especially "pushed through" such directions of the NEP as attracting foreign capital into the country in the form of concessions and the transition to the gold currency (chervonets), which would provide great opportunities to export wealth from the country to abroad.

How did the NEP affect the objective indicators of the economy - starting with the gold reserve?

In 1920, according to generally accepted estimates, the level of industrial production in our country was 7 times lower than in Russia in 1913. If we believe the statistics of that time, by 1924 the country had reached the pre-war level in industrial production. More serious sources give estimates and calculations, from which it follows that the pre-war level of industry was reached only by 1927.

The situation with food and agriculture has somewhat normalized. During the NEP period, we were unable to reach the pre-war levels of agricultural production. However, grain exports decreased in comparison with pre-revolutionary times, more grain and other agricultural products began to remain in the countryside, which made it possible to alleviate the acuteness of the food problem. But agriculture remained backward, the yield was at the pre-war level, and the development proceeded according to the extensive scenario. It is clear that such agriculture could not ensure the rapid economic development of the country. The peasant barely fed the city, where a small part of the country's population lived at that time.

As for the gold reserves, during the NEP period it was at an extremely low level. The country did not have objective opportunities to introduce the gold duct.

What can be said about corruption in the conditions of the NEP? How often did successful Nepmen find themselves relatives of the clerks?

There are a lot of individual examples - both in terms of corruption, and in terms of family ties, and the use of these ties for personal gain. I had to deal more with the family ties of our bosses with their relatives abroad. Such connections were doubly dangerous to our national security. For example, Sverdlov had a younger brother Benjamin in America, he studied banking business even before the revolution, and continued, already being in Soviet positions. Trotsky's connections with his relative, the banker Zhivotovsky, are interesting. However, the connections were not only family, but also just business. Links that were established even before the First World War. Let us recall our future People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs Litvinov, who was the treasurer of the Bolsheviks abroad, lived in London, and married an Englishwoman. If you dig the biographies of the "fiery revolutionaries" who held key party and state posts in the first half of the 1920s, then there are few among them who did not have any relatives, friends or companions abroad. In the general atmosphere of "liberalism" of the NEP era, this was not considered a terrible crime, although no one was involved in advertising ties. Very similar to today's situation ...

Was it possible to industrialize and strengthen the army without curtailing the NEP?

The protraction of the NEP was mortally dangerous for our statehood and independence. There were, after all, very specific plans of the West to start a new intervention. Or, at least, strangle the RSFSR by means of an economic blockade. Or to disintegrate the country from within with the help of the "fifth column" represented by the Trotskyists and the "new opposition". Such plans were constantly born after the Genoa Conference of 1922, when it became clear to the West that Soviet Russia was not going to dance to their tune. But in order to put the final end to the NEP, it was necessary to break the "fifth column" inside the country. She fiercely defended the ideology and practice of the then "economic liberalism". Bukharin became a prominent ideologist of this liberalism.

How acute was the problem of social inequality and contrasts during the NEP years? And did you manage to overcome it in the years after the “great turning point”?
- The nouveau riche speculators loved to live for show! Very similar to the "new Russians" of our time. In the 1930s, this was no longer the case. Moreover, the opposite was more likely to happen: excessive “leveling”. However, no one was particularly offended, since equalizing distribution is an important element of the mobilization economy. And the country's authorities did not hide the fact that tomorrow there might be a war, and, accordingly, social restrictions are inevitable.
- During the years of perestroika, the command sounded: "Alignment with the NEP!" ...

Yes, at the end of the Soviet regime, a campaign to idealize the NEP really began. So that we once again stepped on the same rake. Almost all the ideologists of this turn occupied quite prominent posts in the party-Soviet hierarchy and fulfilled the "social order" that came from A.N. Yakovleva. It was a "social order" for the collapse of the USSR.

"Reforms" recent years contain almost all the main elements of the NEP of the 1920s. These are just different modifications of the same economic liberalism. Then the NEP was able to slow down within five years after its start (and finally put a bold cross on it in ten years), while our "reforms" have been going on for a quarter of a century. Today we have gone much further than then. First of all, in the 1920s. foreign capital did not have time to gain such control over our economy as it has taken today.

NEP - " new economic policy"Soviet Russia was an economic liberalization with strict political control of the authorities. NEP replaced “ war communism» (« old economic policy"- BOT) and had the main task: to overcome the political and economic crises spring 1921. The main idea of ​​the NEP was the restoration of the national economy for the subsequent transition to socialist construction.

By 1921, the Civil War in the territory of the former Russian Empire is generally over. There were still battles with the unfinished White Guards and Japanese invaders in Far East(in the FER), and the RSFSR has already estimated the losses caused by the military revolutionary upheavals:

Loss of territory- outside Soviet Russia and its allied socialist state formations were Poland, Finland, the Baltic countries (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia), Western Belarus and Ukraine, Bessarabia and the Kara region of Armenia.

Population loss as a result of wars, emigration, epidemics and a fall in the birth rate, it was approximately 25 million people. Experts calculated that no more than 135 million people lived in the Soviet territories at that time.

Were thoroughly destroyed and fell into disrepair industrial areas: Donbass, Ural and Baku oil production complex. There was a catastrophic shortage of raw materials and fuel for somehow working plants and factories.

Volume of production industrial products decreased by about 5 times (metal smelting fell to the level of the beginning of the 18th century).

The volume of agricultural production decreased by about 40%.

Inflation exceeded all reasonable limits.

There was a growing shortage of consumer goods.

The intellectual potential of the society has degraded. Many scientists, technical specialists and cultural workers emigrated, some were subjected to repression, up to physical destruction.

The peasants, outraged by the surplus appropriation system and the atrocities of the food detachments, not only sabotaged the delivery of grain, but also raised armed insurgencies... The farmers of the Tambov region, Don, Kuban, Ukraine, the Volga region and Siberia revolted. The rebels, often led by ideological SRs, put forward economic (abolition of surplus appropriation) and political demands:

1. Changes in the agrarian policy of the Soviet authorities.
2. Abolish the one-party diktat of the RCP (b).
3. Elect and convene a Constituent Assembly.

Units and even formations of the Red Army were thrown into the suppression of the uprisings, but the wave of protests did not subside. Anti-Bolshevik sentiments also matured in the Red Army, which resulted on March 1, 1921 in a large-scale Kronstadt uprising. In the RCP (b) and VSNKh itself, since 1920, the voices of individual leaders (Trotsky, Rykov) have been heard calling for the abandonment of the surplus appropriation system. The issue of changing the socio-economic course of the Soviet regime is ripe.

Factors influencing the adoption of the new economic policy

The introduction of the NEP in the Soviet state was not someone's whim, on the contrary, the NEP was due to a number of factors:

Political, economic, social and even ideological. The concept of the New Economic Policy was in general outline formulated by V.I. Lenin at the X Congress of the RCP (b). The leader called at this stage to change the approaches to governing the country.

The concept that the proletariat is the driving force of the socialist revolution is unshakable. But the working peasantry is its ally and the Soviet government must learn to "get along" with it.

The country should have a system with a unified ideology, suppressing any opposition to the existing government.

Only in such a situation could the NEP provide a solution to the economic problems that war and revolution posed to the young Soviet state.

General characteristics of NEP

NEP in the Soviet country is an ambiguous phenomenon, since it directly contradicted Marxist theory... When the policy of "War Communism" failed, the "New Economic Policy" played the role of an unplanned roundabout maneuver on the path of building socialism. VI Lenin constantly emphasized the thesis: "NEP is a temporary phenomenon." Based on this, the NEP can be broadly characterized by the main parameters:

The Soviet state allowed private capitalist relations in trade, small-scale and even in some medium-sized enterprises. At the same time, large industry, transport and financial system regulated by the state. In relation to private capital, the NEP allowed the application of a formula of three elements: admission, containment and displacement. What and at what point to use the Soviet and party bodies based on the emerging political expediency.

Chronological framework of the NEP

The New Economic Policy fell within the time frame from 1921 to 1931.

In general, the NEP in short time restored and made the economic system of the Soviet Union relatively viable.

Pros and cons of NEP

One of the most important negative aspects of the new economic policy, according to many analysts, was that during this period the industry (heavy industry) did not develop. This circumstance could have catastrophic consequences during this period of history for a country like the USSR. But apart from this, in the NEP, not everything was assessed with a “plus” sign, there were also significant disadvantages.

The reasons for many of the economic troubles that led to the crises were the low competence of cadres and the contradictory policies of the party and state structures.

Inevitable crises

From the very beginning, the NEP showed unstable economic growth characteristic of capitalist relations, which resulted in three crises:

Sales crisis of 1923 as a consequence of a mismatch low prices for agricultural products and high prices for industrial consumer goods ("scissors" prices).

The grain procurement crisis of 1925, expressed in the preservation of mandatory state purchases at fixed prices while the volume of grain exports decreased.

The acute crisis in grain procurement in 1927-1928, overcome with the help of administrative and legal measures. Closing of the project "New Economic Policy".

Reasons for refusing NEP

The curtailment of the NEP in the Soviet Union had a number of reasons:

1. The New Economic Policy did not have a clear vision of the prospects for the development of the USSR.
2. The volatility of economic growth.
3. Socio-economic flaws (property stratification, unemployment, specific crime, theft and drug addiction).
4. Isolation of the Soviet economy from the world economy.
5. Dissatisfaction with the NEP over a large part of the proletariat.
6. Disbelief in the success of the NEP of a significant part of the communists.
7. The CPSU (b) risked losing its monopoly on power.
8. The predominance of administrative methods of managing the national economy and non-economic coercion.
9. Aggravation of the danger of military aggression against the USSR.

Results of the New Economic Policy

New Economic Policy and was not until the end understood and accepted as a given by the authorities and the people of the country. To some extent, the NEP measures justified themselves, but there were still more negative aspects of the process. The main result was quick recovery economic system to the level of readiness for the next stage of building socialism - a large-scale industrialization.

By the spring of 1921, political tension in Russia increased sharply. Conflicts between various political forces, as well as between the people and the government, deepened and intensified. Only the Kronstadt uprising, as Lenin put it, posed a much greater danger to the power of the Bolsheviks than Denikin, Yudenich and Kolchak in aggregate. And Lenin, as an experienced politician, understood this perfectly.

He immediately sensed the danger, realized that in order to maintain power, it was necessary: ​​first, to come to an agreement with the peasantry; secondly, it is even tougher to fight both the political opposition and everyone who does not share the Bolshevik convictions, which are true by definition. In the 1930s, the opposition was liquidated. Thus, in March 1921, at the X Congress of the RCP (b), Lenin announced the introduction of the NEP (New Economic Policy).

What is NEP

An attempt to get out of the crisis, both economic and political, to give a new impetus economy and agriculture for their development and prosperity- the essence of the new economic policy. The policy of "war communism" pursued by the Bolsheviks until 1921 led Russia to economic collapse.

And for this reason, March 14, 1921 - this historical date is considered to be the beginning of the NEP - on the initiative of V.I.Lenin, a course towards NEP was taken. The main goal of the course taken is to restore the national economy. For this, the Bolsheviks decided to take extremely dubious and even "anti-Marxist" measures. This is private enterprise and a return to the market.

The Bolshevik project of enormous scale was, of course, a gamble, since the "Nepman" or "Nepacha" was perceived by the majority of the population as a bourgeois... That is, the class enemy, the hostile element. Nevertheless, this project was successful. For eight years of its existence, it has shown its usefulness and economic efficiency in the best possible way.

Reasons for the transition

The reasons for the transition can be summarized as follows:

• the policy of "war communism" has ceased to be effective;
• the economic and spiritual abyss between town and country was clearly defined;
• uprisings of workers and peasants swept across the regions (the largest are the Antonovshchina and the Kronstadt rebellion).

The main activities of the NEP include:

In 1924, a new currency was issued, the gold duct. It was equal to 10 pre-revolutionary rubles. The chervonets was provided with gold, rapidly gaining popularity and became a convertible currency. The height of the bar taken by the Bolsheviks thanks to the new policy was impressive.

Influence on culture

One cannot but mention the influence of the NEP on culture. People who started making money were called "Nepmen". It was completely uncharacteristic for shopkeepers and artisans to be interested in the ideas of revolution and equality (this feature was completely absent in them), nevertheless, it was they who played key roles during this period.

The new rich were not at all interested in classical art - it was inaccessible to them due to the lack of education, and NEP language was not much like the language of Pushkin, Tolstoy or Chekhov... These people can be treated differently, but they were the ones who set the fashion. Frivolous, littering with money, spending a lot of time in cabarets and restaurants, the Nepmen became a hallmark of that time. This was typical of them.

Economic results of the NEP

The restoration of the destroyed economy is the main success of the NEP. In other words, it was a victory over devastation.

Positive and negative consequences

1. The collapse of the chervonets. By 1926, the state was unable to restrain the emission of money. Calculations were made in chervonets, thus, the chervonets began to depreciate rapidly. Soon the government stopped providing him with gold.
2. Sales crisis. The population and small businesses did not have enough convertible money to buy goods, and there was an acute problem of marketing.

The peasants stopped paying huge taxes which went to the development of industry, so Stalin had to forcibly drive people into collective farms.

Reanimation of the market, different forms of ownership, foreign capital, monetary reform (1922-1924) - thanks to all this, it was possible to revive a dead economy.

In the face of a tough credit blockade, the most important task of the state was to survive. Thanks to the NEP, the national economy began to quickly recover from the consequences of the First World War and the Civil War. Russia began to rise to its feet and develop in all directions.

The reasons for the transition to NEP were not accepted by everyone. Such a policy was perceived by many as a rejection of Marxist ideas, as a return to the bourgeois past, where the main goal is enrichment. The party explained to the population that this measure was forced and temporary.

Before 1921 there were only two classes - workers and peasants... Now Nepmen have appeared. They provided the population with everything necessary. This was the transition to the NEP in Russia. The date March 15, 1921 went down in history. On this day, the RCP (b) abandoned the harsh policy of war communism and switched to the liberal NEP.

The political goal of the new economic policy was to toughen the struggle against the opposition, as well as to eradicate and suppress all dissent.

The main differences from "war communism"

As you can see from the table, before 1921 the manual the country was carried out mainly by administrative-command methods... But after 1921, administrative-market methods prevailed.

Why did I have to curtail

By 1926, it became apparent that the new policy had completely exhausted itself. In the second half of the 1920s, the Soviet leadership began to make attempts to curtail the NEP. Syndicates were liquidated, and economic people's commissariats were created. The time of the NEP and the Nepmen is over. At the end of 1927, the state failed to procure grain in the required quantity. This was the reason for the complete curtailment of the new policy. As a result, already at the end of December, measures of forced confiscation of bread began to return to the village. These measures were suspended in the summer of 1928, but resumed in the fall of the same year.

In October 1928, the Soviet government decided to finally abandon the NEP and set before the people the task of implementing the first five-year plan for the development of the national economy. The USSR took a course towards accelerated industrialization and collectivization. Despite the fact that the NEP was not officially abolished, in fact it had already been phased out. And legally, it ceased to exist on October 11, 1931, along with private trade.

NEP did not become a long-term project, and from the very moment of its inception it was not supposed to be so. As a result of the contradictions that emerged in the early to mid-1920s, Stalin and the Soviet government were forced to abandon the NEP (1927) and begin the modernization of the country - industrialization and collectivization.

Introduction

1. Features of the NEP policy

The collapse of the NEP

3. Results of the NEP

4. The value of NEP

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

NEP is the economic policy of Soviet Russia, which replaced the policy of "war communism".

NEP - This abbreviation stands for "New Economic Policy". The NEP became an entire era, although all its stages fit into one decade: the new economic policy was adopted by the Tenth Congress of the RCP (b) in 1921.

The main goal of the proclamation of the NEP was the restoration of the national economy, destroyed by two fierce wars (the First World War and the Civil). By the end of 1920, hostilities had largely ended in the European part of the country. In Siberia and the Far East, they continued until 1922. What were the results?

The hopes that Soviet Russia would not be alone for long, and that after the victory of the revolutions in the West, we would build socialism together with others more developed countries helping each other mutually. Since 1920, the revolutionary wave in Europe began to subside quickly enough. Revolutions in Germany, Austria, Hungary were suppressed. Hopes for help from Europe turned out to be untenable. It was also not necessary to count on loans and other assistance, since the Soviet government canceled all old debts in 1917, and after the end of the civil war it found itself in diplomatic isolation. Consequently, now it was possible to rely only on one's own strength, which radically changed the situation. It is no coincidence that V.I. Lenin noted: “A socialist revolution in such a country can have final success under two conditions. First, with the support of its socialist revolution in one or more advanced countries. As you know, we have done a lot for this condition in comparison with the previous ones, but far from enough for this to become reality.

Another condition is an agreement between those who exercise their dictatorship or who held in their hands state power the proletariat and the majority of the peasant population ”.

What could we observe inside the country? Worsening rapidly economic situation... Since military operations were going on practically throughout the country, most of the enterprises naturally suffered during these battles. In many localities, the economic infrastructure was simply destroyed.

Of course, the NEP idea did not appear ready overnight. It was a long, painfully difficult search for forms and types of economic ties that would combine possible concessions to the petty-bourgeois and bourgeois strata of the population, and at the same time allowed not to lose sight of the main final task - building a socialist, and then a communist economy with all their inherent features. Therefore, the actual development of the basic economic measures that make up the NEP has been going on since 1921, when it was introduced, and up to 1925-27, when we began the transition to accelerated development.

The purpose of the work is to consider the reasons for the closure of the NEP.

1.Features of the NEP policy

The state of Soviet Russia in 1921 was frightening. The young country lay in ruins.

Immediately after the Great October Revolution, at the end of 1917, the US government ceased relations with Russia, and in 1918 England and France ceased relations. Soon (in October 1919), the Supreme Council of the military alliance of the leading capitalist states - the Entente - announced the termination of all economic ties with Soviet Russia. The attempted economic blockade was accompanied by military intervention. The blockade was lifted only in January 1920. Then the Western states made an attempt to organize the so-called gold blockade: they refused to accept Soviet gold as a means of payment in international payments.

The ideology of the Bolsheviks followed a course towards socialism; in order to implement this project, it was first necessary to create a material and technical one for it.

The policy of war communism, which was pursued until 1921, aggravated the situation - the peasants began to express their mood against the new government, which was embodied for them mainly in the form of food detachments, food appropriation. It was time to rebuild the economy. In March 1921, the 10th Congress of the RCP (b) adopted a decision to replace the surplus appropriation tax in kind, which was two times less than the surplus appropriation tax, and was established in the form of a share deduction from the products produced, based on the harvest, the number of eaters, the availability of livestock, etc. The tax covered up to 20% of agricultural products. Later, in March 1922, it was reduced to 10%. The tax had a clearly defined class character: for the poor and middle peasants, the percentage of deductions was reduced.

It was also important that the surplus of the product remained in the ownership of the peasant and could be used at his personal discretion. Free trade in food was allowed on the market. In production, they gradually began to move from equalizing ration wages to payment in money. At the same time, piecework wages were introduced in terms of the quantity and quality of labor.

One of the manifestations of the NEP in industry was that private entrepreneurship was again allowed:

) It was allowed to open private enterprises with up to 20 workers.

) The leasing of small and medium-sized state-owned enterprises was permitted.

) Creation of mixed joint stock companies with the participation of public and private capital.

) Concessions were allowed to attract foreign capital.

) The development of various forms of cooperation was encouraged.

Already these first measures meant not only an admission, but also a sharp expansion of commodity-money relations, which during war communism were brought to naught. Their development was impossible without the restoration of a stable monetary, financial and banking systems.

Market relations were again legalized. The development of new commodity-money relations entailed the restoration of the all-Russian market. During the NEP period banking system country. Direct and indirect taxes which become the main source government revenues(excise taxes, income and agricultural taxes, service fees, etc.). All this was the prerequisite for the emergence of the NEP.

Due to the fact that the NEP policy in Russia was seriously hampered by inflation and the instability of monetary circulation, a monetary reform was undertaken. By the end of 1922, a stable currency unit- a gold piece, which was provided with gold or other values.

An acute shortage of capital led to the beginning of active administrative intervention in the economy. At first it intensified administrative influence on the industrial sector (Regulation on state industrial trusts), and soon it extended to the agricultural sector.

As a result, the NEP by 1928, despite frequent crises provoked by the incompetence of the new leaders, led to noticeable economic growth and a certain improvement in the situation in the country. The national income has increased, the material position of citizens (workers, peasants, as well as employees) has become more stable.

d. attempts to curtail it begin. The reason for the curtailment of the NEP is the strengthening of the contradictions between politics and economics. The private sector and emerging agriculture sought to get into politics to support their interests. This contributed to the internal party struggle. And the new members of the Bolshevik Party - peasants and workers who were ruined during the NEP - were not satisfied with the new economic policy.

The transition to NEP certainly helped in the formation and consolidation of the power of the Bolsheviks in Soviet Russia, but was curtailed on October 11, 1931, although in October 1928 the implementation of the first five-year plan began.

2.The collapse of the NEP

So, by 1925-1926. the economic recovery is over. The country was entering a new reconstruction period.

In the second half of the 1920s. the first prerequisites for the collapse of the NEP appeared. Syndicates began to be liquidated in industry, and private capital began to be squeezed out. The creation of the economic people's commissariats was the beginning of the establishment of a centralized system of economic management.

Soviet history determines the reasons for the curtailment of the NEP by a set of economic factors. But a more careful analysis of the contradictions of the New Economic Policy allows us to assert that, first of all, the reasons for the curtailment of the NEP were the contradictions between the natural functioning of the economy and the political course. So, since the mid-1920s. measures are beginning to be actively taken to restrict, and soon to completely oust the private producer. The political course is to support cooperative farms and drive out the capital of the "private trader". new economic policy russia

Since 1928, the economy has finally moved to planning system: the beginning of the development of the national economy.

New Deal meant that the era of the NEP is receding into the past.

Legally, the NEP was completed on October 11, 1931, with<#"justify">The main reasons for the clotting of NEP were lost:

) non-fulfillment of export obligations (disruption of grain procurement), which reduced foreign exchange earnings and, accordingly, led to a reduction in industrial production and capital construction;

) is much faster than the growth in demand for domestic market in comparison with supply (an increase in the number of workers in industry and construction; a 10% decrease in prices in 1927 with a simultaneous increase in the nominal wages workers increased effective demand);

) the policy of active displacement of private capital since 1926:

· increase in tariffs for the transportation of private cargo;

· suspension government lending private enterprises;

· the introduction in 1927 of a tax on excess profits;

· prohibiting private leasing of state-owned enterprises and renewing old contracts;

· a decrease in the number of foreign concessions (until 1930, most of the concessions were liquidated; in 1931, private industry was also liquidated);

4) nationalization of distribution: in 1929, the transition to the card supply system was carried out; in February 1930, commodity exchanges and fairs were liquidated.

The USSR chose the second of two alternatives:

) low rates of development of the entire economy on the basis of NEP and a progressive lag behind the leading capitalist countries;

) rejection of the market, a return to administrative methods, concentration of available resources and the accelerated development of the main link of the economy - large industry. The NEP policy was a forced tactical step taken under the pressure of circumstances, and not a strategic line.

The curtailment of NEP at the end of the 1920s was due to the internal economic contradictions of this policy and the contradictory processes that it caused in society.

Among them:

First, the restoration of industry proceeded on the previous technical basis and was not accompanied to the proper extent by the reconstruction of old enterprises. Life, however, did not stand still, and, consequently, the country lagged more and more in the technical and economic terms from developed countries.

Secondly, the industrialization that began in Russia at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. was interrupted by World War I and subsequent events. The country was still agrarian. Only 10% of the population was employed in industry, and it provided only 20-25% of the national income. The bulk of people lived in countryside... The suspended industrialization had to be carried through to the end.

Thirdly, the Bolsheviks have always proceeded from the fact that the victory of socialism in the economy is associated, first of all, with the development of modern large-scale industry with an appropriate socio-economic infrastructure, with the presence of modern agriculture based on machine labor. There are numerous statements by the classics of Marxism that the victory of the new system is ultimately ensured by a higher organization of production and the corresponding productivity of labor. Consequently, from a purely doctrinal standpoint, the need for industrialization was also not in doubt.

Fourth, the main reason for the curtailment and then the liquidation of the NEP was that the Bolsheviks practically disappeared from the immediate threat of losing political power. Stalin strengthened his power in the party, and in the country further retreat from socialism was meaningless. Therefore, by the end of the 1920s. NEP was completely liquidated, and Stalin became in fact the sole ruler.

Results of the NEP

The implementation of the new economic policy achieved its intended goal: the destroyed economy was restored. Considering that highly qualified personnel due to their social origin were either oppressed or forced to leave the country, the emergence of a new generation of economists, managers and production workers can also be considered a significant success of the new government.

Impressive successes in the restoration and development of the national economy during the NEP era were achieved in the context of fundamentally new social relations. This makes the situation for the country's economic recovery truly unique.

During the NEP era, key positions in industry belonged to state trusts, in the credit and financial sphere - primarily state banks, in agriculture, small peasant farms were the basis.

Industrial syndicates were curtailed, and private capital was squeezed out of them by administrative methods. A rigid centralized system of economic management was created - the people's commissariats.

The intensive development of industry required more and more resources, but it was not possible to attract private capital. To speed up industry, everything that the peasantry produced was required, but the tax in kind was only 30% of the output.

In 1927-1928, a grain procurement crisis arose, and the introduction of a rationing system was required. The problem was solved by returning to the methods of "war communism" - by forcibly seizing grain.

In October 1928, the government embarked on the implementation of the first "five-year plan", a course was taken to accelerate industrialization and collectivization.

By that time, the new economic policy had actually ceased to exist, but the legal end of the NEP came on October 11, 1931.

4. The value of NEP

The New Economic Policy existed in our country for only a few years - from 1921 to 1928. In the history of the USSR, NEP is a short stage in development, preceding the "great achievements of socialism" - industrialization and collectivization.

But the abolition of the state monopoly created the basis for the free movement of products - this is a partial restoration of trade, and hence capitalist relations.

Paradoxically, from the height of the history of the NEP it seems rather a short step, retreating from the socio-economic development programmed by the revolution, and therefore, without denying its achievements, one cannot but say that other measures could have led to the same results.

And the uniqueness of the era of the new economic policy lies primarily in its impact on culture.

As mentioned above, after the Great October Revolution, Russia lost most of the intellectual elite of society. The general cultural and spiritual level of the population fell sharply.

The new era brings forward new heroes - among the NEPmen who have risen to the highest social levels, the lion's share is made up of wealthy private traders, former shopkeepers and handicraftsmen-artisans, who were absolutely not touched by the romance of revolutionary trends.

These "heroes of modern times" lacked education to understand classical art, and they became trendsetters. In accordance with this, cabaret and restaurants became the main entertainment of the NEP. However, one can make a reservation that this was a common European trend of those years, but it is in Soviet Russia, sandwiched between the reluctantly receding war communism and the impending gloomy era of repression, that this makes a special impression.

The era of the NEP is over, but the trace of that time is forever preserved in the history of the great country.

Conclusion

The New Economic Policy (NEP) was carried out in the USSR in the 1920s. It included a number of measures incompatible with the communist doctrine of the party, but was necessary to restore the country's economy, which suffered huge losses during the First World War and the Civil War. However, in the mid-1920s, the time came for the rejection of the NEP.

By that time, the development of the NEP became more and more contradictory. A stratum of “private traders” - entrepreneurs was actively forming in the country, market mechanisms and hired labor were used. But according to the political course, representatives of the bourgeois estates were out of the question. Thus, the reasons for the curtailment of the NEP were not only economic, but also political. The Soviet government could not even in an ideological sense allow representatives of capitalism to come to power, and the capitalist elements in the economy could not develop further without political support.

In addition, the country's leadership from the very beginning considered the new economic policy as a forced, temporary measure, giving the country the necessary opportunities for the transition to socialism.

Therefore, in the second half of the 1920s, the liquidation of the NEP began gradually.

List of used literature:

1. Batemskiy A.M. New Economic Policy (NEP): History and Modernity. M., 1998

Vinogradov S.V. NEP: experience of creating a mixed economy. M., 1996

Yablonskikh E.K. History of the Russian economy (lecture notes), MSTU Stankin 2004

Gimpelson E.G. Political System and NEP: Inadequacy of Reforms // National History. 1993. No. 3

Golotik S.I., Danilin A.B., Evseeva V.N., Karpenko S.V. Soviet Russia in the 1920s: NEP, Bolshevik Power and Society. // New historical bulletin. No. 2 2000

The content of the article

NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP)- the policy of the Soviet government, under which all enterprises in one industry were subordinate to a single central governing body - the main committee (glavka). Changed the policy of "war communism". The transition from "war communism" to the NEP was proclaimed by the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party in March 1921. The initial idea of ​​the transition was formulated in the works of Lenin 1921-1923: the ultimate goal remains the same - socialism, but the position of Russia after the civil war dictates the need resort to the "reformist" method of action in the fundamental questions of economic construction. Instead of a direct and complete breakdown of the old system to replace it with a new socio-economic order, which was carried out during the years of "war communism", the Bolsheviks took a "reformist" approach: not to break the old socio-economic order, trade, small-scale economy, small business, capitalism, but carefully and gradually master them and be able to expose them government regulation... In the last works of Lenin, the concept of NEP included ideas about the use of commodity-money relations, all forms of ownership - state, cooperative, private, mixed, self-financing. It was proposed to temporarily retreat from the achieved "military-communist" gains, to take a step back in order to gain strength for the leap towards socialism.

Initially, the framework of the NEP reforms was determined by the party leadership by the extent to which the reforms strengthened its monopoly on power. The main measures carried out within the framework of the NEP: the surplus appropriation was replaced by a food tax, followed by new measures designed to interest broad social strata in the results of its economic activity... Free trade was legalized, private individuals were given the right to engage in handicrafts and open industrial enterprises with up to a hundred workers. Small nationalized enterprises were returned to their former owners. In 1922, the right to lease land and use hired labor was recognized; abolished the system of labor services and labor mobilization. In-kind wages were replaced by cash wages, a new state bank was established and the banking system was restored.

The ruling party carried out all these changes without abandoning its ideological views and command methods of managing socio-political and economic processes. "War communism" was losing ground gradually.

For its development, the NEP needed the decentralization of economic management, and in August 1921 the Labor and Defense Council (STO) adopted a resolution to reorganize the Glavkist system, in which all enterprises in one branch of industry were subordinate to a single central governing body - the main committee (glavka). The number of sectoral central boards was reduced, and only large-scale industry and basic branches of the economy remained in the hands of the state.

Partial denationalization of property, privatization of many previously nationalized enterprises, a system of economic management based on cost accounting, competition, the introduction of lease of joint ventures - all this specific traits NEP. At the same time, these “capitalist” economic elements were combined with the coercive measures adopted during the years of “war communism”.

The NEP led to a rapid economic revival. The peasants' economic interest in the production of agricultural products made it possible to quickly saturate the market with food and overcome the consequences of the famine years of “war communism”.

However, already at an early stage of the NEP (1921-1923), recognition of the role of the market was combined with measures to abolish it. Most of the leaders of the Communist Party regarded NEP as an "inevitable evil", fearing that it would lead to the restoration of capitalism. Many Bolsheviks retained "military-communist" illusions that the destruction of private property, trade, money, equality in distribution material goods lead to communism, and NEP is a betrayal of communism. In essence, the NEP was calculated to continue the course towards socialism, by maneuvering, social compromise with the majority of the population, to move the country towards the party's goal - socialism, albeit more slowly and with less risk. It was believed that in market relations the role of the state is the same as under "war communism", and it must carry out economic reform within the framework of "socialism." All this was taken into account in the laws adopted in 1922 and in subsequent legislative acts.

The admission of market mechanisms, which led to economic recovery, allowed the political regime to strengthen. However, its fundamental incompatibility with the essence of the NEP as a temporary economic compromise with the peasantry and the bourgeois elements of the city inevitably led to the rejection of the NEP idea. Even in the years most favorable for its development (until the mid-1920s), progressive steps in pursuing this policy were made uncertainly, contradictory, with an eye to the passed stage of "war communism".

Soviet and, to a large extent, post-Soviet historiography, reducing the reasons for the collapse of the NEP to purely economic factors, has deprived itself of the opportunity to fully disclose its contradictions - between the requirements of the normal functioning of the economy and the political priorities of the party leadership, aimed first at limiting and then completely ousting the private producer.

The country's leadership's interpretation of the dictatorship of the proletariat as the suppression of all those who disagree with it, as well as the commitment of the majority of the party cadres to the "military-communist" views adopted during the civil war, reflected the unswerving desire of communists to achieve their ideological principles. At the same time, the strategic goal of the party (socialism) remained the same, and the NEP was viewed as a temporary retreat from the "war communism" achieved over the years. Therefore, everything was done to prevent the NEP from going beyond the limits that are dangerous for this purpose.

Market methods of regulating the economy in NEP Russia were combined with non-economic, with administrative intervention. The predominance of state ownership of the means of production, large-scale industry, was the objective basis for such intervention.

During the NEP years, the party and state leaders did not want reforms, but were concerned that the private sector would gain an advantage over the state. Gripped by the fear of NEP, they took measures to discredit it. Official propaganda in every possible way persecuted the private trader, and the image of the “Nepman” as an exploiter, a class enemy was formed in the public consciousness. Since the mid-1920s, measures to curb the development of the NEP were replaced by a course towards its curtailment. The dismantling of the NEP began behind the scenes, first with measures to stifle the private sector by taxation, then by depriving it of legal guarantees. At the same time, loyalty to the new economic policy was proclaimed at all party forums. In the late 1920s, considering that the new economic policy had ceased to serve socialism, the country's leadership canceled it. The methods by which it curtailed the NEP was revolutionary. In the course of its implementation, the village "bourgeoisie" (kulaks) was "dispossessed", all of its property was confiscated, exiled to Siberia, and the "remnants of the urban bourgeoisie" - entrepreneurs ("Nepmen"), as well as members of their families were deprived of political rights ("disenfranchised" ); many were prosecuted.

Efim Gimpelson

APPLICATION. DECREE OF THE VTSIK ON REPLACEMENT OF THE REALIZATION WITH NATURAL TAX.

1. To ensure the correct and calm management of the economy on the basis of a more free disposal of the farmer with the products of his labor and his economic means, to strengthen the peasant economy and raise its productivity, as well as in order to accurately establish the state obligations falling on farmers, appropriation as a method of state procurement food, raw materials and fodder are replaced by a tax in kind.

2. This tax must be less than the tax imposed up to now by means of allotment taxation. The amount of the tax must be calculated so as to cover the most essential needs of the army, urban workers and the non-agricultural population. total amount the tax should be constantly reduced, as the restoration of transport and industry will allow the Soviet government to receive agricultural products in exchange for factory and handicraft products.

3. The tax is levied in the form of a percentage or share deduction from the products produced on the farm, based on the accounting of the harvest, the number of eaters on the farm and the presence of livestock in it.

4. The tax must be progressive; the percentage of deductions for farms of middle peasants, low-powered farmers and for farms of urban workers should be reduced. The farms of the poorest peasants can be exempted from some, and in exceptional cases, from all types of taxes in kind.

Diligent peasant farmers who increase the sowing area on their farms, as well as increase the productivity of farms as a whole, receive benefits in fulfilling the in-kind tax.

7. Responsibility for the fulfillment of the tax rests with each individual owner, and the organs of Soviet power are instructed to impose penalties on everyone who has not fulfilled the tax. Round-robin liability is canceled.

To control the application and implementation of the tax, organizations of local peasants are formed according to groups of payers of different amounts of tax.

8. All stocks of food, raw materials and fodder remaining with farmers after they fulfill the tax are at their complete disposal and can be used by them to improve and strengthen their economy, to increase personal consumption and to exchange for products of the factory and handicraft industry. and agricultural production. Exchange is allowed within the local economic turnover both through cooperative organizations and in markets and bazaars.

9. Those farmers who wish to surrender the surplus remaining with them after the tax is fulfilled to the state, in exchange for these surplus voluntarily surplus should be provided with consumer goods and agricultural implements. For this, a state permanent stock of agricultural implements and consumer goods is created both from domestic products and from products purchased abroad. For the latter purpose, a part of the state gold fund and a part of the procured raw materials are allocated.

10. Supplying the Poorest rural population produced in the state order according to special rules.

11. In development of this Law, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee proposes to the Council of People's Commissars, no later than one month, to issue a corresponding detailed provision.

Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee

M. Kalinin

Secretary of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee