Design of private housing construction technical requirements. Rules for planning plots and placing private houses with utility rooms

On areas allocated for individual housing construction, the construction of private houses, cottages, bathhouses, outbuildings, and so on is permitted. However, despite the fact that the land plots are owned, the statement “my land, I do what I want” does not apply to them.

House construction standards section of individual housing construction in the relevant sectors, SNiPs are quite strictly regulated. The documentation indicates the norms for distances from fences, neighboring houses, the red line, the location of objects on the site, and so on. To obtain a building permit, you must provide a plan that will fully comply with SNiP.

Distance between houses and other objects

The distances and location of outbuildings relative to each other are regulated by SNiP 30-02-97 to ensure fire safety. It describes the rules and regulations for the location and layout of private sector developments and gardening associations. The first thing you need to pay attention to when creating a project is the required distance between houses.

The licensing authorities pay a lot of attention to this point, as it guarantees fire safety. The fact is that when a fire occurs, the fire quickly spreads from one building to another. When constructing a residential property, you need to take into account that the distance is calculated not from the fence, but from the neighboring house.

The distance depends on the degree of fire resistance of the materials used:

• if non-combustible materials (brick, concrete) are used in the construction of a residential building, then the distance is 6 m;
• if during construction flammable materials are used for floors (metal frame with wooden rafters), then a distance of 8 m is required;
• if the cottages are built of wood, then the distance should be 15m.

The exception is the two-row layout. It is also permissible to build two objects back to back if the “1 house for 2 owners” system is used. The distance between buildings is always measured strictly in a straight line, bends and corners are not taken into account.

From house to barn

SNiP does not regulate fire distances for the location of buildings on the site. However, it spells out sanitary standards and rules for the placement of economic facilities. They are more advisory in nature, so minor errors are allowed. However, when selling a plot of land in the private sector, problems may arise if these standards are not met.

Distances are calculated from the outer wall of the house in a straight line. All outbuildings in the sector must be located taking into account the following recommendations:

• outdoor toilet at a distance of 12-15m from the house;
• to the bathhouse – 8m, the same applies to showers;
• to barns with livestock and poultry – 12-15m;
• to the compost pit - at least 8 m;
• the minimum distance of economic objects from the house is 4 m;
• It is allowed to install a garage inside a residential building.

The location of buildings relative to each other is also regulated. So, the compost pit and the well should be at a distance of 20m from each other. This is due to the fact that there is a high risk of toxins and other harmful substances getting deep into the soil, from where they can be transferred into drinking water. You cannot place a well next to a fence.

Also, for hygienic reasons, it is recommended to keep the well and toilet at a considerable distance so that wastewater does not get into the water. In this case, the location of the artesian well is not regulated, but it is better to adhere to the above rules, especially if the water is shallow.

Fire safety requirements for the construction of bathhouses are very strict, since they are built mainly from wood.

Wood-burning stoves are used inside, which creates an increased risk of fire. The distance from the neighbor's house to the bathhouse must be at least 8 m.

Since 2015, SNiP also applies to the location of the garage. The minimum distance from the fence is 1 m, and from the neighboring property – 6 m. The garage must be located at a distance from the residential building, unless it is located on the ground floor. In this case, additional ventilation will be required.

Distance to fence

• SNiP pays great attention to the distance between buildings and fences. These are also more hygienic considerations than fire safety requirements, since the location of objects too close to a neighboring plot of land can cause increased shading. This is not always acceptable. So, SNiP specifies the following standards:
• the barn for animals, poultry, and livestock should be located at a distance of 4 m from the fence;
• sanitary facilities (baths, showers, toilets) at a distance of 2.5 - 3.5 m;
• when installing a greenhouse, the recommended distance is 4 m, this will avoid both shading and Wastewater with fertilizers to the neighboring plot;
• for a garage and shed with equipment, the minimum distance is 1 m;
• The optimal distance when constructing any buildings is 3m from the fence. This will allow you not to shade the neighbor’s property, as well as avoid conflicts due to the possible penetration of wastewater beyond the fence.

When building a bathhouse, it is better to equip it with an additional drain; for this it is necessary to install a sewer or drain.

Placing trees on the site

Special attention is paid to the placement of trees and shrubs along the fence. Green spaces can create excessive shadow on a neighboring site. However, the neighbor’s claims can only be relevant if the tree is not planted in accordance with SNiP. The distance from the tree to the fence is measured from the center of the trunk. How should green spaces be placed? plot of land:

• bushes at a distance of 1m from the fence;
• medium-sized trees – 2m;
• tall - 4m.

When planting seedlings, it is necessary to take into account how they will grow in a few years.

What should the fence be like?

SNiP imposes some requirements on the fences themselves. For the most part, they are advisory in nature, and it is not at all difficult to comply with them.

The fence between land plots should not exceed 1.5 m in height. Moreover, it can only be continuous up to the middle. Otherwise, a neighbor may complain about excessive shading of the area.

The choice of fence material remains with the owner of the site; the regulatory documents do not contain any recommendations regarding this. This could be a chain-link mesh, trellises or even a picket fence.

The height of the external fence is not regulated. However, if this figure exceeds 2m, additional approval may be required. The external fence can be solid, for example, made of corrugated sheets.

If you can come to an agreement with your neighbors, you can put up any fence, even a solid fence 3m high. The most important thing is to draw up a document confirming the agreement with the owner of the adjacent plot.

Requirements for individual housing construction

SNiPs regulate not only the location of buildings on sites relative to each other, but also the size of the buildings themselves. The regulatory documents detail the minimum sizes of residential premises:

• the common room (often called the living room) should have an area of ​​12 sq.m.;
• each bedroom – from 8 sq.m;
• minimum size of kitchens – from 6 sq.m.;
• bathroom – from 1.8 sq.m;
• hallway – also 1.8 sq.m;
• toilet about 1 sq.m;
• ceiling height – from 2.5 m.

Anticipating the desire of owners and developers to save space, SNiPs also prescribe standards for passages. This ensures compliance with sanitary standards and also ensures the safety of residents. The width of stairs and corridors must be at least 0.9 m. The dimensions given are minimum sizes.

For attic floors, a reduction in square footage is provided. For example, bedrooms can be 1 sq.m. less. Regulatory documents also impose restrictions on the use of basements and basements. Residential premises cannot be located below ground level. If the basement is intended to be used for economic purposes, its height must be at least 2 m.

Communications

A residential building must be equipped with minimal amenities. Communications must be connected to the object. Or you need to provide their analogues.

For the installation of sewerage, it is allowed not only to use pipes and connect to the central collector, but also to install cesspools. In this case, it is necessary to provide filters and cleaning methods for toilets.

Each owner decides the heating issue independently. This could be a furnace or a gas boiler. A system of radiators and convectors can be used. The norm is a heat flow of 10 W per 1 sq.m. Minimum size boiler room – 5 sq.m. You can also connect to central system heating, if possible.

Opening windows are sufficient to ventilate the rooms. Also, the glass must provide an optimal level of lighting. If there is no fresh air supply in the bathroom and toilet, it is necessary to install ventilation.

If a gas connection is provided, the pipeline can only be laid from the side of the boiler or kitchen. It is prohibited to pipe gas through the entire house to the place of use. The exception is when a shut-off valve is installed at the entrance to the room. The gas pipeline cannot be pulled through the foundation. Connections must be welded, threaded inserts are also acceptable.

When using gas cylinders, safety precautions must be observed. The volume of the cylinder should not exceed 12 liters. If they are larger, then they must be kept in separate room in metal boxes, outside residential premises.

Electricity is most often supplied through overhead power lines. In this case, the wires should not interfere with the roadway. The minimum height at which the cable must be stretched is 2.75 m if there is no active traffic on the street.

If a power line passes through busy streets where cars drive and people walk, the wire must be at a height of at least 6 m so as not to interfere with traffic or create a threat.

Power line supports should be located no more than 25m from each other. If the house is located at a greater distance, then it is necessary to install an additional pole. The wires are attached at a distance of 20cm from each other. Energy consumption meters (electricity meters) are installed in special boxes in the house or outside it. Wiring is installed inside the room using insulating materials.

Don't forget about the water supply. You can connect to the central system using plastic or metal water pipes. Artesian wells, water pumping stations, and wells on the site are also often used. Another option is the delivery of drinking water. The issue with hot water is solved by installing a boiler.

Fire safety requirements

In SNiPs, fire safety requirements are not included in a separate chapter. They are comprehensive and are present in every section. One of the fire safety rules is to place buildings at a certain distance from each other. The material of construction will also play an important role.

Another fire safety rule is the use of fire-resistant materials when finishing and strengthening the building. Fire safety is also ensured by proper communications: it is necessary to regularly check the condition of wiring, gas pipes and connections, electrical appliances, and so on.

If fire safety requirements are violated, there is a possibility that the house will not be allowed to be put into operation or will even be required to be demolished.

Development standards relative to the red line

This is another not very clear section in SNiPs. Not everyone knows and understands what is hidden behind the concept of a red line.

During construction, it is necessary to take into account the location of the red line. Buildings are placed taking this trait into account. Thus, one of the requirements of SNiP is to place a residential building at a distance of 5 m from the red line. Buildings should not protrude beyond it, and some should be located at a considerable distance.

If this requirement is violated, the court may order the demolition of the building protruding beyond the red line. Neglect may also result in a fine. So, when planning and construction, it is necessary to remember that objects should not protrude beyond the red line.

Required documents

You cannot start construction in the residential sector without permission. Permission must be obtained. And for this you need to draw up a plan correctly, taking into account all sanitary and fire safety requirements and rules. On land plots in the residential sector of the city, development of private houses, no higher than 3 floors, placement of outbuildings, baths is allowed.

First of all, you need to select a suitable plot of land. It must meet the following requirements:

• be convenient for the homeowner;
• be located near transport interchanges, have an entrance;
• be able to connect to communication networks;
• There should be infrastructure facilities nearby (schools, kindergartens, shops).

To obtain a building permit, you must personally apply to the city or district BTI. At the department, you need to write an application according to the sample and attach to it documents confirming the right to own the land (lease agreement, document of purchase and sale, etc.). In addition to title documents, you will need:

• certificate of determination of the boundaries of the site;
• land surveying project;
• cadastral plan;
• house design and site development.

You may also need an estimate of the planned construction costs. More precise information about necessary documents can be obtained from the BTI and the Department of Architecture.

The received permit is valid for 10 years. During this period, you need to have time to implement all plans.

It is quite difficult to draw up a development project on your own, taking into account all the requirements of SNiPs, fire safety and sanitary rules, but you can try. It is necessary to draw a plan of the site, as well as adjacent sectors. Calculate all distances necessary to ensure fire safety.

Then divide your plot into sectors, decide where the gardening area will be, where the house and outbuildings will be, and make the necessary indentations. If this does not work, then it is better to contact special organizations involved in planning the development of the housing sector.

When starting construction, you need to remember that on a land plot allocated for individual housing construction, you can only build private houses and outbuildings (greenhouses, garages, bathhouses, sheds), and not commercial buildings. In this case, it is necessary to comply with fire and sanitary rules adopted in SNiPs, and also take into account the characteristics of the sector being developed.

- this is a residential building on the land plot of the owner, the type of land ownership of which is intended for individual housing construction. This building is good because registration is possible in it, and it is intended for year-round use. At the same time, the law establishes a number of standards and restrictions that regulate the construction of a residential building. They should be followed to avoid problems with the law and personal safety.

SNiP and other standards for the placement of buildings on land plots

Construction norms and rules (SNiP) are a set of regulations governing construction, engineering and architectural surveys and urban planning activities.

1. When planning the construction of a residential building on an individual housing construction site, it is necessary to familiarize yourself in advance with all the standards for permissible development on the site, so that in the future there will be no problems with approving the building design. The norms for construction and development are the following acts: SNiP 30-02-97. Adjusts the location construction projects relative to the "red line". The “red line” is a line marking the boundary between the site and zones common use
2. . So, according to this norm, a residential building is located 5 m from the street and 3 m from the driveway and the boundaries between plots (the street, unlike the driveway, has a specific name). The outbuilding is located 5 m from both the street and the driveway. This standard also regulates the percentage of paving of the site, the permissible percentage that a residential building can occupy from the site (no more than 30%), and other standards.
3. SNiP 2.04.02-87 and SNiP 2.04.01-85 regulate the design and location of water supply and sanitation systems.
4. SNiP 2.07.01-89 establishes standards for the conduction distance in adjacent areas between pipelines and cables.

TSN-40-301-97. It regulates sanitary and protective standards. These and others determine standards for individual housing development and provision of the house with all necessary communications. Let's take a closer look at all these norms.

Development standards

On a site for individual housing construction, it is regulated not only what the residential building should be like, but also what type of location is acceptable in accordance with fire safety rules, sanitary standards and safety requirements.

Sanitary standards

Sanitary standards Individual housing construction requires the following requirements for a site with an individual residential building and other buildings:

IMPORTANT: correct measurements are calculated from the protruding parts of the building or from its plinths.

Don't forget about the water supply. You can connect to the central system using plastic or metal water pipes. Artesian wells, water pumping stations, and wells on the site are also often used. Another option is the delivery of drinking water. The issue with hot water is solved by installing a boiler.

To avoid fire, or to avoid fire of neighboring buildings, SNiP provides rules for the relative position of buildings based on construction materials.

So, if the house is made of stone or brick (non-combustible materials), then the distance between residential buildings should be 6 m.

If the house is equipped with wooden floors, then the distance is from 8 m.

Also, for concrete buildings the distance will be 8 m, for reinforced concrete buildings - 10 m. These distances increase by two meters in the presence of wooden floors.

Wooden houses and cottages must be 15 m apart from each other. With all these standards, the requirements also affect the area of ​​the site itself - it must be at least 006 hectares.

Distance norms and rules for development on a land plot of individual housing construction

SNiP regulations also include standards for regulating the relative position of buildings for various purposes within a site with individual housing construction.

These standards are dictated by sanitary and fire safety requirements within the site itself. Requirements regarding the construction of facilities are also specified in these normative legal acts. Compliance with them guarantees a level of security for a residential building and land plot.

Distances between houses and buildings on the memory

Within the boundaries of the site, buildings must also be located at a certain distance from a residential building: buildings for animals - 12 meters from the house, a bathhouse - 8 meters.

The outbuilding is 4 meters away. If the house and outbuildings are adjacent, then they must have separate entrances at a distance of 7 meters from each other.

The garage can be located inside a residential building. Sewage and water supply structures should not be closer to the house than 8-10 meters.

This concludes the basic requirements for the relative position of buildings on the site. At the same time, the standards are not strict; small errors in measurements are allowed.

The only difficulties that may arise are that during the process of selling the site, the inspector may not approve the location with large errors.

Permitted height

The height of a residential building should be from 2.5 meters in height to 12 meters (3 floors). In addition to the height, the area of ​​the internal premises is regulated. According to these standards, the size of each bedroom should not be less than 8 square meters. meters, a common room - 12 square meters, a kitchen - from six square meters, a toilet - from one square meter. Ceilings should be higher than 2.5 meters, the width of stairs should be from 0.9 meters. Outbuildings must exceed 2 meters, a bathhouse - 2.2 meters.

Bathhouse construction standards

The height of the bath, according to the standards, must exceed 2 meters 20 centimeters.

Its internal structure must comply with all fire safety standards.

The bathhouse building should be 8 meters from the residential building, 5 meters from the fence on the street side, and one meter from the border with the neighboring plot.

Fence placement

According to the rule, the construction of a capital fence is possible only after the conclusion of a cadastral examination of the boundaries of land ownership.

Before this, the fence can be erected from a chain-link mesh.

The fence should not exceed 1.5 meters either before or after the cadastral examination. This requirement is not strict, but it must be observed at least at the boundaries between sites - such a height will not create a large shadow on someone else’s site, and therefore will comply with hygienic and sanitary standards.

Regarding the “red line”, the fence must also be located in a certain way: the gate should not go beyond this line in any way, which means that from the street/driveway, the fence must be moved to such a distance that the entrance of a car/parking space and the opening gate do not create inconvenience for pedestrians and drivers.

Communications

If the fence fits closely, then the gate should open inside the area. Areas can be separated from each other by a transparent fence, a mesh fence or a lattice fence. By observing these requirements when constructing a fence, no one’s boundaries will be infringed. This means that the fence will only provide a protective function; no conflicts of interest will arise. Communication is separate category problems for owners land plots Of course, most of the burden for carrying them out falls on the local administration, but at the same time it is important for the owner to monitor whether communications are carried out in accordance with all standards. This is important both in order to avoid problems with their functioning, and for the further sale of the site and the various inspections associated with it.

To begin with, if the site is not equipped with underground communications, you need to know that the toilet, well or borehole and compost/cesspool (or box) must be 8 meters from each other. This is necessary so that sewage and rotting products do not mix with drinking water.

The distance from filter wells and other similar structures to residential buildings should be at least 8-10 meters. There are no further requirements for water supply. That is why you need to familiarize yourself with the acceptable water supply design so that problems do not arise in the future.

Regarding gas supply, for this communication to be carried out correctly, the gas pipeline must meet the following six requirements:

The requirements for sewerage are as follows: pipes are laid deeper than 0.3 meters, their diameter must be at least 150 millimeters, the filter of the filter well must extend from groundwater by 1 meter.

Electricity supply must also be carried out in accordance with regulations. Power supply poles should not block or interfere with vehicle access to the site. Power lines should not exceed 2.7 meters in height (this is the case if they are connected to the house). If the pull is carried out from a street with heavy traffic, the height is at least 6 meters.

Trees

As already stated in the sanitary standards, tall trees should be located 4 m from the border of the neighboring plot, medium-sized trees should be two meters, and bushes should be located one meter from the border.

At the same time, if the trees are planted in accordance with the requirements of SNiP, but their crowns have grown so large that they encroach on the territory of the neighboring plot, this will not be considered a violation.

Boundaries of other buildings

As for the information about the location and boundaries of buildings that was not specified until now, there is an update for 2018 in the legislation, according to which, if the area of ​​a building for economic purposes exceeds 50 square meters. m, then it should be 15 m away from other buildings.

Complying with all standards specified in Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation and the Land Code of the Russian Federation, as well as in SNiP, it is possible to avoid problems not only with the legalization of buildings and their registration, but also in general to ensure safe life on a land plot.

On his land, the owner erected a two-story box of a “Canadian” house on a summer foundation. Unauthorized construction of private houses is a violation of the law. The area nearby has been on sale for a long time. Finally, she found an owner who invited a surveyor to accurately mark the site. During this procedure, it turned out that the neighbor built a house half a meter from the border and thereby violated SNiP. The new owner was adamant. The case went to court. The decision of the justice body was natural: to move the building a meter from the fence. The reader can imagine what it means to move a house along with its foundation.

Let's look at the building codes and regulations, abbreviated as SNiP, in order. By following them, you will not have to cross the line beyond which technical problems develop into legal ones. Local licensing authorities are guided by the procedure for development and approval project documentation, republican building standards RSN 70-88 for individual construction. They are used to determine the correctness of the development of the site, the layout of the residential building and utility structures. Here you need to think carefully about what else you plan to build. After approval of the construction plan, objects not included in it are considered to have been installed without permission and are subject to demolition or additional approval.

As practice shows, many owners are ahead of the curve and begin to build their house without waiting to receive a package of permits. As a result, serious mistakes often arise that leave the developer clutching his head. Let's focus on the main points.

First, let's turn to the Code of Practice for the design and construction of SP 11-III-99. After reading these documents, you will know exactly what papers will be required to begin work on an individual site. You need to be patient, because the process of registration and approval can drag on for quite a long time. The easiest thing in this matter is to write an application for a building permit. It should be accompanied by the Resolution of the head of the administration on the provision of a land plot for individual housing construction, a lease and purchase and sale agreement, as well as a general plan and passport of the site, an act on the full-scale establishment of its boundaries and the breakdown of buildings, red lines and axes of the building.

Based on this package of documents, the head of the administration issues a resolution to permit the construction of a private house. Then they draw up a passport for the project of a private residential building, which must include the following materials:

- administration resolution on construction permission;
— a document certifying the developer’s right to the land plot;
- copied from master plan relevant urban planning documentation;
- situational plan;
— technical specifications(TU) connection to utility networks with diagram;
- floor plans, elevation sections;
- an act concerning the full-scale establishment of the boundaries of a land plot and the breakdown of buildings (with a drawing out scheme).

The project of an individual private house is drawn up in a separate folder. It includes the following materials:

- situational plan (M 1:500), showing the location of the construction site in connection with the nearest settlements, sources and external networks of energy, heat and water supply, structures, sewerage networks;
— topography of the site with the adjacent part of the street (M 1:500);
— master plan of the site with vertical layout and linking the project to the area (M 1:200, 1:1000);
- basement plan (technical underground, ground floor);
— floor plans (M 1:100, 1:50);
— main and side facades of buildings (M 1:50, 1:100);
— characteristic sections (M 1:100, 1:50);
- plans for floors and coverings of non-repeating floors (M 1:100);
- plan rafter system roofs (M 1:100);
- roof plan (M 1:100, 1:200);
- foundation plan (M 1:100, 1:50);
— cross-section of foundations, characteristic architectural and construction units and details (M 1:10, 1:20);
- general explanatory note and technical and economic indicators;
— cost estimates and financial considerations for construction costs;
— drawings of engineering support (according to the design assignment).

Standards for the location of residential buildings and utility structures

A residential building is located with a setback of at least 5 m from the red line of the road and at least 3 m from residential streets. In urban planning, the red line is a conditional boundary separating the roadway of a street, driveway, highway, square from the building area.

For fire safety purposes, the distance between residential buildings in neighboring areas there should be from 6 to 15 m, depending on the degree of fire resistance of the structures. The document recommends, for ease of repair, that the building be located offset to one of the side boundaries of the site, but the distance from the fence to the wall cannot be less than 1-1.5 meters. Most likely, the owner will have to adhere to general rule street development, focusing on the displacement of neighboring buildings.

It is advisable to locate economic facilities in the depths of the site and comply with the same requirements for their distance from the boundaries as for a residential building. They are allowed to be built either standing alone or interlocked with the house. The fencing of the site on the street side must be indicated in general project construction. If you want your garage gate to look directly onto the street, you must take into account the red line of the road and under no circumstances go beyond its border. On personal plot It is allowed to use a non-sewered toilet such as a closet. The cesspool with mandatory waterproofing should be equipped on its northern side.

The height of the building for keeping livestock and poultry must be at least 2.4 m (from floor to ceiling). It is even allowed to attach it to the house - provided that at least three utility rooms are located between the walls of the residential building and this structure.

There are certain rules for plantings. Trees should be 5 m from the outer walls of buildings and structures, 3 m from the border of the neighboring property, 1.5-2 m from underground networks, and 1.5-2 m from masts and supports. lighting network– 4 m. The shrub is planted at a distance of 1.5 m from buildings and 1 m from the border of the site.

Minimum requirements for the construction of a residential building

If the developer carefully studies RSN 70-88, SNiP 31-02-2001 and SNiP 2.08.01-89, he will learn a lot of interesting things in the area of ​​​​limiting the areas and heights of premises in a building. Pay attention to the floor plan of the residential building. A house whose premises are smaller than the minimum acceptable size may simply not be registered with the Bureau technical inventory(SNiP 31-02-2001).

The area of ​​the common living room must be at least 12 m2, the bedroom - at least 8 m2, the kitchen - from 6 m2, the bathroom - at least 1.8 m2, and the smallest toilet - 0.96 m2. The developers of building standards established this minimum not on their own whim, but on the basis of sanitary and hygienic standards and design standards for furniture, various appliances and devices. It should be noted that in the attic floors the rooms may be smaller. It is allowed to place a bedroom with a minimum area of ​​7 m2. There are no upper limits on room sizes. As they say, at least build palace chambers.

All passages and ascents in a residential building also have minimum standards. Thus, the width of the stairs to the top floor should be from 0.9 m, the width of the corridors should be at least 0.9 m, and the width of the front floor should be at least 1.8 m. There are also minimum restrictions on the height of floors from floor to ceiling (SNiP 2.08.01 -89). If it turns out to be less than 2.5 m, and in the attic - less than 2.3 m, then the building may be considered unsuitable for permanent residence.

The number of storeys of a house is usually determined by the number of above-ground floors, which also includes the attic. If the developer decides to acquire a basement or basement floor, then he should know that it is not allowed to place living rooms there. This floor can be equated to above-ground if the top of its floor is at least 2 m above the planning level of the ground. If it is decided to use the basement or basement space for economic purposes, then its height from floor to ceiling must be at least 2 m.

The ground and first floors of a residential building are permitted to be used as a garage. But then their walls and ceilings must be made of non-combustible materials. If there are windows in other rooms above the garage door, you need a canopy 0.6 m high.

The developer may not know the exact total area of your home, it is determined on the basis of SNiP 2.08.01-89. Practice shows that some BTI engineers make mistakes when calculating square meters. It should be understood that unreasonable overestimation of indicators entails an increase in property tax and payment amount utilities. The area of ​​a residential building is determined as the sum of the areas of all rooms on the floors. Sometimes the owner of the house gets into a dispute with the BTI over balconies and loggias. You need to know: their area is also taken into account, as are the dimensions of the staircases at the level of the corresponding floor. But the area of ​​attics, utility underground and unheated utility rooms located in the basement or basement are not included in the total area of ​​the house.

The sizes of rooms on floors are calculated within interior walls and partitions. The protrusions of the baseboards do not matter. When determining the area of ​​the attic room, only that part of it where the sloping ceiling has a height of 1.6 m is taken into account, and to calculate the area of ​​the zone with a lower ceiling height, a coefficient of 0.7 is used.

Engineering Communication

The house was built and all standards were met. It's time to take on engineering communications and install the necessary instruments and equipment. To understand the intricacies of placing the vital arteries of a building, let's turn to five documents: SNiP 2.04.03-85, SNiP 2.04.05-91, PUE, SNiP 2.04.08-87 and SNiP 31-02-2001. The figure shows some parts of external utilities. Study them carefully:

Sewerage in accordance with SNiP 2.04.03-85

If the installation of sewer networks is violated, the developer faces regular clogging of pipes with drains. He is doomed to constantly clean them. According to standards, daily sewerage costs per person are about 200 liters. It is required that the smallest diameter of the external sewer pipe be 150 mm and have a slope to the common collector of at least 8%. The minimum depth of its occurrence in the ground should be 0.3 m. In the absence of a centralized street sewerage system, the construction of filter wells and trenches is allowed with the obligatory placement of a septic tank (industrial treatment device) in front of them. The base of artificial filters should be 1 m above the groundwater level. Internal plumbing is permitted only if there is a sewerage system.

Heating and ventilation in accordance with SNiP 2.04.05-91

To calculate the correct number of heating devices to satisfactorily heat the premises of the house, the developer must contact specialists. Usually, in technical specifications Such devices indicate the power in watts or kilowatts. It is believed that the heat flow coming from the devices should be at least 10 W per 1 m 2 of floor space.

In an individual residential building, water is used as the main coolant. The use of electricity is allowed only in the absence of cheaper energy sources, and the tariffs in this case are set differently. If your home consumes 50 kW or more, care should be taken to automatically regulate the heat flow. As a rule, radiators and convectors are placed under window openings. It is not allowed to place them in vestibules with external doors: this can lead to the system defrosting.

Attention should be paid to the inadmissibility of using ventilation ducts to remove combustion products from a boiler or water heating column. The room in which the heating boiler is located must have a window with an area of ​​at least 0.003 m2 per 1 m3 of internal space. When using a solid fuel boiler, it is allowed to arrange a storage room for fuel storage on the first, ground or basement floor. In bathrooms and toilet rooms individual house that do not have external windows, in mandatory install duct ventilation.

Based on SNiP 2.04.03-85, insolation, that is, daylight or solar lighting, must be taken into account in the constructed house. The owner will not turn on the light in broad daylight and suffocate from lack of ventilation. Therefore, it is necessary that in the room the proportion of the total area of ​​windows to the floor surface is not less than 1:8, but not more than 1:5.5. When using roof windows, a ratio of 1:10 is allowed.

Gas supply based on SNiP 2.04.08-87

If an experienced developer decides to carry out installation utility networks independently, this is not prohibited. The exception is gas communications: they are subject to very stringent requirements. Only a specialized organization has the right to lay such pipes and connect the corresponding devices. Gas is no joke!

These communications can only be entered into the house from the furnace or kitchen. If there is a heating furnace in an old building, it is permissible to enter pipes into the living room, provided that the disconnecting device is located outside. But under no circumstances should a gas pipeline be laid through or under the foundation. If the pipe is laid along the outer wall of the house, then its nominal diameter should not exceed 50 mm. It is not allowed to install detachable pipeline connections under window openings and balconies. In general, all connections must be welded, threaded only in places where shut-off valves and devices are installed. If the gas pipe according to the project passes over pedestrian paths, it should be mounted at a height of at least 2.2 m from the ground.

You cannot install more than two heating devices in one room. It is strictly forbidden to install a gas water heater in the bathroom, otherwise the developer may end up with a wonderful gas chamber. The room for a gas boiler and water heater must be at least 2 m high. One device can be installed in a room with a volume of at least 7.5 m 3, and two devices can be installed in a room with a volume of at least 13.5 m 3.

Power supply according to PUE (electrical installation rules)

In low-rise villages it mainly uses overhead power lines. If a linear electric pole is installed near the site, then it should not block the entrance and entry into the yard.
Wires from a street pole to the point of entry into a residential building must be stretched at a height of at least 2.75 m from the ground, and if the outlet is made from the side of the street along which vehicles are moving, the height will be 6 m.

The length of the branch line from the main line to the residential building should not exceed 25 m. Otherwise, additional support is required. Branch wires must have weather-resistant insulation, the distance between the phase and neutral wires must be at least 0.2 m. It is required that all points of contact of the wires with the surface of the building and their passage through the walls are fireproof and reliably insulated, and the outer end of the insulating pipe is in place input looked down (to avoid precipitation). It is strictly forbidden to throw electrical wiring over the roof of the house. It should be inaccessible from balconies and windows of the building.

Studying all of the above regulatory documents will allow you to avoid many mistakes when building private houses. Good luck to you, dear developer!

Before you start building your future home, you need to try to study as fully as possible the requirements of SNiPs and GOSTs that regulate the process of constructing individual housing construction structures. Of course, you are unlikely to be able to thoroughly study them all; for this you need to be a specialist, but this is not necessary. It is quite enough to get a general idea of ​​the basic laws governing the entire process of building a house.

Who controls compliance with construction standards for private houses?

Compliance with general construction and special standards and regulations governing the construction of individual households is controlled by various local licensing authorities. Main document, which determines the sequence of development and approval of the entire package of construction and design documentation in individual housing construction - Republican Building Codes RSN 70-88.

It is RSN 70-88 that prescribe the rules for developing an individual housing construction site, the layout of your house, the location of utility and technical structures such as a bathhouse, barn, cellar, etc.

The layout of the planned house and the entire yard must be thought out as carefully as possible already at this stage, since after approval of the construction plan, any changes in it will be considered a violation of the law and must be corrected, and illegal buildings– demolition or additional legalization.

What documents are needed to build a private house?

Based on the “Code of Rules for Design and Construction SP 11-III-99”, it is possible to clearly determine what documents need to be prepared to begin the construction design process.

Quite often, impatient owners of individual housing construction plots do not wait for the entire package of permits to be issued and begin construction. Such haste in most cases leads to additional headaches for the impatient developer.

The first step towards starting the cherished construction of a house will be to write an application for a building permit, supported by:

• Resolution of the head of the local administration on the provision of a land plot of individual housing construction to you or documents confirming ownership of the plot in the event of its acquisition,
• master plan of the site,
• site passport,
• an act on the full-scale establishment of its boundaries and the breakdown of buildings, red lines and axes of the building.

Based on the package of documents you provide, you will be issued a Decree on a construction permit and a “Passport for the project of a private residential building” will be drawn up, which will include:

• administration resolution on issuing a construction permit;
• a document confirming the developer’s right to use (own) the land plot;
• copying the relevant urban planning documentation from the master plan;
  situational plan of the individual housing construction site;
• technical conditions (TU) for connecting to engineering communications with a diagram;
  floor plans of buildings, facade sections;
• an act concerning the in-situ establishment of the boundaries of a land plot and the breakdown of buildings (with a drawing out scheme).

What documents are included in the “Project of an individual private house”

The package of permits “Project of an individual private house” includes:

• situational plan on a scale of 1:500, representing the placement of all construction objects in relation to the nearest ones settlements, infrastructure and communications: electrical networks, heat and water supply networks, sewerage networks;
• printout of pictures topographic survey section of individual housing construction with the adjacent part of the street (M 1:500);
• master plan of the site with vertical layout and linking the construction project to the area (M 1:200, 1:1000);
• basement plan of the house under construction (technical underground and ground floor);
• floor plans of the house (M 1:100, 1:50);
• main and side facades of the building (M 1:50, 1:100);
• characteristic sections (M 1:100, 1:50);
• plans for floors and coverings of non-repeating floors (M 1:100);
• plan of the roof truss system (M 1:100);
• roof plan (M 1:100, 1:200);
• foundation plan (M 1:100, 1:50);
• cross-section of foundations, characteristic architectural and construction units and details (M 1:10, 1:20);
• general explanatory note and technical and economic indicators;
• financial estimates of construction costs;
• engineering support drawings (as per design specifications).

At what distance should the house be located from other buildings?

Requirements for the location of buildings on the site in legislative framework are inextricably linked with the concept of “Red Line”. The red line is a conventional line that runs along the border of the site and the roadway of the street, as well as the boundaries of neighboring sites.

According to fire safety standards, the distance between residential buildings located on adjacent plots must be at least 6 (brick structures) or 15 (wooden buildings) meters.

Fences installed around the site must be indicated in the project; their location should not exceed established by the plan red line.

If you plan to raise pets or poultry on your property, it would be useful to inquire about the requirements for the construction and location of structures for keeping livestock and poultry. For example, the height of a poultry house and barnyard cannot be less than 2.4 meters from the floor (or ground, if the floor is earthen) to the ceiling.

In the same way, there are rules for the location of garden trees and shrubs on the site. The minimum distance from trees to buildings is 5 meters, and from the boundaries of the neighboring plot - 3 meters. In addition, trees cannot be closer than 4 meters to load-bearing supports of electrical networks and closer than 1.5 meters to laid underground communications. For shrubs, the maximum permissible planting distances are 1.5 meters from buildings and 1 meter to the boundaries of the site.

Requirements for the height and area of ​​an individual residential building under construction

Restrictions on the area of ​​the house being built relate, first of all, to the minimum area of ​​its living rooms. SNiP 2.08.01-89, RSN 70-88 are responsible for determining these standards.

You will not receive a building permit if you indicate the estimated living room area is less than 12 m2. For a bedroom this limit is 8m2, for a kitchen – 6m2, toilet – 0.96m2. Exceptions to the minimum area of ​​rooms are the requirements for attic rooms; here the minimum area of ​​a bedroom is 7m2.

Maximum sizes premises are not provided for by law.

Based on SNiP 2.08.01-89, the minimum values the height of the rooms in the house is 2.5 meters, except for the attic rooms (2.3 m). In addition, there are many more requirements for the size of the functional structural elements of a house under construction, for example, the width of interfloor stairs and corridors of the house cannot be less than 0.9 meters.

How many floors of a house are you allowed to build?

In an individual private house, it is allowed to build no more than 3 above-ground floors. The basement floor is not intended to accommodate living rooms if the height of its upper floor is less than 2 m above ground level. If its height is higher than 2 meters above ground level, then such a base is equivalent to above-ground floors.

Attention: do not confuse the height of the upper floor above the ground level and the height of the basement floor itself!

If the basement floor ends at a height below 2 m above ground level, but its height exceeds 2 meters, it can be used for economic and technical purposes. If the basement floor is used for a garage, its ceilings and walls must be made of fire-resistant materials.

Often the developer himself cannot accurately calculate the area of ​​the house being built, then it is determined using SNiP 2.08.01-89.

Errors may occur when calculating the total area of ​​the house. It is worth remembering that an overestimated building area will result in additional costs in the future – in overestimation of property taxes, excessive payment for utilities.

It is worth remembering that when determining the total area of ​​the house, the areas of balconies, loggias and staircases are also summed up. But the area of ​​unheated utility rooms, underground and attic is not taken into account.

You have finally decided to build your own house on your own site. What standards must be observed in this case? What distance should be from the fence and houses in the neighborhood? Do you know the maximum number of floors for an individual house? What is the possible height of the fence around the perimeter of the site? You will find answers to these burning questions below.

What law regulates the location of a house? construction V private sector?

Not a single law actually specifies the exact standards for the setback between houses in the private sector of any form of ownership. To find out where you should put your house, contact the executive authorities of your local administrative unit. It is there that all accepted and approved standards for individual construction in a particular city or town are indicated. You must understand that a certain distance must be maintained between your house, outbuildings, the fence and the neighbor’s house; you cannot build closely or too close.

Although there is no law regulating the location of buildings on private plots, there are Development Rules for garden partnerships. They determine the minimum distance from the house to the fence and other buildings, including the neighbor’s house. By not following these rules and placing objects on your own property too close to each other, you risk your own safety. After filing a lawsuit and having it heard in court, you may be forced to change the location of your home and pay a fine. To avoid this, you should know exactly how many meters there should be from your proposed building to the houses of people who live nearby.

Construction norms and Rules for the development of garden partnerships and individual plots

To make the correct marking of the foundation and start building a house, determine how many meters to the neighboring residential building and find out what exactly it was built from. Based on these data, you can calculate the required distance from the fence to the house:

• Between houses of 1st and 2nd degree of fire resistance (concrete, brick, foam concrete, sandstone) there should be at least 6 meters.
• If at least one of the houses belongs to the 3rd degree of fire resistance (a metal or concrete frame with fire-protected ceilings and walls), then the distance between them is 8 meters.
• In case of construction wooden house or the presence of such a neighbor on the property, the distance between them must be at least 15 meters. Such structures are very fire hazardous, so strict recommendations on location on the site are also applied to the construction of bathhouses. These are exactly the buildings that cannot be placed close to anything, especially anything highly flammable.

All calculations of distances between objects are made exclusively in a straight line. If the houses are not parallel to the street and opposite each other, then the clearance between them is not so significant.

When building a house on small plots, make an indentation deeper into or closer to the road so that the building neighbor and yours was not on the same line. Such a deviation is quite acceptable.

Fire safety standards are mandatory for the construction of private houses. You can't make distances smaller without being responsible for it. Remember that buildings that are too close or close to each other are more likely to suffer from fires. It is necessary to make sufficient indentation to secure the buildings from each other. Also remember that in the event of an emergency, firefighters must have access to reach the source of the fire without unnecessary difficulties.

One more important rule individual construction is to comply with the number of storeys of buildings. You cannot build more than 3 floors in your own home, unless otherwise agreed in advance with the local architectural control authority of the local administrative unit. The number of underground floors for such houses is not regulated. But remember that any changes to internal and external partitions, even personal property, must be agreed upon with the relevant authorities. You cannot make unauthorized changes, otherwise they may be fined, and you will be required to return the house to its original parameters.

Sanitary rules for the construction of houses and site development

How much space should I make between my neighbor's fence and my own house? The building should not stand closely, regardless of the height of the fence. Sanitary standards suggest making this distance at least 3 meters. Installing a fence or building a house closer to a neighbor's boundary is not allowed.

• for smaller outbuildings compared to the house, the indentation can be made from 1 meter;
• the construction of utility structures for raising small livestock or poultry can be carried out at least 4 meters from the boundary fence;
• the distance from the compost pit or street toilet must be at least 8 meters in a straight line.

Installation of a fence around the perimeter of the site

Nothing can be erected close to the fence, unless this is agreed with the owner of the plot along the same boundary. It is worth remembering the parameters for installing fences around the perimeter of a private territory:

1. the height of the fence adjacent to the street is not regulated; exactly how high it will be is up to you to decide;
2. the height of the fence at the boundary with another area made of opaque materials should be up to 75 centimeters; above that, only transparent structures can be used;
3. if you find a common language with your neighbors, then the height of the blind fence can be any according to your agreements. It is better to record such an agreement in writing.

All this is quite strictly regulated and must be followed when developing a personal plot. Do not forget that you can only plant short berries, vegetables, herbs and flowers close to the fence. For growing shrubs, a retreat of 1 meter is recommended, trees - 2 meters, tall trees - 3 meters or more.

Violation of existing construction recommendations on an individual site

Minor violations of construction standards between buildings on the site of the same owner are allowed. The owner himself decides how many meters to retreat from objects on his territory before starting construction of a new structure. But it is imperative to adhere to the above sanitary and fire safety recommendations regarding the fence and objects in neighboring areas. Violating them may result in a lawsuit being filed against you. As a result, there is option 2 for the development of events: imposition of a fine and, possibly, a requirement to move the object further into the territory of the site or completely destroy it.

If within 3 years after the construction of the object no one has challenged the correctness of its location, then after the expiration of the claims period you can stop worrying about it. The law gives only 36 months to file a claim. Of course, it is much better to agree amicably in advance and reflect it all on paper. Then no matter how much time passes, there will be no complaints against you as long as these same people own that site. Unfortunately, if the owner changes and your buildings are located close or unduly close to his significant structures, then he may demand that they be moved.