The main features of the traditional economy. Major economic systems

The traditional economic system is also called patriarchal.

This is a type of economy that is characteristic of a primitive society. Land, capital and other resources are in public ownership - moreover, real, and not formal, as is customary in countries with a planned economy.

Everything economic issues- what to produce, how and for whom - are decided on the basis of traditional tribal or semi-feudal relations. Traditional system, usually based on subsistence farming.

Distinctive features of this economic system

• Dominance of primitive technologies;
• The dominance of manual labor, in connection with which the physical rather than intellectual indicators of participants are of economic importance;
• Members economic relations united in a close social organization - a group with diverse connections and relationships;
• The main economic problems are solved in accordance with age-old traditions;
• The exchange of goods, if present, is limited: the economy is dominated by hunting, gathering, and petty Agriculture, due to which surplus products are not formed.

Traditional economies

The traditional economy is the most “natural” type of economy, the prototype of which is the behavior of animals (especially social ones). Therefore, absolutely all human societies in the early stages were distinguished by this type of economic relations. Subsequently, of course, most of the peoples moved to more organized forms, but even now, at the beginning of the 21st century, there are a number of countries with a traditional economic structure.

First of all, these are the poorest countries in Africa, as well as Haiti, a country located in South America, but inhabited by immigrants from Africa. In South America, there are other poor countries that retain the traditional economy in whole or in part (in certain regions). In Asia, these are countries such as Afghanistan, Bangladesh and some others.

Advantages and disadvantages

The disadvantages of the traditional economy are obvious:

• Primitive technologies - most often "manual";
• Practical lack of ability to develop;
• Low labor productivity, lack of surplus products (and most often even a lack of “essential” products);
• Dependence on natural elements.

Oddly enough, the traditional economy has certain advantages:

Can the traditional economy develop?

The essence of the traditional economy is such that it cannot undergo any development and improvement by itself. The participants in such an economy are, as it were, in a vicious circle: with the help of hard work, they create primary goods - food, clothing, shelter - which are completely consumed in order to be able to continue hard work.

Surplus products are not formed, which means that a person is not able to do something else. The reality is that the products in the traditional economy are not enough even to provide for all participants. Modern countries with a traditional way of life still have some opportunity for progressive development. They exist thanks to foreign intervention - this is humanitarian aid, various social programs, as well as foreign companies located in these countries.

The influx of tourists from developed countries also creates certain conditions for modernization. But in reality, few countries have been able to undergo development. An example is Rwanda. At the suggestion of the European powers, the most terrible civil war in the history of mankind unfolded in this country with the genocide of the Tutsi people; after that, as compensation, the Europeans began injecting huge amounts of money into the economy of Rwanda, as a result of which it turned into the most dynamically developing country on the continent, although it still lags behind the African "tigers" - Ghana, Botswana, Gabon.

The progressive development of Rwanda is even more clearly seen in comparison with its "twin brother" - Burundi. Practice shows that countries with traditional economies can hardly develop, even if they have the material opportunity to do so. For another, more important problem for them is the low intellectual and educational level of the population and the dominance of primitive religious ideas. Kenya is a good example here.

The budget of this country has significant funds, but in Kenya there is actually no state: it is imitated by the tribal elite, who took over the entire state purse and spend money for personal purposes - to purchase food, luxury goods and entertainment. The existing "state institutions" (parliament, government, etc.) practically do not fulfill their duties.

As a result, the economy of Kenya itself practically does not differ from the economy of Burundi (“white islands” - European-owned enterprises that hire mainly “their own” and serve, in particular, the same tribal elite - do not have any impact on the economy). This state of affairs suits the Kenyan people quite well, since this is how they have lived for several thousand years.

South Korea, until recently, differed little from the poorest African countries. However, the educational level of its inhabitants was significantly higher, which made it possible to quickly build one of the most successful economies on the planet. The Koreans skillfully disposed of their very limited resources and brought their country to the ranks of world leaders.

An economic system is a set of interrelated elements that form a common economic structure. It is customary to distinguish 4 types economic structures: traditional economy, command economy, market economy and mixed economy.

Traditional economy

Traditional economy based on natural production. As a rule, it has a strong agricultural bias. The traditional economy is characterized by clan system, legalized division into estates, castes, closeness from the outside world. Traditions and unspoken laws are strong in the traditional economy. Personal development in the traditional economy is severely limited and the transition from one social group to another, standing higher in social pyramid, is practically impossible. The traditional economy often uses barter instead of money.

The development of technology in such a society is very slow. Now there are practically no countries left that could be classified as countries with a traditional economy. Although in some countries it is possible to single out isolated communities leading a traditional way of life, for example, tribes in Africa, leading a way of life that differs little from that of their distant ancestors. However, in any modern society remnants of ancestral traditions are still preserved. For example, this may refer to the celebration of religious holidays such as Christmas. In addition, there is still a division of professions into male and female. All of these customs affect the economy in one way or another: think of the Christmas sales and the resulting surge in demand.

command economy

command economy. A command or planned economy is characterized by the fact that it centrally decides what, how, for whom and when to produce. Demand for goods and services is established on the basis of statistical data and plans of the country's leadership. command economy characterized by high concentration of production and monopoly. Private ownership of factors of production is practically excluded or there are significant barriers to the development of private business.

Crisis of overproduction in the conditions planned economy unlikely. The shortage of quality goods and services becomes more likely. Indeed, why build two stores side by side when you can get by with one, or why develop more advanced equipment when you can produce low-quality equipment - there is still no alternative. Of the positive aspects of the planned economy, it is worth highlighting the saving of resources, primarily human resources. In addition, a planned economy is characterized by a quick reaction to unexpected threats - both economic and military (remember how quickly the Soviet Union was able to quickly evacuate its factories to the east of the country, it is unlikely that this could be repeated in a market economy).

Market economy

Market economy. The market economic system, unlike the command one, is based on the predominance of private property and free pricing based on supply and demand. The state does not play a significant role in the economy, its role is limited to regulating the situation in the economy through laws. The state only ensures that these laws are observed, and any distortions in the economy are quickly corrected by the "invisible hand of the market."

For a long time, economists considered government intervention in the economy harmful and argued that the market could regulate itself without external intervention. however, the Great Depression disproved this claim. The fact is that it would be possible to get out of the crisis only if there was a demand for goods and services. And since no group of economic entities could generate this demand, demand could only come from the state. That is why, during crises, states begin to re-equip their armies - in this way they form the primary demand, which revives the entire economy and allows it to get out of the vicious circle.

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mixed economy

mixed economy. Now there are practically no countries left with only market or command or traditional economies. Any modern economy has elements of both market and planned economy and, of course, in every country there are remnants of the traditional economy.

In the most important industries, there are elements of a planned economy, for example, the production of nuclear weapons - who will entrust the production of such a terrible weapon private company? The consumer sector is almost entirely owned by private companies, because they are better able to determine the demand for their products, as well as to see new trends in time. But some goods can only be produced in a traditional economy - folk costumes, some foodstuffs, and so on, so elements of the traditional economy are also preserved.

The world economy is characterized by uneven development of national economic systems of the countries of the world. Some states have a large GDP, low inflation, provide high incomes to citizens. Others have modest indicators at the macroeconomic level. At the same time, the states of the second type are often precisely those in which the national economy is characterized as meeting the criteria of the traditional economic system. What are the features of this development model?

The concept of an economic system, according to a concept common among Russian experts, is associated with the presence in a particular country of the world of a model in which there are established principles of economic development, enterprise management, rules and norms for doing business. Despite the fact that there are many sovereign states in the world, experts distinguish only three main models: traditional, market and command. Also, the modern theory of economic systems allows a mixed concept. But according to most criteria, as analysts note, it is so close to the market that one can safely identify them.

Of particular interest to many researchers is the traditional model. Often an analysis is made of economic systems of this type with other concepts - market and command. What are the distinctive features of the traditional economic system? In which countries of the world is it currently operating?

The essence of the traditional economic system

According to the concepts adopted in modern science, the traditional economic system is a phenomenon characteristic of states at a low level of economic development. The key criteria for assigning countries to this category are considered to be a significant share in the production of manual labor, low manufacturability of processes, and outdated economic management systems in general. A significant part of economic units in such states is represented by traditional, communal forms of labor consolidation. Companies that are shaped like economic society, in relative terms less than in developed countries. This, as some experts believe, worsens the quality of the tax system, since a significant part of cash flows enterprises are not officially registered. Hence the characteristic problems of the economic system of the traditional type: high inflation, unemployment, low income of the country's population. The value of GDP, as a rule, is also quite modest in states where the national economy is organized through this model.

At the same time, the traditional economic system, according to many analysts, is characterized by a fairly liberal economic regime. In the states where it is present, as a rule, the intervention of regulatory authorities in private business reduced to a minimum, as well as there are practically no administrative barriers to entry of new entrepreneurs into the market or they do not work in practice. Therefore, the actual level of business activity in such countries, even if compared with the corresponding indicator for developed countries, can be quite high. To a certain extent, this is due to the rather low level of income of the population during hired work: people are forced to earn extra money one way or another through self-employment, opening small industries, and retail outlets.

Factors holding back progress

Thus, the traditional economic system is a completely capitalistic phenomenon. However, what prevents the states where the national economy functions within the framework of the model under consideration, characterized by high entrepreneurial activity of citizens, from developing?

According to some experts, the virtual absence of state intervention in business causes the emergence of phenomena in national economic systems that do not allow entrepreneurs to fully feel like free market players. The fact is that in the conditions of limited activity of the institutions of tax and administrative control, the role of structures, one way or another involved in management economic processes, carry out informal associations, the authority of which is often reinforced, at best, by the personality of their leaders, or even by force of arms.

Therefore, despite the fact that any entrepreneur can formally enter the market, he will most likely be able to actually start his activity only after coordinating his plans with the "controlling structures". Competition, saturation of markets - phenomena that actually become manageable. The economic system of the enterprise develops according to strongly theorized plans, and not in accordance with market mechanisms. This causes the fact that, despite the high entrepreneurial activity of citizens, the national economic system of the state remains at a low level: investors do not come to the country, enterprise management schemes are not very effective, profits are not always invested in business development, often settle on the accounts of "controlling structures".

In turn, in many countries with a traditional economic model, there is a scenario in which informal associations and state structures actively interact. Corruption schemes are being formed that completely scare off investors from Western countries. At the same time, according to some experts, one can find positive moments in the fact that the state and "control structures" somehow interact. This contributes to some intelligibility budget policy, providing individual social institutions (schools, hospitals, some public associations, the army) with financial support.

Another factor, due to which the traditional economic system is accompanied by a low rate of development of economic sectors, is the presence of social norms due to cultural aspects and the national way of life in society. It often happens that foreign investors simply do not find a common language with entrepreneurs from states in which the traditional model of the economy has been built.

Structure of the economy

What does a typical structure of a traditional economic system look like? A lot depends on the particular state, its climate, location relative to other countries. However, if we try to single out some general criteria that characterize traditional economic models, we can name them as follows.

First, this is an extremely weak development of the manufacturing industry. The leading industry, as a rule, is agriculture, as well as its derivatives. retail: sale of vegetables, fruits. In this sense, countries with a traditional structure of the economic system are helped by exports: the purchase price of fruits in these countries, as a rule, is quite competitive, entrepreneurs from developed regions are willing to buy them in large volumes.

Secondly, it is rather high level of unemployment. Which, at the same time, is compensated by self-employed citizens: trade, small-scale production of products, handicraft activities. The level of social support for people who do not have official employment, however, is not too high.

Thirdly, this is not high level penetration of modern communication technologies, the Internet. This slows down the intensity of the development of economic ties, reduces the pace of entrepreneurs' search for new partners. Although, it should be noted that in the past few years, according to this criterion, countries with a traditional way of life have made a significant step forward.

What are the typical macroeconomic indicators of countries where the traditional elements of the economic system predominate? Usually, the level of GDP per capita is low here: 5-10 times lower than in developed countries. The growth rates of the economy are small, however, in general, the corresponding trend is positive in countries with a traditional economic system. Inflation is high enough: double-digit numbers are considered by economists to be the norm.

Traditional and other models of economic development: comparison

In addition to the traditional economic model, there are, as we already identified at the very beginning of the article, other types of economic systems. So, according to the common classification, there are also market and command. How do these models of economic systems compare with the traditional ones? Let's try to make a small comparison.

Traditional and market models

Key elements of a market-type economic system: the absence of strong state intervention in the national economy, legal relations based on regulations, the presence of real competition, the openness of the economy to foreign trade. What can be said about comparing these characteristics with the traditional model?

Regarding the first parameter, in both cases, the real intervention of the state in the economy is low. However, we have already noted that in economic systems of the traditional type it is indirectly carried out with the participation of informal associations, which does not occur in modern market-type economies, as is commonly believed among experts. Therefore, the de facto participation of structures involved in political management in countries with traditional economies is still significant.

In turn, the methods of business regulation at the level of regulations in traditional economies are poorly expressed. And this is also a factor that determines the dissimilarity of states with traditional and market economies.

The fact that real competition in traditional economic models is greatly hindered by the activities of informal structures, we have already noted above. Thus, we fix the fact that here the compared types of economic systems are dissimilar.

As for the openness of the economy to foreign trade, here, in turn, the characteristics of the two models under consideration are comparable to a certain extent. Moreover, foreign trade is one of the key factors of economic stability for states with a traditional economic system. The role of the domestic market is relatively low. In turn, in market economies a lot is determined by business processes within the economic system of the state. Although, of course, foreign trade is also very important.

Traditional and team models

What is the relationship between the traditional model and the command economic system? Will they be as dissimilar as in the previous case?

A key characteristic of command-type economic systems is the defining role state structures. The relevant institutions of power directly manage the national economy. Entrepreneurial initiatives are severely limited, because there is no competition in principle. However, the developed system legal relations based on regulations.

Thus, it can be noted that there are certain nuances of similarity between the traditional and team models. First of all, it concerns aspects that reflect competition. True, the similarity is likely to be traced to a greater extent in form than in actual content. The fact is that the command economic system does not allow competition due to administrative barriers. The role of the market regulator is played by the state as a set of official public institutions enshrined in laws and the constitution. In turn, in the traditional model, a similar function is performed by informal structures.

At the same time, at the level of comparison of legal regimes, the difference between the systems under consideration is significant. The essence of the traditional type of economic system, according to some researchers, is the priority of informal communication norms. In turn, in command models, legal relations are somehow based on the provisions of the law.

The characteristic of economic systems of the traditional type, therefore, makes them in some aspects similar to the other two models - market and command. However, the fundamental differences are much more noticeable. And therefore, it will probably be completely incorrect to analyze the specifics of the functioning of an economy characterized by traditional features in comparison with one organized on the basis of market principles.

Consider how the national economic systems, on the example of several countries, the economic structure of which, as some researchers believe, can be characterized as traditional.

Traditional Economies: Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso is a predominantly agricultural country. The main crop grown is cotton. It is being exported. It can be noted that the government of the country is making certain efforts to diversify national economy. For example, in the late 1990s, state authorities headed for the privatization of enterprises. In 2004, a number of laws were passed to improve the country's investment climate. This gave certain results: in particular, the mining sector began to play a significant share in the economy. Gold mining has grown especially rapidly. Now the share of industry in country's GDP is about 21%, and meanwhile it is comparable with the indicators of some developed countries. The share of agriculture is about 30%, the service sector - 49%. In the past few years, Burkina Faso has seen a marked annual growth GDP. True, per capita it is quite modest - about $ 1,200.

Economy of Burundi

Burundi is a country whose economy is based on agriculture. Leading sectors: coffee, tea, sugarcane, and cotton. Burundi has an extremely low GDP per capita - about $140. At the same time, GDP as a whole is growing, and inflation rates are comparable even with developed countries - about 10-12%. Agricultural production in Burundi is concentrated mainly in private households, there are small farms. It can be noted that the share of industry in the state's GDP is still noticeable - 15%. But most of the enterprises are related to the agricultural sector - they process tea, coffee and other main export products. There are also factories that produce agricultural implements. Nickel mining stands out among the promising industries for investment in Burundi. According to geologists, there are significant reserves of this metal in the country.

Economy of Afghanistan

Despite the difficult times after the Mujahideen came to power in this country in the early 80s, Afghanistan continues to build foreign economic relations. But still, at the heart of the economy so far domestic market. More than half of the country's GDP is formed by the agricultural sector, but the share of industry is noticeable - about 29%. About 19% - the service sector. Afghanistan receives international humanitarian aid, which has become a positive factor economic growth country and improve the social status of citizens. Afghanistan's GDP is about $21 billion, and the per capita figure is about $700.

Factors in the Formation of the Traditional Model

How correct is it to say that the low macroeconomic indicators in the countries we studied correlate with the fact that a traditional economic model has been established in these countries? Analysts generally agree that there is a direct correlation. The key to the economic prosperity of the state today is openness to investors, the availability of significant internal resources, a developed legal system. If these components are absent, then the national economic system of the state will lag behind the rest of the world. It often happens that such a situation in the economy arises due to the significant role of traditions of the type we have noted.

In turn, what is the reason for the fact that these countries cannot make the transition to a modern market economy? Expert opinions vary greatly on this.

There is a version that certain models of economic systems are established in the state under the influence of a political factor, which often has an external nature. So, in particular, with regard to Afghanistan, before the civil war that broke out in the late 70s, the country as a whole developed relatively successfully, attracted tourists - albeit relatively little. That is, the traditional model that is fixed by analysts in the economy of Afghanistan today is what the country has come to not because of natural development, but largely under the influence of an external political factor. The return to some traditional concepts occurred due to the fact that the prospect of further development of market mechanisms here was nullified by the civil war.

That is, in accordance with the voiced point of view, the traditional economic system and the low development of sectors inherent in it is a consequence of the influence of certain factors on the country. Moreover, the international economic system, as many researchers believe, is such that changing the national model in short time and adapt it to global market states that are at a low level of development, it is extremely difficult. This should also be of interest to its economic partners and key global financial institutions. Thus, the concept of an economic system, according to this theory, is largely associated with political processes.

Another point of view is based on the thesis that the traditional economy cannot arise in the country, if there are no reasons for this, due to the specifics of the historical development of the state, the cultural factor. The sovereign economic model, according to this concept, is based on the principles reproduced in the country for many generations. And therefore, no matter how significant the factor of external influence, if at the level of social communications there are no attitudes that contribute to the emergence of informal associations as an alternative to state ones or, for example, predisposing to the application of traditional legal norms instead of those set forth in laws, then the corresponding type economic model simply cannot form.

For each state in different periods of its development, there has been and still is its own specific economic system. In practice, it is a natural set of social and economic relations between consumers and producers. Wherein highlight several basic forms economic systems.

The very first form of economic and social relations, which was formed in ancient society, is the traditional economic system. It is based on the principles of traditions and customs, which are inherent not only economic activity but also interpersonal relationships in society. They are of great importance in the implementation of the directions of economic activity of the state and, to a greater extent, in relation to the distribution of material wealth.

To date this system practiced in underdeveloped states, which are distinguished by a low level of technological progress, the stratification of society into castes, as well as a limited external economy. The latter are mostly exemplified by the third world countries of South America, Asia and Africa.

The main features of the traditional economic system are:

• Building power on the basis of traditional tribal relations
• Semi-feudal socio-economic formation of the state
• High share in the economy of manual labor and farming
• Absence or small share of the extractive industry
• Exploitation of the lower stratum of society and restriction of its rights and freedoms
• Low percentage of use of advanced technologies
• Lack of development of science
• Education is available only to a small stratum of society, which also acts as the ruling elite
• Religious or military pressure on the political beliefs of the population

Advantages and disadvantages of the traditional economic system

To a greater extent, this economic system belongs to the primitive society and today is perceived as weak, with low development prospects. However, compared to others, such as market system, the traditional one has greater stability, and is also distinguished by the high quality of its products, which is due to the lack of material interest of workers in the commercial implementation of their own skills, as well as in reducing production costs through innovation.

Thus, the traditional economy is more predictable. Subject to traditions, the population is confident in the future, and also expresses economic confidence in the state.

However, negative sides much more and, above all, is, of course, the absence of the aforementioned technical progress, provided both by internal forces and through external economic relations.

Due to the predominance of manual labor, production has little potential to increase production volumes, as well as to form the stock necessary for stable foreign trade. The industrial and social infrastructure is not being developed. There is a great dependence on climatic conditions, etc.

Since the traditional economic system is closely connected with the religious beliefs of the population, it has various limitations in realizing the potential of the working population.

In addition, the disadvantages of the traditional economy are the poor social security of the population, which often leads to aggression, as well as the formation of organizations of conspirators that provoke the people to revolt and rebellion in order to remove the ruling elite.

From different types of economies in modern world Perhaps the most popular is the market economy, which is predominantly a capitalist economy and a mixed economy, that is, it is a mixture of capitalism and socialism. At the other end of the spectrum is the traditional economy, a type of economy that is virtually non-existent in real world as a result of economic growth and development.

Explanation of traditional economics

In economic theory, the underdeveloped economy, where people still use primitive tools and resort to ancient methods of harvesting, is called the traditional economy. One of the characteristic features of this type of economy is the exceptionally low GDP growth or even the complete absence of economic growth. Since such a regime relies heavily on agriculture and related industries, it is also referred to as subsistence farming.

While the generally accepted definition of the traditional economy revolves around dependence on agriculture, socialist economists believe that such a definition can be considered complete if we add the fact that these economies have entrenched social attitudes, so that social customs and beliefs play a decisive role in the adoption economic decisions. Another determining factor is the prevalence of the barter system.

In a broad sense, the term is most often used by member countries of developed economies for underdeveloped countries. The traditional economy mode was quite popular several centuries ago when most of the countries depended on agriculture.. As countries with traditional economies develop, they acquire capitalist characteristics.

Since social customs and beliefs play an important role in this economic system, the entire community comes together and works as a single, cohesive unit. However, on the other hand, it has a weak financial base, and the community is more focused on self-sufficiency, rather than improving their standard of living.

Examples of traditional economy

No country in the world adheres to a purely traditional economic system today. However, there are some regions that continue to engage in agriculture and related activities to sustain life. Many people suggest that countries from South Asia and Africa be classified as traditional economies, but this is technically incorrect.

Most countries in the world today are classified as developing countries. Even those that are underdeveloped do not technically qualify as traditional economies as they are not entirely dependent on traditional agriculture. Even in countries where the agricultural sector plays a critical role, primitive methods have been replaced modern methods, which leads to an increase in output and an acceleration of overall economic growth.

As for countries where a significant part of the population continues to practice primitive methods of agriculture, the list includes such as Bangladesh, Burma, Malawi, etc. It must be remembered that these countries are not purely traditional economies. In the true sense of the word, the purely traditional economy is the Inuit, Native Indians, Pygmies and other indigenous tribes for whom the economy is purely self-sustaining.

There are several different types economies, each with its own pros and cons. However, in the case of the traditional economy, there seem to be more disadvantages than advantages, which is why most countries have already turned into a market or mixed economy. Interestingly, in most of these countries there is a mixed economy, where agriculture is in its modern form- plays a decisive role.

Advantages

1 . Predefined Worker Roles

Lessons are passed down from one generation to the next. Thus, the work roles are specially designed and assigned in advance. This way there is less confusion and everything is clear from what they are tasked to do.

2. Less competition

Because families specialize in their activities, and because the same business activities are carried out in different generations, there is less competition in the economy. Families monopolize their business and there is no interference.

3. Less waste or excess production

Only those goods are produced that are needed. The needs of the population are known in advance. Thus, less surplus is produced and resources are used optimally. There are no imports or exports from other economies, and only available resources are used. Too few wasted resources. Human needs are limited, unlike modern economy.

4. People support

Nobody steals another's job in the traditional economy. People support each other, and each tries to make efficient use of limited resources. In a traditional economy, people live in less fear. Hence there is less chance for crime, There is practically no line between rich and poor. The race to accumulate wealth and retain jobs that characterizes the modern economy is not part of the traditional economy. People lead a quiet life and feel much more secure. For each group there is a leader whose opinion is final in all socio-economic decisions.

5. Less impact on environment

Since the traditional methodology is followed, the environmental impact is minimal. There is low waste, there is a proper allocation of resources, and since the use of technology is low, there is less harm to the environment.

Flaws

1. slow growth

Traditional economies use primitive methods of production and thus do not use modern technologies. They resort to old methods, thereby limiting growth and development. They may also have certain blind beliefs and belief systems that may hinder overall development.

2. Resilience to change

Tradition and convention are respected. Therefore, people are usually cautious about change and do not easily accept innovation. They reject everything new, adhere to the historical tradition.

3. Low standard of living

With limited needs and no development of technology, the main motto of the members of the traditional economy is survival. A significant part of their day-to-day efforts is devoted to achieving and satisfying their basic needs. The production of higher volumes of goods is difficult to achieve. Thus, the standard of living is low.

4. Fewer amenities

Modern amenities such as running water, electricity, entertainment are not available. In the absence of development in science or technology, medical institutions are unable to provide a proper service. Knowledge about health and medicine is outdated. Due to the lack of infrastructure, deaths due to disease and animal attacks are quite common.

5. Little freedom

Because job skills are passed down from generation to generation, there is no freedom to choose where to work. As a rule, there is a leader whose decision is final. Anyone who does not follow the tradition can also be expelled from the group. Thus, there is almost no freedom to choose one's profession, and traditions govern the lifestyle.