Lesson steps

Teacher activities

Student activities

1. Organizing time

Greeting, checking students' readiness for the lesson

Ready for lesson

1. Motivation to study a new topic.

In March 1985, Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev became General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. He inherited a country with a huge complex of domestic and foreign policy problems. The key issue for Gorbachev was the problem of economic growth rates.

Perestroika began in an atmosphere of general euphoria, expectations of rapid changes in all spheres of life. It ended with the death of a huge Eurasian state. The question arises: was it necessary to start such a risky social experiment? Was it objectively necessary, predetermined by previous development?

Formulate: lesson topic “Politics of restructuring in the economic sphere”

Objective of the lesson: To form an idea of ​​the causes, essence and consequences of perestroika in the USSR

1. Updating knowledge

Name the problems of our society in the early 80s. and answer the questions asked.

1. Declining growth rate industrial production and labor productivity
2. Scientific and technological gap with the West. The USSR is turning into a raw materials appendage of the CMEA
3. Declining export revenues, rising external debt.
4. An unsustainable arms race, growing foreign economic isolation.
5. Food problems
6. Decline of discipline
7. paralysis of public consciousness.
8. Lack of consumer goods, overstocking with low-quality ones.

Completing the task.

IV. Presentation of a new topic

1. Beginning of perestroika

Watching the video "Gorbachev"

What can you say about M.S. Gorbachev on this plot?

The new leader's first speeches attracted public sympathy for him. He spoke frankly about problems, did not shy away from pressing issues, and was open to communication with ordinary citizens.

2. Along the path of economic reforms

Analyze the stages of restructuring

according to plan

a) Chronology

b) Goals,

B) Events,

D) Associated factors

e) Results

Rate.

What were the alternatives for each stage

Group 1 characterizes stage 1

Acceleration? Reforms?

Group 2 characterizes stage 2

Plan? Market?

Group 3 characterizes stage 3

What market? Socialist? Normal?

The class is divided into 3 groups

Results of group 1 Slide No. 7

Stage I of the reform.

Chronology: April 1985 – first half of 1987

Goals: acceleration of scientific and technological progress.

Activity: 1) make wider use of “hidden reserves”; 2) strengthen labor discipline; 3) develop socialistcompetition; 4) state acceptance; 5) anti-alcohol campaign.

Results: 1) the budget lost 10 billion. rub. by reducing the sale of alcohol; 2) growth of the management apparatus at enterprises

3) accident in Chernobyl.

Conclusion: It is necessary to change personnel in economic management and develop a new strategy for economic development.

Results of group 2 Slide No. 10

II stage of reforms

Chronology: second half of 1987 – first half of 1989 Goals: Liberalization of the state economy.

Activity: 1) expanding the independence of enterprises (self-financing, self-financing) 2) allowing individual labor activity; 3) land lease; 4) independence of local markets; 5) conversion.

Results: 1) the beginning of a commodity famine; 2) the emergence of inflation; 3) social tension;

4) growth of money in savings books not backed by goods.

Group 3 results Slide 12

III stage of reforms

Chronology : second half of 1989 - first half of 1991

Target : searching for a path to a regulated market

Program “500 days” by Shatalin-Yavlinsky

Fast, decisive transition to the market;

Transfer into private hands of trade and industrial enterprises.

Pavlov's government program:

Cancellation of the “500 days” program;

Exchange of 50-100 ruble bills;

Results: 1) the beginning of an absolute decline in industrial production

2) in 1990, national income decreased by 4% 3) budget deficit amounted to 200 billion rubles

4) introduction of “buyer business cards”

V. Primary use new knowledge

Working with a document

Worksheet #1

1. What do you see as the traditionalism of the first attempts to accelerate the socio-economic development of the country, undertaken in 1985? Why was it impossible to ensure real acceleration along this path?
2. What did the party leadership see as the reasons for the lack of progress in economic reform in 1987? What ways out of the situation did it offer?

3. How can you explain the authorities’ decision to transition the country’s economy to a market economy? What do you know about the differences on this issue within the party leadership?

4. What goal did the leadership of the CPSU pursue, declaring the result of its economic policy transition to market relations: a change in the model of social development, the removal of social tensions that arose due to the deterioration of the situation in consumer market, or something else?

Sample student answers

1. Acceleration of scientific and technological progress, activation of the “human factor”, technical re-equipment of mechanical engineering. But calls alone could not correct the situation in the economy; economic reforms were needed.

2. Ineffectiveness of the management apparatus. Outputs: transition to a market economy, democratization of management.

3. Transfer all management of enterprises to the shoulders of the enterprises themselves through privatization

4. Improving people's lives, ensuring complete emancipation of their initiative and business activity. Conservatives were against the transition.

VI. Primary consolidation

Task 2. Analyze the data presented and answer the questions.

Appendix No. 3

1. How can you explain the sharp increase in the wage fund of workers and employees in 1985 - 1991?

2. What, in your opinion, are the reasons for the steady decline in production of essential food products in 1989 - 1991?

3. For what reasons, from your point of view, has the population's unmet demand for goods and services reached such astronomical proportions?

1. A sharp increase in prices (inflation).

2. Reform Agriculture was half-hearted. None of the reforms yielded positive results. Since 1988, a general decline in agricultural production began.

3. Since 1990, a general decline in industrial production began, as reforms were carried out inconsistently and led to a worsening economic crisis.

VII. Summing up the lesson

What do you see as the reasons for the failures of 1985-1990?

1. Economic policy is inconsistent and half-hearted

2. Many correct laws adopted “at the top” were sabotaged by bureaucrats

3. Issues of reforming credit and pricing policies have not been worked out

4. The mechanism and timing of the implementation of activities were outlined approximately and vaguely

5. Psychological unpreparedness of most managers for the transition to the market

VIII. Homework instruction

§39,

1 group. Compare the policies of Yu.V. Andropov and M.S. Gorbachev

2nd group. Compare the policies of N.S. Khrushchev and M.S. Gorbachev

Distribute tasks into groups

Economic "perestroika" in the USSR

In parallel with the political “perestroika”, “perestroika” also took place economic system. The essence of economic “perestroika” was to preserve redistributive(distribution) planned economy, but its adaptation to new conditions; What was required was a “reform of socialism,” but not a departure from it.

Prerequisites for “perestroika” of the economy. The general direction of economic “perestroika” was some liberalization of the economy. “Perestroika” was an example of the modernization of society “from above”, characteristic of Russia at all times.

The need for economic reforms was dictated, first of all, by the growing crisis. The rate of growth of national income fell from 6.5% in 1961-1965. to 3.5% in 1981-1985, the growth rate of labor productivity - from 6% to 3%, respectively. One and a half to two times more resources were spent per unit of national income than in European countries and the USA. Only about 15% of industrial enterprises were automated or comprehensively mechanized; the rest were dominated by low-skilled manual labor. The country lagged significantly behind the leading world powers in terms of the level of development of scientific and technological progress (with the exception of defense industries). Priority in industry was given to extensive forms of development - the construction of new giant enterprises, increasing the number of workers, etc. The situation in agriculture remained very difficult. Despite the powerful financial injections into the agricultural sector made in the 1970s and early 1980s, the country continued to depend more and more on food supplies (including grain) from abroad. The Food Program adopted by the CPSU Central Committee in 1982, which envisaged the creation of large agro-industrial complexes (AIC), did not improve the situation. Some growth in the quality of life of the population was achieved through the export of energy resources - oil and gas, but with a fall in their prices and, at the same time, an increase in production costs in the early 1980s. and this source of well-being ceased to justify itself. The pace of housing construction was reduced, the constant growth of wages was not ensured by an increase in goods and services, and the shortage of some food products and industrial goods increased. By the mid-1980s. Gross domestic product per capita was 37% of the US level.

Economic restructuring divided into three stages:

1985-1987: “acceleration” In April 1985. At the plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, a course was taken to “accelerate” the socio-economic development of the country. This was supposed to be achieved through the widespread introduction of the latest achievements of science and technology (development of comprehensive scientific and technological progress programs) and the activation of the “human factor” (taking into account the interests of people and work collectives, expanding their work initiative, strengthening labor discipline (including the method of combating drunkenness)). To control product quality, “state acceptance” was introduced. “Acceleration” did not affect the foundations of the Soviet economy - state property and non-economic management methods. Moreover, the “acceleration” program also provided for the opposite - further extensification of production: support for heavy industry (10 billion rubles were allocated to mechanical engineering alone), an increase in oil and gas production, and the attraction of additional labor resources(up to two million people). The “acceleration” did not lead to the expected results - the general trends of declining production growth rates and labor productivity continued. Populist Housing program(each family - separate apartment by 2000 ᴦ.) caused distrust among the population, and the anti-alcohol campaign was a direct protest. Due to the intensive use of outdated equipment, accidents have become more frequent. The Chernobyl disaster (1986 ᴦ.) had a great public resonance, about the scale and consequences of which little was known for a long time. In June 1987 ᴦ. The plenum of the CPSU Central Committee determined new directions for reforming the country's economy.

1988-1989: “perestroika”. Since January 1988 ᴦ. the implementation of the program of “perestroika” of the socialist economy began (hence the name of the entire period from 1985 to 1991). It included: the transfer of state-owned enterprises to self-financing, the replacement of plans with government orders and the reduction of planned indicators; allowing the creation of private enterprises in the production of consumer goods and services; permission to create cooperative enterprises; allowing private individuals to lease agricultural land for 50 years.

“Perestroika” did not help cope with the crisis in the economy. The state continued to subsidize unprofitable enterprises and restrain the development of initiatives of successful enterprises, taking their products as collateral for government orders. Private business and cooperatives did not enjoy the moral support of the population; their profits were offset by high taxes. Under these conditions, entrepreneurs preferred to hide most of their income, which gave rise to an increase in crime and the “shadow sector” of the economy. In the countryside, collective farmers had a negative attitude towards tenant farmers, and collective farms prevented them from allocating suitable land. Production growth did not keep pace with income growth, which led to worsening shortages of a number of goods. For some of them already in 1989. cards were introduced ( coupons). In the same year, in a number of industries, for the first time, a decline was recorded not in growth rates, but in production volumes themselves (in agriculture, the decline began back in 1988). Strikes began in industrial areas.

The beginning of economic “perestroika”. In May 1985 ᴦ. The Decree of the CPSU Central Committee “On measures to overcome drunkenness and alcoholism” was issued. This decision set as its goal the solution of both social and economic problems, primarily labor discipline, and was supposed to contribute to the growth of labor productivity and its quality. It was planned to reduce the production of vodka and other alcoholic beverages by 10% per year. By 1988 ᴦ. The production of fruit and berry wines had to be stopped. These measures led to a decrease in mortality in the country, but they economic effect was negative and resulted in more than 20 billion losses in budget revenues.

At the beginning of 1986 ᴦ. The XXVII Congress of the CPSU took place, at which a number of economic and social programs, providing for new investment and structural policies. The “Intensification-90” program provided for the accelerated development of the consumer goods sector by 1.7 times compared to other branches of mechanical engineering and, to a certain extent, was a continuation of previous reforms. At the same time, imbalances in investment policy led to the undermining of non-priority industries. In addition to “Intensification-90,” it was planned to implement such long-term programs as “Housing-2000,” etc.

November 19, 1986 ᴦ. The USSR Law “On Individual Labor Activity” was adopted. February 5, 1987 ᴦ. The Council of Ministers of the USSR issued a resolution “On the creation of cooperatives for the production of consumer goods”. May 26, 1988 ᴦ. The USSR Law “On Cooperation in the USSR” was adopted, which allowed cooperatives to engage in any types of activities not prohibited by law, incl. trade. January 13, 1987 ᴦ. The Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted Resolution No. 48, which allowed the creation of joint ventures with the participation of Soviet organizations and capitalist and developing countries. June 11, 1987 ᴦ. Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 665 “On the transfer of enterprises and organizations in sectors of the national economy to full self-financing and self-financing” was adopted. June 30, 1987 ᴦ. The USSR Law “On State Enterprise (Association)” was adopted, which redistributed powers between ministries and enterprises in favor of the latter. Products produced after the fulfillment of the state order could be sold by the manufacturer at free prices. The number of ministries and departments was reduced, and self-financing was introduced into all sectors of the national economy. At the same time, granting labor collectives of state-owned enterprises the right to elect directors and granting enterprises the authority to regulate wages led to the dependence of enterprise directors on the decisions of labor collectives and an increase in wages that was not ensured by the availability of an appropriate volume of goods on the consumer market.

The production volumes of consumer goods were much lower than the enormous money supply, since we proceeded from fairly conditional estimated periods and volumes of consumption. Buyers instantly snapped up the goods on store shelves. A situation has arisen of “empty shelves and full refrigerators and packed apartments.” A significant mass of non-food products actually ceased to enter the official trade and were sold by trade workers through acquaintances or through “farmers”. This problem became worse with the permission of private trade, which was effectively carried out by cooperatives. Confusion began with allied supplies; some republics, in particular Ukraine, stopped shipping meat and milk to Moscow, Leningrad, and the military department.

1990-1991: “regulated market”. At this stage, “perestroika” grew into an uncontrolled process of decomposition of the socialist system. In June 1990 ᴦ. The Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted the Expansion program market relations. It was supposed to allow the lease of industrial enterprises, education joint stock companies and support for private enterprise. But the implementation of this program was postponed until 1991, and the situation worsened. By the end of 1990 ᴦ. The government of the USSR, headed by N. Ryzhkov, recognized the failure of the economic policy of “perestroika”. Two were prepared basic programs the country's exit from the snowballing crisis (in 1990, the decline in industrial production was universal and had already reached 10%). Both programs boiled down to expanding market reforms. N. Ryzhkov and L. Abalkin proposed a transition to the market in stages over six years, a combination of administrative and economic methods. The program of S. Shatalin and G. Yavlinsky (500 days) assumed a rapid transition to the market through the privatization of state property with subsequent liberalization of prices. In the fall of 1990 ᴦ. Both programs were discussed by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and rejected, the first as designed for too long a period of time, the second as contrary to socialism. N. Ryzhkov as Prime Minister in December 1990. was replaced by V. Pavlov. Pavlov also proposed his program, but its implementation of this program never began - the USSR ceased to exist.

The collapse of economic “perestroika”. In 1989 ᴦ. a new Government of the USSR was formed headed by N.I. Ryzhkov. It included 8 academicians and corresponding members of the USSR Academy of Sciences, about 20 doctors and candidates of science. The new Government initially focused on the implementation of economic reforms and fundamentally different management methods. In this regard, the structure of the Government changed significantly and the number of line ministries was significantly reduced: from 52 to 32, that is, by almost 40%.

In May 1990 ᴦ. N.I. Ryzhkov spoke at a meeting of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR with a report on the economic program of the Government. Ryzhkov outlined the concept of transition to a regulated market economy. It included price reform. This speech led to an emergency situation in Moscow trade: while Ryzhkov was speaking in the Kremlin, everything in the city was sold out: a month's supply of vegetable and butter, a three-month supply of pancake flour, 7-8 times more grain than usual was sold, instead of 100 tons of salt - 200 .

A wave of rallies swept across the country demanding not to raise prices. Mikhail Gorbachev, who repeatedly promised that prices in the USSR would remain at the same level, distanced himself from the government program. The Supreme Soviet of the USSR postponed the implementation of the reform, inviting the Government to finalize its concept.

In June 1990 ᴦ. The Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted the Resolution “On the concept of transition to a market economy”, and in October 1990 ᴦ. ʼʼMain directions for stabilizing the national economy and transition to a market economyʼʼ. The documents provided for gradual demonopolization, decentralization and denationalization of property, the establishment of joint-stock companies and banks, and the development of private entrepreneurship.

In December 1990 ᴦ. government N.I. Ryzhkov was dismissed. The Council of Ministers of the USSR was transformed into the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR, headed by Prime Minister V.S. Pavlov. But the activities of the Cabinet of Ministers in 1991 ᴦ. came down to a twofold increase in prices from April 2, 1991. (they, however, remained regulated), as well as the exchange of 50 and 100 ruble banknotes for new banknotes ( currency reform Pavlova). The exchange took place over only 3 days - January 23-25, 1991 - and with serious restrictions. This was explained by the fact that shady businessmen allegedly accumulated huge sums in large banknotes.

So, similar to Gorbachev’s political transformations, economic “perestroika” ended in complete failure and became one of the basic reasons for the collapse of the USSR.

Economic “perestroika” in the USSR - concept and types. Classification and features of the category “Economic “perestroika” in the USSR” 2017, 2018.

CLASS: 11 LESSON No. 54 DATE:

TOPIC: “Perestroika Policy in the Economic Sphere”

Lesson objectives: to form the concept of “Perestroika” and evaluate its role and place in the history of the USSR and the Russian Federation.

Tasks:

Find out the reasons for Perestroika, highlight the goals and objectives of policy in the economic sphere; get an idea of ​​the attitude towards socio-economic processes in society and its results

Promote the development of skills in working in small groups; develop skills independent work; develop key competencies: information, communication, problem solving

Learn to solve non-standard problems; evaluate periods of the country’s history from a general civil standpoint and their own views

Equipment: textbook, notebook, presentation on the lesson topic, multimedia, additional material (Appendices 1 and 2).

During the classes:

Exercise 1. Formulate brief description activities of Yu.V. Andropov as head of the CPSU and the Soviet state (expected answer: an attempt to resuscitate the agonizing social system with the help of emergency administrative measures - serious personnel changes, the introduction of measures to strengthen labor, planning and government discipline - and the fight against corruption)2. What are “petrodollars”? What role and when did they begin to play in the economy of the USSR?

Tasks:

A) determine the topic of the lesson and set its goal

B) name the person to whom the plot is dedicated

Organization of dialogue among schoolchildren in order to clarify the general level of acquired knowledge

Learning must begin with an awareness of the goal.

Slide 1-3 with posters from the Perestroika period

Slide 4 topic of the lesson

Slide 5 with a portrait of M.S. Gorbachev

3.Formation of new knowledge

The teacher emphasizes that the need for radical reforms was determined by the historical course of events starting from the 60s. Working with the source and textbook to find out the reasons for Perestroika

( Annex 1 )

Exercise : Find 3 reasons why Perestroika begins.

Checking and discussing answers.

The teacher identifies stages in the activities of M.S. Gorbachev. Explains what the acceleration course meant, its goals and objectives

Students - lesson notes,

Working with textbook text.

Exercise: Explain based on the material in § 39:

1. What is the reason for the ineffectiveness of the acceleration policy;

2. Consider what explains the fact that the authorities tried to hide the consequences of the explosion at the nuclear power plant, despite the serious danger of radioactive contamination.

Students become familiar with the table “Stages of economic reform in the USSR (1985-1991). (Appendix 2 )

Exercise : read the text of the textbook, write down the results of the reforms (briefly), give reports on economic reforms and their results.

Questions for students:

1. List economic reforms, their objectives and methods of implementation

2. Establish what was the main miscalculation in the process of economic reforms

Completion of the group work stage. Using the acquired knowledge, students derive a definition of Perestroika.

Exercise : Think about what made you reconsider the concept of “acceleration” and move on to transformations in economics and politics.

PHYSICAL MINUTE

Working with the text of the document “Perestroika in the USSR (1985-1991) from the book by M.S. Gorbachev “Perestroika and new thinking for our country and for the whole world.”

Group work

Slide 6 “Causes of Perestroika.”

Slide 7 “Stages in the activities of M.S. Gorbachev"

§ 39 p.370-372 s/r

Working with the class

§ 39 p.373-377. Group work

Slide 8. “Perestroika is”

Work with class

4. Independent testing of understanding of new material

1 . Mark the correct answer :

Perestroika is:

A) a policy aimed at concentrating all resources in the hands of the state

B) policies aimed at overcoming the crisis and reaching an agreement with the peasantry

C) the process of reforming the totalitarian system in the USSR

D) destruction process economic structure society

2. What is extra in the series?

Economic transformations in the USSR in 1985-1989:

A) transfer of enterprises to self-sufficiency and self-financing;

B) development of cooperation;

C) permission for individual labor activity;

D) widespread privatization of state property.

Individually

Slide 9 self-check in pairs

5. Fastening.

Questions to consolidate knowledge:

What goal did you set at the very beginning of the lesson?

Name the reasons for the policy of Perestroika.

Define the policy of Perestroika.

What was the main miscalculation in the process of economic reforms?

Draw a general conclusion on the topic you studied.

Working with the class

Slide 10 questions for consolidation

Slide11

6. Reflection.

Homework information

1. How I learned the material:

Gained deep knowledge - 10 points.

Partially mastered the material - 7 points.

I understood and remembered little - 5 points.

2. What were the main difficulties and how did you overcome them?3. Comments and suggestions for the future.

D/s: § 39, compose theses of the answer on the topic “The Essence of Perestroika”

Introspection. Individually.

Annex 1.

“Perestroika in the USSR (1985-1991)” from the book by M.S. Gorbachev “Perestroika and new thinking for our country and for the whole world.”(A brief summary of its main provisions is given)

“In the early 1980s. The USSR faced a whole group of crises.

This is a superpower crisis, exacerbated by the stalemate in Afghanistan.

A crisis has ripened in state socialism, that is, state-monopoly industrial society. A system of socio-economic relations based on mass standardized production, deprivation of employee initiative, bureaucratic management of all economic processes, could no longer ensure further growth in production efficiency, output of products that were required for defense needs and to meet the growing needs of the population. Due to the resulting total shortage of consumer goods, dissatisfaction with living conditions was constantly growing. Since information about the standard of living in other countries with development modern technologies and communications could no longer be hidden, the gap in living standards in the USSR and Western countries was obvious. The agricultural crisis has worsened. Kilometer-long queues began to form for food (not only scarce ones anymore). If Moscow and Leningrad were supplied with food relatively satisfactorily, then the provinces lacked the most necessary products: milk, butter, even bread (there was no meat in local stores all the time). Residents of nearby cities went to Moscow to buy groceries, and over time people from afar began to come to the capital to shop.

The crisis of the authoritarian political system. People no longer wanted to put up with the role of dumb objects of control. General indignation was caused by nomenklatura privileges, the ineffectiveness of the bureaucratic apparatus, the arbitrariness and irresponsibility of officials, and corruption.”

Appendix 2.

“Stages of economic reform in the USSR (1985-1991)”

Economic reform:

Expanding the independence of enterprises on the principles of self-financing and self-financing

State order

Refusal of the monopoly of foreign trade

Reduction in the number of line ministries

Recognition of the equality of new forms of farming in rural areas (tenant cooperatives, farms) with collective and state farms

1988

Law “On Individual Labor Activity, “On Cooperation”: the beginning of the development of the sphere of private initiative

1990

“On the concept of transition to a regulated market economy”:

Demonopolization

Decentralization

Denationalization

1990

“500 days program”:

Privatization

Transition to the market

Limiting the power of the center

Results of economic reforms: