Estimated liabilities: everything you wanted to know. Approved PBU "Estimated Liabilities, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets Determining the amount of the estimated liability

"Russian Tax Courier", 2011, N 8

Starting from 2011, when maintaining accounting and compiling financial statements organizations must apply the new PBU 8/2010. When applying this accounting standard in practice, there are many questions<1>. What is an estimated liability, how is it formed and how to determine its value?

<1>How to reflect estimated liabilities in accounting and what information about estimated liabilities should be disclosed in financial statements, read in the next issue. - Note. ed.

PBU 8/2010 " Estimated liabilities, contingent liabilities and contingent assets "approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 13, 2010 N 167n (hereinafter - Order N 167n)<2>. Order N 167n came into force starting from the financial statements of 2011. Accordingly, from this year PBU 8/01 became invalid. The new accounting standard must be applied by all organizations, except for credit ones.

Small business entities, except for issuers of publicly placed valuable papers, has the right not to apply PBU 8/2010. This is stated in paragraph 3 of this document. If a small business decides not to use a new accounting standard, such a decision should be recorded in the accounting policy for accounting.

What are the differences between PBU 8/2010 and PBU 8/01

Recall the rules of the former PBU 8/01. This accounting standard regulated the procedure for reflecting contingent facts in the financial statements. economic activity organizations (clause 1). A contingent fact was recognized as a fact of economic activity taking place as of the reporting date, with respect to the consequences of which and the likelihood of their occurrence in the future, there is uncertainty. The occurrence of consequences depends on whether one or more uncertain events will occur or not occur in the future (paragraph 3).

Contingent facts lead to consequences such as contingent liabilities and contingent assets (clause 4). All significant consequences of contingent facts were to be reflected in the financial statements (clause 5). If there was a high or very high probability that the contingent liability would decrease in the future economic benefits and the organization could fairly reasonably estimate its value, then RAS 8/01 prescribed to form a reserve for the corresponding contingent liability (clause 8). The created reserve was reflected in accounting as expenses for ordinary activities or other expenses (clause 9). If during the reporting year the corresponding facts of economic activity actually occurred, then the costs of fulfilling obligations previously recognized as conditional were subject to write-off from the reserve.

The new PBU 8/2010 retained the previous categories of contingent liabilities and contingent assets and the requirements for their reflection in the explanatory notes to financial statements. But the provision for contingent liabilities is no longer mentioned in this standard. This means that since 2011 there is no need to create such a reserve. The main emphasis in RAS 8/2010 is placed on a new concept - an estimated obligation. Let's figure out what this the new kind obligations, which is reflected not only in the financial statements, but also directly on the accounting accounts.

What is an estimated liability

According to paragraph 4 of PBU 8/2010, an organization's obligation with an uncertain amount and (or) due date is recognized as an estimated liability. An estimated obligation may arise on the basis of the norms of legislative and other regulatory legal acts, court decisions, contracts. In addition, it may arise from the actions of the organization that, as a result of established past practices or statements by the organization, indicate to others that the organization accepts certain responsibilities. As a result, such persons have a reasonable expectation that the organization will fulfill these responsibilities.

The accountant needs to remember three conditions, with the simultaneous fulfillment of which the obligation is qualified as an estimated one and is reflected in accounting (clause 5 of PBU 8/2010):

• the organization has an obligation that is a consequence of past events in its economic life. The organization cannot avoid fulfilling this obligation;
• it is probable that, in fulfilling this provision, there will be a decrease in the economic benefits of the entity (i.e., the entity will incur certain expenses to fulfill this obligation);
• the amount of the estimated liability can be reasonably estimated.

When an organization is in doubt as to whether it has such a future obligation, it should review all circumstances and conditions, including the opinions of experts (specialists in the relevant field). If, based on the results of such an analysis, it turns out that it is more likely than not that the obligation exists, then an estimated liability should be recognized in accounting (clause 5 of PBU 8/2010).

A similar approach should be taken when assessing the likelihood of diminishing economic benefits. If it is more likely than not that the organization will have to bear the costs of fulfilling this future obligation, then the decrease in economic benefits is recognized as probable (clause 7 of PBU 8/2010). The probability of reduction of economic benefits is assessed for each obligation separately. An exception is when, as of the reporting date, there are several obligations that are homogeneous in nature and the uncertainty they generate. It is possible that for each individual obligation a decrease in the economic benefits of the organization is unlikely, but as a result of the fulfillment of the entire set of obligations, a decrease in economic benefits is quite likely. In this case, the entire set of homogeneous liabilities is recognized in accounting as an estimated liability.

The relationship of estimated and contingent liabilities

Definitions of contingent liabilities and contingent assets are given in paragraphs 9 and 13 of PBU 8/2010. A contingent liability or a contingent asset arises for an organization as a result of past events in its economic life, when the organization’s existence of a liability (asset) at the reporting date depends on the occurrence (non-occurrence) of one or more future uncertain events that do not controlled by the organization. According to paragraph 14 of PBU 8/2010, contingent liabilities and contingent assets are not reflected in the accounts accounting. But information on contingent liabilities and contingent assets should be disclosed in the financial statements of the organization in accordance with paragraphs 25 and 27 of PBU 8/2010.

Clause 6 of PBU 8/2010 states that the conditions for recognizing an estimated liability in respect of a past event in the economic life of an organization that were not fulfilled on one reporting date may be met as of subsequent reporting dates. This is possible if events occur (legislative and other regulatory legal acts, the organization or other persons will take some action), as a result of which the organization will not be able to avoid the corresponding settlement obligations.

If at the reporting date there is an obligation for which not all the conditions listed in clause 5 of PBU 8/2010 are met (for example, the organization believes that a decrease in economic benefits is unlikely, or it cannot yet give a reasonable estimate of future expenses), then this obligation should qualify as a contingent liability (clause 9 PBU 8/2010).

As of subsequent reporting dates, it is necessary to check liabilities previously recognized as contingent. If for any of them all the conditions from paragraph 5 of PBU 8/2010 begin to be observed, such an obligation should be transferred to the category of estimated ones and reflected in accounting and reporting in accordance with the requirements of this accounting standard.

It may be the opposite situation. for instance, the organization has an obligation, in respect of which all the conditions listed in paragraph 5 of PBU 8/2010 were observed. The organization recognized an estimated liability in accounting. But later one of mandatory conditions ceased to be fulfilled (for example, the probability of incurring the costs of fulfilling this obligation has greatly decreased). In this case, this obligation should be transferred from the estimated category to the group of contingent liabilities.

Paragraph 10 of PBU 8/2010 considers the situation when an organization has an obligation jointly with other persons. Subject to the conditions in paragraph 5 of this Standard, an entity recognizes a provision to the extent that it is probable that its economic benefits will be reduced. If the decrease in the economic benefits of the organization in relation to its part of the obligation is not probable, then the corresponding part of the joint and several liability with other persons is referred to as contingent liabilities.

Practical examples of estimated liabilities

When applying PBU 8/2010, each accountant faces the task of learning to determine in which cases the organization has estimated liabilities. The examples given in Appendix N 1 to this standard. In the said Appendix, a number of situations are considered, on the basis of which the procedure for recognizing estimated liabilities is illustrated.

Situation 1. Failure to comply with the terms of a business contract. If the organization as of the reporting date has unfulfilled obligations under the contract, but this is only a current debt (the organization plans to fulfill its obligations under the contract), then it does not have an estimated obligation. Clause 2 of PBU 8/2010 states that this accounting standard does not apply to contracts under which, as of the reporting date, at least one party to the contract has not fully fulfilled its obligations, with the exception of obviously unprofitable contracts.

According to paragraph 2 of PBU 8/2010, obviously unprofitable contracts include contracts, the inevitable costs of the execution of which exceed the income expected from their execution. In addition, the terms of such an agreement should provide for penalties. According to obviously unprofitable contracts, an estimated liability is recognized in accounting. Its value is determined based on the amount of expected losses on the payment of penalties to the counterparty.

Note. A contract is not obviously unprofitable, the execution of which can be terminated by the organization in unilaterally without significant sanctions from the counterparty. Under such agreements, no estimated liabilities are created in accounting.

If an entity chooses to comply with the terms of a contract for which the costs of fulfillment exceed the receipts, then a provision is not recognized for expected losses.

Situation 2. Expected losses from business activities. Suppose, according to the financial plan, the organization expects a loss in the coming year either for the activity as a whole, or for one of the types of activity, or for one of the types of products (works, services), or for a separate division or region of activity. And the type of loss does not matter. In any case, no provision is created for the expected loss. This rule is separately stipulated in paragraph 12 of PBU 8/2010. The fact is that with an expected loss, the organization does not have any obligation related to past events, the fulfillment of which it cannot avoid.

Situation 3. Repair of fixed assets. Suppose the organization has planned the repair of fixed assets. A repair program has been developed, the cost estimate has been approved. There is no provision for future repair costs because the entity does not have a past event obligation that it cannot avoid. If the obligation to repair individual fixed assets is provided for by regulatory legal acts and penalties are provided for failure to carry out repairs, then the situation changes. In case of refusal to repair fixed assets, the organization faces the risk of paying a fine, and an estimated liability is created in accounting for the amount of sanctions.

Situation 4. Employee training. The organization has planned to conduct training for a number of employees in order to improve their skills. Approved training program and cost estimates. An estimated liability is not created in accounting, since the organization does not have an obligation related to past events in its economic life, the fulfillment of which it cannot avoid.

Situation 5. Restructuring of activities. If an organization plans to restructure its activities, it will face inevitable costs (for the restructuring of production, the closure of some structural divisions and the opening of new ones, the payment of compensation to laid-off workers, etc.). Whether estimated liabilities will be reflected in accounting depends on whether the conditions listed in paragraph 11 of PBU 8/2010 are met or not. Among them is the availability of a detailed program for the upcoming restructuring and estimates of the expected costs of its implementation, as well as the emergence of reasonable expectations among the employees of the organization that the restructuring plan will be implemented in the near future.

Suppose an organization has developed a restructuring program, but employees do not know about it. In this case, they do not have any expectations regarding the fulfillment by the organization of the obligation to pay severance pay. An estimated liability for the forthcoming restructuring of the organization's activities is not recognized.

Let's take another situation - the organization announced to the employees about the upcoming restructuring. According to the requirements of Art. 180 Labor Code the employer, two months before the dismissal, warned some employees in writing about the upcoming dismissal due to a reduction in the staff. The workers signed the relevant notice. After that, they had reasonable expectations that, in accordance with Art. 178 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the employer at the time of their dismissal will pay them severance pay in the amount of average earnings.

Therefore, as a result of past actions committed by the organization ( we are talking about a written warning to employees about the upcoming reduction in staff), she had obligations to employees provided for by labor legislation. These responsibilities cannot be avoided by the organization. It is quite likely that it will incur costs in connection with the forthcoming restructuring of activities. The amount of the obligation to pay severance pay to employees who are laid off can reasonably be determined by the organization. An estimated liability is created for this amount, which is reflected in the accounting of the organization.

As for the upcoming expenses directly for the reorganization of production, a reserve for discontinued activities is created for them, provided for by the requirements of PBU 16/02<3>.

<3>Rules PBU 16/02 "Information on discontinued operations" are applied subject to the requirements of the new PBU 8/2010.

Determining the amount of the estimated liability

According to paragraph 15 of PBU 8/2010, the amount of the estimated liability, for which it is reflected in accounting, is determined based on the most reliable monetary estimate of the costs required for settlements under this liability. This is the amount of funds that the organization will need directly to fulfill (repay) the obligation or to transfer the obligation to another person as of the reporting date. The validity of such an assessment must be documented. This requirement is contained in clause 16 of PBU 8/2010. Therefore, the fact of the occurrence of an estimated liability, its characteristics and the calculation of its value, it is advisable to record in writing, for example, in the form of an accounting statement.

Note. The accounting statement will serve as the primary accounting document to reflect the estimated liability in accounting.

Specific evidence available to the entity may be used as evidence to support the assessment of the liability. for instance, the amount of sanctions under the terms of business contracts, the amount of penalties provided for by law, calculations of the amount of expected payments in the form of severance pay to employees dismissed during the liquidation of the organization, reduction in the number or staff of employees, the amount of vacation pay upcoming holidays etc.

The amount of the estimated liability can be determined on the basis of the fulfillment of similar obligations that the organization had earlier. Based on such similar data, a calculation is made of the amount of expected costs for the fulfillment of a new estimated obligation. It is also possible to estimate the amount of the obligation to be fulfilled in the future based on the opinions of experts (specialists in the relevant field). For example, lawyers, on the basis of established judicial practice, can determine the degree of likelihood of a court decision in one or another part of a claim against an organization. Based on this, the organization can make a calculation of the expected costs of enforcing the judgment in the event of an expected loss in court.

On the other hand, when determining the amount of the estimated liability, the amount of reduction or increase in income tax in accordance with PBU 18/02 (that is, PNO, PNA, SHE and IT), expected proceeds from the sale of fixed assets, intangible assets, products, goods and other assets associated with the recognized provision, as well as the expected amounts of counterclaims or claims against other persons for reimbursement of expenses that the entity is expected to incur in fulfilling this provision. This procedure is established by clause 19 of PBU 8/2010. At the same time, this paragraph provides an exception to this rule. Let's consider it.

Note. When determining the amount of the estimated liability, one should take into account the consequences of events after the reporting date in accordance with RAS 7/98, the risks and uncertainties inherent in this estimated liability, future events that may affect the amount of the estimated liability (if there is a sufficient probability that these events will occur ). The basis is paragraph 18 of PBU 8/2010.

Emergence of assets in connection with the recognition of an estimated liability

If the organization is confident that in the performance of the corresponding estimated obligation accepted for accounting, it will certainly receive receipts from counterclaims or claims against other persons, such claims are recognized in accounting as independent asset(clause 19 PBU 8/2010). This asset is reflected in accounting in an amount not exceeding the value of the corresponding estimated liability.

Note. When preparing financial statements, the amounts of a recognized asset in the form of expected proceeds from counterclaims or claims against other persons are reflected in accordance with the rules recorded at the end of clause 19 of PBU 8/2010.

V balance sheet organization, the amount of the recognized estimated liability is not reduced by the amount of the asset indicated above. That is, the amounts of recognized estimated liabilities and related assets are shown in the balance sheet on a gross basis.

V income statement such amounts are shown, on the contrary, collapsed. Expenses recognized on the recognition of estimated liabilities are shown net of income recognized in accounting as an asset of expected proceeds from counterclaims and claims on other persons. In the current regulations in accounting, this category of assets has not yet been disclosed, their definition will be given in the future, when, in accordance with the program for reforming the Russian accounting system, changes will be made to PBU 9/99.

Today, it is important for an accountant to understand that the specified asset is recognized in accounting only if the organization is completely confident in its receipt. Here it would be appropriate to recall one of the fundamental principles accounting - the requirement of prudence. That is, when forming accounting policy and bookkeeping, the organization should be more willing to recognize expenses and liabilities than possible income and assets, avoiding the creation of hidden reserves. This is stated in paragraph 7 of PBU 1/2008. The accounting policy must provide for how the specified amount of assets will be reflected in the balance sheet of the organization. This can be a breakdown of one of the available balance sheet items or a separate line (if significant) in the section " Fixed assets or "current assets".

Recall that in the balance sheet, assets and liabilities should be presented with a division into short-term and long-term, depending on the maturity (repayment) period. The basis is paragraph 19 of PBU 4/99.

Note. There is no separate account in the Chart of Accounts to reflect the category of new assets in question. If the organization decides to recognize such assets in accounting, it needs to be fixed in the accounting policy on which of the available accounts it will reflect them. On the selected account, a separate sub-account must be entered for this.

Methods for determining the amount of the estimated liability

Clause 17 of PBU 8/2010 provides explanations on two methods for determining the amount of an estimated liability. Specific digital examples are given in Appendix No. 2 to PBU 8/2010. If the organization has a set of values ​​​​to determine the amount of the estimated liability, then on their basis it should be derived weighted average. It is calculated as the average of the products of each value and its probability.

Example 1. As of the reporting date, Quartz LLC is a party to the trial as a defendant. The counterparty under the contract filed a claim against Quartz LLC in the amount of 340,000 rubles. - direct losses of the plaintiff, 120,000 rubles. - Lost profits of the plaintiff.

Lawyers of Quartz LLC believe that the organization is likely to lose the court. Relying on judicial practice, they estimate the probability of the outcome of a court case as follows:

• awarding for payment of penalties provided for by the terms of the business contract with the plaintiff - 90%;
• compensation for direct losses of the plaintiff in the amount of 100 000 RUB. - 95%;
• compensation for direct losses of the plaintiff in the amount of 40 000 RUB. - 50%;
• compensation for lost profits of the plaintiff - 5%.

Based on the assessment of the high probability of losing in court and the occurrence of future costs for the execution of the court decision, Quartz LLC decided to recognize an estimated obligation in accounting. The amount of this obligation is determined as follows. First, the accountant of the organization calculates the probable value of each type of forthcoming expenses for compensation of damage to the plaintiff based on the degree of risk of their occurrence, determined by experts (lawyers of the organization):

• the cost of paying sanctions under the contract - 72,000 rubles. (80,000 rubles x 90%);
• compensation for direct losses of the plaintiff - 95,000 rubles. (100,000 rubles x 95%);
• compensation for direct losses of the plaintiff - 20,000 rubles. (40,000 rubles x 50%);
• compensation for lost profits claimant - 6000 RUB. (120,000 rubles x 5%).

The total amount of probable expenses is 193,000 rubles. (72,000 rubles + 95,000 rubles + 20,000 rubles + 6,000 rubles).

The estimated period for fulfillment of the said estimated liability is less than 12 months. An estimated liability for litigation is recognized in the accounting of Quartz LLC in the amount of 193,000 rubles.

This estimated liability is included in the balance sheet as current liabilities.

The probability that the organization will have to incur one or another amount of expenses to fulfill the estimated obligation can be defined as a range of values ​​- from the minimum to maximum amount. If the probability of each value in this interval is equal, then the amount of the estimated liability is taken average from the largest and smallest values ​​of the interval.

How to make such a calculation, we will explain with an example.

Example 2. As of the reporting date OJSC "Lira" is a party to the litigation. According to lawyers, it is quite likely that the court decision will not be in favor of the organization. The estimated amount of losses of the organization is from 600,000 to 750,000 rubles. Lira OJSC decided to recognize an estimated liability in accounting and reporting. The accountant of the organization calculated its value - 675,000 rubles. [(600,000 rubles + 750,000 rubles) : 2].

The expected period for the adoption of the court decision and the occurrence of expenses for its implementation does not exceed 12 months. OJSC "Lira" reflected in the accounting and reporting an estimated liability in the amount of 675,000 rubles. as part of short-term liabilities.

M.S. Polyakova

Journal Expert

"Russian Tax Courier",

certified teacher

Quite often, as a result of the uncertainties inherent entrepreneurial activity, some items of financial statements cannot be accurately determined and calculated, but can only be estimated on the basis of available and reliable information.

This article will discuss estimated liabilities: we will consider their definition and types, as well as the procedure for reflecting information on estimated liabilities in reporting.

The procedure for reflecting estimated liabilities in the accounting and reporting of organizations is established by the Accounting Regulation "Estimated Liabilities, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets" (PBU 8/2010), approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 13, 2010 N 167n (hereinafter - PBU 8 / 2010).

Note! Thanks to the amendments made to the above PBU in 2012 by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated February 14, 2012 N 23n, the ambiguities in terms of recognizing the reserve for vacation pay as an estimated liability of the organization were eliminated. Now paragraph 2 of PBU 8/2010 of the accounting standard is directly extended to employment contracts, which, in turn, obliges firms to record the organization's obligations related to the emergence of employees' right to paid holidays. Note that even before such amendments were made, the Ministry of Finance of Russia insisted that reserves for paying employees' vacations are recognized as estimated liabilities of companies (this is stated in the Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated June 14, 2011 N 07-02-06 / 107).

In the Recommendations to audit organizations, individual auditors, auditors on the audit of the annual financial statements of organizations for 2011, given in the Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated January 27, 2012 N 07-02-18 / 01, financiers believe that when determining the amount of the estimated liability related to the exercise by employees of the right to receive annual paid holidays, the following circumstances must be taken into account:

- approved vacation schedule;

- differences in wages and vacation days certain categories workers;

— the need to pay insurance premiums in connection with the provision of paid vacations to employees.

So, PBU 8/2010 establishes the procedure for reflecting estimated liabilities, contingent liabilities and assets in the accounting and reporting of an organization and should be applied by all organizations that are legal entities according to the legislation of the Russian Federation, except for credit institutions and state (municipal) institutions.

PBU 8/2010 may not be applied by small businesses, with the exception of entities that issue publicly placed securities, as well as socially oriented non-profit organizations (clause 3 of PBU 8/2010).

What is an estimated liability? Based on paragraph 4 of PBU 8/2010, an estimated liability is an obligation of an organization with an uncertain amount and (or) a due date. An estimated liability may arise:

- from the norms of legislative and other regulatory legal acts, court decisions, contracts;

— as a result of an entity's actions that, as a result of established past practice or statements by the entity, indicate to others that the entity is assuming certain responsibilities, such that those individuals have a reasonable expectation that the entity will fulfill those responsibilities.

An estimated liability is recognized with simultaneous compliance with the conditions listed in clause 5 of PBU 8/2010:

a) the organization has an obligation resulting from past events in its economic life, the fulfillment of which the organization cannot avoid. When an entity has doubts about the existence of such a liability, the entity recognizes a provision if, after considering all the circumstances and conditions, including expert opinion, it is more likely than not that the liability exists;

b) the decrease in the economic benefits of the organization, necessary for the fulfillment of the estimated obligation, probably;

c) the value of the estimated liability can be reasonably estimated.

A decrease in the entity's economic benefits that is necessary to satisfy the obligation is deemed probable if it is more likely than not that such a decrease will occur. The probability of reduction of economic benefits is assessed for each obligation separately. The exception is cases where, as of the reporting date, there are several obligations that are homogeneous in nature and the uncertainty generated by them, which are assessed in aggregate (clause 7 of PBU 8/2010). At the same time, despite the fact that a decrease in the economic benefits of the entity for each individual obligation may be unlikely, a decrease in economic benefits as a result of the fulfillment of the entire set of obligations may be quite probable. Examples of the analysis of circumstances for the purpose of recognizing an estimated liability in accounting are given in Appendix No. 1 to PBU 8/2010.

Note! If under a knowingly unprofitable contract the amount of the penalty exceeds the net loss under the contract, then in accounting the estimated liability is recognized in the amount of net loss.

Paragraph 17 of PBU 8/2010 provides for two options for assessing the amount of the estimated liability:

- by choosing from a set of values ​​- in this case, the weighted average value is taken as an assessment of the estimated liability, which is calculated as the average of the products of each value and its probability;

- by choosing from a range of values ​​- in this case, the arithmetic average of the largest and smallest values ​​​​of the interval is taken as an estimate of the estimated obligation.

The selected valuation option should be fixed by the organization in the accounting policy.

Note! By general rule, established by paragraph 20 of PBU 8/2010, the estimated liability is measured at present value if the expected period for its fulfillment exceeds 12 months after the reporting date or a shorter period established by the organization in the accounting policy. The requirements that must be met by the discount rate used in determining the present value are listed in para. 2 p. 20 PBU 8/2010. So, the discount rate applied by the organization:

a) should reflect the conditions prevailing in the financial market, as well as the risks specific to the liability underlying the estimated liability being recognized;

b) should not reflect the amount of a decrease or increase in corporate income tax, which are reflected in accounting and reporting in accordance with the Accounting Regulation “Accounting for corporate income tax settlements” PBU 18/02, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 19, 2002 g. N 114n (hereinafter - RAS 18/02), as well as the risks and uncertainties that were taken into account when calculating future cash payments caused by the estimated liability, in accordance with paragraphs 16 - 19 of PBU 8/2010.

An increase in the estimated liability due to an increase in its present value on subsequent reporting dates as the due date approaches (interest) is recognized as other expenses of the organization.

Estimated liabilities are reflected in the accounting of the organization on account 96 “Reserves for future expenses” (clause 8 of PBU 8/2010). Since the estimated liability is formed for each liability separately, on account 96 "Reserves for future expenses" the organization should organize the appropriate analytical accounting by opening to this account respective sub-accounts.

When an estimated liability is recognized, depending on its nature, the amount of the estimated liability is charged to expenses for ordinary activities or other expenses, or included in the cost of the asset.

The Recommendations for audit firms, individual auditors, and auditors on auditing the annual financial statements of organizations for 2012 (Appendix to the Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated January 9, 2013 N 07-02-18/01) paid attention to the issue of generating information on estimated liabilities for dismantling and disposal of fixed assets and restoration environment.

In particular, it states that in accordance with the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for Fixed Assets" PBU 6/01, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 30, 2001 N 26n, the actual costs of acquiring, constructing and manufacturing fixed assets are, in addition to directly named in this Regulation, other costs directly related to the acquisition, construction and manufacture of fixed assets. According to PBU 8/2010, the amount of the estimated liability is included in the value of the asset or in the costs of the audited entity, depending on its nature.

Based on this, the amount of estimated liabilities for the dismantling and disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment and the restoration of the environment is included in original cost fixed assets, if the occurrence of such obligations is directly related to the acquisition, construction and manufacture of these fixed assets.

An estimated liability is recognized in accounting in the amount that reflects the most reliable estimate of the costs required for the settlement of this liability. For example, a monetary estimate of the costs required both for the liquidation of fixed assets and for the restoration of the environment.

If the occurrence of an estimated liability is associated with the creation (acquisition) of several fixed assets at the same time, the amount of such liability is distributed among the specified items in proportion to the justified base chosen by the audited entity.

It should be noted that the most reliable estimate of expenses is the amount required directly for the fulfillment (repayment) of the obligation as of the reporting date or for the transfer of the obligation to another person as of the reporting date (clause 15 PBU 8/2010). The amount of the obligation is determined on the basis of the available facts of the economic life of the organization, experience in fulfilling similar obligations, and, if necessary, the opinions of experts. Please note that the organization must provide documentary evidence of the validity of such an assessment, which follows from clause 16 of PBU 8/2010.

Examples of determining the amount of the estimated liability are given in Appendix 2 to PBU 8/2010.

Note that when determining the amount of the estimated liability, one should take into account (clause 18 of PBU 8/2010):

— consequences of events after the reporting date in accordance with the Accounting Regulation "Events after the reporting date" (PBU 7/98), approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of November 25, 1998 N 56n;

— the risks and uncertainties inherent in the provision;

- future events that may affect the amount of the provision (if there is a reasonable probability that these events will occur).

When determining the amount of the estimated liability, the following are not taken into account (clause 19 of PBU 8/2010):

- the amount of reduction or increase in corporate income tax, which are reflected in accounting and reporting in accordance with PBU 18/02;

— expected proceeds from the sale of fixed assets, intangible assets, products, goods and other assets associated with the recognized estimated liability. Such receipts are reflected in the accounting of the organization in accordance with the Accounting Regulation "Income of the organization" PBU 9/99, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 6, 1999 N 32n;

— the expected amounts of counterclaims or the amounts of claims against other persons for reimbursement of expenses that the entity is expected to incur in fulfilling this provision.

If the organization has confidence in the receipt of economic benefits from counterclaims or claims against other persons in the performance of an estimated liability accepted for accounting, such claims are recognized in accounting as an independent asset, the value of which should not exceed the value of the corresponding estimated liability. In the balance sheet, the amount of the recognized estimated liability is not reduced by the amount of such an asset.

In the profit and loss statement, expenses recognized upon recognition of estimated liabilities are presented net of income recognized upon acceptance for accounting as an asset of expected proceeds from counterclaims and claims against other persons.

During the reporting year, in the event of actual settlements on recognized estimated liabilities, the organization's accounting reflects the amount of costs associated with the organization's fulfillment of these obligations, or the corresponding accounts payable in correspondence with the account of future expenses.

Note that a recognized provision may be written off to cost or recognition accounts payable to fulfill only the obligation for which it was created, unless otherwise established by PBU 8/2010.

If the amount of the recognized estimated liability is not enough, the organization's costs of repaying the liability are reflected in accounting in general order(clause 21 PBU 8/2010).

If the amount of the recognized estimated liability is redundant or if the conditions for recognizing the estimated liability established by clause 5 of PBU 8/2010 are terminated, the unused amount of the liability is written off with attribution to other income of the organization. Meanwhile, when repaying homogeneous estimated liabilities arising from recurring business transactions ordinary activities organizations, previously recognized excess amounts are attributed to the following obligations of the same kind immediately upon their recognition (without writing off previously recognized excess amounts to other income of the organization) (paragraph 22 of PBU 8/2010).

The validity of the recognition and the amount of the estimated liability are subject to verification by the organization at the end of the reporting year, as well as upon the occurrence of new events related to this liability (clause 23 PBU 8/2010). According to the results of the audit, the amount of the obligation can be:

- increased in accordance with the procedure established for the recognition of a liability in clause 8 of PBU 8/2010 (without inclusion in the value of the asset), upon receipt additional information, allowing to clarify the amount of the obligation;

- reduced in the manner established for writing off the estimated liability, clause 22 of PBU 8/2010, upon receipt of additional information that makes it possible to clarify the amount of the liability;

- remain unchanged;

- written off in full in accordance with the procedure established by paragraph 22 of PBU 8/2010, upon receipt of additional information that allows us to conclude that the conditions for recognizing the estimated liability established by paragraph 5 of PBU 8/2010 have been terminated.

For each estimated liability recognized in accounting, in the reporting, the organization must disclose, in case of materiality, at least the following information (clause 24 of PBU 8/2010):

- the amount at which the estimated liability is reflected in the balance sheet of the organization, at the beginning and end of the reporting period;

— the amount of the estimated liability recognized in the reporting period;

- the amount of the estimated liability written off to reflect the costs or recognition of accounts payable in the reporting period;

- the amount of the estimated liability written off in the reporting period due to its excess or the termination of fulfillment of the conditions for recognizing the estimated liability;

— an increase in the value of the estimated liability due to an increase in its present value for reporting period(interest);

- the nature of the obligation and the expected date of its performance;

— uncertainties existing in relation to the term of performance and (or) the amount of the estimated obligation;

- the expected amounts of counterclaims or the amount of claims against third parties in reimbursement of expenses that the organization will incur in fulfilling the obligation, as well as assets recognized for such claims in accordance with clause 19 of PBU 8/2010.

Information on estimated liabilities may be disclosed by their homogeneous groups (for example, estimated liabilities in connection with guarantees issued by the organization, litigation) (clause 26 of PBU 8/2010).

In exceptional cases, when the disclosure of information on estimated liabilities in the amount provided for in PBU 8/2010 causes or may cause damage to the organization in the course of settling the consequences of the obligations and facts underlying them, the organization may not disclose such information. In this case, the organization must indicate the general nature of the corresponding estimated liability and the reasons why more detailed information is not disclosed (paragraph 28 of PBU 8/2010).

It should be noted that according to Art. 14 federal law dated December 6, 2011 N 402-FZ "On Accounting" (hereinafter - Law N 402-FZ), which entered into force on January 1, 2013, in the general case, annual accounting (financial) statements commercial organization consists of a balance sheet, a statement of financial results and applications to them.

In accordance with the Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 2, 2010 N 66n "On Forms of Accounting Statements of Organizations" (hereinafter - Order N 66n), which approved the current forms of accounting statements, appendices to the balance sheet and income statement are referred to as explanations.

According to clause 4 of Order No. 66n, explanations for the balance sheet and income statement are drawn up in tabular and (or) text form. The content of the explanations, drawn up in tabular form, is determined by the organizations independently, but taking into account Appendix N 3 to Order N 66n.

As follows from the above Appendix, information about estimated liabilities is reflected in sec. 7 "Estimated Liabilities".

At the same time, this section reflects information on each type of estimated liability and indicates information on its balances at the beginning of the year and at the end of the reporting period, as well as recognized estimated liabilities repaid and written off as excess amounts.

According to the notes to the forms of the balance sheet and the income statement, reference to Explanation 7 "Estimated Liabilities" is made:

- in the balance sheet:

in section IV "Long-term liabilities" in the line "Estimated liabilities" - if the expected period for the fulfillment of estimated liabilities exceeds 12 months after the reporting date;

in section V "Short-term liabilities" in the line "Estimated liabilities" - if the estimated period for the fulfillment of estimated liabilities does not exceed 12 months after the reporting date;

- in the statement of financial results line by line:

"Other income";

"Other expenses".

It should be noted that in Explanations 7 “Estimated Liabilities”, drawn up in tabular form, for submission to state statistics bodies and other executive authorities, indicators are indicated in accordance with Appendix No. 4 to Order No. 66n (clause 5 of Order No. 66n).

Taking into account the line codes given in Appendix N 4 to Order N 66n, table 7 "Estimated obligations" has the following form:

Please note that this form does not provide for the disclosure of an increase in the amount of the estimated liability due to an increase in its present value for the reporting period (interest), as required by paragraphs. "e" p. 24 PBU 8/2010. Therefore, the organization can divide the “Recognized” column of Table 7 into two columns, for example: “Obligation” and “Interest”.

As part of the reform national system accounting and financial reporting The Ministry of Finance continues to update accounting standards. This article will focus on the new "Estimated Liabilities, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets" (approved , published 16.02.2011), which will be of interest to enterprises of the housing and communal sector, which have numerous requirements and are burdened with various obligations. Consider the issue of applying a complex accounting standard, taking into account the international accounting and reporting rules that were used by financiers in the development of PBU 8/2010.

A little about the content of the new standard

If we compare it with its “predecessor” (), then it is already clear from the name that the standards are different. The new regulation establishes the procedure for reflecting estimated liabilities, contingent liabilities and contingent assets in the accounting and reporting of organizations (except for credit institutions), while the previous standard concerned contingent facts of economic activity and their consequences (contingent assets and liabilities). PBU 8/2010 added an estimated liability to them, which is an independent category that provides additional information to management and other users of reporting on the company's future prospects. It was the estimated liability that the financial department paid the main attention to (the same is done in the international analogue of IAS 37 “Proposed Liabilities, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets”). However, it should be recognized that the international standard is slightly wider than the national PBU.

Before considering the new provision, we indicate the exceptions to which it does not apply. So, PBU 8/2010 does not apply to:
- contracts under which, as of the reporting date, at least one party has not fully fulfilled its obligations, with the exception of obviously unprofitable contracts, the inevitable costs of the execution of which exceed the income expected from their execution. A contract is not obviously unprofitable, the execution of which can be terminated unilaterally without significant sanctions;
- reserve capital and reserves formed from retained earnings organizations;
- estimated reserves;
- amounts that affect the amount of corporate income tax payable in subsequent reporting periods, in accordance with PBU 18/02 “Accounting for income tax settlements”.
We add: RAS 8/2010 may not be applied by small businesses, with the exception of issuers of publicly placed securities.

The standard has been published and comes into force in 2011. Do I need to apply it already when compiling interim reporting for the first quarter of this year? The answer to this question is in the affirmative, because the reporting of 2011 is not only annual, but also interim financial statements.

As a rule, contingent assets and liabilities arise for an organization as a result of past events of its economic life, when the existence of an asset or liability for such an organization at the reporting date depends on the occurrence (non-occurrence) of one or more future uncertain events beyond the control of the organization ( p. 9, 13 PBU 8/2010). In the international standard IAS 37 the term "contingent" applies to liabilities and assets that are not recognized because their existence will be confirmed only when one or more future uncertain events occur (non-occurrence) that are not wholly within the control of the entity.

Contingent assets usually arise from unplanned or unexpected events that allow economic benefits to flow to the entity. An example would be a lawsuit that a company is trying to achieve through litigation with an undetermined outcome. Contingent assets are not booked as this may result in the recognition of income that may never be received. However, when an entity is confident of earning income, the associated asset is not contingent and its recognition is appropriate in accounting and reporting.

As for contingent liabilities, they are also not recognized and reflected as liabilities in accounting, since they represent ( clause 9 PBU 8/2010):
- possible obligations, the existence of which depends on the occurrence of future uncertain uncontrollable events (in this case, it is necessary to confirm whether the company has a real obligation that could lead to an outflow of resources);
- existing obligations, the reduction of economic benefits for which is not probable, or if a sufficiently reliable estimate of the amount necessary to fulfill the obligation cannot be made.

In particular, examples of contingent liabilities include litigations pending as of the reporting date with a possible adverse outcome for the organization, disagreements with tax authorities after a joint reconciliation, termination of one or more areas of the organization's activities. The company should not recognize a contingent liability in accounting, but disclose it in the annual financial statements.

Estimated liabilities

Before identifying the differences between an estimated obligation and a contingent one, let's single out the general one: all estimated obligations can be considered conditional, since the term of their execution (amount) is uncertain. However, the term "contingent" applies to liabilities and assets that are not recognized because their existence will be confirmed only when uncertain future events occur (or do not occur) that are not wholly within the control of the entity. An estimated liability is recognized because the accountant has a large share of confidence in its occurrence:

From the norms of legal acts, court decisions and contracts;

As a result of the actions of an organization that (based on anecdotes or statements) indicate that it is assuming certain responsibilities and, as a result, individuals have a reasonable expectation that the responsibilities will be fulfilled.
Unlike a contingent liability, an estimated liability is recognized in accounting and, accordingly, is reflected in the main forms of reporting. To recognize an estimated liability in accounting, a number of conditions must be met ( clause 5 PBU 8/2010) :

The organization has an obligation (due to past events in its economic life), the execution of which it cannot avoid;

The decrease in the economic benefits of the entity that is necessary to satisfy the provision is probable;
- the amount of such liability can be reasonably estimated.
One of the main differences between an estimated liability and a contingent liability is the valuation required to reflect this liability in accounting. If the amount of the estimated liability can be reasonably determined, then the contingent liability may have a very approximate cost estimate (most often this is a range of values), which is presented as reference information in the financial statements ( clause 25 PBU 8/2010). Note: due to clause 9 PBU 8/2010 contingent liabilities also include an estimated liability existing at the reporting date that is not recognized in accounting because it is impossible to reasonably estimate its value or a decrease in economic benefits is unlikely.

The valuation of the estimated liability is characterized by a value that reflects the most reliable monetary assessment of the costs required for settlements on this liability ( clause 15 PBU 8/2010). That is, we are talking about how many resources will be needed to repay the debt or transfer it to another person as of the reporting date. The amount of the estimated liability is determined on the basis of the available facts of the economic life of the organization, experience in fulfilling similar obligations, as well as the opinions of experts and specialists (if necessary) ( clause 16 PBU 8/2010). V paragraph 18 PBU 8/2010 additionally, the factors taken into account when determining the estimated liability are highlighted:

Consequences of events after the reporting date in accordance with the rules of PBU 7/98 "Events after the reporting date";

Risks and uncertainties inherent in varying degrees of the recognized estimated liability;

Future events that may affect the amount of the provision (if it is reasonably probable that these events will occur in the next period).

At the same time, the following factors are not taken into account when evaluating a liability:

The amount of reduction or increase in income tax (deferred taxes);

Expected proceeds from the sale of fixed assets, goods and other assets associated with the recognized estimated liability;

Anticipated counterclaims or claims against others for expenses that the entity may incur in fulfilling the provision.

Norms clause 16 PBU 8/2010 prescribe to take care of documentary evidence of the validity of this assessment obligation (we believe that the accountant can issue a certificate in which all the facts, experience and expert opinions used for the assessment should be given). To determine the amount of the estimated liability, the accountant will need to remember the mathematical formulas that are used to account for probabilistic factors. Thus, the assessment involves a calculation based on the choice of one of the available values, each of which can occur with a certain degree of probability. In the case of the same probability of values ​​from the interval, the arithmetic mean of the largest and smallest values ​​of the interval is taken as the estimated obligation. If the probabilities are different, the value of the estimated liability is equal to the weighted average, where the weights are the probabilities of each of the values ​​( 17 PBU 8/2010).

Example 1

The organization participates in the lawsuit as a defendant in the claim of the supplier, demanding to repay not only the debt under the contract, but also the actual damage caused. Experts agree that judgment will not be accepted management company. According to rough estimates, the amount of her losses will be from 100 to 200 thousand rubles. As a result of the trial managing organization is obliged to pay damages in the amount of 180 thousand rubles.

Let's calculate the value of the estimated liability (arithmetic mean of the largest and smallest values ​​of the interval for the alleged obligation):
((100 + 200) / 2 = 150) thousand rubles
Therefore, an estimated liability for litigation is recognized in the amount of 150 thousand rubles.
To reflect the estimated liability in accounting, account 96 “Reserves for future expenses” is used. Depending on the nature of the liability, its amount is attributed to expenses for ordinary activities or to other expenses, or is included in the cost of the asset for which the estimated liability is reflected ( clause 8 PBU 8/2010). According to clause 21 PBU 8/2010 during the reporting year, in the event of actual settlements on recognized estimated liabilities, the accounting reflects the amount of costs associated with the fulfillment of the obligation, or the corresponding accounts payable in correspondence with account 96.

In the situation under consideration, on the basis of a court decision, the organization has a debt to the counterparty for damages, therefore, the estimated obligation is written off in correspondence with account 76.

In the accounting of the organization, the following entries will be drawn up:

* In case of insufficiency of the amount of the recognized estimated liability, the costs of the organization to pay off the existing liability are reflected in accounting in the general manner ( clause 21 PBU 8/2010).

Example 2

The organization participates in the trial as a defendant in a claim for the recovery of damages (100 thousand rubles of real damage and 20 thousand rubles of lost profits). The legal department of the company assessed the likelihood of two outcomes of the proceedings:
- losses in the amount of 100 thousand rubles. - with a probability of 80%;
- losses in the amount of 120 thousand rubles. - with a probability of 20%.
The court supported the plaintiff, but only partially satisfied the claim: 80 thousand rubles were recovered in favor of the plaintiff. real damage (20 thousand rubles of real damage and the amount of lost profits, the court considered unproven).

The value of the estimated liability will be 84 thousand rubles. (100 x 0.80 + 20 x 0.20). Assume that the estimated period for fulfilling the estimated obligation does not exceed 12 months. If the obligation is long-term, that is, the expected period of its fulfillment exceeds 12 months, the discounted (present) value will be needed for evaluation (paragraph 20 of PBU 8/2010). However, this situation is not often encountered in practice, since it is difficult to estimate long-term estimated liabilities.

Business transactions in the accounting of the company will be reflected as follows:

*If the amount of the recognized estimated liability is redundant, its unused part is written off with attribution to other income of the enterprise ( clause 22 PBU 8/2010).

We draw special attention to the fact that the estimated liability is recognized in relation to obligations (future expenses), the implementation of which in the future is the obligation of the organization existing at the reporting date, and if the conditions for recognizing the estimated liability established by PBU 8/2010 are met. In fact, this is a mandatory accounting rule, and not the possibility of creating reserves prescribed in accounting policies. Therefore, an entity should recognize a provision under certain conditions in an accounting standard, and not at its own discretion.

Disclosure in reporting

Estimated liabilities

V paragraph 24 PBU 8/2010 the information to be disclosed for each estimated liability recognized in the accounting (in case of its materiality) is named:
- the amount at which the liability is reflected in the balance sheet at the beginning and end of the reporting period;
- the amount of the estimated liability recognized in the reporting period;
- the amount of the obligation written off at the expense of expenses or "creditors" in the reporting period;
- the amount of the estimated liability written off in the reporting period due to its excess or termination of fulfillment of the recognition conditions;
- increase in liability due to an increase in its value for the reporting period (interest);
- the nature of the obligation and the expected date of its performance;
- Uncertainty in relation to the term of performance or the amount of the estimated obligation;
- the expected amount of counterclaims or the amount of claims against third parties for reimbursement of expenses that the entity will incur in fulfilling the obligation.

RAS 8/2010- one of the few standards that allows an accountant to deviate from the rules and, in exceptional cases, disclose an estimated liability only in general terms, without going into details. This is possible if full disclosure is or could be detrimental to the entity in the course of settling the consequences of the estimated liabilities ( 28).

In the balance sheet, the form of which is approved Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated July 2, 2010 No. 66n(Further - Order No. 66n) and is used in the preparation of financial statements in 2011, there is no special line for reflecting estimated liabilities, although in section IV "Long-term liabilities" of the balance sheet there is an item "Provisions for contingent liabilities". However, PBU 8/2010 does not say a word about the creation of reserves for contingent liabilities (as well as for estimated liabilities). This discrepancy is easily explained. The order of the Ministry of Finance on new reporting forms was issued six months earlier than the accounting standard under consideration, therefore the line of interest to us is named on the basis of PBU 8/01 in force at that time. In this regard, it is in the article “Provisions for contingent liabilities” that information on estimated liabilities recognized in accounting should be reflected.

In addition to the balance sheet, information about the estimated liability is disclosed in the notes to the balance sheet and income statement in table 7 “Provisions for contingent liabilities” (see. Appendix 3 to Order No. 66n). For each recognized estimated liability (reserve for contingent liabilities - in the terminology of the report), information is indicated on its balances at the beginning of the year and the end of the reporting period, as well as on accrual, use and recovery for the reporting year. Considering that the organization independently develops tables - explanations for the balance sheet and income statement, it has the right to title table 7 "Estimated liabilities".

Contingent assets and liabilities
Contingent assets and liabilities should also be presented in the financial statements, but given their contingent nature, information should be presented in explanatory note.

By virtue of clause 25 PBU 8/2010 for each contingent liability in the financial statements, the following information is disclosed:
- the nature of the contingent liability;
- Estimated value or range of estimated values ​​of the liability;
- Uncertainty regarding the timing of performance or the amount of the obligation;
- the possibility of receipts as a result of counterclaims or claims against third parties in reimbursement of expenses that the organization will incur in fulfilling the obligation.
For conditional assets (if the receipt of economic benefits is likely), the following are subject to reflection at the end of the reporting period (clause 27 of PBU 8/2010):
- the nature of the contingent asset;
- the estimated value or range of estimated values ​​of the conditional asset, if they can be objectively determined.
If at the reporting date a decrease or increase in economic benefits due to a contingent asset (liability) is unlikely, the above information may not be disclosed in the financial statements. The Ministry of Finance does not name the limit below which the probability is so small that information is not included in the reporting. Therefore, the accountant should decide for himself with what minimum probability of an increase (decrease) in economic benefits it is necessary to disclose data on contingent assets (liabilities) in the reporting.

Example 3

The organization filed a lawsuit to recover debts from customers for services rendered. At the same time, she was sure that she would be able to collect the debt, but did not know in what amount (in the amount of the principal debt or additionally with penalties for late payments).
The probability of debt collection in court is more than 80%, as evidenced by previously won similar claims. The amount of debt - 30 thousand rubles. At the time the lawsuit was filed, the sanctions amounted to 2,000 rubles, but over time they may increase.

Debt repayment in the amount of 30 thousand rubles. does not indicate the receipt of economic benefits, since the accrual reporting of the organization already reflects income from the provision of services. The foregoing confirms the fact that PBU 8/2010 does not apply to contracts under which, as of the reporting date, at least one party has not fully fulfilled its obligations.

In our case, the company expects to recover the debt, so we can talk about an increase in economic benefits in terms of penalties for breach of contractual obligations. If at the end of the reporting year the legal proceedings have not been completed, in the explanatory note the accountant discloses information about the conditional asset associated with the recovery of penalties from customers. This indicates the nature (receipts for violation of contractual obligations) and the estimated value (2 thousand rubles) or a range of values ​​(for example, from 2 to 5 thousand rubles).

Similarly, information about a contingent liability may be disclosed in the financial statements if the enterprise turns out to be not a creditor, but a debtor and does not exclude such a possibility that in judicial order he will have to pay the accounts of counterparties.

It may seem that the rules of PBU 8/2010 are applied at the request of the accountant. However, this is a delusion, since the reflection of the estimated liability in accounting and reporting is the responsibility of the company. For an enterprise with various burdens and obligations, such an unchanging approach ensures the proper quality and completeness of information about financial condition, allowing managers and founders to make the right decisions on the management of the enterprise. Therefore, in connection with the adoption of the new standard, the accountant has a new concern about the timely receipt of information about all the circumstances that may lead to the emergence of contingent assets and liabilities, and most importantly, estimated liabilities.

REGULATION ON ACCOUNTING

"EVALUATED LIABILITIES, CONTINGENCIES

AND CONDITIONAL ASSETS” (PBU 8/2010)

(approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 13, 2010 No. 167n,

as amended by orders of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated February 14, 2012

No. 23n, dated April 27, 2012 No. 55n, dated April 6, 2015 No. 57n)

I. General provisions

1. This Regulation establishes the procedure for reflecting estimated liabilities, contingent liabilities and contingent assets in the accounting and reporting of organizations (except for credit institutions, state (municipal) institutions) that are legal entities under the legislation of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as organizations).

2. This Regulation does not apply to:

a) contracts under which, as of the reporting date, at least one party to the contract has not fully fulfilled its obligations, with the exception of employment contracts, as well as contracts, the inevitable costs of the execution of which exceed the income expected from their execution (hereinafter - obviously unprofitable contracts) . A contract is not obviously unprofitable, the execution of which can be terminated by the organization unilaterally without significant sanctions;

(As amended by the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated February 14, 2012 No. 23n)

b) reserve capital, reserves formed from the undistributed profit of the organization;

c) estimated reserves;

d) accounted for in accordance with the Accounting Regulation “Accounting for Corporate Income Tax Calculations” RAS 18/02, approved by Order No. 114n of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of November 19, 2002 (registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on December 31, 2002. , registration No. 4090) as amended by Orders of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of February 11, 2008 No. 23n "On Amendments to the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of November 19, 2002 No. 114n" (registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on March 3 2008, registration No. 11274), dated October 25, 2010 No. 132n “On Amending Accounting Regulations” (registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on November 25, 2010, registration No. 19048) (hereinafter referred to as the Regulation accounting "Accounting for corporate income tax settlements" PBU 18/02), amounts that affect the amount of tax hectares on the profit of organizations, payable in the next reporting or subsequent reporting periods.

3. This Regulation may not be applied by organizations that are entitled to apply simplified methods of accounting, including simplified accounting (financial) statements.

(As amended by the orders of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 27, 2012 No. 55n, dated April 6, 2015 No. 57n)

II. Recognition of an estimated liability, reflection

information about the contingent liability and contingent asset

4. An obligation of an organization with an uncertain amount and (or) due date (hereinafter referred to as an estimated obligation) may arise:

a) from the norms of legislative and other regulatory legal acts, court decisions, contracts;

b) actions by the entity that, as a result of past practice or statements by the entity, indicate to others that the entity is assuming certain responsibilities and, as a result, those individuals have a reasonable expectation that the entity will fulfill those responsibilities.

5. Estimated liability is recognized in accounting while meeting following conditions:

a) the organization has an obligation resulting from past events in its economic life, the fulfillment of which the organization cannot avoid. When an entity has doubts about the existence of such a liability, the entity recognizes a provision if, after considering all the circumstances and conditions, including expert opinion, it is more likely than not that the liability exists;

B) the decrease in the economic benefits of the organization, necessary for the fulfillment of the estimated obligation, probably;

C) the amount of the estimated liability can be reasonably estimated.

6. The conditions for recognizing an estimated liability in respect of a past event in the economic life of an organization that were not fulfilled as of one reporting date may be met as of subsequent reporting dates if, due to changes in legislative and other regulatory legal acts and (or) actions of the organization and (or) other persons, the organization has no way to avoid the settlements associated with such an event.

7. A decrease in the entity's economic benefits necessary to discharge an obligation is deemed probable if it is more likely than not that such a decrease will occur. The likelihood of diminishing economic benefits is assessed on a liability-by-liability basis, unless, as at the reporting date, there are multiple liabilities that are similar in nature and the uncertainty they generate, and which the entity assesses collectively. At the same time, despite the fact that a decrease in the economic benefits of the organization for each individual obligation may be unlikely, a decrease in economic benefits as a result of the fulfillment of the entire set of obligations may be quite probable.

Examples of the analysis of circumstances for the purpose of recognizing an estimated liability in accounting are given in this Regulation.

8. Estimated liabilities are reflected in the account of reserves for future expenses. When an estimated liability is recognized, depending on its nature, the amount of the estimated liability is charged to expenses for ordinary activities or other expenses, or included in the cost of the asset.

9. A contingent liability arises for an organization as a result of past events in its economic life, when the organization's existence of a liability at the reporting date depends on the occurrence (non-occurrence) of one or more future uncertain events beyond the control of the organization.

Contingent liabilities also include an estimated liability that exists as of the reporting date and is not recognized in accounting due to non-fulfillment of the conditions provided for and (or) "c" of paragraph 5 of these Regulations.

10. If the organization has a joint liability with other persons, the estimated liability is recognized in the part in which there is a possibility of reducing the economic benefits of the organization, subject to the conditions provided for by this Regulation. The part of a joint liability with other persons, in relation to which it is not probable that the economic benefits of the entity will decrease, refers to contingent liabilities.

11. Estimated liabilities are recognized in connection with the forthcoming implementation of the action program planned and controlled by the management of the organization, significantly changing the direction of the organization's activities, the volume of business operations or the methods of their implementation (hereinafter - the upcoming restructuring of the organization's activities) when all the conditions established by this Regulation are met, with taking into account the specifics established by this paragraph. Obligations for the forthcoming restructuring of the organization's activities are existing at the reporting date, while meeting the following conditions:

a) the organization has a detailed, duly approved plan for the forthcoming restructuring of its activities, defining, as a minimum:

the activity (or part of the activity) of the organization affected by the forthcoming restructuring and the place of its implementation;

structural units, functions and the approximate number of employees of the organization who will be compensated in connection with the termination of labor relations with them;

the time of the beginning of the execution of the plan for the upcoming restructuring of the organization's activities;

b) the organization, by its actions and (or) statements, has created reasonable expectations among persons whose rights are affected by the upcoming restructuring of the organization's activities that the restructuring plan will be implemented in the near future.

12. Estimated liabilities in relation to expected losses from the activities of the organization as a whole, or from certain types or regions of its activity, subdivisions, types of products (works, services) and other factors are not recognized in accounting.

Estimated liabilities in respect of forthcoming expenses are recognized only when all the conditions established by this Regulation are met.

13. A contingent asset arises for an organization as a result of past events in its economic life, when the existence of an asset for an organization at the reporting date depends on the occurrence (non-occurrence) of one or more future uncertain events beyond the control of the organization.

14. Contingent liabilities and contingent assets are not recognized in accounting. Information on contingent liabilities and contingent assets is disclosed in the financial statements in accordance with these Regulations.

III. Determining the amount of the estimated liability

15. An estimated liability is recognized in the organization's accounting in the amount that reflects the most reliable monetary estimate of the costs required for settlements under this liability. The most reliable estimate of expenses is the amount required directly for the fulfillment (repayment) of the obligation as of the reporting date or for the transfer of the obligation to another person as of the reporting date.

16. The amount of the estimated liability is determined by the organization on the basis of the facts of the economic life of the organization, experience in the performance of similar obligations, and, if necessary, the opinions of experts. The Organization shall provide documentary evidence of the reasonableness of such an assessment.

17. When determining the amount of the estimated liability, the organization proceeds from the following:

a) if the value of the estimated liability is determined by choosing from a set of values, then the weighted average value is taken as such value, which is calculated as the average of the products of each value and its probability;

b) if the value of the estimated liability is determined by choosing from an interval of values ​​and the probability of each value in the interval is equal, then the arithmetic mean of the largest and smallest values ​​of the interval is taken as such a value.

Examples of determining the amount of the estimated liability are given in this Regulation.

18. When determining the amount of the estimated liability, the following are taken into account:

a) the consequences of events after the reporting date in accordance with the Accounting Regulation "Events after the reporting date" (PBU 7/98), approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated November 25, 1998 No. 56n (registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on December 31 1998, registration No. 1674) as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 143n of December 20, 2007 (registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on January 21, 2008, registration No. 10934);

b) the risks and uncertainties inherent in this provision;

c) future events that may affect the amount of the estimated liability (if there is a reasonable probability that these events will occur).

19. When determining the amount of the estimated liability, the following shall not be taken into account:

a) the amount of reduction or increase in corporate income tax, which is reflected in accounting and reporting in accordance with the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for corporate income tax settlements" PBU 18/02;

b) expected proceeds from the sale of fixed assets, intangible assets, products, goods and other assets associated with the recognized estimated liability. Such receipts are reflected in the accounting of the organization in accordance with the Accounting Regulation "Income of the organization" PBU 9/99, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 1999 No. 32n (registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on May 31, 1999, registration No. 1791) as amended by Orders of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated March 30, 2001 No. 27n “On the Introduction of Amendments and Additions to Normative Legal Acts on Accounting” (registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on May 4, 2001, registration No. 2693), dated September 18, 2006 No. 116n “On Amending Accounting Regulations” (registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on October 24, 2006, registration No. 8397), dated November 27, 2006 No. 156n “ On amendments to regulatory legal acts on accounting” (registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation December 28, 2006, registration No. 8698), dated October 25, 2010 No. 132n “On Amending Accounting Regulations” (registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on November 25, 2010, registration No. 19048); dated November 8, 2010 No. 144n "On amendments to regulatory legal acts on accounting (registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on December 1, 2010, registration No. 19088);

c) the expected amounts of counterclaims or claims against other persons for reimbursement of expenses that the entity is expected to incur in fulfilling this provision.

If the organization has confidence in the receipt of economic benefits from counterclaims or claims against other persons when the organization fulfills the corresponding estimated liability accepted for accounting, such claims are recognized in accounting as an independent asset. The value of such an asset should not exceed the value of the corresponding estimated liability. In the balance sheet of the organization, the amount of the recognized estimated liability is not reduced by the amount of such an asset.

In the statement of financial results of the organization, expenses recognized upon recognition of estimated liabilities are presented net of income recognized upon acceptance for accounting as an asset of the expected proceeds from counterclaims and claims against other persons.

(As amended by the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 6, 2015 No. 57n)

20. If the estimated period for fulfilling the estimated liability exceeds 12 months after the reporting date or a shorter period established by the organization in the accounting policy, such an estimated liability is valued at a cost determined by discounting its value calculated in accordance with - this Regulation (hereinafter referred to as price).

The discount rate applied by the organization:

a) should reflect the conditions prevailing in the financial market, as well as the risks specific to the liability underlying the estimated liability being recognized;

b) should not reflect the amount of a decrease or increase in corporate income tax, which are reflected in accounting and reporting in accordance with the Accounting Regulation “Accounting for corporate income tax settlements” PBU 18/02, as well as the risks and uncertainties that were taken into account when calculating future cash payments caused by the estimated liability, in accordance with - these Regulations.

An increase in the estimated liability due to an increase in its present value on subsequent reporting dates as the due date approaches (interest) is recognized as other expenses of the organization.

An example of determining the present value of an estimated liability is given in this Regulation.

IV. Write-off, change in the value of the estimated liability

21. During the reporting year, in the event of actual settlements on recognized estimated liabilities, the organization's accounting records reflect the amount of the organization's expenses associated with the organization's fulfillment of these obligations, or the corresponding accounts payable in correspondence with the account of the reserve for future expenses.

A recognized estimated liability may be written off as a reflection of costs or recognition of accounts payable for the fulfillment of only the obligation for which it was created, unless otherwise provided by these Regulations.

In case of insufficiency of the amount of the recognized estimated liability, the expenses of the organization for the repayment of the obligation are reflected in the accounting records of the organization in the general manner.

22. If the amount of the recognized estimated liability is redundant or in the event of termination of fulfillment of the conditions for recognizing the estimated liability established by this Regulation, the unused amount of the estimated liability is written off with attribution to other income of the organization, unless otherwise provided by this paragraph.

When repaying homogeneous estimated liabilities arising from repetitive business transactions of the ordinary activities of the organization, previously recognized excess amounts are attributed to the next estimated liabilities of the same kind immediately upon their recognition (without writing off previously recognized excess amounts to other income of the organization).

23. The validity of the recognition and the amount of the estimated liability are subject to verification by the organization at the end of the reporting year, as well as upon the occurrence of new events related to this liability.

According to the results of such a check, the amount of the estimated liability may be:

a) increased in the manner established for the recognition of the estimated liability of this Regulation (without inclusion in the value of the asset), upon receipt of additional information that allows to clarify the amount of the estimated liability;

b) reduced in accordance with the procedure established for writing off the estimated liability of this Regulation, upon receipt of additional information that allows clarifying the amount of the estimated liability;

c) remain unchanged;

d) written off in full in accordance with the procedure established by this Regulation, upon receipt of additional information that allows one to conclude that the conditions for recognizing an estimated liability established by this Regulation have been terminated.

V. Disclosure of information in financial statements

24. For each estimated liability recognized in accounting, in the financial statements, the organization discloses, in case of materiality, at least the following information:

a) the amount at which the estimated liability is reflected in the balance sheet of the organization at the beginning and end of the reporting period;

b) the amount of the estimated liability recognized in the reporting period;

c) the amount of the estimated liability written off to reflect the costs or recognition of accounts payable in the reporting period;

d) the amount of the estimated liability written off in the reporting period due to its excess or termination of fulfillment of the conditions for recognition of the estimated liability;

e) increase in the value of the estimated liability due to the growth of its present value for the reporting period (interest);

f) the nature of the obligation and the expected date of its performance;

g) uncertainties existing in relation to the term of performance and (or) the amount of the estimated obligation;

h) the expected amounts of counterclaims or the amounts of claims against third parties for reimbursement of expenses that the organization will incur in fulfilling the obligation, as well as assets recognized for such claims in accordance with this Regulation.

25. For each contingent liability, the financial statements disclose at least the following information:

a) the nature of the contingent liability;

b) the estimated value or range of estimated values ​​of the contingent liability, if they can be determined;

c) uncertainties existing in relation to the term of performance and (or) the amount of the obligation;

d) the possibility of receipts as a result of counterclaims or claims against third parties in reimbursement of expenses that the organization will incur in fulfilling the obligation.

If, as of the reporting date, it is unlikely that the entity's economic benefits will decrease as a result of a contingent liability, the entity may choose not to disclose this information.

26. Information on estimated liabilities and contingent liabilities may be disclosed by their homogeneous groups (for example, estimated liabilities in connection with guarantees issued by the organization, litigation).

If the estimated liability and the contingent liability arose as a result of the same facts of economic life, the relationship between the respective estimated liability and the contingent liability must be disclosed.

27 If it is probable that economic benefits will flow from a contingent asset, an entity shall disclose, at the end of the reporting period, the nature of the contingent asset and its estimate or range of estimates, if determinable.

28. In exceptional cases, when the disclosure of information on estimated liabilities, contingent liabilities and contingent assets to the extent provided for in this Regulation causes or may cause damage to the organization in the course of settling the consequences of the obligations and facts underlying them, the organization may not disclose such information. In this case, an entity shall indicate the general nature of the provision, contingent liability or contingent asset involved and the reasons why more information is not disclosed.

Appendix No. 1

Ministry of FinanceRussian Federation

EXAMPLES

ANALYSIS OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES FOR THE PURPOSE OF RECOGNITION IN THE ACCOUNTING

ACCOUNTING FOR A PROVISIONAL LIABILITY

Example 1. The organization has an approved program for the repair of fixed assets, providing, in particular, the frequency of repairs and planned costs for them. The legislation does not provide for the obligation of such repairs. Information about this program of the organization is published and available to a wide range of people.

No liability arises for future repairs to property, plant and equipment because the entity does not have an obligation arising from past events in its operations that it cannot avoid. An estimated liability for future expenses for the repair of fixed assets of the organization is not recognized.

Example 2. Legislation provides for mandatory repairs of fixed assets in the industry in which the organization operates. For the operation of fixed assets without repairs, the legislation provides for fines. The organization has an approved program for the repair of fixed assets, providing, in particular, the frequency of repairs and planned costs for them. Information about this program of the organization is published and available to a wide range of people.

No liability arises for future repairs to property, plant and equipment because the entity does not have an obligation arising from past events in its operations that it cannot avoid. The estimated liability for future expenses for the repair of fixed assets of the organization is not accepted for accounting. However, an entity recognizes a provision for outstanding penalties for non-repairs if all the conditions for recognizing a provision for such penalties are met.

Example 3. During the reporting period, the legislation on taxes and fees has undergone significant changes. The management of the organization considers it necessary to retrain the personnel responsible for the calculation of taxes. The organization has an approved program of retraining, which includes, in particular, the planned costs for it.

There is no obligation for the future retraining of personnel because the organization does not have an obligation arising from the past events of its activities, the performance of which it cannot avoid. The estimated liability for the forthcoming retraining of personnel is not recognized in accounting.

Example 4. In accordance with financial plan in the coming reporting year, the organization is expected to have a loss in one of the areas of activity. The organization's management believes that the occurrence of this loss is quite probable.

An obligation for an expected loss does not arise because the entity does not have a liability arising from the past events of its activities that it cannot avoid. A provision for expected loss is not recognized.

Example 5. An organization has entered into a contract for the supply of its products. In accordance with the terms of the contract, the expected revenue is 1,000 thousand rubles. (without VAT). The organization estimates that due to the increase in prices for raw materials, the cost of production of the products provided for by the contract will amount to 1,200 thousand rubles. (without VAT). The contract has not yet begun execution. Sanctions for its termination are not provided.

The contract is not obviously unprofitable, since the organization can terminate it without paying sanctions. A corresponding contractual provision is not recognized.

Example 6. An organization has entered into a contract for the supply of its products. In accordance with the terms of the contract, the expected revenue is 1,500 thousand rubles. (without VAT). The organization estimates that due to the increase in prices for raw materials, the cost of production of the products provided for by the contract will amount to 2,000 thousand rubles. (without VAT). The contract has not yet begun execution. The penalty for non-performance of the contract will be 600 thousand rubles.

The contract is obviously unprofitable, since the inevitable costs of its implementation (2,000 thousand rubles) exceed the expected income from it (1,500 thousand rubles), and to withdraw from the contract, the organization will have to pay a significant amount (600 thousand rubles). The estimated liability is recognized in the accounting of the organization in the amount of a possible net loss in the performance of the contract of 500 thousand rubles. (2000 thousand rubles - 1500 thousand rubles), which is less than the amount of the penalty for non-performance of the contract (600 thousand rubles).

(As amended by the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated February 14, 2012 No. 23n)

Example 7. The management of the organization approved a detailed plan for the forthcoming restructuring of the organization's activities, providing, in particular:

structural subdivisions, functions and approximate number of employees who will be compensated in connection with the termination of labor relations with them;

expenses necessary for the forthcoming restructuring of the organization's activities;

The management of the organization did not announce the existing plan to the employees.

There is no obligation for the future restructuring of the entity's operations because the entity does not have an obligation arising from the past events of its operations that it cannot avoid. An estimated liability for the forthcoming restructuring of the organization's activities is not recognized.

Example 8. The management of the organization approved a detailed plan for the forthcoming restructuring of the organization's activities, providing, in particular:

the activities of the organization affected by the forthcoming restructuring and the place of its implementation;

structural units, functions and the approximate number of employees of the organization who will be compensated in connection with the severance of labor relations with them;

expenses necessary for the forthcoming restructuring of the organization's activities;

terms of implementation of the forthcoming restructuring of the organization's activities.

The management of the organization announced the existing plan to the employees and coordinates the plan with the workers' union.

Obligations for future business restructuring exist because the entity has obligations arising from past events in its operations that it cannot avoid. A decrease in economic benefits as a result of the upcoming restructuring of the organization is quite likely. Estimated liabilities for the upcoming restructuring of the organization's activities are recognized if the amount of liabilities can be reasonably estimated.

Annex 2

to the Accounting Regulations

"Estimated liabilities, contingent

liabilities and contingent assets”

(PBU 8/2010), approved by order

Ministry of FinanceRussian Federation

EXAMPLES OF DETERMINING THE VALUE OF A PROVISIONAL LIABILITY

Example 1: As at the reporting date, the entity is a party to litigation. Based on the expert opinion, the organization assesses that it is more likely than not that the judgment will not be in its favor; the amount of losses of the organization in this case will be either 1,000 thousand rubles, if the court decides to compensate only the direct losses of the plaintiff, or 2,000 thousand rubles, if the court decides to compensate, in addition to direct losses, also lost profits of the plaintiff. The probabilities of the first and second outcomes of the case are estimated by experts as 95 and 5 percent, respectively.

Despite the fact that the most likely outcome of the litigation is only compensation for the plaintiff's direct losses, the organization takes into account another likely outcome of the case - compensation for lost profits.

1000 x 0.95 + 2000 x 0.05 = 1050 (thousand rubles).

The estimated period for fulfilling the estimated obligation does not exceed 12 months. An estimated liability for litigation is recognized in accounting in the amount of 1,050 thousand rubles.

Example 2: As at the reporting date, the entity is a party to litigation. Based on the expert opinion, the organization estimates that it is quite likely that the court decision will not be in its favor, and the amount of the organization's losses will be from 1,000 to 4,000 thousand rubles.

The organization calculates the amount of the estimated liability:

(1000 + 4000) / 2 = 2500 (thousand rubles).

The estimated period for fulfilling the estimated obligation does not exceed 12 months. An estimated liability for litigation is recognized in accounting in the amount of 2,500 thousand rubles.

Example 3: An organization sells goods with a warranty period of one year from the date of sale. For each individual item sold, the likelihood that the entity's economic benefits will be reduced by returning it as defective and beyond repair, or by the cost of repairing it, is assessed as low. At the same time, calculations based on the past experience of the organization show that with a high degree approximately 2 percent of items sold will be returned as defective and unrepairable, and another 10 percent will require additional repair costs. Based on these calculations, the entity estimates the liability for issued warranty obligations arising from the sale of goods with the obligation of their warranty service, in relation to the entire set of goods.

The organization estimates that the additional repair costs will be 30 percent of the value of defective goods. Based on this calculation, a monetary value is made of the amount of the estimated liability in connection with the estimated costs of warranty service for the sold goods, which in this case will be 2 percent + 10 percent x 0.3 = 5 percent of the value of the goods sold.

The entity calculates the amount of the provision as at 31 December 20X0. The estimated amount of the liability to be settled is RUB 1,200 thousand. The maturity date of the obligation is 2 years after the reporting date. The discount rate adopted by the organization is 14 percent.

The present value of an estimated liability is calculated as the product of the amount of the liability to be repaid by the discount factor.

The discount factor is determined by the formula:

CD = 1 / (1 + CD)N, where:

KD - discount factor;

SD - discount rate;

N is the discount period of the estimated liability in years.

The discount factor is: KD = 1 / (1 + 0.14)2 = 0.76947.

The present value of the estimated liability, as well as the costs of its increase (interest) are by years:

RUB 1200.00 thousand x 0.76947 = 923.36 thousand rubles

RUB 923.36 thousand x 0.14 = 129.27 thousand rubles

RUB 923.36 thousand + 129.27 thousand rubles. = 1052.63 thousand rubles.

cost of increasing the estimated liability (interest)

1052.63 thousand rubles x 0.14 = 147.37 thousand rubles

present value of the provision

1052.63 thousand rubles + 147.37 thousand rubles. = 1200.00 thousand rubles.

Based on the calculation made, the entity's accounting records as at 31 December 20X0 show the present value of the estimated liability in the amount of RUB 923,36 thousand. As at 31 December 20X1 the entity records an increase in the estimated liability in the debit of the other income and expense account and in the credit of the reserve account for future expenses of RUB 129.27 thousand, and as at 31 December 20X2 - 147.37 thousand rubles.

In the annual financial statements for 20X0 the estimated liability is recorded in the amount of RR 923 thousand, for 20X1 - RR 1053 thousand, for 20X2 - RR 1200 thousand.

COMPARISON RAS 8/2010 "Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets" and IAS 37 "Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Assets"

From January 1, 2011, PBU 8/2010 “Estimated Liabilities, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets” is applied instead of RAS 8/01 “Contingencies of Business Activities”.

The reporting of the organization is compiled for the reporting period on an accrual basis from the beginning of the reporting period, which means that such reporting should be prepared according to the same accounting principles applied from the beginning of this period. Since PBU 8/2010 was officially published only on February 16, 2011 and comes into force much later than the beginning of the reporting year, organizations need to make changes to the accounting policy for 2011, bring it into line with the requirements of PBU 8/2010 in accordance with clause 12 PBU 1/2008 and apply from January 1, 2011

If we compare PBU 8/2010 with its "predecessor" (PBU 8/01 "Conditional facts of economic activity"), then it is clear from the name that the standards are different. The new regulation establishes the procedure for reflecting estimated liabilities, contingent liabilities and contingent assets in the accounting and reporting of organizations (except for credit institutions), while the previous standard concerned contingent facts of economic activity and their consequences (contingent assets and liabilities).

new standard, as well as the previous PBU 8/01, may not be applied by small businesses, except for issuers of publicly placed securities. But the obligation to comply with PBU 8/2010 appeared with non-profit organizations (not being small businesses), while PBU 8/01 did not apply to them.

GENERAL PBU 8/2010 and IFRS 37 establish the procedure for reflecting estimated liabilities, contingent liabilities and contingent assets in the accounting and reporting of organizations (with the exception of credit institutions), while the former PBU dealt with contingent facts of economic activity and their consequences (contingent assets and obligations).

The requirements for reporting information on estimated liabilities, contingent liabilities and contingent assets RAS 8/2010 are as close as possible to the requirements of IAS 37 “Estimated Liabilities, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets”.

PBU 8/2010 does not apply to: - contracts under which, as of the reporting date, at least one party has not fully fulfilled its obligations, with the exception of obviously unprofitable contracts, the inevitable costs of the execution of which exceed the income expected from their execution. A contract is not obviously unprofitable, the execution of which can be terminated unilaterally without significant sanctions; – reserve capital and reserves formed from the undistributed profit of the organization; – estimated reserves; - amounts that affect the amount of corporate income tax payable in subsequent reporting periods, in accordance with the rules of PBU 18/02 “Accounting for income tax calculations”.

IAS 37 also has exceptions in its scope. This standard should be applied by all entities when accounting for allowances, contingent liabilities and contingent assets except: (a) those arising from contracts in execution, unless those contracts are onerous, and (b) those subject to another International Financial Reporting Standard .

There are no significant differences in the terminology of PBU 8 and IAS 37. However, it should be recognized that the international standard is slightly wider than the national PBU.

Contingent assets and liabilities arise for an organization as a result of past events in its economic life, when the existence of an asset or liability for such an organization at the reporting date depends on the occurrence (non-occurrence) of one or more future uncertain events beyond the control of the organization (clauses 9, 13 of RAS 8/ 2010). In the international standard IAS (IAS) 37, the term "contingent" is applied to liabilities and assets that are not recognized due to the fact that their existence will be confirmed only when one or more future uncertain events occur (non-occurrence) that are not wholly under the control of the company .

Contingent assets are estimated receipts Money, which are characterized by uncertainty. Contingent assets arise from unplanned events that create the possibility of obtaining economic benefits. Contingent assets are not booked as this may result in the recognition of income that may never be received. However, when an entity is confident of earning income, the associated asset is not contingent and its recognition is appropriate in accounting and reporting.

As for contingent liabilities, they are also not recognized and reflected as liabilities in accounting, since they are (clause 9 PBU 8/2010): - possible obligations, the existence of which depends on the occurrence of future uncertain uncontrollable events (in this case, it is necessary to confirm whether the company has a valid obligation that could lead to an outflow of resources); - existing obligations, the reduction of economic benefits for which is not probable, or if a sufficiently reliable estimate of the amount necessary to fulfill the obligation cannot be made.

n n A contingent liability (paragraph 10 of IAS 37) is: a possible liability that arises as a result of past events, and whose existence will be confirmed by the fact that uncertain events will or will not occur in the future; or a present obligation that arises from past events but is not accounted for because it is unlikely that the obligation will be required to be paid or the amount of the obligation cannot be Contingent liabilities need to be constantly reviewed to determine the likelihood of payment. If it becomes probable that payment will be required under an item that was previously characterized as a contingent liability, then a provision should be recognized in the financial statements for the period in which payment became probable.

PBU 8/2010 does not define a reserve and does not mention the creation of reserves for contingent liabilities (as well as estimated liabilities). And IFRS 37 gives a definition (clause 10): A provision is a liability that is uncertain in time or amount of execution. All reserves are conditional facts due to the uncertain timing of their execution and size.

Provisions are created to ensure the fulfillment of future obligations, characterized by uncertainty. In some cases, reserves are used to ensure the effect of "smoothing" profits, and not to create them: in favorable years, the amounts of reserves are overestimated, which leads to a reduction in profits, and in unfavorable conditions, expenses are covered by the created reserves, thereby artificially inflating profits. A provision is recognized if: n the entity has a present obligation; n it is likely that some amount of funds will need to be paid; n the obligation can be estimated. If these conditions are not met, then the reserve is not created. IFRS prohibits the creation of reserves for future expenses on core activities, such as "Russian" reserves for vacation pay, repairs of fixed assets and a number of others.

At each reporting date, provisions are reviewed and adjusted to reflect the best estimate. If it becomes apparent that payments will not be required to meet the obligation, the reserve is offset.

The version of PBU 8/2010 has lost the “scale” of the probability of an event occurring in comparison with PBU 8/01 - only the overall probability of an event occurring is indicated using the example of a decrease in economic benefits.

With regard to valuation reserves, the requirements of PBU 8/2010 and IFRS 37 fully describe the concept of valuation reserves, their recognition, use and change. A clear definition of the concept of allowances in normative documents not included in accounting. According to paragraph 11 of PBU 10/99, valuation reserves are reserves that represent adjustments book value assets and formed on accounting accounts, namely reserves: for depreciation of inventories (PBU 5/011); subject to impairment financial investments(PBU 19/022); on doubtful debts(clause 70 PVBU 3). Estimated reserves have nothing to do with reserves in the form of estimated liabilities recognized in accounting in accordance with PBU 8/2010. The new PBU 8/2010 expressly states that the estimated liability for future expenses for the repair of fixed assets of the organization is not recognized due to the possibility for the organization to avoid the outflow of economic benefits in terms of the repair of fixed assets due to simple failure to perform it.

Paragraph 24 of PBU 8/2010 specifies the information to be disclosed for each estimated liability recognized in accounting (if significant): - the amount at which the liability is reflected in the balance sheet at the beginning and end of the reporting period; - the amount of the estimated liability recognized in the reporting period; - the amount of the obligation written off at the expense of expenses or "creditors" in the reporting period; - the amount of the estimated liability written off in the reporting period due to its excess or termination of fulfillment of the recognition conditions; - increase in liability due to an increase in its value for the reporting period (interest); - the nature of the obligation and the expected date of its performance; - Uncertainty in relation to the term of performance or the amount of the estimated obligation; - the expected amount of counterclaims or the amount of claims against third parties for reimbursement of expenses that the entity will incur in fulfilling the obligation.

By virtue of clause 25 of PBU 8/2010, the following information is disclosed in the financial statements for each contingent liability: v - the nature of the contingent liability; v - estimated value or range of estimated values ​​of the liability; v - uncertainty regarding the timing of performance or the amount of the obligation; v - the possibility of receipts as a result of counterclaims or claims against third parties in reimbursement of expenses that the organization will incur in fulfilling the obligation. For conditional assets (if the receipt of economic benefits is likely), the following are subject to reflection at the end of the reporting period (clause 27 of PBU 8/2010): n - the nature of the conditional asset; n - estimated value or range of estimated values ​​of the conditional asset, if they can be objectively determined. If at the reporting date a decrease or increase in economic benefits due to a contingent asset (liability) is unlikely, the above information may not be disclosed in the financial statements. The Ministry of Finance does not name the limit below which the probability is so small that information is not included in the reporting. Therefore, the accountant should decide for himself with what minimum probability of an increase (decrease) in economic benefits it is necessary to disclose data on contingent assets (liabilities) in the reporting.

Ø Ø Ø Estimated liabilities (as opposed to contingent liabilities and assets) are recognized in accounting. This requires the simultaneous observance of the following conditions: the organization has an obligation that was the result of past events in its economic life, the execution of which cannot be avoided; a decrease in the entity's economic benefits required to meet the estimated liability is likely; the amount of the estimated liability can be reasonably estimated. Thus, the estimated obligation is characterized by the fact that the organization cannot evade it. When in doubt about the inevitability of a decrease in economic benefits, an entity recognizes a provision if it concludes (experts may be involved) that the obligation exists rather than not.

One of the main differences between an estimated liability and a contingent liability is the valuation required to reflect this liability in accounting. If the value of the estimated liability can be reasonably determined, then the contingent liability may have a very approximate cost estimate (most often this is a range of values), which is presented as reference information in the reporting (paragraph 25 of PBU 8/2010). Note: by virtue of clause 9 of PBU 8/2010, contingent liabilities also include an estimated liability that exists at the reporting date and is not recognized in accounting due to the fact that it is impossible to reasonably estimate its value or a decrease in economic benefits is unlikely.

Estimated liabilities are reflected in the account of reserves for future expenses. On recognition, the amount of such a liability is charged to ordinary operating expenses or other expenses, or included in the cost of the asset, depending on the nature of the liability.

A comparison of the concepts used in the new and old PBU shows that, despite the clarified interpretation, fundamental differences did not happen in the specifications. The term "estimated liabilities" is used instead of "existing liabilities" and "contingent liabilities" is used instead of "possible contingent liabilities". In other words, in PBU 8/2010, objects are defined directly, directly, without the use of generalizing concepts.

The essential difference between PBU 8/2010 and IFRS is that in PBU the legislator wished to provide for the obligatory formation of reserves for future expenses in the form of vacation pay, employee remuneration based on the results of work for the year and annual remuneration for long service, the condition for the payment of which is enshrined in the collective agreement ( or other similar agreement). According to the legislator, such reserves satisfy the general interpretations of the estimated liability under PBU 8/2010, however, the document does not describe any special mechanisms for evaluating such liabilities. Please note that IAS 37 does not apply to provisions (liabilities) related to employee benefits, as this is within the scope of IAS 19 Employee Benefits as other short-term employee benefits. n n n When forming the accounting policy of an organization in terms of the procedure for assessing and accounting for the reserve for future expenses for paying vacations and reserves for the payment of annual remuneration for seniority and based on the results of work for the year, organizations need to be guided by: general principles PBU 8/2010; Guidelines property inventory and financial obligations; IFRS 19, applying paragraph 7 of PBU 1/2008. It should be noted that the Ministry of Finance of Russia has planned for 2011 the development of an accounting regulation dedicated to employee benefits, as an analogue of IFRS 19. If approved, it will be necessary to expect amendments to PBU 8/2010.

In the balance sheet, the form of which was approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 02.07.2010 No. 66-n and is used in the preparation of financial statements in 2011, there is no special line for reflecting estimated liabilities, although in section IV "Long-term liabilities" of the balance sheet there is an article "Reserves under contingent liabilities. However, PBU 8/2010 does not say a word about the creation of reserves for contingent liabilities (as well as for estimated liabilities). This discrepancy is easily explained. The order of the Ministry of Finance on new reporting forms was issued six months earlier than the accounting standard under consideration, therefore the line of interest to us is named on the basis of PBU 8/01 in force at that time. In this regard, it is in the article "Provisions for contingent liabilities" that information on estimated liabilities recognized in accounting should be reflected.

It may seem that the rules of PBU 8/2010 are applied at the request of the accountant. However, this is a misconception, since the accounting and reporting of the estimated liability is the responsibility of the company. For an enterprise with various encumbrances and obligations, such an unchanging approach ensures the proper quality and completeness of information on the financial condition, allowing managers and founders to make the right decisions on managing the enterprise. Therefore, in connection with the adoption of the new standard, the accountant has a new concern about the timely receipt of information about all the circumstances that may lead to the emergence of contingent assets and liabilities, and most importantly, estimated liabilities.

APPROACH WITH IFRS Russian accounting standards do not contain explicit definitions of assets and liabilities. However, these concepts are developed in international standards financial statements (IFRS). PBU 8/01 was remarkable in that it characterized the recognition of liabilities and assets, respectively, through a decrease or increase in the economic benefits of the organization. But in general, the terminology of PBU 8/01 does not comply with IAS 37 "Provisional Liabilities, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets", which regulates the reflection and recognition in reporting of similar circumstances of companies' activities. The publication of PBU 8/2010 pursued the goal of further convergence Russian standards with international ones. And I must say that, in general, compliance with IAS 37 has been achieved.