Own profit of the enterprise. Distribution of enterprise profits

Hello! In this article we will talk about related, but not identical, concepts: revenue, income and profit.

Today you will find out:

1. What is included in the company's revenue;
2. From what the income and profit of the company are formed;
3. What are the main differences between these concepts.

What is revenue

Revenue - earnings from the direct activities of the company (from the sale of products or services). The concept of revenue is found exclusively in business and entrepreneurship.

Revenue characterizes the overall performance of the enterprise. It is revenue, not income, that is reflected in accounting.

There are several ways of accounting for revenue in an enterprise.

1. The cash method defines revenue as real money received by the seller for the provision of services or the sale of goods. That is, when providing an installment plan, the entrepreneur will receive revenue only after the actual payment.
2. Another way of accounting is accrual. Revenue from it is recognized at the time of signing the contract or receiving the goods by the buyer, even if the actual payment occurs later. At the same time, advance payments are not related to such revenue.

Revenue types

Revenue in an organization is:

1. Gross- the total payment received for the work (or product).
2. Net- applied in. Subtract from gross revenue indirect taxes(), duties and so on.

The total revenue of the enterprise consists of:

• Revenues from core activities;
• Investment proceeds (sales valuable papers);
• Financial revenue.

What is income

The definition of the word "income" is not at all identical with the term "revenue", as some entrepreneurs mistakenly believe.

Income - the sum of all money earned by the company through its activities. This increase economic benefits enterprises by increasing the company's capital by the receipt of assets.

A detailed interpretation of the ways of generating income and their classification are contained in the Regulation on accounting "Income of organizations".

If cash proceeds are funds that enter the company's budget in the course of its main activities, then income also includes other sources of funds arrival (sale of shares, receiving interest on a deposit, and so on).

In practice, enterprises often carry out a variety of activities and, accordingly, have different channels for generating income.

Income - the general benefit of the company, the result of its work. This is the amount that increases the capital of the organization.

Sometimes the income is equal to the amount of the net revenue of the organization, but most often companies have several types of income, and there can be only one revenue.

Income is found not only in entrepreneurship, but also in the daily life of a private person who is not engaged in business. For example: scholarship, pension, salary.

Receiving funds outside the scope of reference entrepreneurial activity will be referred to as income.

The main differences between revenue and income are given in the table:

What is profit

Profit is the difference between total income and total expenses (including taxes). That is, this is the same amount that in everyday life could be safely put into a piggy bank.

In an unfavorable scenario and even with a large income, the profit may be zero, or even go into negative territory.

The main profit of the company is formed from the profit and loss received from all areas of work.

Science economics identifies several main sources of profit:

• Pioneering work of the company;
• An entrepreneur's skills to orientate in the economic situation;
• Application and capital in production;
• The monopoly of the company in the market.

Profit types

Profit is divided into categories:

1. Accounting... It is used in accounting. On its basis, accounting reports, taxes are calculated. For determining accounting profit clear, reasonable costs are deducted from total revenue.
2. Economic (excess profit)... A more objective indicator of profit, since when calculating it, all economic costs allowed in the work process are taken into account.
3. Arithmetic... Gross income minus miscellaneous costs.
4. Normal... Necessary income for the work of the company. Its value depends on the lost profit.
5. Economic... Equal to the sum of normal and economic profit. Based on it, decisions are made on the use of the profit received by the enterprise. Similar to accounting, but calculated differently.

Gross and net profit

There is also a division of profit into gross and net profit. In the first case, only the costs associated with the workflow are taken into account, in the second - all possible costs.

For example, the formula used to calculate the gross profit in trade is the selling price of a product minus its cost.

Gross profit is most often determined separately for each type of activity, if the company operates in several directions.

The gross profit is applied when analyzing the areas of work (the share of profit from which activity is greater), when the bank determines the company's creditworthiness.

Gross profit, from which all costs were subtracted (, credit interest and so on), forms a net profit. It is charged to shareholders and owners of the enterprise. And it is the net profit that is reflected in and is the main indicator of the work of the business.

EBIT and EBITDA

Sometimes, instead of the understandable word “profit,” entrepreneurs come across cryptic abbreviations such as EBIT or EBITDA. They are used to assess the performance of a business when compared objects operate in different countries or are taxed different taxes... Otherwise, these indicators are also called cleared profit.

EBIT represents profit as it was before taxes and various interest. It was decided to highlight such an indicator in a separate category, since it is located somewhere between gross and net profit.

EBITDA Is nothing more than profit without tax, interest and depreciation. It is used exclusively for evaluating a business and its characteristics. It is not used in domestic accounting. for trade equipment.

Thus, income is funds received by an entrepreneur, which he can spend in the future at his own discretion. Profit - the balance of funds minus all expenses.

Both income and profit can be predicted if we take into account the revenue for previous periods of work, fixed and variable costs.

The differences between profit and revenue are as follows:

The line between the concepts may not be clear for an ordinary employee, he does not care how the revenue differs from profit, but for an accountant there is still a difference.

Only its positive result can indicate that the company is successfully growing and developing. That is why it is important to be able to correctly calculate the net profit.

Net profit is considered to be the basis for the future development of the company. It reflects financial condition firm, its competitiveness, solvency. Net profit is the total part of income that remains after all deductions: taxes, salaries, equipment purchases, rent and other costs.

Thanks to the results of net profit, it becomes possible to assess the state of the organization, find out how much it is possible to increase / decrease turnover, how much can be invested Money for the further development of the enterprise.

Important! If the organization has large debts, then the calculated net profit will be considered a loss, which will reflect the extent to which it is possible to cover the existing debt to the creditor.

Net profit and its calculation (video)

How to calculate the net profit correctly

In order to find out the net profit, you do not need to bother with complex formulas and calculations. In fact, everything is much simpler than it seems. Relatively speaking, in order to find out the net profit, it is necessary to add up separately all income and expenses, then subtract the amount of expenses from the amount of income. Subtract tax from the resulting amount. So much for your bottom line.

Let's look at a simple example.

For example, you decide to become an individual entrepreneur and sell laptops via the Internet. For 3 months of work there was such financial results:

Now we count:

480,000 (income) - 400,000 (expense) - tax% = Net Profit

In this calculation, everything is simple and there is nothing complicated. According to the results, it can be understood that the individual entrepreneur has remained in the black and has income that can be spent on own needs or invest them in the development of your online store.

Nose large organizations and it is much more difficult for enterprises to calculate this type of profit. You must first calculate compound income and expenses, and only then look for an emergency (net profit).

There are several options for the formulas for calculating net profit. They look different, but the meaning and result remains the same - it is necessary to add up separately all income and expenses, then deduct the amount of expenses from the amount of income, deduct tax from the resulting amount.

Basic (expanded) formula:

PE = FP + OP + VP - N, where

PE - net profit;

FP - financial profit. It is calculated like this: ( financial income minus financial expenses);

OP -. It is calculated like this: ( operating income minus operating expenses);

H - tax interest(according to the law).

For example, consider the situation:

Firm "My company" calculation of net profit for 2016:

Calculation of gross profit based on the data in the table:

2450000-1256000=1194000

Our financial profit is equal to:

260000-10000=250000

Operating profit:

300000-200000=100000

(250000+1194000)*20%=288800

250000+1194000-288800=1155200

Net profit analysis methods

There are two effective methods for analyzing net income.

Factor analysis of profit

The main point in this analysis is to identify the reasons and their influence on the change in profit in rubles. They are internal and external.

External factors include:

• depreciation of money;
• changes in laws;
• natural conditions;
• changing the conditions for the delivery of raw materials;
• demand structure;
• transport tariffs;
• increase in electricity tariffs;
• higher prices for raw materials;
• the state of the level of competition;
• political regulations and relations.

Internal factors include:

• reduction / increase in the number of employees;
• height rent;
• changes in the structure of product output;
• reduction / growth of products (or services);
• changes in product prices;
• the amount of taxes.

Factors affecting the state of profit:

• price (for a product or service);
• cost price;
• selling and administrative expenses.

Phases of the FA:

1. Selection of the main factors.
2. Systematization and classification.
3. Modeling relationships.
4. Calculation and assessment of the influence of all factors.

Factor analysis can be produced using the following formula:

∆CP = ∆В + ∆СС + ∆КР + ∆UR + ∆ПД + ∆ПР - ∆СНП, where

∆ is a sign meaning "change";

PE - net profit;

B - revenue;

CC - cost price;

SNP - current tax at a profit;

КР - business expenses;

SD - administrative expenses;

PD - other income;

PR - other expenses.

Statistical analysis of profit

The main tasks statistical analysis net profit can be considered:

• Analysis of the structure and initial volume of profit formation.
• The study financial relations.
• Assessment of the directions of use of funds.
• Analysis and dynamics of profit.
• Research of the financial stability of the enterprise.
• Analysis of the dynamics of the total amount of BP.
• Index analysis of the influence of factors on the amount of profit.
• Analysis of the BP structure.

Profitability analysis

To determine the financial condition of the organization and assess its profitability and payback, it is necessary to perform a profitability analysis. It reflects the entire efficiency of the use of enterprise resources: monetary, material, production, etc.

Using an example, we will analyze the profitability analysis of the fictional car service of Optima-Service LLC:

Table 1 - Analysis of the composition and dynamics of profit of LLC Optima-Service for 2010-2012.

Based on the initial data presented in Table 2, let us calculate the profitability of Optima-Service LLC for 2010–2012.

Table 2 - Initial data for calculating the profitability of LLC "Optima-Service" for 2010–2012.

Table 3 - Calculation of the profitability of LLC "Optima-Service" for 2010-2012.

Calculated profitability indicators of LLC "Optima-Service" for 2010–2012. for analysis purposes, we will summarize it in Table 4.

Table 4 - Analysis of the profitability of LLC "Optima-Service" for 2010-2012.

Based on the results, we see that in 2012 compared to 2010, there is an increase in the profitability of Optima-Service.

Note: In the calculations, it is important to take into account every comma and unit. Otherwise, you risk getting incorrect results. Therefore, it is necessary to double-check and recalculate all calculations.

Enterprise profitability, calculations (video)

In the video below, the specialist speaks in a competent and accessible language about the profitability of the enterprise and makes calculations.

Distribution of net profit

The procedure for distribution of profits is regulated by the charter of the enterprise and is divided according to the distributed shares of the participants.

For a specific distribution of net profit, it is necessary first of all, and only after making a general decision to pay sums of money to each of the participants.

If there is only one participant (for example, individual entrepreneur), then he himself decides where and how the income from the net profit will be realized.

The net profit indicator helps to determine the level of profitability of the enterprise, efficiency and profitability for a selected period of time (for a month, quarter, year). But he cannot predict the future state of the firm. It is important to choose the right strategy for the development of the enterprise, since it is this factor that will significantly affect the level of net profit.

In the market of goods, enterprises act as relatively separate producers. Having established a price for products, enterprises sell their products to consumers, receiving cash receipts for it. However, this does not mean making a profit yet. To identify the financial result, it is necessary to compare the proceeds with the costs of the production of products and their sale, i.e. with .

• if the revenue exceeds the cost price;
• if the revenue is equal to the cost price, then it is only possible to reimburse the costs of production and sale of products and there is no profit;
• if costs exceed revenues, then the company receives a loss, i.e. negative financial result, which puts it in a difficult financial position, not excluding bankruptcy.

Profit and its role

Profit is one of the most important economic categories market economy, perhaps the most important, since profit is the goal of entrepreneurial activity, its meaning. Entrepreneurship that will only cover costs is uneconomical and almost unnatural.

Main source origin of profit - it is entrepreneurial activity, or rather, the essence of this activity, the meaning of which is making a profit.

Incentive Essence of Profit is of a dual nature:

• in some cases, profit is a real incentive for entrepreneurial activity; in a socially oriented market economy, everyone receives their earned money: the entrepreneur receives profit, the employees receive wages;
• in other cases, the essence of profit is really its exploitative essence, connected with the entrepreneur's ability to appropriate the results of someone else's labor on the basis of private ownership of the means of production, of capital. The amount of profit in certain cases is inversely proportional to the level wages... Therefore, if the owner of the enterprise increases profits by reducing the wages of workers, then this part of the profit will have an exploitative nature.

Of course, there should be no equalization in incomes, just like lawlessness, since this contradicts the principles of a market economy, the income level of owner-entrepreneurs suffers in some cases, and in others - the wages of workers are less than the possible and necessary level.

The role of profit in the activities of the state and all sectors of the economy, including the real one, is enormous.

Profit is an indicator of efficiency, the financial result of any entrepreneurial activity, the main indicator for assessing the activities of enterprises on the basis of profitability indicators, in the form of a ratio of profit to revenue, cost, assets or own funds. Another base is also used.

Profit - main source own funds of any enterprise as for current activities ( net assets), and for the development of production (investment) and other own needs.

Profit is the main source of the solution to the problem of increasing market value... This goal requires constant growth of the company's own funds.

Profit is the main source of saving a company from bankruptcy. Here, the relationship “profit - own funds”, While the main thing in this regard is its constancy in sufficient size.

Profit is the most important source of meeting national needs, since income tax is one of the basic taxes tax system country. As a result, at the expense of the profit it is provided:

• completeness of revenues of the budgetary system;
• development of the social needs of the entire population, i.e. medicine, education, science, childcare facilities, etc .;
• financing of the country's defense.

The greater the profit of enterprises and organizations of the country, the stronger the national currency unit- ruble. This means stabilization of macroeconomic indicators and, as a result. - a decrease in the level of inflation, an increase in the material well-being of the population.

The easiest way to define net profit as the balance of income from activities after all mandatory expenses have been paid from it. Sometimes the net profit may be called “ net income"," Free balance ", in the English-speaking world -" net profit ", etc.

The intrinsic value of net profit lies in the fact that it is it that is the ultimate goal of any entrepreneurial initiative. This is a real indicator of the commercial success of an enterprise.

Net profit can be presented in absolute terms, i.e. in monetary terms and as a percentage of other values, for example gross income, the amount of investments, etc. All options for assessing the net profit may be in demand depending on the objectives of the analysis. For example, total amount net profit gives the entrepreneur the opportunity to decide whether the project is worth the invested effort, the percentage of net profit to investments determines the interest in the enterprise. In the same way, it is convenient to calculate internal economic processes, costs and other indicators.

Net profit formula

Net income is not an arbitrary concept. Her computation obeys clear rules... Calculation options differ only in the degree of generalization or detailing of income and expense items. For example, the simplest formula for net profit looks like this:

Net profit = total profit - the sum of all expenses.

The most common formula is:

Net income = profit before tax - income tax.

Net income = Profit before tax - / + Income tax - / + Change in deferred tax assets- / + Change deferred tax liabilities- / + Other taxes and fees calculated from profits.

Adding a “+” sign to the “-” sign in the formula components is done in case the indicators of expense items have a negative value, this can happen, for example, when overpayments in past periods.

When calculating, the term “net profit” can be transformed into “loss”. In fact, this is one and the same concept, i.e. the result of the transaction in a positive or negative value.

Use of net profit

It might seem like net income is the last link in the chain of settlement. This is not true. If several recipients can claim the net profit, it becomes retained income. The amount of such income is subject to distribution among the owners in proportion to their shares in the total capital. This is called “earnings per share”. The part of the net profit not used to pay dividends is called “retained earnings”.

It is worth noting that the distribution object can be not only net, but also other, including unplanned income.

In addition to dividing net profit into shares according to the number of owners, there are other options for distributing free funds. They can be spent on:

• Consumption - otherwise spending on the personal needs of recipients. The payment of dividends usually refers to this option;
• Accumulation - placing funds in bank accounts, buying valuables and other liquid assets;
• Investing - here they distinguish between external and internal placement of investments. In the first case, funds are spent on development own enterprise, in the second - money is invested in outside projects for the sake of receiving income from such an investment.

Also sometimes they talk about creating reserve funds investing in social sphere and so on. However, all options for using net profit can be somehow reduced to the three categories listed above.

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Enterprises are the profits of a company that are received after deducting all tax payments, workers' wages and other passive deductions. The company can distribute its own profit among the founders (the joint-stock company will distribute it among the shareholders, in proportion to the number of shares held by each) or included in it to expand the scale of its activities.

The value of the volume of own profit

Depending on the degree of development of the company, on the volume of work performed and market welfare, own profit may be different. Sometimes the volumes do not differ much, sometimes (especially in conditions economic restructuring) may not coincide by several tens of percent in different reporting periods... What are the functions of your own profit besides remuneration to the founders of the company?

The first function is that your own profit can increase circulating enterprise... In many joint stock companies by voting at the Board of Directors, a decision is made not to pay dividends, but to use them to increase production volumes. Once invested, own profit can multiply the profit of subsequent years or quarters. If you do not make absolutely any investments, most likely, the profit will decrease.

The second function - depending on the volume of its own profit, the popularity of the company for investors may be different. The company "Magnit" on Russian market the food trade has reached enormous proportions in a short period of time. Own profit of "Magnet" steadily grew, several times ranked first in terms of its annual growth... Of course, investors began to look closely at the company, and the volume of investments increased. If own profit did not grow at all (as it happens at the initial stages of business development), then there would be no overwhelming success.

The third function is that the company's own profit affects the prices of its securities, if any. If we analyze the main stages of Gazprom's development, we can note the stable dynamics of growth in the share price, which increased simultaneously with the company's own profit. Now many investors are talking about the lack of prospects for long-term investment in Gazprom, because its own profits are not increasing on the same scale as before (the aggravating situation of the economic crisis is affecting).

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