What is protectionism? Definition from history. What is protectionism

Protectionism- economic protection of the state, manifested in protecting the domestic market of one’s country from the penetration of foreign goods into it, as well as in encouraging exports to foreign markets.

Its goal is to stimulate development and protect it from foreign competition through tariff and non-tariff regulation.

In the context of an intensifying process, the task of developing an adequate protectionist policy in order to increase the competitiveness of Russian goods in the international and national markets becomes extremely important. Activating government policy in certain areas will allow domestic enterprises to quickly and efficiently adapt to the post-crisis conditions of global economic development.

IN different periods In history, state economic policy leaned either towards free trade or towards protectionism, never, however, taking either extreme form. However absolutely open economy , during the operation of which there would be movement of goods, labor, technology across national borders without restrictions, no state had or has. In any country, the government regulates the international circulation of resources. Openness of the economy presupposes priority consideration of national economic interests.

The dilemma of what is better—protectionism, which allows national industry to develop, or free trade, which allows national production costs to be directly compared with international ones—has been the subject of centuries of debate among economists and politicians. In the 1950s and 60s, the international economy was characterized by a move away from protectionism towards increased liberalization and freedom of foreign trade. Since the early 1970s the opposite trend appeared - countries began to isolate themselves from each other increasingly sophisticated tariff and especially non-tariff barriers, protecting your domestic market from foreign competition.

• permanent protection from foreign competition strategic industries domestic economy (for example, agriculture), if damaged, the country would be vulnerable to war;
• temporary protection relatively newly created industries the domestic economy until they become strong enough to compete successfully with similar industries in other countries;
• taking countermeasures when pursuing protectionist policies by trading partners.

• selective protectionism - protection from a specific product, or protection from a specific state;
• industry protectionism - protection of a certain industry (primarily agriculture within the framework of agricultural protectionism);
• collective protectionism - mutual protection of several countries united in an alliance;
• hidden protectionism - protection using non-customs methods, including internal methods economic policy.

Modern protectionist policies

States, pursuing protectionist policies, use customs tariff and non-tariff restrictions. The main task of the government in the field of international trade is help exporters export as much of their products as possible, making their products more competitive in the international market, And limit imports, reducing the competitiveness of foreign goods in the domestic market. Part of the methods government regulation is aimed at protecting the domestic market from foreign competition and applies primarily to imports. Another group of methods, accordingly, aims to speed up exports.

The classification of tariff and non-tariff protectionist policy instruments is presented in Table. 1.

In accordance with the decision of the Commission customs union EurAsEC from January 1, 2010 in the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan and Russian Federation a unified product nomenclature for foreign economic activity of the Customs Union (TN FEA CU) and a Unified Customs Tariff were introduced.

Meanwhile, a number of specific problems are associated with tariffs. Thus, the tariff rate may turn out to be so high that it may completely block imports. From here the problem of finding the optimal tariff level ensuring the maximization of national economic well-being. The average tariff rate is currently 11%. Is it a little or a lot? The weighted average level of import customs tariffs has decreased from 40-50% in the late 1940s. up to 3-5% currently. Due to the fact that Russia is about to join the WTO, 11% is only the first step towards reducing tariff regulation.

Over the past decades the role of customs tariffs has noticeably weakened. However, the degree of influence of the state on international trade has not decreased, but, on the contrary, has increased due to the expansion use of non-tariff restrictions. The system of non-tariff regulation adopted in developed countries Oh. According to experts, more than 50 methods of non-tariff regulation are used. These include technical norms, sanitary standards, a complex system, state procurements etc.

The Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation until 2020 states: “The goal of state policy is to create conditions for increasing the competitiveness of the economy.” The tasks solved by the Russian government on key development issues, including increasing national competitiveness, can be supplemented and clarified based on an analysis of the country’s position in world rankings. Studying the opinions of international experts allows us to identify existing opportunities and limitations for, and look at the main problems of the country's development from different points of view.

low government debt (this is largely ensured by favorable foreign economic conditions on commodity markets)

Wide range of bank loans

Higher education and training, 45

Quality of education in mathematics and science, quality of the education system, number of people with additional education

Employee training, availability of specialized research services, quality of management school, Internet availability

Innovation, 57

Number of scientists and engineers, quality of developments at research institutes, company costs for research and development (R&D)

Use of advanced technologies at the government level, cooperation high school and production, opportunities for development and innovation

Health and primary education, 60

Level of impact of HIV/AIDS and malaria on business, quality of primary education

Life expectancy, incidence of tuberculosis, costs of primary education, share of schoolchildren among school-age children, infant mortality

Infrastructure, 65

Number of railway transport seats, quality of railway infrastructure, length of telephone lines

Road quality, quality of infrastructure, quality of aviation infrastructure, quality of electricity supply, quality of ports

The competitiveness of the economy of the Russian Federation at this stage of development is lower than that of developed economies and even a number of them. In this regard, there is a danger that Russia may take a place in the global world that does not reflect its true potential, both and turn into a supplier of resources for industrialized countries. Meanwhile, this process can be influenced by protecting domestic production and the competitive environment through a policy of protectionism.

So, for public policy and state support The following areas are currently relevant:

• . In 2009, the State Duma approved in the third reading the bills that make up the second antimonopoly package of laws. Amendments to the Federal Law “On Competition” are aimed at further protecting the national producer and developing competition in Russia, tightening sanctions for violation of antimonopoly legislation, as well as finalizing existing provisions. Antimonopoly regulation should be aimed at improving legislation regarding natural monopolies, as well as increasing the efficiency of the Federal Antimonopoly Service.
• Customs and tariff regulation: introduction of new technologies of customs administration within the framework of the Customs Union-2010, focus on reducing the weighted average customs tariff.
• Non-tariff regulation: expanding the use of non-tariff methods of regulation, which are implemented within the framework of administrative management, in particular, supporting the export of high-tech products, services and technologies.
• Innovative development. IN long term, especially in the context of the exhaustion of efficiency potential by other factors, innovation will become extremely important for raising the standards and quality of life of the population. Innovation policy involves creating conditions for increasing innovation activity Russian companies and the share of investments allocated to the introduction of qualitatively new products and technological processes.
• Support for medium and small businesses. As part of the administrative reform, it is planned to reduce administrative barriers, reduce the list of licensed activities, and simplify the registration procedure.
• Formation of an investment-attractive environment, reducing the total tax burden on business entities. Long term (2020) tax policy aimed at decline tax revenue Russian Federation up to 33% of GDP.

In the context of Russia’s inclusion in world economic processes, the regulatory function of the state acquires special importance for solving problems related to the formation of a competitive environment, structural restructuring, and the creation of conditions for economic growth and increasing competitiveness national economy.

The most important areas of protectionism should now be increasing role of non-tariff restrictions and the selective nature of protectionist measures: it is not domestic production as a whole that is protected, but individual industries. Protectionist measures are increasingly being introduced as an element of structural policies aimed at adapting national producers to ongoing changes in the global economy.

The role and significance of protectionism in modern economic conditions continue to be significant. State protective policy will allow the national economy to quickly and efficiently adapt to the conditions of the global economy.

French protectionisme, from lat. protectio - protection, patronage) - part of the state. economical policies aimed at ensuring the predominance of its industry on the inside. market by protecting it from foreigners. customs competition duties, as well as to encourage industrial exports. goods. The nature of P. and, accordingly, the means of customs. policies (prohibition of imports, height of duties, tariff agreements, trade agreements, etc.) changed depending on the general economic situation. policies pursued in a particular era. During the period of primitive accumulation and the emergence of capitalism. P.'s relationship was integral part the policy of mercantilism, which was not limited to customs. protection of the emerging capitalist. industry, but who practiced various forms of its support. Regulations were often prohibitive in nature (complete ban on the import of certain goods, high import duties). P. was widespread in France (Colbert’s protectionist tariffs of 1664 and 1667), Austria. monarchy, many german gos-vakh, etc. (in Russia - for the first time under Peter I). High customs. security played a big role in the development of the manufacturing and factory industries. Under the sign of P., Napoleonic France led an economic economy. the fight against England (see Continental blockade, 1806-14). For the pre-monopoly era. Capitalism is characterized by a “protective” policy in most Western countries. Europe and the USA, aimed at protecting national industry from the more developed industry of England, which (since the 40s of the 19th century) pursued a policy of “free trade” (see Free Traders). With the justification of P.’s policy within the national framework. x-va spoke dumbly. economist F. List (1789-1846). For the period of development of “free” capitalism into monopoly. “offensive” P. becomes characteristic, aimed at conquering foreign countries. markets (German customs tariff 1879, published by Bismarck, American McKinley tariff 1890). It remains characteristic of imperialism. policies of subsequent times and serves as a means of competition in the world capitalist market, a means of enslaving economically underdeveloped countries. The law of a number of countries (Russia, Japan) remained “protective” during this period. During the world agrarian crisis of the late 19th century. agriculturism arises (first in Germany). P. to protect cheap bread from the USA, Canada, etc. from competition. In the period between the two world wars, offensive P. became part of the state monopoly. regulation of external trade. In modern conditions, the largest monopolies are no longer supporters of P. within the framework of “national economy”. Some of them, primarily the monopolies of the most powerful power - the United States, generally act under the slogan of "free trade" on a global scale (negotiations are underway within the framework of the so-called General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - GATT, which covered 84 countries by the beginning of 1967 on reduction of customs tariffs); others advocate regional "integration" (" Common Market", European Free Trade Association), seeking the abolition of national customs duties in certain areas of the world capitalist market in order to establish new uniform super-protectionism, erecting common customs. barriers around regional markets. This over-protectionism is based on state-monopoly. regulation of the world economy international. cartels. To P. on the basis of the national market in the imperialist countries gravitates towards arr. non-monopolistic bourgeoisie. People resort to means of “protective” P. in modern conditions to protect their industry from destructive imperialist competition, young sovereign states seeking to develop their national economies. Lit.: Marx K., Capital, vol. 1, ch. 24, K. Marx and F. Engels, Works, 2nd ed., vol. 23; Correspondence of K. Marx and F. Engels from Russian. political figures, 2nd ed., (M.-L.), 1947, p. 120-21, 131-33, 135-38; Leaf P., Nat. political system savings, trans. from German, St. Petersburg, 1891; Kulisher I.M., History of economics. life Western Europe, (8 additional ed. 1, vol. 1-2, M.-L., 1931; Mileikovsky A.G., International division of labor and bourgeois political economy, in the book: Bourgeois political economy on the problems of modern capitalism, M., 1965. I. F. Gindin.

FOREIGN TRADE PROTECTIONISM, ITS TYPES, METHODS.

International trade has never developed anywhere without government intervention. The history of international trade is also the history of the development and improvement of the system of state regulation of international trade. There are protectionist trade policies and free trade policies.

Free trade is a policy of minimal government intervention in foreign trade, which develops on the basis of free market forces of supply and demand.

Protectionism – public policy protecting the domestic market of any product from foreign competition through the use of tariff and non-tariff trade policy instruments (protectionism is also often aimed at capturing foreign markets).

Such a policy is usually resorted to by backward countries. economically a country. Through protectionist measures, the state seeks to support domestic producers, especially during their formation.
Let us present several basic provisions for the purpose of introducing import duties on goods, capital and labor:
- protection of industries related to national defense;
- protection of the industry during its formation;
- protection of individual industries and enterprises during diversification, conversion or structural restructuring of the economy;
- protection of the domestic market from cheaper foreign competition work force.
Free trade policies and protectionist policies almost never existed in their pure form (they never covered all foreign trade).
Typically, states pursue one or another policy selectively, taking into account the problems arising in the country. In contrast to protectionism, another direction of the state's foreign policy arose - free trade (free trade).

There are several forms of protectionism:

Selective protectionism – directed against individual countries or individual goods;

Sectoral protectionism – protects certain industries (primarily Agriculture, within the framework of agricultural protectionism);

Collective protectionism - carried out by associations of countries in relation to countries that are not members of them;

Hidden protectionism is carried out using methods of domestic economic policy.

Modern system protectionist measures aimed at creating the most favorable conditions for national producers in the domestic and foreign markets cover various areas.
Among the most significant are:
Customs taxation (tariff barriers), which involve the use of protective duties to impede the import into the country or, less commonly, the export from it of certain types of products. To make it easier for national producers to compete with foreign corporations, high customs duties on imports are usually established. finished products and semi-finished products, especially luxury goods, and lower ones - when importing raw materials and supplies.
Non-tariff barriers, which are a set of direct or indirect restrictions on foreign economic activity through an extensive system of economic, political and administrative measures.
The most widely used measures are:
Provisioning is the establishment of a certain quota for the export or import of individual goods or product groups, within which foreign trade operations are carried out relatively freely. In practice, this is a list of goods whose free import or export is limited to a percentage of the volume or value of their national production.
Licensing is an organization that wishes to engage externally economic activity must obtain permission (license) from government authorities. This policy allows the state to control international relations and successfully implement measures to regulate them. Licensing can also be used to obtain additional material resources when issuing a license, that is, it can act as a type of customs taxation.
Anti-dumping rules are a law that allows the introduction of tariff barriers if domestic producers are faced with the sale of foreign goods at prices that are lower than the cost of production. For example, such provisions in law exist in the United States of America.
So far we have considered individual direct restrictions.
Unlike direct ones, indirect restrictions are not directly related to external economic activity:
Tax system- is built in such a way as to create advantages for buyers of national products.
Transport tariff- exporters of national products have advantages over importers of foreign goods.
Closure of certain ports for foreigners.
The ban imposed on government agencies when purchasing foreign products if there are similar domestically produced products.
State stimulation of exports:
Direct subsidies.
Issuing a loan for preferential terms, preferential taxation.
Voluntary export restrictions. It is carried out by exporters of goods in order to prevent an increase in import duties in the importing country. Such a voluntary restriction was carried out by Japanese car manufacturers on their exports to the United States.

The grimaces of Russian protectionism

Over the past years, a complete inversion of protectionism has occurred in the country, when the state quite effectively protects the interests of not domestic, but foreign companies .

As you know, protectionism is the protection of local producers from foreign competitors. Although this system is increasingly condemned by the world community, almost all developed and developing countries successfully use protectionist instruments in the practice of government regulation. This problem is especially acute with regard to the import of finished products. However, there is a market that almost automatically “rejects” goods of foreign origin - the government procurement market. But this rule does not apply to Russia. Paradoxically, the Russian authorities pay closer attention to “open” markets, which are often regulated using “crude” tariff methods, for which they are attacked by the West. And at the same time, foreign companies are introducing themselves into the government procurement market, “taking” the money of the domestic taxpayer.

Thus, in Russia a system of “inverted” protectionism has developed, when the entire state machine does not work to protect domestic manufacturer from foreign competitors, but, on the contrary, from a foreign supplier from Russian enterprises. Consequently, over the past years, a complete inversion of protectionism has occurred in the country: the state quite effectively protects the interests of foreign rather than local companies. This result can be discussed both from the point of view of the reasons for its occurrence and from the point of view of ways to correct the situation. However, this does not change the main conclusion: the country has developed a system that promotes leakage public investment abroad.

Of course, the emergence of such an unpleasant situation is largely to blame for the careless Russian manufacturer, who, firstly, cannot produce truly high-quality and cheap products, and, secondly, is not able to use modern lobbying mechanisms to defend their business interests. However, in our opinion, the state should not finish it off. If the state turns away from its producer for a long time, then the producer can also turn away from his state, transferring his activities beyond the borders of his native country.

Foreign trade policy of states

Foreign trade policy is a set of measures on the part of the state to regulate trade relations and relations with other countries, optimizing the country’s participation in international division labor. The main directions of the state’s foreign trade policy are protectionism and free trade (Figure 3.3).

Figure 3.3. Foreign trade policy and its instruments

Traditional protectionism – this is the theory and practice of regulating foreign trade, aimed at protecting economic entities of the national economy from foreign competition.

In practice, protectionism has been developing and applied since the emergence of international trade relations. In the 20th century The influence of protectionism was particularly strong during the period between the two world wars. This practice will, presumably, continue into the 21st century, as a specific measure to protect economic entities of the national economy.

The external manifestation of protectionism is a positive trade balance, i.e. the excess of the cost of exports over the cost of imports, which serves as the basis for the continuation of protectionist tendencies.

In a developing national economy, protectionist measures are necessary to protect industries that have just emerged and are being formed under the influence of scientific and technological progress from the competition of efficient foreign firms that have been operating on the world market for quite a long time.

In addition, protectionist measures have a pronounced social character during periods of formation or structural reorganization of national industry, when the state needs to protect those professional categories of employees who need retraining due to the closure or bankruptcy of national enterprises.

During periods of serious aggravation of relations between states and increased international tension, protectionist measures are used to preservation of national security state, which is facilitated by the production on its territory of all necessary, vital products.

The main arguments put forward by opponents of protectionism against this theory are the following.

1. Protectionism is inherent in a certain illogicality: while setting the goal of achieving a positive trade balance, protectionism restrains import operations. This causes a similar reaction from international partners, as a result of which volumes are curtailed export operations, and the situation does not lead to a positive balance, but to an imbalance in the trade balance.

2. Under conditions of protectionism, sectors of the national economy protected by its barriers lose incentives for development, since the mechanisms of competition fade, and the desire for progress and innovation is destroyed by the ability to preserve high levels income and monopoly privileges.

3. Protectionism has a certain multiplying effect: the technological relationship between industries leads to the fact that if protectionist protection is introduced for some industries of the technological chain, then technologically related industries will also require it. As a result, there arises new protectionism, or neo-protectionism.

4. Protectionism damages the economic interests of consumers: domestic consumers pay more for goods, not only for imported goods subject to customs duties, but also for goods of national industry.

5. Under conditions of protectionism, the national economy cannot optimally take advantage of international specialization, since cheaper imported goods cannot enter the country due to restrictions.

Determined by the specific application, the following types are distinguished: protectionism.

1. Industry protectionism aimed at protecting emerging and emerging industries and the agricultural sector (industry of the All-Union Communist Party, young branches of scientific and technological progress and agriculture).

2. Hidden protectionism for the implementation of which mechanisms of domestic economic policy are used.

3. Selective protectionism applied to specific mega-entities, goods or services. A variation of it is an “embargo” - a ban on supplies.

4. Integration protectionism, carried out by countries included in the integration association in relation to all other mega-entities.

The main and most common protectionist measures are tariffs (tariffs on exports and imports) and non-tariff barriers.

Import tariffs, or import duty, – is a measure of protectionism in which the domestic price imported goods rises above the world price, and the value of the import tariff is added to the world price. The result is a value equal to the world price multiplied by the tariff rate.

Actual import tariff level in the industry – a value reflecting the level of increase in the added value of a unit of production in the industry in the context of the functioning of the entire tariff system. When an industry's final products are protected by a higher import tariff than its intermediate products, the actual level of the tariff will exceed its nominal level, namely the level of the rate specified in the customs tariff.

Mechanism export tariffs is a mirror image of the import tariff mechanism.

Customs tariffs are specified by a set of customs duty rates. Customs duty is a tax levied on the import and export of goods and services, assessed either on quantity or value. In accordance with the specifics of the accrual, the following duties are distinguished.

1. Specific customs duties:(tax is charged per unit of taxation).

2. Ad valorem customs duties:(tax is calculated as a percentage of the customs value of the taxable item).

3. Combined customs duties , The amount of tax is established by combining taxation methods.

In the practice of world trade and international relations special opportunistic customs duties are allocated, which include the following:

1. Anti-dumping customs duties. They are levied on goods imported at dumping prices. Dumping is the practice of exporting goods at prices significantly lower than those at which the goods are sold on the domestic market. Dumping is used during periods of cyclical downturns, when it is impossible to sell manufactured products on the domestic market due to a reduction in domestic demand. The negative effect of dumping is experienced by producers in the exporting country, since it seriously impedes the development of import-competing industries.

2. Compensatory customs duties. Such tariffs neutralize foreign export subsidies provided by exporting countries to domestic producers.

3. Seasonal customs duties. These include duties imposed on seasonal products, mainly agricultural products. Their validity period is limited by the period of movement of similar goods.

Based on the nature of registration, a distinction is made between autonomous, conventional and preferential customs duties.

Introduction autonomous duties is the result of unilateral decisions of the legislative bodies of state power. Their rates are specified by the relevant ministries (ministries of economics, finance, trade) with subsequent approval by the government.

Introduction convention duties – the result of bilateral or multilateral agreements. The classic example is the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).

Specific among customs duties are preferential duties. They are distinguished by both quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Preferential duties always have more low rates within the framework of a unified tariff system. Such duties are imposed on goods and services exported from developing countries.

The main types of non-tariff trade restrictions are anti-dumping measures, export-import quotas, and voluntary export restrictions (VER).

Introduction anti-dumping duty must be justified by the protocol of a special commission to establish the fact of dumping and determine the damage from it that threatens domestic producers.

Export-import quotas (contingent)– the most common type of non-tariff trade restrictions. Quotas(provisioning) – restriction in quantitative or monetary terms on the volume of products allowed for import or export from the country. In this regard, a distinction is made between import quotas and export quotas.

Under tariff restrictions, the quantities of imported and exported goods are not regulated; it is required to pay a tariff rate based on quantity, customs value, or a combination of both. Quotas limit the volume of foreign trade to a certain number of tons, pieces, liters. The state issues licenses for the export or import of a limited amount of products and imposes a ban on unlicensed trade.

Voluntary export restrictions(EDO) is a type of export quota. Under voluntary export restrictions, exporting countries undertake obligations to limit exports to a specific country. The appearance of voluntariness covers the desire to avoid more serious and stringent protectionist restrictions on the part of partners. Essentially, DEOs are a forced measure.

In addition to the three main ones, non-tariff trade restrictions also include varieties of hidden protectionism, under which the pre-customs movement of goods is controlled, i.e. the very possibility of goods participating in import and export. These include sanitary, technical and currency restrictions on the import of goods.

TO sanitary and technical restrictions The following types include:

Mandatory compliance national standards;

Quality certificates for imported products;

Requirements for specific labeling and packaging of goods;

Requirements for the environmental characteristics of consumer goods and industrial goods.

Sanitary standards are an expression of the desire of states, as part of overcoming customs restrictions, to protect the nation from products that harm the life and well-being of its citizens.

Every state that wants to exist must take care of the economic component of life. One of the most important mechanisms is protectionism.

What is protectionism?

This is the name for the economic protection of the state, which manifests itself in the fact that the domestic market of one’s country is protected from the import of foreign goods into it. Exports are also encouraged by increasing the competitiveness of products in foreign markets. With the right policies, this results in economic growth.

But state protectionism also has a negative side. Its importance in the economy can change to the diametrically opposite if you unceremoniously pull the blanket on yourself, as this will cause retaliatory actions from other countries.

Why is the policy of protectionism pursued?

Its task is to stimulate the development of the national economy, as well as protection from foreign competition using non-tariff methods. With the intensification of the process of world globalization, it is extremely important to develop an adequate policy of protectionism in order to increase the domestic and foreign markets. With active and rational actions, the state policy of protectionism for enterprises will allow them to effectively and quickly adapt to the changing conditions of the world economy.

What does history tell us?

Dilemma

A significant theoretical challenge is the choice: what is better - protectionism or free trade. Thus, the advantages of the first are that it allows the development of national industry. Free trade boasts that national costs are compared with international ones. And there is no end in sight to the debate about what is better.

If we consider the development of this dilemma, it is worth noting that until the early 70s of the last century, countries around the world gradually switched to supporting free trade and increased liberalization. But from that moment on, a reverse trend has been observed. Thus, states fence themselves off from others with the help of sophisticated tariffs and various barriers, protecting their economies from foreign competition.

Types of protection

What is the goal that various states set for themselves when turning towards protectionism? The types of protection allow us to judge the features. There are two of them in total:

1. Constant protection. Used to protect industries from foreign competition that are of strategic importance for the domestic economy (agriculture, military industry), is of significant importance in critical situations (for example, war).
2. Temporary protection. It is used to fence off growth that has recently been created until it becomes so stable that it can successfully compete with similar areas in other countries.

Appropriate measures can also be taken if trading partners have introduced certain protectionist restrictions on their part. Explicit government protectionism is a measure that almost always entails a response. A unique way out could be propaganda to buy domestic products without activating any restrictions.

Forms of protectionism

In what form can it exist? There are four forms:

1. Selective protectionism. Implies protection from a specific product/state.
2. Industry protectionism. This includes protection of a certain area economic life(for example, agriculture).
3. Collective protectionism. This means the mutual protection of several countries that have united in an alliance.
4. Hidden protectionism. It is understood as protection during which non-customs methods are used, including those that stimulate domestic producers.

Modern protectionism

It refers to non-tariff and customs-tariff restrictions. The main task of the government in the field of international trade is to help exporters sell products in foreign markets by increasing their competitiveness, as well as limiting imports using means of reducing the attractiveness of foreign goods in the country. At the same time, most of the regulatory methods deal with regulating imports. The rest are boosting exports.

Speaking about tariff restrictions, it should be said that there are only quotas. This is everything that relates to measures of state protectionism and is not hidden by anyone. All of them are aimed at regulating imports. But measures of state protectionism also include non-tariff restrictions. It refers to quotas, licensing, government procurement, various requirements for the presence of local components, technical fees, taxes and fees for non-residents, dumping, subsidies and export credits. This means measures of state protectionism. They also include a number of less important components, but due to their rarity of use and specificity, they will be omitted in this article. By the way, we can say that measures of state protectionism also include the introduction of sanctions in relation to other countries. But this is a specific issue, on which there is no consensus yet.

State protectionism in Russia: current state of affairs and development prospects

Regarding customs and tariff regulation, it should be noted that new technologies are being introduced, which allow for improved administration and monitoring of the situation. In the non-tariff field, the use of specific management methods is expanding. At the same time, there is a focus on the export of high-tech services, goods and technologies.

In the long term, it is important innovative development. Its importance especially grows with the gradual exhaustion of the potential effectiveness of other factors. should involve the creation of conditions under which developing activity and the share of investments will grow, which is aimed at introducing products and technological processes of new quality. IN end result this will be of exceptional importance in improving the quality of life of the population.

Support for small and medium-sized businesses is important to meet people's needs. Here you can work to reduce the number of administrative barriers, simplify documentary processes (registration and closure of an enterprise), and reduce the list of activities that require a license. Ultimately, it is necessary to strive to create an investment-attractive environment. Not least by reducing the total tax burden on business entities. For now, it cannot be said that this aspect relates to measures of state protectionism.