The economy of the 21st century is a knowledge-based economy. Andrey Movchan

Chapter 2. Features of economic development of Russia in the 21st century.

2.1. Innovation activity

IN modern conditions the development of science becomes an indispensable condition for creating the prerequisites for sustainable spiritual, intellectual, scientific, technical and socio-economic development of society and the state.

High technology is an area that can solve the most ambitious tasks in the socio-economic development of any state. They are the powerful lever with which many countries not only overcome the economic downturn, but also ensure its structural restructuring and saturate the market with a variety of competitive products.

All over the world, innovative activity is considered today as one of the main conditions for economic modernization. Traditional industries have largely exhausted both extensive and intensive possibilities for their development. Therefore, in many countries, it is no longer these industries that are coming to the fore, which until recently determined the “face” of the economy of all industries. developed countries, but completely different ones, based on the use of the latest technologies.

The group of high-tech industries with “high-level” technologies usually includes industries that produce a high-tech product designed for the mass consumer. As world experience shows, there is no alternative to the innovative path of development. The creation, implementation and widespread dissemination of new products, services, and technological processes are becoming key factors in the growth of production volumes, employment, investment, foreign trade turnover, improving product quality, saving labor and material costs, improving the organization of production and increasing its efficiency. All this predetermines the competitiveness of enterprises and their products in the domestic and world markets and improves the socio-economic situation in the country.

That is why in the 21st century. The most important condition for the accelerated progress of socio-economic development is an effective innovation policy, since the dynamic socio-economic development of many countries in the world has finally begun to be based exclusively on innovation, the consequences of which have become strategically important.

In Russia, unlike most countries in the world, priority is given to budgetary funding of scientific research and development at both the federal and regional levels, although it is well known that the scientific and innovative potential of countries exceeds many Western countries combined. The obstacle is the fact that since Soviet times it was considered the main thing to obtain the result, show it and publish it. It never came to the point of creating a complete scientific and technical product that could not only be shown, but also sold.

It can be stated that currently the state pays great attention to the development of science and its infrastructure. Thus, since 2001, annual funding for science in the federal budget alone has increased by approximately 70%. This may not be much, but a positive forward trend is evident. However, despite this annual increase in funds, there is practically no return. Especially in knowledge-intensive regions of the Russian Federation. But they are precisely the link that is called upon and in fact must implement new technologies in industrial production. World experience shows that any new technology that is now sold in all countries began its history precisely from the local market. 2

2.2. Prerequisites for the globalization of the Russian economy

Globalization is the growth in the volume and diversity of world economic relations, accompanied by increasing economic dependence of the world's countries, and has now become the main trend in the development of the world economy. It is manifested primarily in the growth of international trade volumes, financial and investment flows, which are faster than material production.

The globalization of the world economy is generated by a number of factors associated with qualitative changes in material production and infrastructure.

Market modernization represents the transition of the economy to a new technological basis and the simultaneous formation of an adequate management mechanism. The world economy knows 2 types of modernization: pioneer And catching up.

Pioneer is typical for countries that are leaders in global technological and economic progress. Catch-up modernization is typical for countries that are in the second “echelon” of development. The main difference between such modernization and the pioneer one is that its basis is the development of technologies and economic mechanisms already created in the leading countries.

Distinctive features:

Developmental delay;

Lack of internal resources due to lagging national production. Forced use of non-market methods of asserting one’s position in the world economy.

Establishment of a strong national economy, taking control of the course of economic modernization, etc.

Modern production forces require the mobilization of ever larger savings and the monopolization of economic resources by large economic entities and the state. Thus, “catch-up” modernization carries a high risk of nationalization of the economy, suppression of democracy and a rollback in reforms.

Features of “catch-up” development domestic economy:

1. The economic development of Russia for almost two centuries has a common nature, goals and content with the development of other countries. The Soviet economic system became a powerful mechanism for accumulating the country's material capital and separating labor from property. Its material and technical component was adequate to the material and technical basis of early and mature industrialism, and the beginning of its crisis in the late 60s. coincides with the transition of the world economy to late industrialism.

2. Under the influence of internal contradictions and ongoing reforms, the Soviet Union itself economic system developed towards market economic relations. The economic system that had developed by the early 80s. cannot be unambiguously interpreted as non-market, although it differs significantly from the system market relations developed countries. The result of economic modernization in the USSR by the beginning of the fifth wave of reforms was the formation of a hybrid type of market - a specific economic system, which was based on the deformation of the market mechanisms of the “bureaucratic market” (a system of horizontal and vertical bidding in the process of accepting and fulfilling planned targets). The logic of economic development was undermined the material and technical base of the Soviet economic system and led to the modernization of the main features of its economic mechanism in the direction of moving the center of economic decision-making to lower levels of the hierarchy of centralized management (to ministries, departments).

The waves of Russian reforms occur during the upward phase of the “long wave” N.D. Kondratieva. According to his calculations, the rise of “long waves” falls on the periods 1788-1814 (I wave), 1849-1873 (II wave), 1896-1920 (Witte-Stolypin reforms). According to modern calculations, the next rise of the “long wave” occurred in 1952-1974 (the Khrushchev-Kosygin reforms), and in the late 80s and early 90s the rise of the 5th wave, which corresponds to modern market reforms of the Russian economy. This is proof that the general process of market modernization of the Russian economy over the past 200 years is sufficiently consistent with the logic of global economic development. During the “wavelength” rise, Russia’s lag behind the leading countries in economic progress increased, which forced the authorities to implement reforms “from above.”

For the country, the foreign policy factor has always been predominant when choosing a course to create an advanced industry.

The specificity of Russian industrialization has always been that the means for its implementation were withdrawn from existing production, and were not created in the course of the natural accumulation of capital. In Russia, there has always been a change in the areas of investment; funds were directed mainly to the military and related industries. In addition, the withdrawn funds could not be enough to develop all structures in all sectors of the economy. Therefore, the system of economic development in Russia has long been fragmented.

4. Russia's breakthroughs on the path of market modernization inevitably ended with rollbacks of reforms that occurred during the decline in the “long wave.” What was common to the phases of counter-reforms in the economic sphere was the introduction of restrictions on the development of market relations, curbing freedom of economic activity while simultaneously increasing state intervention in economic life.

In “catch-up” development, two strategies are mainly used: import-substituting and export-oriented.

The first puts forward as a priority the creation of diversified industrial complexes designed to saturate the domestic market and only then expand their exports.

The second puts international industrial cooperation at the forefront. The condition for Russia’s successful advancement along the path of economic progress is, first of all, the concentration of its own efforts and resources on the formation of an effective, technologically advanced and competitive market economy. In the 21st century, Russia will be forced to adhere mainly to an import-substitution strategy.

At the same time, the country cannot refuse to take advantage of export-oriented development. Foreign economic relations, including foreign trade, are capable of enhancing one’s own potential.

Russia's exports are dominated by goods characterized by low price elasticity, unstable price dynamics, and long-term availability. perspective - trends to lower prices and a rather slow rate of expansion of demand. In addition, the market for some goods is not free. The oil market is controlled by OPEC, the ferrous metals market is regulated by the largest Western countries, and the sale of natural gas is limited by the availability and conductivity of the pipeline network.

Insignificant specific gravity in Russian exports of machinery and equipment and 5 times lower than in the exports of an “average” highly developed Western country.

Food products and agricultural raw materials occupy too much of Russia's imports. In this state the sphere material production Russia has become heavily dependent on foreign supplies.

In the geographical structure of foreign trade, there continues to be a tendency towards a weakening role of the CIS countries. The market capacity and solvency of partners in the CIS are small, and their ability to participate in production cooperation, especially if we're talking about on the creation of high-tech products are currently limited.

Composition of Russia's main trading partners in 2004 did not change. The top ten includes Germany, the USA, Ukraine, Belarus, Italy, China, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Great Britain, and Finland.

The Russian economy has a number of advantages:

1. The country's provision with the main types of mineral resources. The country is in need of importing from outside a relatively small range of raw materials: manganese, chromium, titanium, lead, mercury and some others.

2. Comparative cheapness of some factors of production

(there are significant production assets and qualified cheap labor). The inclusion of Russian entrepreneurs in international cooperation could be carried out by manufacturing units, parts and components according to orders from foreign manufacturers of finished products.

3.Unique advanced technologies in a number of industrial sectors (aerospace and nuclear industries, shipbuilding, production of laser technology and computer science tools, cartography and geodesy, software development, geological surveys).

In my opinion, in order to realize these advantages and obtain an effect, the following points must be taken into account in the ongoing reforms:

Settlement of finances abroad through non-refund export earnings, unequal barter, payment for fictitious imported goods and services, smuggling. It is necessary to tighten government control over these operations.

Imperfection and incompleteness of the country's legislative framework. For example, in Russia there are no legislative or other regulations on the issue of competitiveness. Therefore, it is necessary to create a capable interdepartmental commission on competitiveness.

The competitive entry of our products into the foreign market will require the revival and intensification of scientific and production cooperation between enterprises and foreign countries. It is necessary to strengthen the commercialization of the scientific results of our country.

In the perspective of the world economy, it is possible to distinguish 3 poles of economic power:

European

American

East Asian.

Russia can become:

participant of 1 or 2 superblocks at once (European and East Asian)

leader of the independent integration association of the CIS

an independent outsider.

Conclusion

The current state of the Russian economy is characterized by a transition to a market system. This means that the economy is undergoing a relatively long process of disintegration of the administrative-planning system and the formation of a market system.

Despite the fact that the administrative-planning system was ineffective, it had a certain stability, which was achieved through the use of cheap natural and human resources. The shadow market played a certain role in maintaining the stability of the administrative-planning system. Nevertheless, the existence of the administrative-planning system was accompanied by a decrease in production efficiency, a drop in GDP growth rates, a deformation of the economic structure, a growing shortage of goods and services, external debt, and a reduction in foreign exchange reserves. These processes ultimately led to a crisis in the administrative planning system and its collapse. This predetermined the objective need for the transition to a market economy and the implementation of the following elements of market reforms:

Macroeconomic stabilization;

Structural restructuring of the economy;

Creation of an effective system of social protection of the population.

Russia should also pay great attention to financing investment activities, which is the powerful lever with which many countries not only overcome the economic downturn, but also ensure its structural restructuring and saturate the market with a variety of competitive products.

Bibliography

Kazantsev S.V. Choosing a goal // IVF All-Russian economic journal. – 2004. - No. 12. – pp. 31-34.

G. Fetisov Towards the solution of the most important macroeconomic problem of Russia // Russian Economic Journal. – 2005. - No. 11-12. – P. 4-7.

Innovation is a condition for competitiveness / Yu. Kobrin // Economist. – 2004. - No. 12. – P.23–29.

Ivanov, S.I. Basics economic theory/ S. I. Ivanov. – 7th ed. - In 2 books. Book 2. – M.: Vita-Press, 2004. – 304 p.: ill.

Buglai, V.B. International economic relations / N.N. Liventsev, V.B. Buglay. – 2nd ed., revised. And additional – M.: Finance and Statistics, 2003. – 256 p.

XXI Century. Formation of legal framework economic activity subjects Russian Federation/ A. Gorodilov et al. - Kaliningrad: Yantar.

Skaz, 2002. - 200 p.

1 Towards a solution to the most important macroeconomic problem in Russia / G. Fetisov // Russian Economic Journal. – 2005. - No. 11-12. – P. 4-5. Features of the "catch-up" development domestic economy : 1. Economic development

. St. Petersburg, ... tax benefits. Such a measure pursued the goal of expanding the tax base, attracting investment into the economy, legalizing its shadow part, and tightening tax discipline. The same task was set by the Federal Law of August 7, 2001 No. 115-FZ “On Combating the Legalization (Laundering) of Proceeds from Crime and the Financing of Terrorism,” on the basis of which a financial intelligence body was created - the Financial Motoring Committee.

In 2001, new Land and Labor Code s ensuring reforms in the field of agrarian and labor relations. A serious struggle in the State Duma unfolded around government initiatives aimed at reforming transport, energy, housing and communal services, bills relating to small businesses, and continuing land reform.

By 2003, public confidence in banking sector, undermined by the 1998 crisis. The volume of deposits began to increase, and real incomes of the population grew.

One of V.V. Putin’s priorities was the “equidistance of the oligarchs” from socio-economic and political privileges. A number of them were charged with numerous criminal offenses. As a result of these campaigns, the most odious figures such as Berezovsky, Gusinsky, Khodorkovsky were removed from political activities, their property was redistributed, and an attempt was made to create equal rules for all participants economic activity, increase social responsibility big business.

IN beginning of XXI V. The country's leadership has repeatedly expressed concern about the country's development primarily at the expense of the raw materials component. An attempt to overcome the "raw material bias" of the economy was the creation state corporations: aviation, shipbuilding, Rusnano, Rostekhnologiya, Rosatom, etc. They pursued the goal of technological renewal of the economy based on the concentration of private and public capital in the most knowledge-intensive industries.

In February 2008, at a meeting of the State Council, V.V. Putin announced an ambitious program for the country’s socio-economic development. It was called "Putin's Plan". According to it, by 2020 Russia should enter the top five leading economies in the world, for which it needs to achieve a fourfold increase in labor productivity. The average income of Russians should increase to 30 thousand dollars a year, and the average life expectancy should increase to 75 years. The program provides for healthcare reform, modernization pension system, development of economic infrastructure, ensuring rational integration of Russia into the world trade system.

Tightening of financial policy, favorable situation on the world oil market that developed in the 90s. and the functioning market mechanisms made it possible to pay off debts on wages and pensions, and improve the material security of the population.

Summing up the results of V.V. Putin’s presidency in 2000–2008, it should be noted that socio-economic development was successful. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the volume of gross internal product(GDP) of Russia at current prices increased more than 6 times - from 196 billion dollars (23rd place in the world) in 1999 to 1290 billion dollars in 2007 (11th place in the world). Russia has taken first place in oil and gas production. The volume of agricultural production has increased more than 3 times. The volume of housing construction has almost doubled. Exports increased almost 5 times. The budget increased 10 times and became surplus. Gold and foreign exchange reserves increased more than 40 times. State external debt decreased by more than 3 times – from 158.4 to 44.1 billion dollars.

In 1999–2007 the average monthly salary increased almost 9 times. The average pension amount increased 7 times with inflation increasing in 2000–2007. 2.5 times.

At the same time, the country faced difficulties and problems. Russia's population continued to fall. The bureaucracy has grown 1.5 times. The share of the oil and gas sector in the country's economy has increased. Serious fracture to the side innovative path no development occurred. Corruption remained a huge problem hindering socio-economic development. Despite 8 years of economic growth, Russia's infrastructure was in a difficult situation, and the level of investment remained extremely low.

Main directions of development of the Russian economy in the 21st century .

PLAN

Introduction... 3

Chapter 1. Current trends in economic development of Russia... 5

1.1 Economic growth: from recovery patterns to structural reforms... 5

1.2 Analysis of restoration problems economic growth in Russia 10

Chapter 2. Study of the main directions of development of the Russian economy in the 21st century... 13

2.1 Prerequisites for the globalization of the Russian economy... 13

2.2 Innovative economy - a strategic direction for the development of Russia in the 21st century... 18

Conclusion... 31

List of used literature... 33

In the last quarter of the 20th century, humanity entered a new stage of its development - the stage of building a post-industrial society, which is the result of the socio-economic revolution taking place in the modern world. It is known that each socio-economic revolution is based on its own specific technologies, production and technological systems and relations of production. For a post-industrial society, this role is played, first of all, by information technologies and computerized systems, high production technologies resulting from new physical-technical and chemical-biological principles, and innovative technologies based on them, innovative systems and innovative organization various spheres of human activity. Its final result, in our deep conviction, should be the creation of a new form of economic organization - innovation economy. Analysis of the results of research by domestic and foreign scientists on this issue convinced us that the creation of an innovative economy is a strategic direction for the development of our country in the first half of the 21st century. This circumstance served as the main motivation for choosing the topic of the course research.

Basic purpose course work is an analysis of trends in the development of the Russian economy in the 21st century. The set goal necessitated the solution of a number of interrelated tasks:

· reveal the prerequisites for the current economic growth of the domestic economy;

· analyze the problems associated with economic growth;

· explore the prerequisites for the globalization of the Russian economy;

· study the innovative direction of development of the Russian economy.

The subject of the study is possible directions for the development of the Russian economy in the 21st century.

The object of the study is the Russian economy.

The course work consists of an introduction, main part and conclusion. The introduction substantiates the relevance of the topic of the course work, defines the tasks, subject and object of the course research. The main part is devoted to the study of the problem posed. In conclusion, the main results of the study are formulated.

Discussion of socio-economic problems modern Russia often carried out in isolation from the experience of other countries, and especially post-communist ones. It seems that for researchers of Russian realities there is no experience of almost three dozen other countries that, having emerged from socialism, are solving problems similar to ours.

This remark fully applies to the discussion of the problems of economic growth, which began in Russia in 1999. Russian literature is dominated by two concepts explaining the nature of this growth. The first connects it with the real depreciation of the ruble after the 1998 crisis and favorable conditions on the oil market. The second reason for the growth is the reforms being carried out by the Russian government in the context of political stabilization that occurred after the 2000 elections. These reforms are, of course, important for ensuring long-term sustainable growth. Indeed, for Russia, the oil market conditions and the real exchange rate are the most important factors in macroeconomic policy that influence growth. But the nature of the current growth is still different.

In the context of the experience of other countries, it is not difficult to notice that GDP is currently growing throughout the post-Soviet space. Moreover, at the first stage, approximately 1992-1994, there was no growth in any of them. In 1995, the first signs of economic growth appeared in the Baltic countries (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia), as well as in states that were involved in military conflicts or were the object of a blockade (for example, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan).

In 1996-1998 The first signs of economic growth began to be observed in other post-Soviet states, but they were extremely unstable and often gave way to recession. However, after 1998, growth has been observed almost everywhere (see Table 1).

Table 1.

Growth rates of physical volume of GDP in post-Soviet states in 1996-2004

1996 1997 1998 2002 2003 2004 Azerbaijan 1.3% 5.8% 10.0% 7.4% 11.1% 9.9% Armenia 5.9% 3.3% 7.3% 3.3% 5, 9% 9.6% Belarus 2.8% 11.4% 8.4% 3.4% 5.8% 4.1% Georgia 11.4% 10.6% 2.9% 3.0% 2, 0% 4.5% Kazakhstan 0.5% 1.7% -1.9% 2.7% 9.8% 13.2% Kyrgyzstan 7.1% 9.9% 2.1% 3.7% 5 .4% 5.3% Moldova -5.9% 1.6% -6.5% -3.4% 2.1% 6.1% Russia 3.4% 0.9% -4.9% 5 .4% 9.0% 5.0% Tajikistan -16.7% 1.7% 5.3% 3.7% 8.3% 10.2% Uzbekistan 1.7% 5.2% 4.4% 4.4% 3.8% 4.5% Ukraine -10.0% -3.0% -1.9% -0.2% 5.9% 9.1% Latvia 3.3% 8.6% 3.9% 1.1% 6.6% 6.5% Lithuania 4.7% 7.3% 5.1% -3.9% 3.9% 4.0% Estonia 4.0% 10.4 % 5.0% -0.7% 6.9% 4.5%

Source: Statistical Yearbook. Interstate Statistical Committee of the CIS. Moscow, 2005

Thus, the presence of growth is not directly related either to the political regime (it differs significantly in the listed countries), or to the implementation of reforms reminiscent of the Russian reforms of 2000-2001, or to oil prices (among the mentioned countries there are both net exporters and net exporters). importers of oil and petroleum products). In addition, if we trace the dynamics of the real exchange rate of national currencies in 1995-2004, it is clear that in some countries the real exchange rate fell significantly, while in others it strengthened (see Table 2).

Table 2.

Real rate national currency US dollar in post-Soviet countries (CPI), 1995=100

1996 1997 1998 2002 2003 2004 Azerbaijan 126% 135% 131% 104% 99% 93% Armenia 107% 104% 106% 104% 95% 93% Belarus 110% 89% 44% 56% 39% 46% 130% 134% 99% 107% 105% 103% Kazakhstan 118% 131% 125% 80% 84% 85% Kyrgyzstan 86% 100% 64% 55% 60% 63% Moldova 113% 120% 70% 72% 86% 87% Russia 120% 125% 45% 63% 71% 78% Ukraine 166% 187% 113% 89% 113% 134% Latvia 110% 111% 118% 116% 110% 104% Lithuania 121% 129% 133% 131% 128% 126% Estonia 110% 103% 118% 102% 95% 93%

Source: Calculations based on data from International Financial Statistics 2005. IMF, 2005.

Thus, each of the post-Soviet states has its own characteristics, but all of them manifest themselves exclusively against the backdrop of economic growth. This leads us to assume that the sources of this growth, as well as the previous decline in economic activity, must be sought in other processes.

First of all, we will try to analyze what was associated with the decline in production in 1992-1994, which was then replaced by economic growth.

The phenomenon of post-socialist recession has been fairly well studied, and the main factors that determine its development are clear. It is worth paying attention to the nature of the socialist gross domestic product. The traditional concept of GDP used in a market economy is not applicable for a meaningful analysis of socialist economies. The correct use of the concept of GDP imposes certain restrictions, which primarily include: the presence of a market economy, the share of the state (budget) in which is relatively small and there is democratic control over the formation of government spending. This leads to the fundamental principle used in calculating GDP: if people pay for certain goods and services, this means that they (the goods and services) are valuable to them. The latter is a necessary condition for including these products in the calculation of well-being.

Obviously, the situation described above does not correspond to the realities of a socialist economy, where production and distribution of products are strictly regulated, there is no market, as well as democratic control over government spending. In such a situation, a significant amount of economic activity does not contribute to wealth growth, which in many cases turns GDP growth into a statistical illusion. In relation to socialism, the concept of GDP is extremely conditional, because there are not always basic prerequisites that would allow one or another economic activity to be considered meaningful, oriented towards real needs. In other words, the needs and motives of economic activity in socialist and market economies qualitatively incomparable - what is meaningful in the first may turn out to be completely meaningless in the second, which sharply limits the possibility of comparing GDP expressed in monetary units (money). When the socialist system collapses, these qualitative differences come to the surface: it turns out that a significant part of economic activity is that for which no one will ever pay in a market and democracy, either as a consumer or as a taxpayer.

That is why the process of post-socialist transformation primarily consists of a gradual redistribution of resources from those types of activities and enterprises that cannot function in market conditions to those types of activities that are in demand in market conditions. At the first stage, the volume of resource release always exceeds the volume of their use in new production, which predetermines the decline. Then the economy passes through an “inflection point” - when the volume of resources involved in production becomes greater than the volume released from previously employed in inefficient industries. This is the nature of post-socialist transition and growth.

Next, the problem of modernization arises, associated with the collapse of the old economic system and the time required for market institutions to work. This is the second important factor determining the course of the post-socialist recession. After market institutions have emerged and began to function, post-socialist reconstruction begins.

The main factors that determine the duration and depth of the post-socialist recession are:

a) the scale of the economic sector whose products and services are not in demand by the market;

b) the extent of the use of market instruments under socialism;

c) the presence in the social memory of the population of information about pre-socialist market institutions.

Based on this, we can understand, for example, why in Eastern Europe and the Baltic countries, where two generations lived under socialism, the recession lasted less than in most of the post-Soviet space, where three generations lived under socialism.

It is obvious that modern recovery growth in Russia differs significantly from recovery growth after the civil war and revolution.

Firstly, the level of production decline in 1991-1998. was significantly lower than during the revolution and civil war. Therefore, the pace of recovery is now also slower.

Secondly, the Russian economy of the NEP period was generally market-based, just like the Russian economy of 1913. The economic structures that were being formed at that time, with all their differences (a significantly smaller share of foreign trade in GDP, lower marketability of agriculture, a greater role of the public sector, etc.) resembled the structure of the Russian economy of 1913 to a greater extent than the structure of the fundamentally market economy of modern Russia resembles structure of the socialist economy of the RSFSR 1990

But a number of processes that were characteristic of the recovery growth of the NEP period are also manifested in today's Russia. The first characteristic feature of recovery growth is its unexpectedness. V. Groman at one time drew attention to the fact that no one in the State Planning Committee expected the pace of industrial restoration that was achieved after the stabilization of economic relations and financial stabilization in the 1923/24 financial year. The State Planning Committee proceeded from the fact that without large-scale capital investments it was possible to increase the volume of industrial production by 1927/28 to only 50% of the pre-war level. In reality, by 1927/28 industrial production had almost reached the level of 1913.

A similar situation is observed in our time. Russian government predicted for 2000 from a 2.2% decline to 0.2% growth in GDP, the IMF predicted a growth of 1.5%, while real growth was 9%. (Note that GDP growth in Ukraine in 2001 was 9%, with the IMF forecast at 3.5%.)

The reasons for errors in forecasts are understandable and closely related to the very nature of recovery growth. Since the methods used for forecasting GDP are based on extrapolation of trends of the previous period, forecast dynamics of production factors and economic conditions, it is not difficult to understand that all of them are of little use for forecasting a surge in economic activity due to the stabilization of economic relations.

Then you have to deal with a second surprise, but this time an unpleasant one. It turns out that restorative growth by its nature is attenuated. The mechanics of this process are understandable: restorative growth is ensured by the use of already created capacities and a trained, qualified workforce. It occurs with relatively small capital investments, but its resources are quickly exhausted.

So, in the period 1998-2004. The number of people employed in the Russian economy increased by 8.9 million people (from 58.4 to 67.3 million). The shortage of skilled labor found expression in the rapid growth of real wages. During 2000-2004. real wages increased 1.7 times. A similar trend is observed in other CIS countries (see Table 3).

Table 3

Growth rates of real wages in the CIS countries in 1996-2004

1996 1997 1998 2002 2003 2004 Azerbaijan 19.0% 53.0% 20.0% 20.0% 18.0% 16.0% Armenia 13.0% 26.0% 22.0% 11.0% 13, 0% 5.0% Belarus 5.0% 14.0% 18.0% 7.0% 12.0% 30.0% Georgia 53.0% 37.0% 25.0% 2.0% 3, 0% 22.0% Kazakhstan 2.0% 5.0% 4.0% 7.0% 12.0% 13.0% Kyrgyzstan 1.0% 12.0% 12.0% -8.0% - 2.0% 11.0% Moldova 5.0% 5.0% 5.0% -13.0% 2.0% 15.0% Russia 6.0% 5.0% -13.0% -22 .0% 21.0% 20.0% Tajikistan -14.0% -2.0% 29.0% 0.3% 8.0% 11.0% Ukraine -5.0% -2.0% - 3.0% -6.0% 1.0% 21.0%

Source: Statistical Yearbook. Interstate Statistical Committee of the CIS. Moscow, 2005.

The growth of real wages, which is faster than labor productivity, was pointed out as a characteristic element of restoration processes by V. Groman in his works dating back to the 1920s.

Market surveys conducted by the IET show a sharp change in the balance of assessments of the sufficiency of production capacity to meet expected demand in the period 1998-2004. Assessments of labor requirements are also undergoing changes in connection with expected demand: the lack of equipment and qualified personnel is increasingly regarded as a serious obstacle to production growth.

Decline in growth rates after reaching peak values ​​and involvement in economic turnover the most accessible resources almost inevitably gives rise to economic and political debates about the reasons for the fading growth rates and ways to increase them. If initially extreme high rates growth at the beginning of the recovery period is perceived by both the authorities and the expert community as a pleasant surprise, then both the political elite and society get used to focusing on these abnormally high growth rates as a guideline for policy development, as a starting point in assessing the policies being pursued.

Globalization is the growth in the volume and diversity of world economic relations, accompanied by increased economic dependence of the world's countries, and has now become the main trend in the development of the world economy. It manifests itself primarily in the growth of international trade volumes, financial and investment flows, which outstrips material production.

The globalization of the world economy is generated by a number of factors associated with qualitative changes in material production and infrastructure.

Market modernization represents the transition of the economy to a new technological basis and the simultaneous formation of an adequate management mechanism. The world economy knows 2 types of modernization: pioneer And catching up.

Pioneering is typical for countries that lead the world in technological and economic progress. Catching-up modernization is typical for countries that are in the second “echelon” of development. The main difference between such modernization and the pioneer state is that its basis is the development of technologies and economic mechanisms already created in the leading countries.

Distinctive features:

1 Developmental delay;

2 Lack of internal resources due to lagging national production. Forced use of non-market methods to assert their positions in the world economy.

3 Establishment of a strong national economy, taking control of the course of economic modernization, etc.

Modern production forces require the mobilization of ever larger savings and the monopolization of economic resources by large economic entities and the state. Thus, “catch-up” modernization carries a high risk of nationalization of the economy, suppression of democracy and rollback in reforms.

Features of the “catch-up” development of the domestic economy:

1. The economic development of Russia for almost two centuries has a common nature, goals and content with the development of other countries. The Soviet economic system became a powerful mechanism for accumulating the country's material capital and separating labor from property. Its material and technical component was adequate to the material and technical basis of early and mature industrialism, and the beginning of its crisis in the late 60s. coincides with the transition of the world economy to late industrialism.

2. Under the influence of internal contradictions and ongoing reforms, the Soviet economic system itself developed towards market economic relations. The economic system that had developed by the early 80s. cannot be unambiguously interpreted as non-market, although it differs significantly from the system of market relations in developed countries. The result of economic modernization in the USSR at the beginning of the fifth wave of reforms was the formation of a hybrid type of market - a specific economic system, which was based on the distortion of the market mechanisms of the “bureaucratic market” (a system of horizontal and vertical bargaining in the process of accepting and fulfilling planned targets). The logic of economic development undermined the material and technical base Soviet economic system and led to the modernization of the main features of its economic mechanism in the direction of moving the center of adoption economic decisions to lower levels of the centralized management hierarchy (ministries, departments).

The waves of Russian reforms fall on the upward phase of the “long wave” N.D. Kondratieva. According to calculations, the rise of “long waves” falls on the periods 1788-1814 (I wave), 1849-1873 (II wave), 1896-1920 (Witte-Stolypin reforms). According to modern calculations, the next rise of the “long wave” occurred in 1952-1974 (the Khrushchev-Kosygin reforms), and in the late 80s and early 90s, the rise of the 5th wave, which corresponds to modern market reforms of the Russian economy. This is proof that the general process market modernization of the Russian economy over the past 200 years is quite consistent with the logic of global economic development. During the “wavelength” rise, Russia’s lag behind the leading countries in economic progress intensified, which forced the authorities to implement reforms “from above.”

For the country, the foreign policy factor has always been prevalent when choosing a course to create an advanced industry.

The specificity of Russian industrialization has always been that the means for its implementation were withdrawn from existing production, and were not created in the course of the natural accumulation of capital. In Russia, there has always been a change in the areas of investment - funds were directed mainly to the military and related industries. In addition, the withdrawn funds could not be enough to develop all structures in all sectors of the economy. Therefore, the system of economic development in Russia has long been fragmented.

4. Russia’s breakthroughs in market modernization inevitably ended with rollbacks of reforms that occurred in the “long wave.” What was common to the phases of counter-reforms in the economic sphere was the introduction of restrictions on the development of market relations, curbing freedom of economic activity while simultaneously increasing state intervention in economic life.

In “catch-up” development, two strategies are mainly used: import-substituting and export-oriented.

The first puts forward as a priority the creation of diversified industrial complexes designed to saturate the domestic market and only then expand their exports.

The second puts international industrial cooperation at the forefront. The condition for Russia's successful advancement along the path of economic progress is, first of all, the concentration of its own efforts and resources on the formation of an effective, technologically advanced and competitive market economy. In the 21st century, Russia will be forced to adhere mainly to an import-substituting strategy.

At the same time, the country cannot refuse to take advantage of export-oriented development. Foreign economic relations, including foreign trade, are capable of enhancing one’s own potential.

Russia's exports are dominated by goods characterized by low price elasticity, unstable price dynamics, the presence - in the long term - of a downward trend in prices and a rather slow pace of demand expansion. In addition, the market for some goods is not free. The oil market is controlled by OPEC, the ferrous metals market is regulated by the largest Western countries, and the sale of natural gas is limited by the availability and conductivity of the pipeline network.

The share in Russian exports of machinery and equipment is negligible and 5 times lower than in the exports of an “average” highly developed Western country.

In Russia's imports, food products and agricultural raw materials occupy too much of a place. In this state, the sphere of material production in Russia has become highly dependent on foreign supplies.

In the geographical structure of foreign trade, there continues to be a tendency towards a weakening role of the CIS countries. The market capacity and solvency of CIS partners are small, and their ability to participate in industrial cooperation, especially when it comes to the creation of high-tech products, is currently limited.

Composition of Russia's main trading partners in 2004 did not change. The top ten includes Germany, the USA, Ukraine, Belarus, Italy, China, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Great Britain, and Finland.

The Russian economy has a number of advantages:

1. Provision of the country with the main types of mineral resources. The country is in need of importing from outside a relatively small range of raw materials: manganese, chromium, titanium, lead, mercury and some others.

2. Comparative cheapness of some factors of production (there are large-scale production assets and qualified cheap labor). The inclusion of Russian entrepreneurs in international cooperation could be achieved through the production of units, parts and components on orders from foreign manufacturers of finished products.

3.Unique advanced technologies in a number of industrial sectors (aerospace and nuclear industries, shipbuilding, production of laser technology and computer science, cartography and geodesy, software development, geological surveys).

In my opinion, in order to realize these advantages and obtain an effect, the following points should be taken into account in the ongoing reforms:

The settling of finances abroad through non-return of export proceeds, unequal barter, payment for fictitious imported goods and services, smuggling. It is necessary to tighten government control over these operations.

Imperfection and incompleteness of the country's legislative framework. For example, in Russia there are no legislative or other regulations on the issue of competitiveness. Therefore, it is necessary to create a capable interdepartmental commission on competitiveness.

The competitive entry of our products into the foreign market will require the revival and intensification of scientific and production cooperation between enterprises and foreign countries. Commercialization needs to be strengthened scientific results our country.

In the perspective of the world economy, it is possible to identify 3 poles economic power:

· European

American

· East Asian.

Russia can become:

1 participant of 1 or 2 superblocks at once (European and East Asian)

2 leader of the independent integration association of the CIS

3 independent outsider.

2.2 Innovative economy - a strategic direction for Russia’s development in the 21st century

In solving the problems of the country's recovery from the crisis, ensuring dynamically sustainable development of the economy, the primary role belongs to innovations, innovative activities that can ensure the continuous updating of the technical and technological base of production, the development and release of new competitive products, and effective penetration into world markets for goods and services. This requires reforming all spheres of public life, and above all, the economy.

What is meant by sub-innovation economy? Analysis carried out modern trends economic development of leading Western countries say that an innovative economy is an economy of society based on knowledge, innovation, on the friendly perception of new ideas, new machines, systems and technologies, on the readiness for their practical implementation in various fields human activity. She highlights the special role of knowledge and innovation, primarily scientific knowledge. In the innovation economy, under the influence of scientific and technological knowledge, traditional spheres of material production are transformed and radically change their technological basis, because production that is not based on new knowledge and innovation turns out to be unviable in an innovation economy.

Information technologies, computerized systems and high production technologies are the basic systems of the innovation economy. In their development, they radically transform all means of receiving, processing, transmitting and producing information, radically technologizing intellectual activity (for example, automation of design and technological preparation of production, automated control over the progress of production, automation of financial and accounting reporting and organizational and administrative activities, multilingual automated translation, diagnostics and pattern recognition, etc.).

What are the main features of an innovative economy?

It seems to us that the economy of a society is innovative if the society:

· any individual, group of persons, enterprises anywhere in the country and at any time can receive, on the basis of automated access and telecommunication systems, any necessary information about new or known knowledge, innovations (new technologies, materials, machines, organization and management of production, etc. ), innovation activities, innovation processes;

· modern information technologies and computerized systems are produced, formed and available to any individual, group of individuals and organizations, ensuring the implementation of the previous paragraph;

· there are developed infrastructures that ensure the creation of national information resources in the volume necessary to support the ever-accelerating scientific and technological progress and innovative development, and society is able to produce all the necessary multifaceted information to ensure dynamically sustainable socio-economic development of society and, above all, scientific information;

· there is a process of accelerated automation and computerization of all spheres and industries of production and management; radical changes in social structures are being carried out, resulting in the expansion and intensification of innovative activity in various spheres of human activity;

· accept new ideas, knowledge and technologies favorably, and are ready to create and introduce into widespread practice at any necessary time innovations of various functional purposes;

· there are developed innovation infrastructures that can quickly and flexibly implement innovations that are necessary at a given time, based on high production technologies, and develop innovative activities; it must be universal, competitively carrying out the creation of any innovations and the development of any production;

· there is a well-established flexible system of advanced training and retraining of professionals in the field of innovation and innovation activities, effectively implementing complex projects for the restoration and development of domestic industries and territories.

The basic concepts of an innovative economy are innovation, innovative activity, and innovative infrastructure. What are these concepts, what is their content and scope? Let’s briefly get acquainted with these concepts, because the tactics and strategy for forming an effective innovative economy in the country largely depend on their correct understanding.

Innovation, innovative activity, innovative processes are concepts that currently have the most diverse and broad interpretations. The development and dissemination of these concepts into processes related to everything new, including new ideas and inventions, new scientific achievements, new knowledge and technologies, new results of fundamental and exploratory research work, etc., are generated by the everyday idea and mixture of two concepts: innovative and new. A broad interpretation of innovation activity as new covers everything that is meant by scientific and technological progress, confuses scientific and innovation priorities, and gives rise to false ideas about the similarity of requirements for the infrastructure that ensures scientific or innovative development. To substantiate this thesis, we will proceed from the following understanding of scientific and technological progress: it is advisable to divide scientific and technological progress into two main interrelated and complementary components - the component of scientific and technological achievements and the component of production and technical achievements.

In the first case, the results of scientific and technological progress are scientific achievements - new knowledge, new scientific and technical ideas, discoveries and inventions, new technologies on fundamentally new physical, chemical and biological principles. In the second case, the results of scientific and technological progress are production and technical achievements - innovations, the creation of which involves:

· professional, targeted development and bringing the results of scientific and technical achievements to the creation of new technologies, new systems, machines, equipment, new methods of organizing and planning production, etc.;

· practical implementation of the created results of production and technical achievements to the consumer either through the market or through the “order - execution” mechanism;

· ensuring the effective use and operation of the created innovative product;

· research and acquisition of new scientific and technical achievements (if there are none) necessary for the creation and implementation of innovations in demand by the market or customer (we will call them innovation-oriented scientific and technical achievements).

From the above, we conclude that innovation activity should be understood as the activity of a team of people aimed at implementing turnkey production and technical achievements in social practice - innovation, application of existing advanced technologies, systems, machines and equipment based on the use and implementation of scientific and technical achievements of domestic and world science and technology. It should ensure the elimination of the gap between the existing volume and the level of already obtained and verified scientific and technical achievements and their application in developing (created) enterprises.

It follows that the saturation of innovative activity - the most important condition formation of an effective innovative economy.

The effectiveness of innovation activity is largely determined by the innovation infrastructure. Therefore, innovation infrastructure is a basic component of the innovation economy and the innovative potential of society. What is innovation infrastructure, why is it a basic component, the foundation of an innovative economy?

Innovative infrastructure is the main tool and mechanism of the innovative economy; it, like an “Archimedean lever and fulcrum,” is capable of raising the country’s economy to a very high level. Based on this understanding, we see innovation infrastructure as a set of interconnected, mutually complementary production and technical systems, organizations, firms and corresponding organizational and management systems, necessary and sufficient for the effective implementation of innovation activities and the implementation of innovations. Innovation infrastructure determines the pace (speed) of development of the country's economy and the growth of the well-being of its population. The experience of developed countries around the world confirms that in the conditions global competition In the global market, the winner is inevitably the one who has a developed infrastructure for the creation and implementation of innovations, who owns the most effective mechanism for innovation. Therefore, for the effective functioning of the country's innovative economy, the innovation infrastructure must be functionally complete.

What does it mean? This means that it must have a set of properties that should contribute to the full implementation of engineering technologies for the creation and implementation of innovations on a regional scale and the country as a whole. In our deep conviction, the mentioned set should contain a set of the following properties:

· distribution across all regions in the form of innovation and technology centers or engineering firms that can locally solve problems of a functionally complete innovation cycle with turnkey delivery of an innovation activity;

· versatility, which makes it possible to competitively ensure the implementation of an innovative turnkey project in any area of ​​the production or service sectors of the economy;

· professionalism, which is based on conscientious and high-quality service to the customer or consumer;

· constructiveness, which is ensured by a focus on the final result. The development of an innovative project must be accompanied by continuous analysis of the final results. The presence of reliable feedback on the final results achieved makes it possible to develop constructive priorities directly in the process of development of innovation activity and thereby ensure a closed system of innovation management according to the scheme: innovation - investment - monitoring of final results - investment, etc.;

· high level of scientific and technical potential;

· staffing availability, first of all, for managers of innovative projects and the possibility of constant updating and improvement of innovation infrastructure personnel;

· financial security (availability working capital);

· high level of tools that accelerate obtaining the final result;

· flexibility, ensuring adaptation of the innovation infrastructure to changes in market requirements and external conditions.

As the results of our research, as well as the experience of developed countries of the world, show, the main core of the innovation infrastructure, the most adequate mechanism for the implementation of scientific and technical innovations - innovations, is the infrastructure of innovative engineering centers (firms, enterprises), which should accumulate the best domestic and foreign knowledge and technologies and act as a system for the customer an integrator and guarantor of the successful implementation of an innovative project and ensure coverage of the full innovation cycle: from studying market conditions for final innovative products, a feasibility study of an innovative project and its development, complete delivery of equipment, its system integration, turnkey delivery with staffing and subsequent service.

Let us dwell on revealing the content of some of the above properties of innovation infrastructure. Research and monitoring of market needs, the need for constant and prompt updating of manufactured innovative products require giving paramount importance in the innovative economy to the introduction of flexible automation. Complex flexible automation with extensive use of information technologies and computerized systems is the core of the innovation economy. Therefore, the foundation of all structural transformations of the region’s economy, the basis of the regional innovation infrastructure, should be based on automated high technologies and computerized systems with an end-to-end “paperless” cycle: “design - production - control - implementation”. It follows that the most important regional problem in the formation and development of an innovative economy is the solution of scientific-methodological and organizational-technological issues related to the development, creation and development of automated integrated design and production systems that automatically carry out an end-to-end “paperless” cycle and combine innovation-oriented research and development in one system , development work, processes of technological preparation and production planning, ultimately aimed at creating innovative products. Moreover, in such systems the three main stages characteristic of the creation of a new knowledge-intensive system must be automated in an end-to-end chain: design of innovations; production and assembly of a prototype of a new knowledge-intensive system; commissioning and testing of a new knowledge-intensive system.

An important problem that requires an urgent solution in the conditions of an innovative economy is the rapid creation in the regions of an effective mechanism for information support of innovative activities. The effectiveness of this mechanism largely depends on the quality of continuous socio-economic monitoring of the regions. Such monitoring, in our opinion, should cover observation, analysis, assessment and forecast of the economic, social, environmental, scientific and innovation situation in the region in order to prepare management decisions and recommendations aimed at improving and developing innovation activities. Monitoring both innovation processes and more general processes of structural economic transformation in the region aims the regions to effectively manage these processes. Therefore, one of the main functions in the field of information support for the innovative economy should be the function of automated monitoring of structural transformations in the region. In this regard, it seems appropriate to create automated centers for innovation and information support (ARCI) in the regions to constantly maintain the update and operation of innovative knowledge data banks. In this case, we must proceed from the following position: subjects of innovation activity need, first of all, information that would contain appropriately organized technical, economic, market-market, statistical information, information on the characteristics of industrial products, technologies, machinery and equipment, materials, types of services and etc. And here an important role belongs to the marketing of innovations and innovative activities at enterprises in the region as an integral part of the information support of innovative ergonomics. Innovation marketing, representing a set of activities to study all issues related to the process of selling innovative products of enterprises, namely: studying the consumer and studying the motives of his behavior in the market; researching an innovative product and channels for its sale; studying competitors and determining the competitiveness of their innovative product; studying the “niche” of the market in which the enterprise has the best opportunities to realize its advantages - should become one of the leading structures of ARCI.

The creation at the regional level of industries and enterprises of such a fundamentally new information structure - an automated integrated information system focused on comprehensive information support for the innovative economy - will contribute to the successful solution of the most important task of the state's innovative economy: ensuring the competitiveness of enterprises, industries, regions and the country as a whole.

The formation of an innovative economy largely depends on the creation of an effective mechanism for managing practical implementation in regions of complex innovative projects.And here without state support innovation processes cannot be avoided. The need for financial and legal support for science and innovation, intensification of innovation activities, transition to new forms of solving economic, environmental and social problems regions characteristic of an innovative economy, urgently require regional government bodies to develop a responsible policy in relation to the management and development of innovation activity in the region, to intensify interaction on this issue between regional government bodies and federal ones. The main form of such interaction, in our opinion, should be scientific and technical programs: government, financed from federal budget, when priority national economic problems are solved on the basis of the scientific and innovative potential of the regions and regional ones - with shared financing of the state and the region.

For the successful implementation of regional innovation policy for the formation of an innovative economy, a set of scientific, organizational and technical measures must be carried out, the main ones of which, in the author’s opinion, are the following.

1. Development of a concept for the development of innovation activity and innovation infrastructure in the region with the identification of long-term strategic goals and means of achieving them within the framework of the formation of an innovative economy.

2. Development of a program for innovative development of the region, which should be a targeted document indicating by resources, implementers and timing a set of activities aimed at achieving the goals of innovative development of the region.

3. Inclusion of the main provisions of the region’s innovative development program into the program of its socio-economic development.

4. Organization of practical activities of local and regional administration implementation and adoption of relevant regulations of regional significance, as well as their implementation of organizational and information support for this program.

We consider it necessary to highlight next position. In the conditions of development of innovative activity (in a society with an innovative economy), the attitude towards the main productive force society - a person of highly intellectual, highly productive labor. The role of highly qualified specialists in the wine economy is very important and will constantly grow. Therefore, in our deep conviction, training personnel capable of effectively managing innovation processes, developing and implementing innovative projects is a priority regional and federal problem. In this regard, it should be emphasized that the objective need for innovative development and the formation of an innovative economy require the development of a new concept of personnel training. In the author’s opinion, it should be based on the following principles:

· formation, development and self-realization of a creative personality;

· constant focus on generating promising scientific and technical innovations and finding ways and methods for their practical implementation in innovation;

· focus on training highly qualified and highly intelligent specialists, system managers of innovation activities;

· consideration of education and training as an integral part of the production process, and the costs of training - not as costs for workers, but as long-term investments necessary for the prosperity of enterprises, industries and regions;

· training in managing the social and psychological aspects of the process of creating high-tech innovations, using creative potential team accelerated large-scale implementation of innovative developments into practice;

· creation of a system of continuous training and advanced training of personnel, integrated into the system of production of innovative products;

· cooperation between universities and other universities in the region with leading enterprises in the region implementing innovative projects, and their joint activities in the field of development curricula, publication of textbooks and monographs on innovative technologies, systems of machines and equipment, in the training of highly qualified specialists in new professions and promising scientific and innovative areas.

Innovative practice (production of knowledge-intensive innovative services in the broad sense) requires working capital. It is almost impossible to obtain this working capital (for example, a loan) in modern conditions without special support measures. Therefore, at present, domestic production of innovative services, deprived of working capital, is losing the best (knowledge-intensive) projects in the country to foreign companies that use a balanced foreign market to obtain the required working capital. The research we have carried out, as well as the analysis of advanced domestic and foreign experience, shows that in an innovative economy, in order to eliminate the mentioned disadvantage, it is necessary to combine the innovation and investment functions under a single management. Such an association will help to increase the interest of performers in the successful implementation of all stages of a single innovation and investment cycle, which can be achieved by focusing all performers on the final result: responsible delivery of innovative products on a turnkey basis and participation in the sale and support of created innovative goods and services.

An effective mechanism for implementing a single innovation-investment cycle is innovation-engineering-investment centers (firms, enterprises). Such III centers will be able to ensure the effective production of knowledge-intensive innovation and investment services at the expense of their own working capital with subsequent (based on the results obtained) investments in new projects, etc. From the above it follows that the intensification of the formation of an innovative economy is associated with the accelerated creation of a domestic innovation and engineering -investment in network infrastructure distributed across all regions.

So, to summarize our vision of the formation and development of the economy in our country in the 21st century, we will try to briefly answer the following three questions:

1. What is the strategic goal of forming and developing the economy in Russia for the near future?

2. What resources will be used to ensure the achievement of the strategic goal?

3. How to ensure the achievement of a strategic goal with the intended resource?

The strategic goal of economic development in our country in the coming years should be the comprehensive development of domestic industries and territories to the level of their competitiveness in the world.

The main resource for achieving this goal should be higher school. The higher education system, which provides the main component of development - personnel, must be urgently supplemented with an innovative component. System higher education should and can perform the functions of a system coordinator for the restoration and development of enterprises and territories of the country.

To ensure effective achievement of the strategic goal, infrastructure high school Russia should be supplemented with innovation and investment structures (centers, complexes, companies, institutes...) so that universities form educational, scientific and innovative complexes. It is the higher education system that is the most promising for building on its basis a Russian innovation and investment network, which should play the role of a bridge connecting science and production in all regions and industries. This is explained by the following properties of the domestic higher school: the distribution of higher education across all regions; high scientific and technical potential of higher education; the universality of the higher education system, its intersectoral nature: scientific schools of Russian universities cover all areas of the country's economy; interaction of higher education through its graduates with all regional and industry structures; relatively high level information support systems for higher education, including global and local computer information networks connected into a single system; high public support for higher education; flexibility of the higher education system.

The main advantage of the proposed approach is that through such development of the higher education system, it is possible to effectively integrate the results of university, academic and industrial science in Russia, as well as the advanced results of science from the world community in the creation, implementation of innovative projects and the development of innovative activities, which is a prerequisite for creating an effective innovative economy in the country.

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In 2000, the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade prepared an extensive document - “The main directions of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation in long term perspective", which determined the strategic priorities of the state's economic policy for the period until 2010. From the first days of the new millennium, the attention of the president and the government, led during the first presidential term of V. V. Putin by Prime Minister M. M. Kasyanov, was focused on solving a series of urgent issues.

Soon after his election, the president proclaimed the need for “equidistant oligarchs” from power, i.e. elimination of unjustified privileges and, consequently, income that some entrepreneurs had due to “special” relationships with officials and politicians. Public attention was drawn to this topic in 2003 during the investigation of the so-called “YUKOS case,” when many accents concerning the responsibility of big business to the state and society were strengthened. The authorities sought to create equal “rules of the game” for all participants in economic activity. Law of the Russian Federation “On combating money laundering”. To implement this task, in November 2001, a new body was established under the Ministry of Finance - the Financial Monitoring Committee. Russia has joined the international financial intelligence community.

The improvement of the business climate was facilitated by the adoption at the end of 2000 of new Tax and Customs Codes, as well as additions to Civil Code RF. The tax scale was reduced from 30 to 13% and became the lowest in Europe, which created the preconditions for many sectors of the economy to emerge from the “shadow”. Customs import duties have been reduced. These measures have already led to a noticeable replenishment of the treasury through taxes and customs duties in 2001. But ways to further optimize the tax system are also being discussed.

In 2000-2003 Important steps have been taken to deepen market reforms in sectors called “natural monopolies.” Already implemented and planned reforms in the management of the oil, gas industry, electric power industry, in the railway transport system and the housing and communal services sector are aimed at creating a competitive environment and attracting investment, which should lead to a qualitative improvement in the situation in these areas. Many ministers of the economic block of the government proceeded from the fact that public administration is ineffective “by definition” and therefore the state should retain in its ownership only those objects that are necessary for the implementation of its functions. On this basis, further privatization of state-owned enterprises was carried out, which gradually covered new industries.

Of enormous economic as well as political significance was the adoption by the Duma in September 2001 of a new Land Code, which secured ownership of land and determined the mechanism for its purchase and sale. The document did not affect only agricultural lands. However, already in June 2002, parliament approved the law “On the turnover of agricultural land,” which authorized the purchase and sale of this category of land. The adopted act was compared in significance with the reform of Alexander II. Aimed at improving the situation in the agricultural sector preferential lending agricultural enterprises, increasing supplies of equipment, some protectionist measures.

In 2000-2004 The country's leadership has repeatedly expressed concern about the “raw materials bias” in the development of Russian industry. The strategic goal is to achieve progress in industries based on modern technologies and producing high-tech products. The need to ensure a breakthrough in those areas where Russian science meets the world level was pointed out.

In this regard, the state began to pay more attention to the defense-industrial complex (DIC), which has traditionally concentrated colossal highly intellectual potential. Expansion of financing and beginnings in the defense industry. The transformations are aimed at solving problems of both a military and civilian nature.

New economic policy initiatives have already had a positive effect. Over the past three years, the state budget has been in surplus. This made it possible to raise the question of preparing the country’s transition to sustainable and more dynamic economic development.

Positive changes in the national economy have made it possible to significantly strengthen the social orientation of the policies being pursued. By the end of 2000, it was possible to pay off most of the months-long arrears of wages, benefits and pensions. In 2001-2004 Salaries for various categories of workers were increased several times budgetary sphere, pensions have been increased. Gradually, citizens' real incomes began to grow. New jobs appeared, which in 2001 alone led to a reduction in the number of unemployed by 700 thousand people. A new Labor Code and a package of laws on pension reform have been adopted. For the future social development increasing allocations to support scientific, cultural and educational institutions has a beneficial effect. The government pays special attention to the modernization of secondary and higher schools.