President of the Mongolian Mining Association. How a Russian businessman creates companies on the Mongolian market

Mongolia is an agrarian-industrial country. Mongolia currently trades with more than 80 countries around the world. Trade turnover is more than 2 billion US dollars. If until the 1990s, 90% of Mongolia’s foreign trade was trade with the USSR, today more than 40% is trade with Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China, and the remainder is occupied by trade with such highly developed countries like Japan, USA, South Korea, Switzerland.

Although more people live in cities, Mongolia's economy remains centered on industries such as agriculture and mining. Mineral resources such as copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten and gold make up a significant part of the country's industrial production.

In the period from 1924 to 1991. The MPR received large financial and economic assistance from the USSR. At its peak, this aid accounts for one third of its GDP. In the early 1990s and into the next decade, Mongolia's economy experienced a severe recession followed by stagnation. Extensive droughts in the summer and winter of 2001 and 2002 had a serious impact on agriculture and led to a marked slowdown in growth Country's GDP. In Mongolia high level inflation. World financial crisis caused a decline in many industries dependent on exports and investment from abroad.

Due to Mongolia's harsh continental climate, agriculture remains vulnerable to natural disasters such as severe drought and cold. The country consists of small arable lands, but about 80% of the territory is used as pasture. Majority rural population occupied by grazing livestock consisting of sheep, goats, cattle, horses and camels. Mongolia has more livestock per capita than any other country in the world. Wheat, potatoes and other vegetables are also grown, in addition to tomatoes and watermelons. GDP at PPP: $9.48 billion (2008). GDP per capita PPP (2008): $3,200. Unemployment rate: 2.8% (2008).

Industry of Mongolia

Industrial growth - 4.1% in 2002. Electricity production in 2005 - 3.24 billion kWh. Electricity consumption - 3.37 billion kWh. Electricity export - 18 million kWh. Import of electricity - 130 million kWh.

Statistical indicators of Mongolia
(as of 2012)

Extractive industry. Despite the abundance of mineral deposits, their development is still limited. There are 4 brown coal deposits in Mongolia (Nalaikha, Sharyngol, Darkhan, Baganur). In the south of the country, in the area of ​​the Taban Tolgoi mountain range, coal was discovered, the geological reserves of which amount to billions of tons. Medium-sized deposits of tungsten and fluorspar have long been known and are being developed. Copper-molybdenum ore found in Treasure Mountain (Erdenetiin ovoo) led to the creation of a mining and processing plant, around which the city of Erdenet was built. Oil was discovered in Mongolia in 1951, after which an oil refinery was built in Sain Shanda, a city southeast of Ulaanbaatar, near the border with China (oil production ceased in the 1970s). Near Lake Khubsugul, gigantic deposits of phosphorites were discovered and their mining even began, but soon, due to environmental considerations, all work was reduced to a minimum. Even before the start of reforms in Mongolia, with the help of the USSR, the search for zeolites, minerals of the aluminosilicate group, which are used in animal husbandry and agriculture as adsorbents and biostimulants, was carried out unsuccessfully.

Currently, the main branch of the mining industry is coal (mainly lignite). Most of the coal production is concentrated at the Sharyn-Gol coal mine (annual production of over 1 million tons), near the city of Darkhan, as well as at the Nalaya mine (with a capacity of over 600 million tons). There are a number of smaller sections in the Under Khan area and others. Electricity production is at thermal power plants (the largest thermal power plant in Darkhan). Manufacturing industry. The light and food industry accounts for over one second of the gross industrial products, over one second of employed workers. The largest enterprises are: an industrial plant with 8 factories and factories in Ulaanbaatar, Choibalsanei, etc. In the building materials industry, an important place among the enterprises is occupied by a house-building plant in Ulaanbaatar, a cement and brick factory in Darkhan.

Initially, local industry was based almost exclusively on the processing of livestock raw materials, and the main types of products were woolen fabrics, felt, leather goods, and food products. Lots of new ones industrial enterprises appeared in Mongolia after the end of World War II - especially in the 1950s and early 1960s, when the country received significant financial assistance from the Soviet Union and China. In the 1980s, local industry provided approximately 1/3 of Mongolia's national product, while in 1940 it was only 17%. After the end of World War II, the share of heavy industry in total industrial production increased significantly. There are over two dozen cities with enterprises of national importance: in addition to the already mentioned Ulaanbaatar and Darkhan, the largest are Erdenet, Sukhbaatar, Baganur, Choibalsan. Mongolia produces more than a thousand types of industrial and agricultural products, most of which are consumed domestically; furs, wool, leather, leather and fur products, livestock and animal products, phosphorites, fluorites, and molybdenum ore are exported.

Agriculture of Mongolia

Agriculture has always formed the basis of the Mongolian economy. In the context of the transition to the market, its importance has increased. It employs 50% of the country's population (in 1950 - about 80%), and produces more than 40% of GDP. In terms of livestock per capita, we rank third in the world, second only to Australia and New Zealand. Until the early 40s, when industry formed into an independent sphere, agriculture was the only industry material production in the country. As recently as 1950, it produced 60% of national income. Then its share decreased: in 1970 - to 25%, in 1975 - to 22.4%. Currently, it has increased slightly – to almost 30%. At the same time, over 50% of export products are agricultural raw materials, and taking into account products made from them - over 70%.

The level and pace of agricultural development largely determine the most important national economic proportions. Such traditional industries as light and food industries completely depend on its condition, since the costs of agricultural raw materials constitute the bulk of their production costs. Pastoralism is still the main economic activity. Today, Mongolia is among the leading countries in the world in terms of livestock per capita (approximately 12 heads per person).

Based on the law on foreign investment adopted in 1990, citizens of other countries were given the opportunity to own shares of various types of enterprises - from companies with 100% foreign capital to joint companies. New laws were passed regarding taxation and banking operations, credit and debt obligations. In May 1991, the privatization law came into force, according to which state property could pass into the hands of “law-abiding” citizens (that is, those who have not previously committed serious crimes) permanently residing in the country. Each citizen was given a special investment coupon that could be bought, sold or given to any other person. Holders of such coupons became active participants special auctions through which state property was privatized. Later, in 1991, “state farms” and cooperative livestock associations were liquidated, and the transfer of land and livestock to private ownership began.

Foreign trade of Mongolia

Mongolia, as a member of the World Trade Organization in March 2005, presented its trade policy, which is quite liberal. In 2002, the Government of Mongolia established uniform five percent customs rates on most imported goods. For the further development of Mongolia’s foreign trade, the decision of the European Union on the inclusion of Mongolia is important, as developing country with vulnerable economies and as landlocked countries into the GSP+ program. Thus, from July 1, 2005, Mongolian goods began to be imported into the European market without customs duties.

The total turnover in foreign trade for the first half of 2008 amounted to 2,971.3 million US dollars, including exports of 1,276.3 million dollars, imports of 1,695.0 million dollars. The deficit amounted to 418.7 million US dollars, which is 386.5 million US dollars more compared to the same period last year. The total trade turnover compared to the same period in 2007 increased by 74.3%, exports - by 52.6%, imports - by 95.2%. The negative balance of foreign trade was significantly affected by the growth of imports, which is 42.6 points more than the volume of exports.

Imports mainly consist of petroleum products, equipment and spare parts, vehicles, metals, chemicals, Construction Materials, food and consumption. In 2004, imports amounted to $1 billion.

In 2005 imported goods came from: Russia - 34.5%, China - 27.4%, Japan - 7.1%, South Korea - 5.3%. In the total volume of imports, mineral products increased by $196.4 million, pulp, paper, cardboard and products made from them - by $189.2 million, vehicles - by $133.7 million, cars, electrical equipment, televisions, spare parts - by 92.3 million. dollars, metallurgical products - by 68.1 million dollars, food products - by 37.2 million dollars.

Mongolian exports include: minerals (copper, molybdenum, tin, spar concentrate), raw materials of animal origin (wool, cashmere, leather, fur), consumer goods (leather, sheepskin, leather products, carpets, cashmere, camel knitwear, wool blankets and cashmere). The country's interior is rich in mineral resources, including vast deposits of coal, iron ore, tin, copper, uranium, petroleum, zinc, molybdenum, phosphorus, tungsten, gold, fluorite and semi-precious stones.

Exports: ($2.5 billion in 2008) - copper, molybdenum concentrate, meat, live cattle, animal products, goat fluff, wool, hides, coal. The main buyers in 2008 are China (76%), Canada (9%), Russia (3%). Imports: ($3.6 billion in 2008) - fuel, machinery, cars, food, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea. The main suppliers in 2008 are Russia (35%), China (29%), Japan (8%). External debt- $1.6 billion (in 2008).

Mongolia is a member of the World Trade Organization (since 1997). The country's main trading partners are China and Russia, and Mongolia's economy largely depends on these countries. In 2006, 68.4% of Mongolia's exports went to China, while imports accounted for only 29.8%. Mongolia imports about 95% of its petroleum products and a significant share of its electricity from Russia, making the country extremely economically dependent.

Transport of Mongolia

The main modes of transport in Mongolia are: railway, road, air, water. The Mongolian Railway is a railway on the territory of Mongolia. The official name is the Russian-Mongolian joint-stock company “Ulaanbaatar Railway”. Rail transport accounts for 80% of all freight and 30% of all passenger traffic in Mongolia. Following the democratic revolution in the 1990s, Mongolia experienced a decline in freight and passenger traffic. But already in 2001, passenger traffic indicators recovered to their previous level and amounted to 4.1 million passengers per year. By 2005, the volume of freight traffic had also recovered.

Train of the Trans-Mongolian Railway in the Gobi DesertToday, the Mongolian Railway is one of the leading sectors of the economy of Mongolia, on the work of which the economic development of the entire country largely depends. At the beginning of 2005, the operational technology of the Mongolian Railway was radically changed, as a result of which the qualitative and quantitative indicators of the road were improved: the turnover of cars was doubled and the average weight of trains was increased. Total length railways for 2004 - 1810 km.

Automobile transport. There are 75 thousand km of highways in Mongolia, according to state records, but they are almost entirely unpaved, that is, in any direction there are half a dozen well-trodden paths, some of them lead to a yayla, a watering hole, a somon or a settlement that has not yet migrated from these places And as a result, you cannot travel without a guide! Herders only know directions. Nobody cares where any of these roads lead. The driver of a truck, UAZ jeep, and a guide in an SUV minibus know their roads by signs. There are no signs. Road culture in the pre-conception period. The map is often a source of misinformation. Mountain rivers have demolished bridges, now there is no one to restore them, new roads have been built on the plain in the desert, where rivers can be forded.

The asphalt road surface starts from Erdene, which is 72 km east of Ulaanbaatar, the road to the first capital of Genghis Khan, Kharkhorin, is paved and continues 300 km to the aimak center of Arvaikheer. The soil in Mongolia is rocky, in the mountains the road is made of coarse crushed stone and small cobblestones, and in the desert it is made of coarse sand and small gravel. Transitional form from one road condition to another “washboard” wave wheel modulation of the soil by heavy machines.

Air Transport. As of 2006, there were 44 airports in Mongolia. Of these, 12 had runways with artificial turf. Ten of these stripes had lengths in the region from 2438 to 3047 meters, and the other two were between 1524-2437 meters.

Chinggis Khan International Airport, located in the suburbs of Ulaanbaatar, is the only international airport in Mongolia. Direct flights are available to Berlin, Moscow, Beijing, Hohhot, Seoul, Yekaterinburg, Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude and Tokyo.

The remaining 32 airports have unpaved runways. On two of them the runway is over 3047 meters, on three - between 2438-3047 meters, on twenty-four - between 1524-2437 meters, on two more - between 914-1523 meters, and one airport whose runway is as long as less than 914 meters. Mongolia also has one heliport.

According to information as of June 2007, airlines operating in Mongolia are: MIAT (Mongolian Irgeniy Agaaryn Teever), Aero Mongolia, and Isinis Airways. They operate both domestic and international flights. Water transport. In Mongolia, 580 km of rivers and lakes are navigable, but more or less water transport developed only on Lake Khubsugol. Selenga and Orkhon are also navigable (the length of the navigable sections is 270 and 175 km, respectively), but water transport on them is insignificantly developed, although a border boat on the Selenga River patrols the Russian-Mongolian border. Lakes and rivers freeze in winter; navigation usually opens in May and ends in September.

Marine fleet. Mongolia is the second largest landlocked country in the world (after Kazakhstan). However, this did not prevent her from registering her ship register (The Mongolia Ship Registry Pte Ltd) in February 2003. Since registration, Mongolia has been systematically increasing the number of ships flying its flag. And in 2003, revenues to the treasury amounted to about $20,000,000.

Banking system of Mongolia

Perestroika began back in the early 90s banking system, as a result it became two-tiered - central bank stopped doing normal activities banking activities, at the same time, banks with private and public capital were able to work. The prerequisites for such a transition were created only with the adoption in mid-1991 of the Law on Banks and the Law on the Mongol Bank (on the central bank). The main direction of the reforms was the abandonment of the state monopoly, the formation of a banking system that meets the requirements market relations and complying with generally accepted standards and norms.

Currently, the main factors determining the place Central Bank in the economy of Mongolia, are the system of existing laws, the relationship of the measures taken by it with economic policy, principles of interaction with the banking system. The Law on the Central Bank stipulates its complete independence in the sphere of direct activities.

So, in a short period of time, a new monetary system was created in the country, which is one of the key elements of the economic mechanism and the driving force of the market economy. Commercial banks became the main lenders and investors. Today there are 16 commercial banks operating in Mongolia, their total declared authorized capital as of January 1, 1999 amounted to 24.4 billion tugriks, i.e. 40% more than in 1994. Naturally, the Central Bank (Mongolbank) occupies a leading position in the country's banking system. It develops the main directions of monetary policy and determines the specific tasks that must be solved in the coming year.

During the entire period of transition to market economy financial stabilization is a priority of monetary policy. If before 1996 the achievement of this goal was associated primarily with anti-inflationary measures, then at the present stage the problems of maintaining economic growth and creating conditions for investment activity are coming to the fore. At the same time, thanks to the relatively tight monetary and budget policy managed to reverse the negative trends in the economy and keep inflation under control and exchange rate. As a result, after a sharp decline in production that lasted four years, growth resumed in 1994. In particular, GDP began to increase, which amounted to 6.3% in 1995, 2.6% in 1996, 3.3% in 1997, and 3.5% in 1998. At the same time, there was a tendency to reduce the rate of price growth. If in 1992, at the very peak of inflation, its index reached 325%, then in the following years this area was brought under control, and in 1998 it was only 6%.

Despite the generally positive nature economic development, in Mongolia, in my opinion, there is still a threat of inflationary surges due to the decline in production in some industries, dependence on imports, large budget deficit, as well as the growth in society of unresolved social problems. Because of this, Mongolbank continues to face the challenges of ensuring the stability of the national currency, restructuring the banking system and maintaining macroeconomic stability.

The most difficult elements of the reforms were the reorganization monetary system and liberalization of foreign trade. Its small size and over-reliance on imports made the Mongolian economy particularly sensitive to changes in the value of the tugrik. In this area, the Central Bank and the government were faced with a dilemma: to accept a flexible or fixed exchange rate.

Source - http://www.legendtour.ru/
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During the years of people's power, industry has been created in Mongolia, becoming an important branch of the national economy. Mongolia has transformed from an agricultural country into an agrarian-industrial one. Before the 1921 revolution, Mongolia had no industry and no working class. Processing of livestock products - leather processing, sheepskin dressing, felt rolling, as well as blacksmithing, carpentry and other types of production - were artisanal in nature and served the on-farm needs of the Mongolian population. Actually, Mongolian industrial enterprises included a small number of coal mines in the Nalaikha tract. In certain areas of the country (the basin of Iro, Khar, etc.), foreign capitalists were predatory in the mining of gold and precious stones; they also owned small handicraft enterprises for the primary processing of wool and leather, carpentry, metalwork, blacksmithing and other workshops. The country was entirely dependent on the import of industrial products from other countries.

One of the main tasks of the People's Government was to create a national industry, but the lack of sufficient funds and skilled workers created great difficulties along this path. From the very first years of the Mongolian revolution, the Soviet Union began to provide significant assistance in the creation of the Mongolian national industry.

The creation of a national industry was outlined in the decisions of the Third Congress of the MPRP and the First Great People's Khural of the MPR (1924). The industry of Mongolia was created from the very beginning as the foundation of the socialist sector of the national economy. In the creation of industry, two stages can be distinguished, determined by the specific historical characteristics of the country.

At the first stage (1921 -1940), mainly the light and food industries developed, and the foundations of the energy industry were laid. In the 1920s, the construction of modern enterprises engaged in processing began. various types livestock raw materials. By 1933, mechanical and brick factories and a power plant and a sawmill on the river came into operation in Ulaanbaatar. Iro and other enterprises. In 1931, construction began on the largest light and food industry enterprise in Mongolia - the Ulaanbaatar Industrial Plant, and in 1934 its construction was completed. This enterprise subsequently became a source of personnel for socialist industry. In those same years, the Khatkhyl wool washing factory came into operation.

The successful development of the light and food industries required the creation of the foundations of the fuel and energy industry. The coal mines in Nalaikha were significantly expanded and mechanized. New coal mines were created - in the area of ​​Yugotzyr, Under-Khan, Sain-Shand and in other places. A unified power plant was created in Ulaanbaatar in 1939, and small power plants came into operation in aimags.

At the first stage, the republic also began to develop individual rudiments of metalworking production (a mechanical plant with an iron foundry was created in 1928), a building materials industry, printing, and gold processing industries.

So, in public sector national economy for 1921-1940. The foundations of Mongolian industry were created.

At the second socialist stage of the Mongolian revolution (“since 1940), the industry of Mongolia has been successfully developing. The party and the government pay great attention to the development of industry. The amount of investment in industry in 1960 increased 16 times compared to 1941. From 1940 to 1960 (over 20 years) gross industrial output increased by 7.5 times. individual species industrial output per capita in 1960 increased in the following amounts compared to 1940: electricity - 7.2 times, coal - 2.8 times, kripich - 27 times, woolen fabrics - 4 times, leather shoes - 3.3 times.

The development of industry leads to a change in its share in the country's economy. If in 1940 specific gravity industrial output accounted for 17% of the total gross output of the national economy, then in 1960 it reached 34.4%.

The food industry currently accounts for over 40% of all industrial products. Various branches of the food industry are developing, such as butter, dairy, meat processing, etc. Hundreds of butter factories and separating stations have been built in aimags. Previously, Mongolia did not produce commercial butter, but now it exports it.

Ulaanbaatar Industrial Plant is the largest enterprise processing agricultural products. It includes a whole complex of plants and factories equipped with the latest technology. There are wool washing, cloth, worsted, fulling and felting, shoe, saddlery and textile factories, sheepskin and fur factories, tanning, chrome, chevre factories and other industries. The industrial plant also produces felt, various woolen fabrics, drape, cloth, shoes of various models, felt boots, beautiful blankets made of camel wool, coats, bags, etc. Its products become an important export item. The plant is continuously expanding. As the plant grew, its individual workshops were separated into independent new enterprises.

The Ulaanbaatar dairy plant processes tens of tons of milk and cream per day. All technological processes are mechanized and automated. It produces pasteurized milk, kefir, cream, butter, cottage cheese, cheese curds, ice cream and other dairy products. Near Ulaanbaatar there is a large meat processing plant equipped with modern high-performance equipment. On the basis of semi-finished products of the plant, in addition to the sausage factory, there are enterprises for the production of canned food, soap, bone products, etc. A significant part of the products of the meat processing industry is exported.

Now the food industry of the Mongolian People's Republic is represented by meat, butter, bakery and confectionery, alcohol and vodka, fish and other industries. There is also a confectionery factory in Ulaanbaatar, a dairy factory in Sukhbaatar, and bakery, confectionery, sausage production, etc. in many regions of the republic.

IN last years One new branch of the food industry has appeared in the republic - flour milling. The existing mill plant named after. XXII Congress of the CPSU in Ulaanbaatar (25 thousand tons of flour per year) and a number of other mechanized flour milling enterprises in aimags. Mongolia now fully meets the population's need for flour through own production. All production processes in the flour milling industry are mechanized.

In recent years, the energy, coal, oil, metalworking, mining, construction, woodworking, paper, printing and pharmaceutical and other industries have also been successfully developing in the country.

The average annual increase in industrial production was in 1948-1952. 1.4%, and in 1958-1960. 17.9%.

The growth rate of industry in Mongolia, as a less developed country economically countries, significantly exceed the growth rates of other socialist countries, which step by step brings the industrial development of the Mongolian People's Republic closer to the level of advanced ones.

The Mongols rightly see the creation and development of industry as the basis for the development of all other sectors of the national economy. For example, successful development The chemical, pharmaceutical and bio-industry is of great importance for the intensification of livestock farming.

The development of industry in Mongolia is determined by the fuel and energy balance, where the coal industry occupies the main place. Currently, 13 large deposits of brown and hard coal, including coking coal, have already been discovered in the Mongolian People's Republic. The most significant production of high-grade coal occurs in the Nalaykha region, near Ulaanbaatar. There are coal mines in Tumen-Tsogto, Bain-Bulak, Under-Khan, Sain-Shand, Dzun-Bulak and Taban-Tologoy. In some areas of the country, in particular in the Ubur-Khangai and Sukhbaatar aimags, coal mines were opened, which began to meet the needs of not only their own aimags, but also some neighboring ones. Thanks to the commissioning of new mines and equipment new technology old coal production in the republic increased by 15.9% compared to 1961. In the Darkhan region, in the river basin. Sharyn-Gola, Mongolian geologists have found reserves of high-quality coal. Deposits of iron ore, asbestos, lime and other valuable minerals were also discovered here. To use these natural resources An industrial and energy complex is being built in the Darkhan area of ​​the Selenga aimag. As a result of the development of the Sharyn-Gol coal basin, Mongolia can fully supply the needs of the national economy of the republic with coal. The new city of Darkhan is called the “Flower of Friendship” in Mongolia. In the construction of these complex enterprises, Mongolia is being greatly assisted by the countries participating in the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance of Socialist Countries. With the help of the Soviet Union, the main facilities of the complex are being built - a coal mine, a railway line, a high-voltage power line and an elevator. A new socialist city is emerging here - a major industrial and cultural center of the country.

With the growth of the fuel base and industry as a whole, electricity production increases. Most aimak centers and state farms operate local power plants. Electrification of the country promotes mechanization and automation of production.

Electricity consumption will increase in 1965 by 3.5 times compared to 1960, and the average annual increase in power plant capacity will be 28%. In 1961 -1965 The fifth expansion of the Ulaanbaatar Thermal Power Plant will be carried out, and the Tolgoit power station will be built near Ulaanbaatar. It is planned to build power plants in Selenginsky, Bayan-Ulegeyekom and other aimags, as well as in Dzunkhara and Kharkhorin. The capacity of power plants in the country will increase by 1.7 times, and rural diesel power plants - by 2 times.

The oil industry appeared, a completely new branch of industry, the existence of which could not have been known in pre-revolutionary Mongolia. In the Eastern Gobi Lately a large oil field was created. A young white-stone city of oil workers, Dzunbayan, grew up here, with cultural and community facilities and even a swimming pool. Currently, Mongolia produces about half of the gasoline consumed in the country. The oil industry satisfies a significant part of the country's needs.

The mining industry of the MPR produces gold, manganese, tungsten, magnetic iron ore, lead, rock crystal, turquoise and other colored and precious metals, various salts, etc. Mining enterprises are built on the site of rich mineral deposits. Mongolia exports tungsten, fluorspar, rare and non-ferrous metals, etc.

The metalworking industry of the MPR is represented by a mechanical plant with an iron foundry. The plant produces cultivators, hillers, transport and horse rakes, and cast iron.

Marble, limestone, asbestos, gypsum, and mineral paints are mined in the republic. Based on these raw materials, the building materials industry is developing. In recent years, several factories for the production of lime, cement, slate, brick and other building materials have been commissioned, including a house-building plant in Sukhbaatar, a large-panel house-building plant in Ulaanbaatar, a glass factory in Nalaikha, and the Tolgoitinsky brick factory. factory, brick, reinforced concrete factories in Ulaanbaatar. The country's first glass factory, which produces technical and household glassware, as well as art glass, vases and other products, is successfully operating. The factory is equipped with modern technology. 1960 The construction materials industry of the Mongolian People's Republic produced as many products as were produced in all previous five-year plans. It should be noted that the construction materials industry plays an important role in the Mongols' transition to sedentism. Every year, more and more comfortable houses, schools, hospitals, and cultural amenities are being built. institutions in Mongolian cities and towns.

The technical equipment of all industrial enterprises is constantly improving, in which the Soviet Union and other socialist countries are providing great assistance to Mongolia.

The development of industry in the Mongolian People's Republic entailed the emergence and development of the working class. As mentioned above, by the beginning of the revolution in feudal Mongolia, the main classes were secular and spiritual feudal lords and serf arats.

The Mongolian working class arose only under the conditions of the people's democratic stage of the revolution. It took shape under the leadership of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party in enterprises where socialist ownership of the means of production dominated. Therefore, its emergence was accompanied by a number of features that differed from the emergence of the working class in bourgeois society. The Mongolian working class did not know capitalist exploitation; it was formed as a bearer of socialist industrial relations. Developing in collaboration with the laboring arats, it became the leading force in the struggle of the Mongolian people for a gradual transition to socialism.

The Soviet working class also had a beneficial influence on the formation of the Mongolian working class. Mongolian national cadres of workers were trained in various ways. On the one hand, they acquired experience and knowledge in their production, working directly under the guidance of Soviet craftsmen, studied in special circles and technical educational institutions of the Mongolian People's Republic, on the other hand, many workers, engineers and technicians received and are receiving education in the Soviet Union. In recent years, training centers opened at large enterprises and organizations have begun to play an important role in the training of national workers. So, in 1951 such a plant was organized under

Ulaanbaatar Railway; Its task is to train railway workers of various specialties. In 1954, a training center was opened at the Zunbain oil fields in the East Gobi aimag. A common form of training workers, as well as improving their skills on-the-job, are technical minimum and advanced training clubs organized at enterprises. Mongolian workers are also studying the experience of workers in other socialist countries.

In an effort to increase economic power workers of their homeland compete for the best implementation of production plans, fight for the rationalization of production processes, for saving materials and costs.

Trade

Successes in the field of industrial and agricultural production contributed to the growth of trade turnover, which is carried out mainly by state and cooperative organizations.

Until 1921, internal and external trade in Mongolia was almost entirely in the hands of foreign capitalists; back in 1927, the share of foreign firms in the total turnover reached 67%; by the beginning of 1930, foreign firms had already been forced out of the Mongolian market. From this time on, both internal and external trade began to be mainly in the hands of Mongolian organizations, although private trade was also allowed. In 1951, the share of private trade did not exceed 6% of the volume of organized trade. Cooperative trade in the republic is carried out by consumer and trade cooperation. The number of shareholders of the cooperation reaches 250 thousand.

The volume of foreign trade of the republic increases every year. The MPR exports livestock, meat, wool, leather, furs, oil, and some types of minerals. From abroad, the MPR receives industrial equipment, agricultural machinery, means of transport and communications, tea, sugar, tobacco, fabrics, etc. The Soviet Union occupies the main place in the foreign trade of the MPR. Over the last period, economic ties have been developing with all socialist and many capitalist states.

In 1952, the MPR participated in the International Economic Conference in Moscow and repeatedly took part in international fairs in Leipzig and Plovdiv.

Transport and communications

Before the revolution in Mongolia, transport and communications were very poorly developed. Ox carts, pack camels and horses were the only means of transport. Service communication with aimaks and soums was carried out through urtons - postal stations. The latter were located at a distance of 30-40 km from each other. Before the revolution, the arats provided free horses for urtons, transported feudal lords, lamas and officials free of charge, and also maintained them for free. This was one of the difficult duties. All Arat farms paying the state cattle breeding tax were subject to urton duty. In 1949, the government of the MPR completely abolished this duty. Transportation of civil servants is carried out at the expense of the state.

Currently, all modern types of transport and communications have been created. Horse-drawn and pack transport, which until recently was the main means of communication, is now of an auxiliary nature. Regular road and air traffic connects all the most important regions of the country. There is a wide network of asphalt and dirt roads, road and railway bridges have been built and are being built. Motor transport bases, repair shops, supply points, etc. have been created in all aimags. The country's vehicle fleet numbers approximately 10 thousand vehicles. For every 100 people in the Mongolian People's Republic there are more cars than in some capitalist countries, and there are 3.7 times more trucks per capita than in Iran and 15.5 times more than in Pakistan.

Air transport in Mongolia is developing. The Soviet Union provided and continues to provide great assistance in this regard. A civil aviation fleet of the MPR has now been created, which services postal and passenger transportation between all aimags and Ulaanbaatar. Mongolian pilots serve international routes connecting Ulaanbaatar with Moscow and the capitals of other countries. Ulaanbaatar Airport accepts modern airliners such as IL-18 and others.

In 1956, the Trans-Mongolian railway went into operation, connecting the Mongolian People's Republic with the Soviet Union and China. New industrial enterprises, cities, and towns have emerged and are being built along the Trans-Mongolian Railway. These changes are especially noticeable in the Gobi Desert. The total length of railways in the Mongolian People's Republic is about 2000 km. The railways of the Mongolian People's Republic operate on diesel locomotive traction. At the end of 1960, railways accounted for 42% of all internal and external transportation of the MPR.

Shipping in the country is poorly developed, from large quantity rivers and lakes it is available only on the lake. Khubsugul (Kosogol), on the river. Selenga and partly its tributary Orkhon. Water transport accounts for an average of 7th part of the total cargo turnover. It mainly carries out foreign trade freight transportation.

Mongolia has all modern means of communication. A number of telephone exchanges have been put into operation, outdated systems are being replaced by more modern ones. An automatic telephone exchange for 10 thousand subscribers is being put into operation. Aimak centers are connected to the capital and to each other by telegraph and telephone. State farms and agricultural enterprises have been equipped with telephones and radios. The complete radioification of the country is planned. In 1960, a powerful central radio broadcasting station of the MPR, built with the fraternal assistance of the Soviet Union, was put into operation in Ulaanbaatar. It simultaneously transmits Mongolian radio programs on long wave and short wave. Created Montsame - Mongolian Telegraph Agency.

Thus, transport and communications have become an independent and new sector of the national economy for Mongolia; they occupy one of the first places in terms of technical equipment and power supply of labor. The rapid growth of all industries will cause further development of all types of transport and communications. The total volume of cargo turnover by all types of transport will increase by 90% over the five years, including by rail - by 11.5%, by road transport - by 2.9 times, by air transport - by 1.6 times.

However, new means of transportation have not yet destroyed the local horse-drawn and horse-drawn transportation developed by the long history of the Mongolian people, adapted to the natural conditions of the country.

The horse, bull, and camel continue to play an important role as riding and pack animals, and in some areas, mainly in the central and eastern parts of the country, they are used to harness two-wheeled carts. All Mongols - men, women and children - are excellent horsemen.

Previously, cargo transportation was mainly carried out only on oxen and camels. The oxen were harnessed to two-wheeled wooden carts of a very primitive design, in which there were no iron parts at all; cargo was transported on camels in packs; harnessing them to carts was practiced only in some areas of the eastern part of the country.

The population usually moved around the country on horseback, for which horses were used primarily, but bulls and camels were also used. The training of horses to harness began only after the revolution, and here for a long time the remnants of long-established traditions of special respectful attitude towards the horse were observed. So, for example, the owner preferred not to sit in a cart with a horse harnessed, but walked alongside or rode on another horse. New means of transportation, as indicated above, do not destroy the local horse-drawn and horse-drawn transportation developed by the long history of the Mongolian people. The peculiarities of material culture as a result of the centuries-old experience of the Mongol nomad are still very strong here. They are expressed in the design of pack and riding saddles, carts, in methods of saddling and packing animals, etc.

A pack saddle (yangirtsag) for a horse and a bull consists of two boards connected to each other by two massive wooden arms. The boards and arms are drilled and sewn together with thin straps. The girth is thrown over the saddle, and shallow grooves are cut into the boards for it. A potfeya (undertail) is attached to the ends of the rear boards. A felt saddle (tokum) is first placed on the animal’s back, and a saddle is secured on top of it. For camels, a different form of saddle is used. First, to protect the camel's back from abrasion and injury, its humps are wrapped in felt, pillows (hom) stuffed with wool are applied to the sides, and then the whole thing is pressed with sticks. To strengthen the pack on the camel's saddle, it is forced to lie on the ground by pulling the leash.

In the central and eastern regions, camels are harnessed to two-wheeled carts; for this purpose, a special felt saddle-collar is used, which is put on the front hump of the camel.

During long treks over sandy and pebble-covered areas, the soles of camels crack; in such cases the camels are laid on their sides, their legs are tied, and the cushion-shaped soles of their feet are stitched with leather using a long, curved needle.

INFORMATION FOR TOURISTS

ECONOMY OF MONGOLIA

Mongolia is an agrarian-industrial country. Mongolia currently trades with more than 80 countries around the world. Trade turnover is more than 2 billion US dollars. If until the 90s, 90% of Mongolia’s foreign trade was occupied by trade with the USSR, today more than 40% is trade with the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China, and the remainder is occupied by trade with such highly developed countries as Japan, the USA, South Korea, Switzerland.

Based on the results of the third quarter of 2005, the total foreign trade turnover of Mongolia is 1.27 billion US dollars, which is 11.6% more than in the same period in 2004. Imports increased by 150.6 million US dollars.
Mongolia exports goods and raw materials to 60 countries, of which 50.8% to China, 13.8% to Canada, 10.1% to the USA. 45.2% of total exports are minerals and mining products, 21.5% are sewing and knitwear, 25.6% are precious and semi-precious metals, 3.7% are raw leather and products made from it.
Mongolia imports more than 90% of its petroleum products from Russia, and the rest from China and Kazakhstan.

Mongolia, as a member of the World Trade Organization, in March 2005 presented its trade policy, which is quite liberal, for discussion by members of this organization. In 2002, the Government of Mongolia established uniform five percent customs rates on most imported goods. For the further development of Mongolia's foreign trade, the decision of the European Union to include Mongolia, as a developing country with a vulnerable economy and as a landlocked country, in the GSP+ program is important. Thus, from July 1, 2005, Mongolian goods began to be imported into the European market without customs duties.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ECONOMY OF MONGOLIA

Mongolia's economic activities have traditionally been based on agriculture and livestock raising. Mongolia also has extensive mineral deposits - the mining of copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten and gold accounts for a significant part of industrial production. Soviet aid, which previously amounted to up to a third of GDP, ceased after the collapse of the USSR. The Mongolian economy suffered a long decline, exacerbated by the reluctance of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) to carry out fundamental economic reforms. The Democratic Coalition government took the path of a market economy, weakened price controls, liberalized domestic and foreign trade, and attempted to rebuild the banking system in the energy sector. Large privatization programs were undertaken, measures to stimulate foreign investment were implemented (international tenders for the sale of a petroleum products trading company, the largest cashmere production company and banks). The progress of reforms was slowed by resistance from the former communist MPRP and political instability generated by the frequent change of governments of the Democratic Coalition (four governments changed). Following the crisis in 1996, caused by a number of natural disasters and a decrease in world prices for copper and cashmere, in 1997-99. economic growth followed. In August and September 1999, Mongolia's economy suffered from Russia's temporary ban on the export of oil and petroleum products. In 1997, Mongolia joined the World trade organization(WTO). At the last meeting of the Consultative Group in Ulaanbaatar in June 1999, foreign donors decided to allocate $300 million per year to Mongolia.

Meanwhile, Renaissance Capital experts called Mongolia's economy the fastest growing in the world. Thanks to huge reserves of mineral raw materials, the development of which is just beginning, and the development of the banking system. Mongolia's GDP in dollar terms will double by 2014, analysts believe. They noted that Mongolia is preparing to become a new asian tiger, and not just another source of raw materials in Central Asia"The information agency CA NEWS writes about this. (12/22/2009)

Natural resources of Mongolia. Despite the abundance of mineral deposits, their development is still limited. There are 4 brown coal deposits in Mongolia (Nalaikha, Sharyngol, Darkhan, Baganur). In the south of the country, in the area of ​​the Taban Tolgoi mountain range, coal was discovered, the geological reserves of which amount to billions of tons. Medium-sized deposits of tungsten and fluorspar have long been known and are being developed. Copper-molybdenum ore found in Treasure Mountain (Erdenetiin ovoo) led to the creation of a mining and processing plant, around which the city of Erdenet was built. Oil was discovered in Mongolia in 1951, after which an oil refinery was built in Sain Shanda, a city southeast of Ulaanbaatar, near the border with China (oil production ceased in the 1970s). Near Lake Khubsugul, gigantic deposits of phosphorites were discovered and their mining even began, but soon, due to environmental considerations, all work was reduced to a minimum. Even before the start of reforms in Mongolia, with the help of the USSR, the search for zeolites, minerals of the aluminosilicate group, which are used in animal husbandry and agriculture as adsorbents and biostimulants, was carried out unsuccessfully.

Labor resources of Mongolia. The working population in 2003 was 1.488 million people. Employment structure: agriculture/livestock - 42%, mining - 4%, manufacturing - 6%, trade - 14%, services - 29%, private sector - 5%, other -3.7%.

As of November 2009, about 40 thousand unemployed were registered in Mongolia. This is 10 thousand more than last year. And a record figure for the last 5 years. These data were announced by employees of the Employment and Social Services Department of Mongolia. According to the Office, employers offered more than 50 thousand jobs to the labor exchange, of which 57 percent were vacancies that did not require specialization, mostly auxiliary ones.

Market transformations in the economy in the 1990–2000s

The economic system of Mongolia on the eve of the start market reforms. Choosing a “shock” reform model. Main directions of economic transformations. Liberalization of economic activity, freeing prices. Institutional changes; privatization of state and cooperative property. Financial stabilization. The role of the state in the economy of modern Mongolia. The first results of reforms, their impact on the economy and social sphere. Prospects for deepening market reforms.

AGRICULTURE OF MONGOLIA

Agriculture has always been the basis of Mongolia's economy. In the context of the transition to the market, its importance has increased. It employs 50% of the country's population (in 1950 - about 80%), and produces more than 40% of GDP. In terms of livestock per capita, we rank third in the world, second only to Australia and New Zealand.

Until the early 40s, when industry formed into an independent sphere, agriculture was the only branch of material production in the country. As recently as 1950, it produced 60% of national income. Then its share decreased: in 1970 - to 25%, in 1975 - to 22.4%. Currently, it has increased slightly – to almost 30%. At the same time, over 50% of export products are agricultural raw materials, and taking into account products made from them - over 70%.

The level and pace of agricultural development largely determine the most important national economic proportions. Such traditional industries as light and food industries completely depend on its condition, since the costs of agricultural raw materials constitute the bulk of their production costs.

Pasture farming continues to be the main economic activity. Today, Mongolia is among the leading countries in the world in terms of livestock per capita (approximately 12 heads per person).

IN economic life In Mongolia, agriculture plays a secondary role. To correct this situation, the government developed and began implementing the “Revival of Agricultural Production” (Virgin Land-3) and “Green Revolution” programs.

INDUSTRY OF MONGOLIA

General characteristics of the industry. Specific features of industrialization of Mongolia. Stages of industrial development. Industry personnel. The ratio of mining and manufacturing industries. Dynamics of the main indicators of industrial development. Efficiency of industrial production.
Sectoral structure of industry. The current state and development trends of the main industries.
The impact of market reforms on industry in Mongolia. The role of external assistance in industrial development. Prospects for industrial development.

Industrial growth - 4.1% in 2002.

Electricity production in 2005 - 3.24 billion kWh.
Electricity consumption - 3.37 billion kWh.
Electricity export - 18 million kWh.
Import of electricity - 130 million kWh.

A significant number of manufacturing enterprises are concentrated in Ulaanbaatar, and in the city of Darkhan to the north of the capital there is a coal mining, iron foundry and steel smelting complex. Initially, local industry was based almost exclusively on the processing of livestock raw materials, and the main types of products were woolen fabrics, felt, leather goods, and food products. Many new industrial enterprises appeared in Mongolia after the end of World War II - especially in the 1950s and early 1960s, when the country received significant financial assistance from the Soviet Union and China. In the 1980s, local industry provided approximately 1/3 of Mongolia's national product, while in 1940 it was only 17%. After the end of World War II, the share of heavy industry in total industrial production increased significantly. There are over two dozen cities with enterprises of national importance: in addition to the already mentioned Ulaanbaatar and Darkhan, the largest are Erdenet, Sukhbaatar, Baganur, Choibalsan. Mongolia produces more than a thousand types of industrial and agricultural products, most of which are consumed domestically; furs, wool, leather, leather and fur products, livestock and animal products, phosphorites, fluorites, and molybdenum ore are exported.

CAPITAL CONSTRUCTION

Dynamics of capital investments in the economy of Mongolia. Structure of capital investments by economic sectors. Material base and construction personnel. The role of foreign aid in development capital construction. Basic forms of assistance.

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

In 1915, the Mongol Emperor Bogd VIII Zhavzandamba for the first time issued a decree addressed to the minister of the Great Khural and members of the Khural on the development of the mining industry and the construction of the railway.

Creation modern species transport after the revolution of 1921. Dynamics of freight turnover and passenger turnover of transport. The state and development trends of the main types of transport (railway, road, air, water). Prospects for transport development. "Millennium Road". Main types of communication in modern Mongolia(postal, telephone, telegraph, radio and television communications). Development mobile communications and the Internet.

FINANCIAL SYSTEM OF MONGOLIA

Basic links financial system modern Mongolia and its role in the development of the economy. State budget, ratio of central and local budgets. Structure of budget income and expenses.
Monetary system. The national currency is the tugrik and its exchange rate in relation to other currencies. Currency regulation.
Credit system. Formation and development of a two-tier banking system. The role and functions of the Central Bank. Development of a network of commercial banks. Credit and deposit operations of banks. Formation of the insurance system. Problems and difficulties in development credit system during the period of market reforms.

DOMESTIC TRADE

Basic forms of internal trade. State, cooperative and private trade, their relationship. Wholesale and retail. Domestic trade prices, the problem of inflation. Dynamics and structure of domestic trade turnover.

TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY

Diversity of approaches to economic zoning in Mongolia. Mongolia Zonal Development Concept (2002). Basic economic zones and their production specialization. The relationship between the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy.

LIVING STANDARD OF POPULATION

Living standards and social security in socialist Mongolia. A sharp drop in living standards during the initial period of market reforms. Dynamics of real income of the population in recent years. Social differentiation of the population. The problem of poverty and attempts to solve it. Employment problem; dynamics and structure of unemployment. The role of the state in solving social problems.

FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS

The total turnover in foreign trade for the first half of 2008 amounted to 2,971.3 million US dollars, including exports of 1,276.3 million dollars, imports of 1,695.0 million dollars. The deficit amounted to 418.7 million US dollars, which is 386.5 million US dollars more compared to the same period last year. The total trade turnover compared to the same period in 2007 increased by 74.3%, exports - by 52.6%, imports - by 95.2%. The negative balance of foreign trade was significantly affected by the growth of imports, which is 42.6 points more than the volume of exports.

Main import. Imports mainly consist of petroleum products, equipment and spare parts, vehicles, metals, chemicals, construction materials, food and consumer goods.

In 2004, imports amounted to $1 billion.
In 2005, imported goods came from: Russia - 34.5%, China - 27.4%, Japan - 7.1%, South Korea - 5.3%.

In the total volume of imports, mineral products increased by $196.4 million, pulp, paper, cardboard and products made from them - by $189.2 million, vehicles - by $133.7 million, cars, electrical equipment, televisions, spare parts - by 92.3 million. dollars, metallurgical products - by 68.1 million dollars, food products - by 37.2 million dollars.

Main export. The main Mongolian exports are: minerals (copper, molybdenum, tin, spar concentrate), raw materials of animal origin (wool, cashmere, leather, fur), consumer goods (leather, sheepskin, leather products, carpets, cashmere, camel knitwear, blankets from wool and cashmere). The country's interior is rich in mineral resources, including vast deposits of coal, iron ore, tin, copper, uranium, petroleum, zinc, molybdenum, phosphorus, tungsten, gold, fluorite and semi-precious stones.

In 2004, exports amounted to $853 million.
In 2005, exports went to: China - 48.1%, USA - 14.2%, Canada - 11.6%, UK - 8.3%, South Korea - 6.2%.

Exports of mineral raw materials, which constitute the main export item, increased by $245.9 million compared to the same period in 2007, precious and semi-precious stones, metals and jewelry - by $175.4 million, products of chemical enterprises - by $22.1 million, raw materials, processed leather, furs and products made from them - by 1.9 million dollars. However, export supplies of knitted products decreased by $7.8 million, metallurgical products - by $3.4 million.

The actual volume of exports of copper concentrate compared to 2007 decreased by 0.6 percent or 8.2 thousand tons, and in prices increased by 27.1%.

The main forms of foreign economic relations in modern Mongolia. Dynamics, structure and geography of foreign trade. Export and import of selected goods. Organization of foreign trade.

Credit and gratuitous help outside world of Mongolia. Distribution of foreign assistance by economic sectors. Organization of donor countries of Mongolia and its activities. The role of external assistance in the development of the economy and social sphere.

Cooperation of Mongolia with major foreign economic partners. The most important areas of Mongolian-Russian economic cooperation and its role in the development of the Mongolian economy. Participation of Mongolia in international economic organizations (IMF, World Bank, ADB, etc.).

• Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, /MONTSAME/ Over the 11 months since the beginning of 2010, Mongolia has carried out foreign trade operations with 130 countries. The total trade turnover amounted to 5,421.8 million US. dollars, of which the volume of exports is 2,550.6 million dollars, imports - 2,871.1 million dollars.
  Compared to the same period last year, the volume of foreign trade turnover increased by 1,831.4 million dollars, or 51.0%, of which the volume of exports increased by 872.3 million dollars, or 52.0%, and the volume of imports - by 959.0 million dollars, that is, by 50.2%.
  Negative balance the balance of foreign trade for January-November 2010 reached 320.5 million dollars, which is an increase of 86.8 million dollars, or 37.1%, compared to the same period last year.
  94.8 percent of all types of export products are mineral resources, knitwear and knitwear, precious and semi-precious metals and jewelry.
  G. Battsetseg

GDP

By parity purchasing power$5.781 billion in 2006. GDP growth 7.5%.

Agriculture - 20.6%.
Industry - 21.4%.
Services - 58%.
Inflation - 9.5% (2005).

BUDGET 2010

Mongolia's budget for 2010 has been adopted. Budget revenues will amount to 2 trillion 426.8 billion tugriks. Expenses - 2 trillion 785.4 billion tugriks. Main deficiency financial document countries - more than 385 billion tugriks. Losses could not be avoided, despite the reduction in social costs. (27.11.2009)

Last year, Mongolia's gross national product shrank by 1.6%

As reported by MONTSAME, according to preliminary data for 2009, the country's gross national product amounted to 6055.8 billion tugriks (47-50 tugriks = 1 ruble) in annual terms or 3564.3 billion tugriks in 2005 prices. Compared to last year, this figure decreased in comparable prices by 1.6%.

The official index of consumer goods and services at the end of 2009 increased compared to the end of 2008 - by 4.2%.

In 2009, during 255 trading sessions on stock exchange Mongolia trade turnover securities amounted to 23.2 billion tugriks. Compared to the previous year 2008, trade volume decreased by 62.8% or 39.2 billion tugriks, the report notes.

Russian Embassy in Mongolia
Mongolia-trade.org/- Website of the Mongolian trade mission
News.mn/- Info-portal of Mongolia
Infopol.ru Mongolia News - Ulan Ude (en)
Mongolia-tourizm-planet.blogspot.com/- Tourism Mongolia
Mol.mn/- Mongolia Online (en)
OWC.org.mn/- Mongolian National Tourism Administration (en)

Mongolia (Mongolian Uls) - state in East-Central Asia. It borders with Russia in the north and China in the south, and has no access to the sea.

Natural conditions:
Mongolia is a plateau, elevated to a height of 900-1500 m above sea level. A series of mountain ranges and ridges rise above this plateau. The highest of them is the Mongolian Altai, which stretches in the west and southwest of the country for a distance of 900 km.
Rivers of Mongolia are born in the mountains. Most of them are the headwaters of the great rivers of Siberia and Far East, carrying their waters towards the Arctic and Pacific oceans. The largest rivers in the country are the Selenga (within the borders of Mongolia - 600 km), Kerulen (1100 km), Onon (300 km), Khalkhin Gol, Kobdo, etc.
In Mongolia, there are over a thousand permanent lakes and a much larger number of temporary lakes that form during the rainy season and disappear during the dry season.

Climate:
In Mongolia sharply continental climate with harsh winters and dry, hot summers. Temperatures range from minus 25°C - 35°C in winter to plus 25°C - 35°C in summer. Ulaanbaatar is one of the coldest winter capitals in the world: the coldest month is January. The warmest month is July.

Minerals:
Despite abundance of mineral deposits, their development is still limited.
There are 4 brown coal deposits in Mongolia (Nalaikha, Sharyngol, Darkhan, Baganur). In the south of the country, in the Taban Tolgoi mountain range, coal was discovered.
Medium-sized deposits of tungsten and fluorspar have long been known and are being developed. Copper-molybdenum ore found in Treasure Mountain (Erdenetiin ovoo) led to the creation of a mining and processing plant, around which the city of Erdenet was built.
Mongolia is rich in fur-bearing animals(especially a lot of marmots, squirrels, foxes). Fishing is carried out in the lakes and rivers of the northern regions.
Currently, Mongolia ranks 10th in the world in terms of coal reserves. According to the Ministry of Mineral Resources and Energy of Mongolia, the country's total proven coal reserves amount to 150 billion tons.

Industry:
One of the main components of GDP is the mining industry and cashmere production.
Significant number of manufacturing enterprises concentrated in Ulaanbaatar, and in the city of Darkhan to the north of the capital there is a coal mining, iron foundry and steel smelting complex.
Mongolia produces more than a thousand types of industrial and agricultural products, most of which are consumed domestically, are being exported furs, wool, leather, leather and fur products, livestock and animal products, phosphorites, fluorites, molybdenum ore.

Agriculture:
The economy gives priority to agriculture.
But agriculture plays a secondary role in the economic life of Mongolia. Various crops are grown in the northern and western parts of the country, some using irrigation. Main crop is wheat, although barley, potatoes and oats are also grown. Procurement of hay and feed for livestock plays a significant role.
Pastoralism, still remains the main type of economic activity. Today Mongolia is among leading countries in the world by livestock population on a per capita basis.

Economy:
GDP (2006): $5.781 billion
Export: copper, livestock products, goat down, wool
Import: fuel, machinery, cars
Main trading partners: China, Russia, USA, Japan

Transport:
The total length of highways in 2002 was 49,256 km.
In 2004, there were 36 airports in the country. Of these, 11 have a paved runway.