Finished products, their types, evaluation and synthetic accounting. Types of finished products How finished products are evaluated

Definition finished products

Definition 1

Finished products- products, fully finished processing, accepted technical control and handed over to the warehouse or accepted by the customer in accordance with the approved specifications.

Definition 2

Works and services- this is the cost of various works and services that are performed and provided by third-party organizations and persons, as well as employees of the organization on a payment basis.

Remark 1

The main difference between accounting for finished products and accounting for works and services is that accounting procedures cover three stages of the process of production and sale of the product.

Finished products are reported to the financially responsible person, who must monitor their availability in the warehouse and movement. Finished products of the enterprise are accounted for by name and are divided according to distinctive features: brands, articles, models. Products that cannot be placed in a warehouse are accepted by a representative of the customer at the place of their assembly and assembly.

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Depending on the installed accounting policy accounting option, finished products are valued at actual production or standard (planned) cost. In this assessment, it is reflected in the balance sheet of the organization.

Accounting for products is carried out in natural, conditionally natural and cost indicators. Natural measurements are characterized by weight, volume, quantity of products and serve for quantitative (operational, analytical) accounting of finished products.

Conditionally natural meters, or conditional units of production, are necessary to obtain generalized indicators for accounting for homogeneous products. The number of such products by type is recalculated using certain coefficients into a conditional grade and weight. Conditionally natural units of measurement are determined by industry guidelines and recommendations.

1. continuous, continuous and complete reflection of the movement (inflow, flow, movement) of these reserves;
2. accounting for the quantity and evaluation of goods and finished products;
3. efficiency (timeliness) of inventory accounting;
4. authenticity;
5. correspondence of synthetic accounting to data analytical accounting at the beginning of each month (in terms of turnover and balances);
6. data compliance warehouse accounting And operational accounting movement of stocks in divisions of the organization data accounting.

For the correct and timely implementation of accounting for the results of production activities, the organization must select and consolidate in its accounting policy row fundamental principles and methods for accounting for finished products, the options for which are set out and fixed in legislative acts and recommendations of the Ministry of Finance Russian Federation.

Finished products, work performed, services rendered in accounting are evaluated according to one of the following options fixed in the accounting policy of the organization (Table 1):

Figure 1. Options for evaluating finished products

It is often impossible to estimate the actual cost of finished products by the time they arrive at the warehouse, the actual cost can only be calculated after the end of the reporting period, while the movement of products occurs daily. That is why for current accounting conditional product evaluation is required. For the convenience of the current accounting of production output and the receipt of finished products at the warehouse, discount prices.

Finished goods account

According to the Instructions for using the Chart of Accounts, products manufactured at enterprises are accounted for on the account of $43$. But the cost of services (works) provided by the enterprise itself is not reflected in the account $43$ “Finished products”. Actual costs incurred are deducted from the production expense accounts to $90$.

Products made for sale (and those used for own needs enterprises) is registered under Dt $43$ in correspondence with invoices of $40$ or $20–29$. In the case when the finished product is completely directed to the needs of the enterprise, it is accounted for on the account of $10$.

Revenue from the sale of manufactured products is shown by posting:

• Dt $90$ – Ct $43$.

If the revenue from the shipped products is not received for a long time (this may be the case with export deliveries), the $45 account will be activated. $ Postings will be as follows:

• Dt $45$ – Ct $43$ (actual shipment)
• Dt $90$ – Kt $45$ (recognition of proceeds from its sale).

Finished goods are a product of the production activity of the enterprise, products and products, the processing of which is this enterprise completed, they respond established standards And specifications delivered to the warehouse (accepted by the customer).

The finished product is included working capital and in the balance sheet it is shown at the actual production cost (production cost).

Finished products are recorded on the active account 40 “Finished products”: the debit shows the receipt of finished products from production to the warehouse, and the credit shows the shipment (release) of finished products. The balance of account 40 reflects the balance of finished products at the end of the month.

Accounting for finished products is carried out in natural, conditionally natural and cost indicators. Conditionally natural are used to obtain generalized data on homogeneous products.

Finished products received from production are issued with invoices, specifications, acceptance certificates, other primary and summary documents. As well as for inventories, for finished products they make up the nomenclature-price tag. In addition to the price tag, they develop reference books for products that are taxable and not taxable. various types taxes, payers and consignees, average quarterly and average annual cost, etc.

Apply the following types finished product evaluation:

- at the actual production cost - is used relatively rarely, mainly at enterprises producing large equipment and vehicles; it is also used in organizations with a narrow range of products;

- at the incomplete production cost of products, calculated at actual costs without general business expenses - is used in the same industries where the first assessment method is practiced;

- at wholesale selling prices, which are used as accounting prices. Deviations of the actual cost of production are taken into account on a separate analytical account;

- at the planned or standard production cost, acting as a fixed accounting price;

- at free selling prices and tariffs increased by the amount of value added tax - used when fulfilling single orders;

- at free market prices - used when accounting for goods sold through a retail network.

When accounting for wholesale prices, planned cost and market prices at the end of the month, it is necessary to calculate the deviation of the actual production cost of products from their value at accounting prices in order to distribute this deviation to the shipped (sold) products and their balances in warehouses. To calculate the deviations of the actual production cost of production from its value at discount prices, a special calculation is made using the weighted average percentage of deviations of the actual cost of production from its value at accounting prices.

Finished products should be shown in the balance sheet at the actual production cost, and when used to account for the costs of production, account 40 “Output of products, works, services” - at the standard (planned) cost.

The actual cost of finished products, as a rule, can be determined only at the end of the reporting period (month). During the reporting period (month) there is a constant movement of products (release, release, shipment, sale, etc.), therefore, for current accounting, a conditional assessment of products is necessary. In current accounting, the evaluation of finished products can be carried out at the planned cost, or free selling prices, or actual cost, or free retail prices or fixed prices.

Planned, free selling, fixed and retail prices are called accounting.

When accounting for finished products during the reporting period (month) at planned, free selling, fixed and free retail prices, deviations of the actual production cost of these products from their value at accounting prices (planned, free selling, fixed) are separately highlighted. These deviations are taken into account for homogeneous groups of finished products, which are formed by the organization, based on the level of deviations of the actual production cost from the value at the accounting prices of individual products. At the same time, planned prices can be developed on the basis of the average annual or average quarterly planned production cost, taking into account inflation. The percentage of deviations is determined by the following formula:

X = [(O + O1) * 100] / (Sp + Sp1),(1)

where O - the amount of deviations for the balance of finished products in the warehouse at the beginning of the reporting period (month);

O1 - the amount of deviations for products received at the warehouse during the reporting period (month);

Cn - the balance of finished products in the warehouse at the beginning of the reporting period (month) at discount prices;

Sp1 - arrival at the warehouse from the production of finished products during the reporting period at accounting prices.

Variances show savings or cost overruns made by the organization. Variances are recorded in the same accounts as finished goods: savings are recorded in red, and overruns are recorded in the usual way. additional wiring.

Finished products, for which the price has decreased during the year, if they are morally obsolete or have partially lost their original quality, are valued in accounting and reporting at the end of the reporting year at the price of a possible sale, with the difference in prices attributable to losses.

International standards provide for valuation of finished products at the actual production cost, if the latter is lower than possible prices its implementation. When selling market prices decrease, finished products in the balance sheet are reflected in the prices of possible realization, and the resulting difference is attributed to the results economic activity organization of the reporting period.

When using account 40 “Output of products, works, services” to account for the costs of manufacturing manufactured products, finished products are reflected in account 43 “Finished products” at the standard (planned) cost.

The Instruction on the procedure for accounting for materials, work in progress, finished and shipped products by industrial organizations, approved by the Decree of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Belarus and the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Belarus on December 31, 2003 No. 191/263, established new order calculation and reflection in the accounting of changes in the amount of deviations in the cost of the balance of finished products.

The sale of products (works, services) is carried out: at free selling prices and tariffs increased by the amount of value added tax (VAT), at state regulated wholesale prices (tariffs) increased by the amount of VAT, and at state regulated retail prices, including yourself VAT. Free selling prices are agreed by the parties to the transaction, i.е. seller and buyer. If free contract prices are used in the calculations, they can be checked by tax authorities. Prices are subject to verification if they deviate by more than 20% from the level of market prices for identical products, prices under contracts concluded between interdependent organizations, for barter transactions and foreign trade transactions.

So, the evaluation of finished products is one of the most important points, since in the end the correct calculation of the cost of production will depend on it.

ACCOUNTING FOR FINISHED PRODUCTS AND ITS SALES

Finished goods are part of the organization's inventory held for sale. She represents final result production cycle, assets completed by processing (picking), technical and quality characteristics which comply with the terms of the contract or the requirements of other documents in cases established by law.

Distinguish between the balance sheet estimate of finished products and the estimate by which products are reflected in the current (analytical) accounting. In current accounting, finished products can be valued:

at actual production cost. With this method, finished products are taken into account in the amount of all costs associated with its manufacture. This is a more accurate and, therefore, more labor-intensive method, used mainly in single and small-scale production, as well as in the production of mass products of a small range;

according to the standard (planned) production cost. The most common assessment method, which involves the use of specially developed organization norms, standards, cost estimates, on the basis of which a standard calculation of the cost of production is compiled; With this accounting option, it becomes necessary separate accounting deviations of the actual production cost of output of finished products from the cost at accounting (planned) prices. Deviation from the norm is considered both savings and additional expense raw materials, materials, wages and other production costs. Deviations are accounted for in the same accounts as finished products;

sales prices and rates(without value added tax). Sales prices may be adjustable or free. Regulated prices - prices regulated by the state; free (market) prices - prices set by the organization in agreement with consumers based on market conditions, quality and consumer properties of products;

for direct items of expenditure (reduced cost). With this method of valuation, general business expenses are not taken into account, which are not included in the cost of finished products, but are directly charged to the sales account.

In the balance sheet, finished products can be reflected at the actual or standard (planned) production cost or by direct cost items.

The valuation of finished products, according to which it is taken into account in the current accounting, does not have to coincide with its balance sheet valuation. Thus, products valued in the balance sheet at actual cost can be valued in current accounting:

1) at actual cost (which is used extremely rarely, mainly in individual production);

2) at accounting prices (planned cost, selling prices, etc.).

Accounting for finished products at discount prices and accounting for deviations is organized in this case on separate sub-accounts of the account for accounting for finished products. Regardless of the method of determining discount prices total cost finished product (account value plus variances) must equal the actual production cost of that product.

Products valued in the balance sheet at the standard (planned) cost are also reflected in the current accounting at the planned cost, but without separate accounting for deviations in analytical accounting. Deviations are identified at the level of synthetic accounting on a specially designed account 40 "Output of products (works, services)".

Finished product evaluation

Finished products in accounting can be valued by one of the following methods:

at actual production or reduced cost;

according to the planned (normative) production cost;

at wholesale prices;

at free selling prices and tariffs including VAT;

at free market prices.

Grade at actual production cost involves accounting for the sum of all costs for products. Reduced cost accounting excludes general business expenses.

This method is convenient to use in enterprises with a limited range serial production when release and implementation occur on a daily basis. The disadvantage of the method is the inaccuracy in determining the production cost until the end of the reporting month.

Using planned (normative) production cost to evaluate finished products, deviations of the actual production cost for the reporting period from the accounting price are determined and separately taken into account, i.e. planned (normative) cost.

The advantage of this method is the unity of assessment in current accounting, planning and reporting. However, if the planned cost changes several times during the year, then you have to re-evaluate the finished product, which is very laborious. If we take into account the commodity output at the average annual planned cost, then the discount prices do not change during the year, but the cost of the finished and products sold in the plan will not correspond to monthly and quarterly reports.

When evaluating at wholesale prices the difference between the actual cost and the wholesale price is taken into account separately. The advantages of this method are manifested at relatively stable wholesale prices. It makes it possible to compare product estimates in current accounting and reporting, which is important for monitoring the correct determination of the volume of commercial output.

Score by free selling prices and tariffs including VAT used in the performance of single orders and works. With this assessment option, it is necessary to separately take into account the amount of value added tax.

By free market prices finished products sold through a retail network are evaluated.

When using all of the listed methods for evaluating finished products, with the exception of valuation at actual production or reduced cost, it becomes necessary to calculate the deviations of commodity output in accounting prices from its actual cost. This allows, regardless of the valuation method in current accounting, to determine the actual cost of goods sold, released in a given month, as well as its balances in warehouses by the end of the month.

The calculation is usually made on the basis of a weighted average percentage, calculated as the ratio of the actual cost of the remainder of the products produced in a given month to the cost of the same volume of products at discount prices.

The weighted average coefficient of the ratio of the actual production cost to the cost of products at discount prices is calculated by the formula:

K sv \u003d (p 1 * q 1 + p 2 * q 2 + ... p n * q n) / (p 1 * k 1 + p 2 * k 2 + ... p n * k n), where

p 1 , p 2 ,...p n - the sum of the balance in the warehouse and the finished product received during the month (by type of product);

q - the actual production cost of the remainder and each group of incoming finished products;

k - discount price of a unit of production

Finished products in the system tax accounting

The procedure for evaluating finished products in the tax accounting system is established by paragraph 2 of Art. 319 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. On the basis of this paragraph, the assessment of the balance of finished products in the warehouse at the end of the current month is carried out by the taxpayer on the basis of data from primary accounting documents on the movement and balance of finished products in the warehouse (in quantitative terms) and the amount of direct expenses incurred in the current month, reduced by the amount of direct expenses relating to WIP balances.

In connection with the adoption of Law N 58-FZ<8>Many organizations are tempted to bring accounting and tax accounting of finished products closer together. First of all, this is due to the fact that, in accordance with Art. 318 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the taxpayer independently determines in the accounting policy for tax purposes a list of direct costs associated with the production of goods (performance of work, provision of services).

However, despite the freedom of choice granted to taxpayers in relation to determining the composition of direct costs, unfortunately, it is necessary to state the fact that, for many reasons, it is rather difficult to calculate the cost of sold and shipped products according to accounting data for tax purposes. What is the reason for this conclusion?

Composition of "tax" direct costs:

similarities and differences with accounting

We have considered two ways of forming the cost of production: by full production cost and by reduced cost (by direct cost items). Recall that the application of one method or another depends on the method of distribution of general business expenses. When using the second method of evaluating finished products at an enterprise, it may seem that in order to approximate its accounting and tax values, it is only necessary to provide for a clause in the accounting policy that direct costs for tax purposes are determined in the same manner as in accounting. However, in this case, it must be borne in mind that such a wording is suitable only for enterprises that do not have overhead costs, since if they are present in accounting, part indirect costs will always be distributed among direct cost items. In this case, the accounting policy can indicate that direct costs for tax purposes are determined in accordance with the list of costs accumulated in the relevant accounting accounts (20, 23, 29, 25).

We have already spoken about the contradictions in accounting legislation regarding the reflection of finished products at the standard cost on account 40 "Output of products (works, services)". But taking into account the requirements tax legislation there are new negative aspects of using this method of reflecting finished products. They are primarily related to the fact that the current edition Art. 319 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation does not provide for a method for evaluating finished products at standard cost. Secondly, according to Art. 318 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, direct costs relate to the costs of the current reporting (tax) period as the sale of products, works, services, in the cost of which they are taken into account. Thus, accounting for finished products at the standard cost with writing off the difference between the actual and standard cost of production directly to expenses, that is, similar to the method that determines the use of account 40 "Output of products (works, services)" in accounting, is impossible for tax purposes.

Further, it should be noted that accounting for certain expenses in accounting differs from the method of accepting these same expenses for tax purposes. So, in accounting, the sum differences arising from the acquisition of materials (works, services) are taken into account as part of the costs of ordinary species activities (clause 6.6 PBU 10/99<9>) and, accordingly, participate in the calculation of the cost of finished product residues. For tax purposes, differences in amounts are included in non-operating expenses(clause 5.1 clause 1 article 265 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation) and do not participate in the calculation of the cost of finished product residues.

Also, deviations in the amount of expenses involved in the calculation of the cost of finished products in tax and accounting may arise as a result of:

Various formation original cost fixed assets and actual cost inventories;

Application of different depreciation methods;

Different methods of recognizing labor costs (for example, compensation payments above the established norms);

A different procedure for recognizing deferred expenses as part of the expenses of the reporting period, etc.

Another important difference that affects the determination of the cost of finished products in a warehouse is that Ch. 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation does not provide for the use of FIFO and LIFO methods when writing off finished products from a warehouse, which, in turn, is allowed in accounting.

Calculation of the cost of finished product residues

The amount of finished products remaining in the warehouse at the end of the month (K km) is calculated by adding the amount of finished products at the beginning of the month (K n.m.) and the amount of finished products received at the warehouse (K), minus the amount shipped products (Kr.p.):

To k.m. = K n.m. + K - K r.p.

Then it is necessary to determine the amount of direct costs that relate to the products produced during the month (GP). It is calculated as follows:

GP \u003d WIP n.m. + PR - WIP c.m.,

WIP n.m. and WIP c.m. - balances of work in progress at the beginning and end of the month, respectively;

PR - the amount of direct expenses incurred per month.

GP c.m. = K.m. / (K n.m. + K) x (GP n.m. + GP),

GP n.m. - the cost of the balance of finished products at the beginning of the month.

The cost of shipped finished products (GP r.p.) is determined by the formula:

GP r.p. = GP n.m. + GP - GP c.m.

Example 5. Based on the conditions of example 2, we calculate the value of the balance of finished products on July 1 for tax purposes. In the calculation, we will proceed from the fact that the amount of tax direct costs is equal to the reduced cost of manufactured products, calculated in accounting, and there are no balances of work in progress.

To k.m. = 0 + 100 - 70 = 30 units

GP \u003d 0 + 650,000 - 0 \u003d 650,000 rubles.

GP c.m. \u003d 30 / (0 + 100) x (0 + 650,000) \u003d 195,000 rubles.

GP r.p. \u003d 0 + 650,000 - 195,000 \u003d 455,000 rubles.

It can be seen from the calculations that the cost of finished products in stock and the cost of products sold are calculated in the same amount as for accounting purposes.

If we assume that Aktiv LLC evaluates finished products in accounting at the standard cost, but at the same time keeps records using account 40 "Output of products (works, services)", then tax accounting data will not coincide with accounting data.

Let's present the data of accounting and tax accounting of finished products in the table:

FINISHED PRODUCTS

The release of finished products is a key stage in the production activity of an enterprise, without which its main goal is impossible - making a profit. Note that the competent setting of accounting and tax accounting for finished products is of no small importance for the formation financial results, and consequently, the amount of profit that remains at the disposal of the organization.

Finished products in the accounting system

About cost classification

From the time of planned economy costs are divided:

1. According to the methods of inclusion in the cost: direct and indirect.

Direct costs are the costs associated with the production certain types products (for raw materials, basic materials, wages of production workers, etc.), which can be directly and directly included in their cost.

Indirect costs cannot be attributed to the release of a particular product, since they are associated with the operation of the enterprise as a whole.

2. According to the degree of dependence on the volume of production: conditionally variable and conditionally constant.

Under conditionally variable costs are understood costs, the value of which depends on the volume of production, and vice versa, conditionally fixed costs are called costs, the volume of which does not depend on the scale of production.

At the same time, one of classical approaches to grouping costs and costing is that the composition indirect costs is identified with the concept of conditionally fixed costs. In accounting legislation, two options for accounting for semi-fixed costs are based on this conclusion:

Inclusion in the cost of manufactured products by distribution;

Write-off to financial results without prior distribution as part of administrative expenses.

Direct expenses according to the Instructions for the use of the Chart of Accounts<1>reflected within a month on accounts 20 "Main production", 23 " Auxiliary production", 29 "Service industries and farms."

Indirect costs for the maintenance of units of the main, auxiliary and service industries, which relate to several types of manufactured products, are reflected on account 25 "General production costs" and distributed at the end of the month to the debit of accounts 20 "Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production", 29 " Service industries and farms".

The organization establishes the basis for the distribution of overhead costs on its own. As such a base can be used: wage workers engaged in the production of certain types of products; the cost of materials used for the production of a certain type of product; the total amount of direct costs associated with the production of each type of product; the total amount of proceeds from the sale of each type of product. In any case, the chosen method must be fixed in the accounting policy of the enterprise. This approach to the distribution of overhead costs is based on the consideration of semi-fixed costs as part of the cost of the organization for the production of products. Despite the fact that their size does not affect the volume of output, the main tasks of the enterprise (production and sale of products) cannot be fulfilled without these costs. Thus, these costs should be taken into account as one of the elements of the cost of production. From the position of calculating the financial results of the organization's activities, this means that part of these expenses is capitalized in the amounts of the estimate of work in progress (WIP) and the balance of finished products at the end of the reporting period.

Indirect costs that are not directly related to the production process and are associated only with its organization and management as a whole are taken into account on account 26 " General running costs". The organization also establishes the procedure for writing off general business expenses on its own and fixes it in the accounting policy. It may be similar to the procedure for distributing general production costs, however, the Instructions for the Application of the Chart of Accounts provide for another way to write off general business expenses: crediting them as conditionally fixed costs in the debit of account 90 "Sales" without prior distribution.

According to this approach, the value of semi-fixed costs does not depend on the volume of production; moreover, these costs occur even if the enterprise does not produce any products at all. Therefore, they must be written off in that reporting period in which they originated. In foreign accounting, this method of writing off general business expenses is called "direct costing".

Please note: in accounting legislation, the write-off of costs at the end of the month to account 90 "Sales" is provided only for general business expenses. Thus, in calculating the cost of WIP and finished products in the warehouse, a part of indirect costs in the form of overhead costs accounted for on account 25 "General production costs" and distributed at the end of the month to direct cost accounts is always involved. (We will return to this issue when we consider the procedure for evaluating finished products for tax purposes.)

The choice of one or another procedure for writing off general business expenses determines the method of forming the cost of production at the enterprise. So, if general business expenses are subject to distribution in accordance with the accounting policy of the enterprise, then finished products are accounted for at full production cost. If general business expenses are written off using the "direct costing" method, then finished products are accounted for at reduced cost.

For reference: when organizing accounting at reduced cost in the Profit and Loss Statement (Form N 2)<2>the amount of general business expenses is reflected separately in the line "Administrative expenses", and in the line "Cost of goods, products, works, services" the amount of production costs is shown excluding the latter. When calculating the cost of a unit of production at the full production cost, all costs (direct and indirect) are reflected in the line "Cost of goods, products, works, services sold". At the same time, there is no indicator in the line "Administrative expenses".

Options for evaluating finished products

In accordance with PBU 5/01<3>finished products are part of inventories (hereinafter referred to as inventories). Paragraph 5 of PBU 5/01 provides that inventories are accepted for accounting at actual cost. However, paragraph 59 of the Regulation on accounting and financial statements in Russia<4>provided that in balance sheet finished products are reflected at the actual or standard (planned) production cost. You can determine the standard cost:

For the costs associated with the use of fixed assets, raw materials, materials, fuel, energy in the production process, labor resources, and other production costs;

Direct cost items.

<3>Regulation on accounting "Accounting for inventories" PBU 5/01, approved. Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 09.06.2001 N 44n.

<4>Regulation on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation, approved. Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 N 34n.

Thus, each of these methods (calculation at actual or standard cost) involves accounting either at full production cost or at reduced cost. In the accounting policy of the enterprise, it is necessary to fix one of these two methods for evaluating finished products.

Similar requirements are contained in paragraph 203 Guidelines <5>regarding the assessment of the balance of finished products in the warehouse (in other places of storage) in the analytical and synthetic accounting of the organization.

<5>Guidelines for accounting of inventories, approved. Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 N 119n.

For your information: finished products can be valued at the standard production cost if the cost of WIP in accordance with the accounting policy of the organization is estimated at the standard production cost.

Choice of accounting prices for manufactured products

Please note: in paragraph 204 of the Guidelines it is said that in analytical accounting and storage places for finished products, the enterprise is allowed to apply accounting prices. The following prices can be used as accounting prices:

Actual production cost;

Regulatory cost;

Negotiated prices;

Other types of prices.

Thus, the organization has the right to fix in the accounting policy the procedure for applying any of the proposed accounting prices. However, it should be borne in mind that the use of accounting prices that differ from the actual or standard production cost is only allowed in analytical accounting.

The actual production cost as the accounting price of products is used, as a rule, for single and small-scale production, as well as for the release of a small range of products. The standard cost as a discount price is used in industries with a mass and serial nature of production and in the production of a large range of finished products.

Contract prices can be used as a discount price provided they are stable.

M. O. Denisova Editor of the journal "Actual Issues of Accounting and Taxation"

"Actual issues of accounting and taxation"

ACCOUNTING FOR THE COST OF FINISHED PRODUCTS

Finished products are part of inventories intended for sale, and their accounting is carried out in accordance with the Accounting Regulations "Accounting for inventories" PBU 5/01, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 09.06.2001 N 44n (hereinafter - PBU 5/01), and the Methodological Guidelines for Accounting for Inventories, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 N 119n.
Organizations carrying out industrial, agricultural and other production activities, keep records of finished products on account 43 "Finished products".
Clause 59 of the Regulation on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 N 34n, establishes the following methods for evaluating finished products:
- at the actual production cost;
- standard (planned) production cost, including costs associated with the use of fixed assets, raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, labor resources in the production process, and other costs for production;
- standard (planned) production cost, which is determined by the amount of direct costs.
If finished goods are accounted for at actual production cost, their receipt at the warehouse is reflected as follows:
Debit 43 Credit 20 "Main production" - in the amount of actual costs for manufacturing products.
The actual cost of manufactured products can be formed only at the end of the reporting month, when all costs for the production of products, both direct and indirect, will be determined. Therefore, when using this method, it is practically impossible to determine the cost of products as they are released and transferred to the warehouse of finished products, which creates additional inconvenience if products manufactured during the month are sold in the same period.
With this method of accounting, the cost price at which products of the same type, manufactured at different times, are taken into account, may be different. When selling and otherwise disposing of finished products, it should be written off:
- at unit cost;
- at the average cost;
- according to the FIFO method;
- by the LIFO method.
If accounting for finished products is carried out at the standard (planned) production cost, the organization sets accounting prices for products that remain constant for a sufficiently long time and according to which the products are delivered to the warehouse and written off from the warehouse during its sale or other disposal. At the end of the month, when all costs are formed and the value of work in progress is determined, the difference between the planned and actual cost is determined. There are two ways to keep records of these deviations - with and without the use of account 40 "Output of products (works, services)".
1. If account 40 is not used, entries are made during the month:
Debit 43 Credit 20 - products accepted for storage at planned prices;
Debit 90 "Sales", subaccount 2 "Cost of sales" Credit 43 - when selling, products were written off at accounting prices.
At the end of the month is determined actual cost products and the amount of deviations of the actual cost from the planned one is reflected in the same accounts with additional entries if the actual cost exceeds the planned one, or reversal if the actual cost turned out to be less than the planned one. At the same time, adjustments are made to the cost of products accepted for accounting for the entire amount of the deviation and the cost of products sold - in the share attributable to products sold.

Example 1. Within a month, finished products were accepted for accounting at the warehouse, the planned cost of which is 75,000 rubles. The cost of goods sold at planned prices is 50,000 rubles. total amount the costs recorded in the debit of account 20 during the month is 90,000 rubles.
1. The balance of work in progress at the end of the month is 18,000 rubles.
90,000 - 18,000 = 72,000 rubles
75,000 - 72,000 = 3,000 rubles
The actual cost is less than the planned cost, so the savings must be reversed.


50,000 - 2000 = 48,000 rubles
72,000 - 48,000 = 24,000 rubles
The following entries are made in the account:
- within a month
Debit 43 Credit 20 - finished products are accepted for accounting at accounting prices - 75,000 rubles;
Debit 90, subaccount 2 "Cost of sales" Credit 43 - written off the cost of goods sold at accounting prices - 50,000 rubles;
- in the end of the month
Debit 20 Credit 10 "Materials", 70 "Settlements with personnel for wages", 69 "Calculations for social insurance and security", 25 "General production expenses", 26 "General expenses" - the expenses for production of products are taken into account - 90,000 rubles;
Debit 43 Credit 20 - Reversal! The amount of deviation of the actual cost from the planned one is 3000 rubles.
Debit 90, subaccount 2 "Cost of sales" Credit 43 - reversal! The amount of deviation of the actual cost from the planned cost in the share of products sold is 2000 rubles.
2. The balance of work in progress at the end of the month is 12,000 rubles.
Actual cost of finished products:
90,000 - 12,000 = 78,000 rubles
The amount of deviation of the actual cost from the planned:
78,000 - 75,000 = 3,000 rubles
The actual cost is greater than the planned cost, so additional entries must be made for the amount of overrun.
The amount of deviation attributable to sold products:
(3000: 75,000) x 50,000 = 2,000 rubles.
The amount of deviation attributable to the balance of finished products in the warehouse:
(3000: 75,000) x 25,000 = 1,000 rubles.
Actual cost of goods sold:
50,000 + 2000 = 52,000 rubles
The balance of finished products in stock (at actual cost):
78,000 - 52,000 = 26,000 rubles
During the month, these transactions are reflected in accounting prices:
Debit 43 Credit 20 - finished products accepted for accounting - 75,000 rubles;
Debit 90, subaccount 2 "Cost of sales" Credit 43 - the cost of goods sold was written off - 50,000 rubles;
at the end of the month, the overspending is reflected:
Debit 20 Credit 10, 70, 69, 25, 26 - production costs are taken into account - 90,000 rubles;
Debit 43 Credit 20 - reflects the amount of deviation of the actual cost from the planned one - 3000 rubles;
Debit 90, subaccount 2 "Cost of sales" Credit 43 - reflects the amount of deviation of the actual cost from the planned cost in the share of sales - 2000 rubles.
The above method is a simplified version of the calculation of deviations, since in this case there was no balance of finished products at the beginning of the month.

In cases where there are balances of finished products at the beginning and end of the month, for the correct reflection and distribution of deviations, it is advisable to apply the calculation method, the principle of which is specified in clause 206 of the Methodological Guidelines for Accounting Inventories, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 28.12. 2001 N 119n. So, if accounting for finished products is carried out at the standard cost or at contract prices, the difference between the actual cost and the cost of finished products at discount prices is reflected in the sub-account "Deviations of the actual cost of finished products from the book value" of account 43. Deviations are taken into account in the context of the nomenclature, or individual groups of finished products, or for the organization as a whole. The excess of the actual cost over the accounting cost is given on the debit of the specified sub-account and the credit of the cost accounting accounts. If the actual cost is lower than the book value, the difference is recorded as a reversal entry.
Write-off of finished products (during shipment, vacation, etc.) can be carried out at book value. At the same time, deviations related to the sold finished products are written off to the sales accounts (determined in proportion to its book value). Deviations related to the balance of finished products remain on the sub-account "Deviations of the actual cost of finished products from the book value" of account 43.
Regardless of the method used to determine discount prices, the total cost of the finished product (account value plus variances) must equal the actual production cost of that product.

Example 2. The balance of finished products in the warehouse at the beginning of the month is 60,000 rubles. in planned prices, the amount of deviations is 5000 rubles. (overrun). Within a month, the warehouse accepted for accounting products at planned prices in the amount of 200,000 rubles. The amount of production costs recorded on account 20 amounted to 280,000 rubles, the balance of work in progress - 70,000 rubles. The planned cost of goods sold is 230,000 rubles.
Actual cost of finished products:
280,000 - 70,000 \u003d 210,000 rubles.
The amount of deviations for products transferred to the warehouse:
210,000 - 200,000 = 10,000 rubles
Percentage of deviations for shipped products:
(5000 + 10,000): (60,000 + 200,000) x 100% = 5.77%.
The amount of deviations attributable to the shipped products:
230,000 x 5.77% = 13,271 rubles.
Actual cost of shipped products:
230,000 + 13,271 = 243,271 rubles
The balance of finished products at the end of the month at actual cost:
(60,000 + 5,000) + (200,000 + 10,000) - (230,000 + 13,271) = 31,729 rubles,
including planned cost:
60,000 + 200,000 - 230,000 = 30,000 rubles;
sum of deviations:
5000 + 10,000 - 13,271 \u003d 1729 rubles.
The following entries are made in the accounting of the organization:
Debit 43 Credit 20 - products are accepted for accounting at the planned cost - 200,000 rubles;
Debit 43 Credit 20 - reflects the deviation of the actual cost from the planned one (according to the finished products accepted for accounting) - 10,000 rubles;
Debit 90, subaccount 2 "Cost of sales" Credit 43 - the planned cost of shipped products was written off - 230,000 rubles;
Debit 90, subaccount 2 "Cost of sales" Credit 43 - the deviation of the actual cost from the planned one (for shipped products) was written off - 13,271 rubles.

2. For the convenience and clarity of identifying deviations of the actual cost from the planned one, account 40 is used.
In this case, the debit of account 40 takes into account the actual production cost of products in correspondence with the accounts for accounting for production costs, the credit of account 40 reflects the planned cost of finished products, which is written off to the debit of account 43. At the end of the month, when the actual cost of production is fully formed, by comparing debit and credit turnover of account 40, the sum of deviations of the actual cost from the planned one is determined. Instructions for the use of the Chart of Accounts provide for next order write-offs of variances.
If the credit turnover on account 40 is greater than the debit turnover, i.e. the actual cost is less than the planned cost and savings have been identified, a reversal entry is made for the amount of the deviation:
Debit 90, subaccount 2 "Cost of sales" Credit 40 - Reversal! Savings reflected.
If the debit turnover on account 40 is greater than the credit turnover, i.e. the actual cost exceeds the planned cost, the overrun is reflected as follows:
Debit 90, subaccount 2 "Cost of sales" Credit 40 - overrun is reflected.
Thus, account 40 is closed monthly and there is no balance on this account.
Note! The amounts of deviations are written off to account 90 in full, regardless of the volume of sales of products and thus increase or decrease the cost of products sold in the reporting period.
The balance of finished products in the warehouse in this case is taken into account at the planned cost.

Example 3. The balance of finished products in the warehouse at the beginning of the month is 60,000 rubles. at planned prices. Within a month, the warehouse accepted for accounting products at planned prices in the amount of 200,000 rubles. The amount of production costs recorded on account 20 amounted to 280,000 rubles, the balance of work in progress - 70,000 rubles. The planned cost of goods sold is 230,000 rubles.
These transactions are accounted for as follows:
Debit 20 Credit 10, 70, 69, 25, 26 - the costs of the current period are taken into account - 280,000 rubles;
Debit 40 Credit 20 - reflects the actual production cost of finished products - 210,000 rubles. (280,000 - 70,000);
Debit 43 Credit 40 - finished products were accepted for accounting at the planned cost price - 200,000 rubles;
Debit 90, subaccount 2 "Cost of sales" Credit 43 - the planned cost of goods sold was written off - 230,000 rubles;
Debit 90, subaccount 2 "Cost of sales" Credit 40 - the amount of the identified deviation (overrun) is included in the cost of sales - 10,000 rubles. (210,000 - 200,000).
The balance of finished products in stock at planned prices:
60,000 + 200,000 - 230,000 = 30,000 rubles

3. In the case when finished products are sold directly from the workshop (direct sale), it is possible to keep records of finished products without using accounts 40 and 43. In this case, the cost of production is written off directly from the credit of account 20 to the debit of account 90, subaccount 2 "Cost of sales".
This entry is made at the end of the reporting period, when the actual cost of finished products is determined.

Example 4. The costs recorded during the month on account 20 amounted to 250,000 rubles. The balance of work in progress - 80,000 rubles. All finished products are sold in the same month.
The following entries are made in the account:
Debit 20 Credit 10, 70, 69, 25, 26 - reflects the cost of production - 250,000 rubles;
Debit 90, subaccount 2 "Cost of sales" Credit 20 - written off the actual production cost of finished products sold - 170,000 rubles. (250,000 - 80,000).
It should be noted that this method is convenient for use only in cases where all products manufactured in the reporting period were sold during the same period. Otherwise, it becomes necessary to account for unsold finished products as part of work in progress on account 20.

N.A. Belyaeva
Tax Consultant
CJSC "BKR-Intercom-Audit"
According to the materials of the journal "Modern Accounting"