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23. Barcodes, features of codes ean-8, -13, -14

Bar codes representing outward appearance a rectangle with a combination of dark and light stripes and digital designations, have become an integral part of the labeling of goods not only imported, but also of domestic origin.

In accordance with the requirements of foreign trade operations, the presence of a bar code is a prerequisite for export. The absence of a bar code is often the reason for a decrease in the competitiveness of a number of domestic goods in the foreign market. A bar code (CC) is a trademark applied to a product or its packaging in the form of a bar or digital symbol read by a scanner.

The bar code is one of the means of the automatic product identification system, which also includes means of digital, magnetic, radio frequency, sound and visual identification (magnetic card, radio frequency tag, etc.). Its main advantage over other means of automatic identification is the ability to quickly transmit information about a product via an electronic communication system.

The barcode is for:

operational identification of the product and the manufacturer;

conducting trade transactions "without papers": CC reduces the costs of office work from 15% to 0.5-3% of the value of the goods;

automated accounting and control of commodity stocks;

operational management of the process of commodity circulation: shipment, transportation and storage of goods (labor productivity to ensure commodity circulation increases by 30%, in some cases - up to 80%);

information support of marketing research.

Each type, variety, modification of goods is assigned an individual product number (indicated by a bar code). When the consumer properties of the product change (composition, shape, size, weight, design, color, type and method of packaging, completeness, etc.), its CC must change. Only market fluctuations in the price of a product does not entail a change in its product number (code). There are several types of codes, among which the most common are the European EAN type codes and the American UPC type.

EAN codes are subdivided into EAN-8, EAN-13 and EAN-14 depending on the number of characters.

When a barcode is applied to a product or to its inner (consumer) packaging, thirteen or eight-digit symbols of the International Association of Commodity Numbering EAN (EAN-13 and EAN-8), as well as the American universal codes UPC, are used.

Abbreviated codes (for example, EAN-8) are usually applied to small-sized goods, the size of which does not allow full (thirteen-digit) numbers to be applied.

The EAN-13 and EAN (ITF) -14 code symbols are used to mark the transport packaging.

EAN-14 codes have more large sizes than EAN-13 and do not require high quality printing. However, if the product is sold to a customer with packaging, only EAN-13 codes apply, since the EAN-14 code is not readable by scanners installed in stores.

According to the structure of the codes, the CC is distinguished:

discrete: signs are separated by interdigit intervals;

continuous: there are no separator characters;

bidirectional: can be read in two directions - left to right and right to left.

The thirteen-digit EAN-13 barcode number includes:

first 2 (3) characters- code of the data bank of the organization that registered the manufacturer and the product (issued the product number). It should be borne in mind that it does not always coincide with the place of origin (country of manufacture) of the goods, since a company may be registered not in a domestic databank, but in a foreign one;

subsequent:

5 (4) characters- the code of the enterprise that produces or sells the goods;

5 characters- product code. The company independently determines the coded information (taking into account the consumer properties of the product, packaging, weight, etc.) and brings it to the trading partner, who must receive information about the barcode at least 3 weeks before the delivery of the product itself (this rule also applies in the event of a change SHK);

1 character (last)- the check digit is calculated by the simplest arithmetic operations and is designed to check the correctness of reading (scanning) the barcode. Often the CC is accompanied by a "start-stop" sign, which is located at the beginning and at the end of the code message and is used as a code delimiter. These delimiters are elongated edge strokes that indicate the start and end of a scan.

The only organization in Russia and the CIS countries that has the right to register enterprises in the International EAN system and provide unique EAN barcodes and American UPC codes is the UNISCAN Foreign Economic Association in the field of automatic identification. Any enterprise can become a full member-user of the International EAN Association and receive a trade number (bar code) for its products.

EAN-13 barcode is the most common among linear symbology. Only 12 digits can be encoded with this character system. When using EAN-13, encoding of letters and special characters is prohibited.

The last 13 digit is a check digit and is calculated automatically based on the first 12 digits entered by the user.

Linear symbology allows you to encode a small amount of information (up to 20-30 characters - usually numbers) using simple barcodes readable by inexpensive scanners.

What numbers are encoded for loyalty cards?

The first three digits in the EAN-13 barcode indicate the area code different countries... For example, 460 - 469 is Russia.

For plastic cards a dedicated range from 200 to 299 is reserved, not assigned to any country.

If you deviate from this range, then when using cards, an accidental intersection with the product may occur.

EAN-13 barcode appearance

The figure below shows an example of a barcode with the number 2150000000017, where 7 is a check digit.

How is the check digit calculated?

EAN-13 barcode is linear. The meaning of the digits encoded in stripes is duplicated at the bottom of the bar code (13 characters including the check character).

For example, consider the calculation of the checksum for the barcode number 215000000001X, where X is the checksum.

As mentioned above, this code uses 12 digits. The last, 13th character, is a control one. Let's calculate 13 signs:

• First, add up all the numbers in even places: 1 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 2
• We multiply the resulting sum by three: 2x3 = 6
• Next, add the numbers in odd places: 2 + 5 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 7
• Then we add the resulting numbers in paragraphs 2 and 3: 6 + 7 = 13
• Discard tens, get 3
• Finally, subtract the number from item 5 from 10 and get checksum: 10-3=7

Allowing them to be identified, as well as to reduce the time for data processing. It is used for transport and consumer packaging.

In our country, the most common bar codes are JEAN-13 with 13 digits and EAN-8 with 8 digits.

The EAN-13 code is shown in Fig. 11.25.

The country code of the location of the barcode databank is indicated in two or three digits. Some country codes are presented in table. 11.1.

• country code of the location of the barcode databank;
• manufacturer code;
• product code;
• check number.

Bar coding principle

Bar coding principle- encoding alphanumeric characters in the form of alternating black and light stripes of different widths (strokes and spaces), reading with a scanning device that decodes codes and transmits information to a computer. CC is one of the most common means of automatic identification. The codes are decrypted by scanning devices. European Trade Number Association (EAN) codes have 13 digits (sometimes 8 for small package sizes).

First 2 (3) digits means the country code of the manufacturer (Great Britain - 50, Spain - 84, Germany - 400-440, Russia - 460-469, China - 690, Belarus - 481).

The next five digits (3-5 or 3-7) are the manufacturer's code is assigned centrally by the national authority of the country to a specific manufacturer.

The next five (6-7 or 8-12) - product code assigned by the manufacturer or seller independently in the form of a registration number within their enterprise. In these numbers, the manufacturer can encode the data necessary for identification: name, grade, article, color, weight, size, etc.

Last digit- control, designed to read the barcode by the scanner using the EAN algorithm. The check number is found by a certain sequence of arithmetic operations.

The modulus is taken as a unit of stroke width - the narrowest stroke or space with a width of 0.33 mm. Each digit is encoded in seven modules, which are grouped into two dashes and two spaces. For example, the number 4 is represented as 1011100. The width of strokes and spaces is from one to three units.

Information about the code is also the width of strokes, spaces and their combination. The nominal size of an EAN-13 symbol from the first to the last stroke is 31.35 mm. There should be white space around the code, so the nominal width is 37.29 mm. Elongated edge strokes are placed at the beginning and end of the barcode, indicating the beginning and end of the scan.

Barcode functions

A barcode, unlike many information signs, performs not only general functions of an informational and identifying nature, but also a number of additional functions:

• automated identification of goods using machine reading devices;
• automated control and accounting of commodity stocks;
• operational management of the goods movement process: shipment, transportation and storage of goods;
• increasing the speed and culture of customer service;
• information support of marketing research.

Barcode check

Last digit- control number, which can be calculated, and the correctness of its application is checked according to the following algorithm:

1. Assign to the numbers in the dashed line from the 1st to the 12th, excluding the check digit (Fig. 11.26);

2. Add up the numbers in even places, and multiply the resulting amount by 3. For example: 6 + 7 + 0 + 5 + 0 + + 1 = 19; 19x3 = 57;

3. Add up the numbers in odd places. For example: 4 + 0 + 0 + 9 + 2 + 0 = 15;

4. Add up the results obtained in p. 2 and p. 3, and get a two- or three-digit number. For example: 15 +97 = 112;

5. Leave the received total amount only the number in last place. For example: 2;

6. Subtract the resulting number from 10. The resulting difference is the control number, which must match the one indicated in the bar code. For example: 10 - 2 = 8.

The EAN-8 code is shown in Fig. 11.27.

• code of the country;
• manufacturer code;
• check number.

Country codes for the location of the barcode databases

Barcode reading

To read a barcode, use:

• stationary and portable laser scanners that allow you to read the barcode at various distances from the product - from 60 cm to 5-6 m;
• cash scanners equipped with barcode reading systems: optical contact readers in the form of pens, pencils, laser pistols, etc.

The simplest and most affordable barcode reader is pencils, but they can be used when the operator can slide the pencil over the label. They can be used in small stores, but in large warehouses or in supermarkets it is impractical.

The D-500 cash register scanner is designed for use in supermarket cash registers. Fast reading of the code from a distance with arbitrary orientation of the label is achieved by multi-beam scanning, which ensures high productivity of the customer service. The built-in decoder is configurable for all known product coding systems. Due to the high cost, the use of this device is economically feasible only in large stores with a large flow of customers and turnover.

The scanning device transmits information about the sale of a specific product to a computer, where information about its stocks in the trading floor and in the warehouse is stored. If the stock is less than the permissible standards, then a signal is sent via electronic means of the need to replenish the goods in the warehouse. The scanners installed in the warehouse carry out automated identification of the required goods, and with the help of special devices the goods are transported to the trading floor.

The barcode makes it possible to recognize information falsification that usually accompanies other types of forgeries.

The barcode is applied to the transport or consumer packaging of many imported and domestic goods by typographic method or using a label or label that is glued. The barcode must be applied to the back of the package in the lower right corner at a distance of at least 20 mm from the edges. Allowed to be applied to the side wall of the package, to the label in the lower right corner. On soft packages, choose a place where the strokes will be parallel to the bottom of the package. The barcode should not be placed where there are already other marking elements (text, pictures, perforation).

Barcode- an image that is applied in order to automate the accounting of information about goods, which allows them to be identified, as well as to reduce the time for data processing. It is used for transport and consumer packaging.

• country code of the location of the barcode databank;
• manufacturer code;
• product code;
• check number.

Bar coding principle

Barcode functions

• automated identification of goods using machine reading devices;
• automated control and accounting of commodity stocks;
• operational management of the goods movement process: shipment, transportation and storage of goods;
• increasing the speed and culture of customer service;
• information support of marketing research.

Barcode check

• code of the country;
• manufacturer code;
• check number.

Country codes for the location of the barcode databases

Barcode reading

• stationary and portable laser scanners that allow you to read the barcode at various distances from the product - from 60 cm to 5-6 m;
• cash scanners equipped with barcode reading systems: optical contact readers in the form of pens, pencils, laser pistols, etc.