Investment construction company what it does. Investment company

The presence of accumulated funds of many leads to the idea that they should not just lie. They need to be actively multiplied by various methods. And of course, investments are considered one of the most rational options, since they allow you to get the benefits of active growth of the money supply with minimal investment of time and effort. Moreover, at the moment it is possible to invest even with a minimum capital. At the same time, the very essence of investing is rather complicated. You need to have some knowledge of a financier, economist, and political scientist in order to make profitable investments that can fully justify themselves. Naturally, you will have to spend a lot of time to master all the necessary basics, which will become the basis of success. But even detailed and thorough preparation will not help to avoid possible risks.

This state of affairs has made investment companies incredibly relevant and in demand, since they are in fact able to provide services that expand the range of opportunities for each person. Such organizations are engaged in collective investments. They accept funds from different clients, diversify them, and then make competent investment decisions. Let's say right away that such companies employ experienced specialists who find the perfect combination between the expected profit and the possible risks. It is this approach that allows investors to receive a fairly stable growth in their finances. It is quite obvious that there are certain risks here, for this very reason it is important to be extremely careful and competently approach the issue of choosing a company to which you could entrust your funds.

The advantage of such companies is that it is possible to start investment activities with a minimum amount. At the same time, let's say right away that there is no need to dive into the complex process of studying the nuances, details and trifles of trading in financial products. Experienced specialists will do everything for you. In addition, you will not need to independently conclude any transactions and in fact take risks due to your ignorance. Companies take a certain commission for their work. Let's say right away that in such a situation the cost of services will actually be minimal, especially when compared with the cost of the same consulting services on financial issues. The effectiveness of such cooperation will be quite significant.

The services of investment companies have now become incredibly relevant. And in fact, they are in demand among those people who seek to obtain guaranteed profits with minimal financial investment - with minimal capital. True, it is very important to competently and correctly approach the choice of a company with which it would be really profitable to cooperate.

When choosing an investment company, you definitely need to pay attention to the ratings, which are primarily based on the reliability of the company and the durability of its work in the country. You also need to assess the availability of official documents of the state format. After that, proceed to study customer reviews, who will be able to tell in more detail about all the advantages and disadvantages of the company. However, keep in mind that the opinions of the people who write reviews are subjective, so only use information that actually has an unbiased context.

What is an investment company and its main functions

Investment companies are specialized organizations that aim to make collective investments. Such investments are made exclusively in valuable assets. Most often, such assets are presented in the form of bonds and stocks. The main functions of such companies:

Diversification of deposits;
Management process.

That is, it is initially assessed how profitable these or those investments will be. All possible risks that may arise as a result of this or that investment are assessed. Only on the basis of the data obtained, a choice is formed, which, as a rule, allows investors to receive a stable profit.

Also, the company's specialists carry out the process of competent management of the investment portfolio. That is, operational decisions are made on their implementation, on investing in other attractive assets, etc. Such actions are also based solely on a detailed assessment of the situation, and the prospects for growth and risk are assessed. Thanks to this approach, risky investment activities are almost completely eliminated.

In the process of carrying out investment activities, the funds that various investors invest in the work of companies are used, and the funds of the founders are also used. In other words, the company invites legal entities and individuals to use their services in order to get priorities for increasing funds. Each person, investing in the work of the company, becomes an investor. Clearly defined conditions are provided on the basis of which funds are paid in the form of dividends, terms are indicated, etc. That is, a contractual relationship is drawn up, which already ensures a certain protection of the investor's interests.

Also, many investment-type organizations are considered a full-fledged legal entity, for this very reason, they have the right to conduct the procedure for issuing their own shares, in order to further attract additional funds for subsequent reinvestment on the basis of this aspect. Such a structure of work is actually used quite often, which allows buyers of shares to be confident in receiving, albeit insignificant at first, but stable profits, and companies allow them to acquire sufficient funds to actively work in investment projects.

In our country, there are also many such organizations that offer potential clients to get the prospects of significant profits through passive investment. A person invests, and all investment actions will be carried out by experienced and knowledgeable specialists who will evaluate each investment as rationally as possible.

To start such activities in the country, the company must have a dealer or broker license. It should also be said that, in accordance with the norms of the legal framework, such companies can additionally act as credit organizations. Such institutions are called investment-type banks, and investing in them will be very profitable.

All investment plan companies fall into two main categories:

Closed options. Such organizations provide development opportunities exclusively for the founders. A company is formed, founders are involved, and only their funds are used in the work of the company. These companies have a fixed capital structure. We will certainly say that in order to become a founder of a company, you need to have a sufficiently significant amount of funds in order to invest them in statutory capital. That is, in order to make an investment, on the basis of which financial instruments will be purchased in the future. Not everyone can afford the opportunity to become a founder due to a number of characteristics of these companies;
Open type options. It is these companies that have the most significant aspects of relevance. Such organizations skillfully increase their own budget by issuing new shares. Third-party investors are also involved who provide their funds in trust management. An incredible number of companies of such a plan have appeared today. But, novice investors should be well aware that they will have to evaluate in more detail all the nuances and important aspects of the work of companies in order to choose the best offers for their particular case.

Of course, investment companies are able to offer their potential clients various terms of cooperation. We should not forget that a lot of scammers have appeared in this case. If you see that the company does not have a license to carry out professional activities, but offers you incredibly interesting terms of cooperation, you should refuse such an offer, since most likely this company will simply disappear after a while with your money.

Principle of operation

Such companies are actively developing abroad. And most often they act as an element of trust. For example, when playing on Forex, a person can independently place bets, or you can entrust your funds to a more experienced trader. Also with investment companies. They provide services that allow investors, with a minimum investment level, to start making money in the stock markets. For example, it is extremely difficult to start your business with $ 100 on your own, but this amount can be entrusted to management in order to significantly expand the deposit without certain risks.

The principle of operation of such companies:

Initially, investors are attracted, who provide their funds for trust management. Certain sizes of the minimum amount for investments can be established. A cooperation agreement is presented, which clearly describes all the obligations and rights of the parties;
Investors provide funds for trust management. The company carries out the process of analyzing the financial market. It also conducts research on the current situation of other companies in order to be able to competently approach the issue of using shares, taking into account their current value and possible growth. In this situation, specialists work according to the principle - to choose an investment option with the lowest possible risks and maximum benefits of growth and development;
The company uses investors' funds at its own discretion. That is, investors do not make any decisions regarding the purchase of certain financial instruments. Investment decisions are made exclusively by the company's employees. The risks that arise as a result of such transactions are borne by investors. That is, if some investments do not give the desired result, this does not mean that the investment company will compensate for the lost profit to investors;
For a company, having the maximum amount of investment provides a simpler and easier process to enter the stock market. It often happens that a very significant amount is needed to make investments that have significant parameters of advantages. The company uses its own funds and investors' funds to invest in certain assets. Thus, an opportunity is formed to obtain sufficiently significant benefits that were previously inaccessible, both to the company and to investors.

In this case, there are two main prospects for an investor. You can invest in trust management, that is, provide the company's employees with the opportunity to independently decide which investments will be made, and pay a certain percentage of each transaction. And you can make a one-time purchase of shares of an investment company and in the future receive exclusively dividends without making more significant investments and without tracking every transaction, since your funds are invested in the company itself, and if it is successful, then your profit will be stable and significant.

How to choose an investment company?

The investment company selection process is based on the need for a detailed assessment of all criteria and ratings. Keeping money at home is their irrational use. It will be much more profitable to invest in certain investments. After all, this way you can significantly increase funds and even get financial independence. But, if you decide to cooperate with investment companies, then you need to be extremely careful and competently approach the issue of choice in order to find cooperation options that can provide you with stability. We recommend you rely on these tips:

Study the company's website carefully. Let us draw your attention to the fact that all modern companies that deal with investment issues have their own resources in the network. It is for this reason that you have an excellent opportunity to evaluate in detail all the nuances of interaction, taking into account special conditions. We certainly note that if the site is designed laconically and neatly enough, if sufficient funds for design and navigation were allocated, then in this situation it becomes obvious that the owners tried to do everything possible so that their resource would actually be an assistant for clients;
The term of the company. It should be said right away that the first investment companies appeared back in 1992. Accordingly, it becomes obvious that there are companies that actually operate for a significant amount of time, keeping aspects of high relevance and significant customer trust. Information about the company can be found in specialized directories. If such data is not available, then you have a company that is just starting its work in this area of activity, or a fraudulent organization that should not be trusted with its funds. In fact, it is better to choose less attractive investment conditions, but be sure that the company has been operating for several years and has shown itself exclusively from the best side during its work. It is very important for beginners to competently approach the issue of studying the history and reputation of the company; there are also specialized archives through which you can learn about all the nuances of the company's work for a significant amount of time;
Determine the category of returns. Of course, there is no investment without risk. And even banks often fail and do not return deposits. It is for this reason that it must be said right away that it is almost impossible to find an investment company that can provide maximum protection against risks. Let's say right away that there are certain categories of safe returns for investments. For example, there is a return of a fixed type, which determines the amount of profit in accordance with the rules of the contract. There are variable returns that are based on market activity. Basically, the most rational solution is to get a fixed profit. However, it should be borne in mind that its amount is rarely more than six percent. It is for this reason that most investors prefer the variable option, which, although it has a significant amount of risks, but at the same time allows you to get the prospects of significant profits;
The number of investors. This factor is of no small importance. Let us draw your attention to the fact that the more clients a company has, the higher the trust in it. If the number of partners and clients is insignificant, then in this case it is determined that the company either recently started its professional activity, or the investors, for certain reasons, do not trust it. If one gets such an impression, then it is best to refuse to cooperate;
We analyze financial instruments. If there are various options for depositing and withdrawing funds on the site, then this is a clear sign of the solidity of the organization. You should understand that the presence of different methods of input and output is an indisputable sign of the presence of a significant number of partners;
Registration documents. You should also carefully study certain certificates, licenses, as well as other documents reflecting the registration of the state format. Also pay attention to the availability of awards and diplomas. The more such information is freely available on the site, the better. Verification of the authenticity of documents can be done by visiting specialized sites of the tax office. Thus, you can make sure that we are talking about a company that is actually officially registered in the country;
Determine the amount of profit. Naturally, almost all investors first of all strive to get an adequate answer to the question, what will be the level of earnings. Public companies most often provide accurate information about the profit, in the form of a percentage of the investment used. All types of risks are also indicated.

Rating of current companies

TeleTrade is a whole group of companies whose activities are focused on various areas. Most importantly, the investors' money is managed by experienced and knowledgeable traders who invest in both the long and short term. Among the advantages that are significant are more than twenty years of experience in the market, as well as providing customers with the maximum amount of training materials. All information on transactions is available to investors;
Simex is a kind of investment platform that focuses exclusively on online deposits. This platform was created for residents of many countries. It offers the opportunity to invest in startups, HYIPs, existing businesses, stocks and currency;
Barrel is a very reliable company that has been working in this area for several years. It is this company that is able to provide potential clients with a unique service - an individual investment account. Here you can also find a lot of educational information that will help you to become an independent investor in the future;
"InvestMir" - the company focuses on profitable investments that relate to developing sectors of the economy. Cooperates with various, very large investors. Focused on a stable income and participation in the economic situation in the country. Has a high rate of return, provides insurance services to improve the safety of customers;
Russ-Invest is a very popular company with serious capital and an incredibly extensive list of investment products. Many believe that this particular company is the most rational and optimal option for profitable investments, since it combines the use of advanced investment techniques, works only with experienced and skilled traders, offers the possibility of additional risk insurance, etc.

Why choose an investment company?

Naturally, you can work independently and make a fairly profitable investment. But, on the other hand, you should understand that the most profitable rates can take serious investments. That is, if you do not have such a significant investment capital, then you are unlikely to be able to operate with truly liquid assets. Accordingly, such investments will not be profitable from certain positions.

As for cooperation with large companies, in this case, you provide funds for trust management. They will be operated collectively. Funds from different investors are collected and used to purchase certain financial instruments. This means that you get the benefits of more substantial earnings, and with minimal risk. But, in this case, the most important thing is to choose the right investment company.

Investing in various fields is a profitable activity. It is about this direction that will be discussed in our article, which will allow you to understand what investment companies are doing.

The definition of "investment" is reflected in the Federal Law No. 39-FZ of 25.02.1999. It is one of the main elements that reveal the essence of the activities of specialized companies, whose work is associated not only with the augmentation of financial products. It is aimed at the development of individual enterprises and entire industries.

Before answering the question "What does an investment company do?"

Investments represent funds, property, paper and other units used to obtain financial benefits.

Investment companies are organizations that manage securities (see) and other financial units. They carry out operations aimed at developing the enterprise, expanding the range or investing in new areas of activity to obtain economic benefits.

There are two main types of companies engaged in investment activities: open and closed.

Closed organizations

Investment companies are also called funds. Their closed version involves the accumulation of finance through the distribution of various types of shares between investors. This happens at the time of the formation of the organization. The number and composition of investors is limited and clearly defined.

Shares may not be redeemed by the company during the entire period of its existence. Investment capital has a fixed amount. It works constantly, and shareholders receive current income from the amounts invested in the fund.

Open organizations

A publicly traded investment company is an entity that issues ordinary bonds. Due to this, the capital of such a fund is formed. Securities are freely bought and sold. Their price may fluctuate depending on the current market indicators. Accordingly, the capital of an open company does not have a fixed value.

Important! Cooperation with public investment companies can bring real profits. But before investing finances, it is necessary to analyze the activities of the funds and choose the most reliable and proven one.

There is no instruction that can direct the actions of a private person or enterprise in the field of investments to obtain a 100% result. The rating of such companies can help in choosing the most reliable investment partner.

The data for the ten largest companies in the Federation for 2014 are presented in the table:

The most popular investment companies in 2015 are listed in descending order of popularity index:

Stock market: Investment Company Finam.
DC Forex4you.
SCS Webtransfer, working in the field of lending.
Help in the financial market will be provided by the TeleTrade Group of Companies.
The Troy Standard company, which invests in coins made of precious metals: gold and silver.

Investment activity - wise use of funds. The developing securities market has made the training of young professionals relevant. The acquisition of experience and knowledge in the investment field allows employees of companies to find new opportunities for profit.

Activities of open investment organizations

The main areas of activity of investment companies that allow a large number of participants to make a profit are:

Trust management... This method involves investing in the type of activity that the company selected as a partner advises. The owner of finance simply provides them, and the investment company decides on the investment. At the same time, the scope of investments and all the nuances of the design and generation of ideas depend on the open-ended fund.
Brokerage activity... Participation in trading on financial markets involves the use of an intermediary. It provides the platform and other components. The owner of finance provides them to the broker and voices the desire to invest in this or that enterprise. The decision is up to the trader.
Lending. The essence of such investments is to invest in a company that provides private lending services. Financial investments are transferred to a specific account and from them certain amounts are issued to those wishing to make a loan. The size of the amounts earned by the trader depends on the starting capital and turnover.

There are many more ways to invest money. There is no unique thing, every potential investor is able to determine the scope and direction of activity by himself.

Large investors

The activities of such spheres as energy, oil business, coal industry and other strategically important industries cannot be dispensed with only state investments. Therefore, many businesses use different ways to attract investment from large companies.

Sometimes it can be foreign firms, allowing to expand the market for goods or services, establish new production lines or change the assortment. Reputable corporations that have been in business for years and have created a stable income-generating base often try to attract additional capital.

There are effective ways to attract investment by large companies:

Performance evaluation. Allows you to determine the "value" of the business and build a development strategy.
Additional issue of shares and their further sale through the stock exchange.
Cooperation with other large corporations, mergers with them and other methods.

The data given in the text made it possible to understand what an investment company is + what such an organization does. Using them, you can improve your financial position by generating additional income.

In the presented photo and video in this article, you will find additional information on this topic.

Instructions

An investor is a person or organization that provides their funds to another organization, hoping to receive a portion of the profit in the future. If the investment occurs when the company is founded (at the start-up stage), the investor receives a share in the company.

The most developed investment business is in the United States. California's Silicon Valley is rich in investors and young firms alike. Distinguish between start-up (venture), equity, finishing investments. Usually, when venture investments are made abroad, the share of the investor is small and amounts to 20 percent of the entire company. In subsequent rounds of investment, the share of the owner of the company is more and more diluted, and the investor's share increases.

In Russia, the investment market for venture capital (funds for helping entrepreneurs) is just beginning to emerge, situations are known when venture capitalists receive 80-90% of a young company. Although this promises great benefits, many startup founders, having received such investments, lose motivation - after all, their business is almost completely under the control of the investor.

Joint-stock companies receive investments by placing their securities on the stock exchange. On the free market, such securities can be bought by any individual or company, hoping to receive monetary benefits and participate in the management of the company. Any shareholder has the right to know about the policy of the company, its income, expenses and profits.

The holder of the largest number of shares is called the controlling shareholder. He can make key financial decisions, including downsizing the company and declaring it bankrupt.

Often joint stock companies pay dividends to holders of securities - this is a portion of the company's profits, divided for each investor. The frequency of dividend payments and their amount are determined by the board of directors of the company.

We can conclude that investments are important for companies, as they provide the funds needed to buy equipment and pay salaries to employees. But you have to pay for everything: in this case, entrepreneurs who have taken on investment responsibility lose their freedom in resolving strategic issues and deprive themselves of part of their profits.

note

In the event of bankruptcy, all the property of the company is divided among the creditors: investors, shareholders and bankers who lent the organization.

Sources:

how does the investment com

An investment project is a well-grounded program that allows you to competently implement the investment of existing capital, minimize possible investment risks and at the same time get the maximum profit.

Instructions

Write down the tasks that are foreseen by the project, for example: creating a confectionery production, renovating a production facility, purchasing, setting up and installing equipment, starting production, training personnel and selling products.

Fill in the details of how the project will be financed and how much.

Describe the duration of the preparatory phase, for example: 1 month. Consider the composition of the necessary work and costs carried out at this stage. This may include: renting a production facility, developing a working project for a workshop or department, obtaining the necessary permission. Then calculate the amount of all costs that will be committed at the preparatory stage of the investment project.

Describe the tasks of the investment stage, also indicate their duration. Calculate the costs incurred at this stage.

Prepare and master production. Determine the composition of the costs incurred during this stage. They can consist of the purchase of additional raw materials, as well as the formation of working capital for the current production. At the same time, investments made in working capital will cover the costs of purchasing and maintaining stocks of raw materials. Investments that are included in fixed assets may include: the cost of purchasing and installing the necessary equipment, the cost of reconstruction of production facilities.

Calculate the planned revenue from the sale of goods within the period of the investment project. For example, if you are making a project for 3 years, then calculate the projected profit separately for each year.

Calculate the amount of production costs that are required to implement this investment project. Production costs include: wages, raw materials costs, payment.

Types of investment companies

Often all investment companies are divided into two types: closed and open.

Private investors cannot cooperate with closed-type organizations. Such companies consider as a tool exclusively their own or borrowed (bank loans) finance. In other words, the activities of closed joint stock companies do not provide for trust management.

Open-ended organizations, on the contrary, work with the money of private investors, accepting it means that the owner of the capital can entrust his money to an investment company in order for it to invest in a project, and then return it at a profit.

Investment companies are the best choice for cautious and patient investors, since their activities are not distinguished by high rates of profitability, but are characterized by a relatively low level of risk.

How investment companies work

To raise capital from outside, investment companies sell their own shares on the securities market. They spend the collected amount on the purchase of stocks, bonds and other financial instruments belonging to various enterprises and banks. Thus, receiving income from these securities, a financial and investment company can return the amount invested by them with dividends to its investors. In fact, the organization is engaged in the management of its clients' funds.

Companies can be called the fact that they never invest all their money in the stock of one or two companies. As a rule, there are many more investment objects. This technique acts as a certain insurance for all participants in the process, since the loss from the fall in the price of one type of securities can be offset by the profit received from the increase in the value of others.

Investment companies and funds offering equity participation to investors differ only conditionally. They are often distinguished based on the size of the organization and the amount of capital that it controls.

Investment where to invest money

Having entrusted his “hard-earned” funds to the managing organization, the investor may not care about whether the prices for the shares in which his finances were invested have risen or fallen. This is done by specialists working in an investment company. Their responsibilities include monitoring trends in the securities market and making the most profitable transactions that will bring the company and its clients guaranteed profits.

Some business sectors are of the greatest interest to investors, for example, construction, insurance, production of goods. This is due to the fact that investment companies are organizations whose activities are aimed at making a profit with minimal risk, and large firms are becoming reliable objects for long-term cooperation. Low-risk and low-yield securities are considered the best option for placing available funds.

Insurance investment company

For many domestic investors, making money with the help of insurance investment companies remains a new and unusual type of activity. Investing in insurance policies is extremely popular in England, which is why this method is sometimes referred to as English. Its essence lies in the purchase of policies or financial portfolios through the mediation of an insurer.

An insurance investment company can act as an investment object, that is, an investor buys shares of this particular organization. Or it performs the tasks of a management company that disposes of other people's money and purchases securities of other enterprises.

For the investor, the advantage of this type of investment is getting the right to a number of tax benefits.

Features of the activity of an investment and construction company

Organizations that are engaged in the design and construction of various buildings and other objects and at the same time attract financial resources from outside are called investment and construction companies. Let's dwell on this issue in a little more detail.

The investment and construction company allows investors to participate in the construction of buildings for various purposes: cottages, multi-storey buildings, industrial and retail facilities. It becomes the responsibility of such an organization to monitor that construction is carried out legally, in compliance with the necessary rules and regulations (availability of licenses and work permits, coordination and approval of projects).

An investment and construction company is much more attractive to investors than other organizations. Its returns are quite high and the risk is relatively low.

Public investment companies: types

Proceeding from the fact that a private investor can only cooperate with an open investment company, he should know about the main types of this structure. There are three types of organizations that are able to manage the funds of their clients:

Truly client funds managers.
Hiding part of the information about the nature of their activities.
Not conducting any investment activities.

Real trust management

A real trust investment management company is an organization that truly cares about efficiently managing its depositors' money. The transactions they carry out on the market are reliable and can be actually confirmed. It is common practice for such companies to provide clients with reports, monitoring or the accounts themselves. Investors cooperating with such a company, in 90% of cases, see exactly the income that was earned with the help of their funds.

Investment companies with pseudo trust management

The specificity of such organizations is that they are not interested in real investment, and the profits shown to investors are not reliable.

Their words cannot be verified in any way, and the documents provided as evidence of the operations carried out reflect only a small part of the real picture. Often, such companies stoop to forging reports, stamens and other documents. Their main goal is to convince clients of their high performance. An insignificant number of real documents that confirm their investment activity can be a tool for persuasion. For example, they invest about 20% of funds in stocks, but the rest remains motionless on the account.

In the overwhelming majority of cases (80%), investors receive money from other investors as a profit.

Financial pyramid: characteristics and main features

The third type of public investment company includes organizations that do not buy and sell financial instruments at all.

Sadly, but today this type of investment organization is the most common. Their employees do not even try to forge reports and monitoring in order to prove to investors the legitimate nature of their activities. The organizers of some of these companies directly inform their clients that they are inviting them to participate in the pyramid scheme. Others prefer to hide this fact, avoiding direct answers or resorting to outright lies. Claiming that their investment companies are not a pyramid scheme, they fail to provide any convincing evidence.

The profit they show to depositors is 100% of the funds contributed by other clients.

How to choose an investment company

Thinking about cooperation with organizations in order to protect your finances from the influence of inflation and at the same time make money, you should carefully consider the choice of the company. Experts say that you can get a good profit even by participating in a pyramid scheme. But such an activity is considered very risky and requires specific knowledge and skills.

If the investor is interested in long-term cooperation with the company, he should opt for the first type of company.

The elementary recommendations for weeding out obvious unreliable partners include checking the reputation of the organization. Even a superficial study of how long certain investment companies have been on the market can provide a lot of useful information. Feedback and comments left by clients, as well as the willingness to provide advice will allow a potential investor to form an opinion about the quality of service and service policy of the company.

Profit or peace of mind?

The lower the level of risk that characterizes the activities of an investment company, the lower the profit received from investments will be. In addition, it will take a long time to wait for it.

However, this greatly simplifies investment management, which is perfect for novice investors. Such people are often chosen by people who do not consider investing as an opportunity to receive a basic income. Cooperation with low-risk companies helps to understand the essence of investing and navigate the securities market.

Higher profits are promised by limited liability companies (LLC). An investment company whose business is to conduct the more risky can bring its clients either a good, quick profit, or a loss.

For successful cooperation with such organizations, investors need a set of special knowledge, including about various aspects of the stock market.

Analysis of the effectiveness of investments and sources of their financing

The concept of "investment" is derived from the Latin word invest, which means "investment".

Hence, investments represent an investment of any funds in the formation of certain types of property in order to obtain net income (profit) or other results in the future. In this case, the result obtained as a result of the investment of funds must necessarily exceed the amount of investment, i.e. investment of funds.

Investment activities according to the federal law "On investment activity" - investment and implementation of practical actions in order to obtain profit or achieve other beneficial effect.

Investment activity of the company

The effective activity of firms, enterprises and organizations in the long term, ensuring high rates of their development and increasing competitiveness is largely determined by the level of their investment activity and the range of investment activities. An individual or legal entity making investments on its own behalf and at its own expense is called investor.

In the broadest interpretation investments represent an investment of capital for the purpose of its subsequent increase. The source of capital gains and the driving motive for making investments is the profit received from them. Often the term “investment” is identified with the term “capital investment”. Investments in this case are considered as an investment in the reproduction of fixed assets (buildings, equipment, vehicles, etc.). Investments can be made: in current assets; in various financial instruments (stocks, bonds, etc.); into certain types of intangible assets (acquisition of patents, licenses and know-how), etc. Consequently, capital investment is a narrower concept and can be considered only as one of the forms of investment, but not as their analogue.

All investments are divided into two main groups: real(capital-forming) and financial. Real investment- This is basically a long-term investment of funds (capital) directly into the means of production. They represent financial investments in a specific, usually long-term project and are usually associated with the acquisition of real assets. In this case, both own and borrowed capital, including a bank loan, can be used. In this case, the bank also becomes a real investor.

Financial or portfolio investments Is an investment of capital in projects related to the formation of a portfolio of securities and other assets. In this case, the main task of the investor is the formation and management of the optimal investment portfolio, carried out, as a rule, through the purchase and sale of securities on the stock market. An investment portfolio is a collection of various investment values brought together.

In the practice of planning and accounting long-term real investment can be grouped according to the following criteria:

by the level of centralization of sources financing: centralized (state budget funds), decentralized (enterprise own funds, borrowed and attracted financial resources, etc.);
by technological structure(composition of work and costs): for construction and installation work, the purchase of all types of equipment, tools and inventory, other capital work and costs;
by the nature of reproduction of fixed assets: new construction, expansion,
reconstruction, technical re-equipment;
by the way of work: by contract and by economic means;
by appointment: for production and non-production purposes.

The amount of investment depends on certain factors.

Let's consider only the main factors influencing the volume of investments:

At first, the amount of investment depends on distribution of income received for consumption and savings... In conditions of low per capita incomes, most of them are spent on consumption. The growth of income causes an increase in their share directed to savings, which serve as a source of investment resources. Consequently, an increase in the share of savings causes a corresponding increase in the volume of investments, and vice versa.

Secondly, has a significant impact on the volume of investments expected net profit margin. This is because profit is the main driver of investment. The higher the expected rate of net profit, the correspondingly higher will be the volume of investments, and vice versa.

Thirdly, the lending rate also has a significant impact on the volume of investments. In the process of investing, not only equity, but also borrowed capital is often used. If the expected rate of net profit exceeds the lending rate, then, all other things being equal, the investment will be effective. Therefore, an increase in the lending interest rate causes a decrease in the volume of investments and vice versa.

Fourth Among the factors that have a significant impact on the volume of investments, the expected inflation rate should be noted. The higher this indicator, the more the future return on investment will be depreciated and, therefore, there will be less incentive to increase investment. This factor plays a special role in the process of long-term investment.

Investment forms are classified according to the following criteria:

1. By investment objects allocate real and financial investments.

Under real investment understand investing in real assets - both tangible and intangible (for example, innovative investments).
Under financial investments understand investing in various financial instruments (assets), among which the most significant share is investment in securities.

2. By the nature of investment participation allocate straight and indirect investments.

Under direct investment understand the direct participation of the investor in the selection of investment objects and investment of funds. Direct investment is carried out mainly by trained investors who have sufficiently accurate information about the investment object and are well acquainted with the investment mechanism.
Under indirect investment means investment mediated by other persons (investment or other financial intermediaries). Not all investors have sufficient qualifications for the effective selection of investment objects and their subsequent management. In these cases, they purchase securities issued by investment or other financial intermediaries, who place the collected investment funds at their own discretion, i.e. choose the most effective investment objects, participate in their management, and distribute the received income among their clients.

3. By investment period distinguish short term and long-term investments.

Under short-term investments usually understand the investment of capital for a period of not more than one year.
Under long-term investments understand the investment of capital for a period of more than one year. In the practice of large investment companies, they are detailed as follows: up to 2 years; from 2 to 3 years old; from 3 to 5 years old; over 5 years.

4. By forms of ownership investors allocate investments private, state, foreign and joint.

5. By regionally allocate investments domestically and abroad.

Under investments within the country(internal investment) means investing in investment objects located within the territorial boundaries of a given country.
Under investments abroad(foreign investments) means investments in investment objects located outside the territorial boundaries of a given country (these investments also include the acquisition of financial instruments from other countries).

Investment activities is a process of investment (capital investment) and a set of practical actions for the implementation of investments. Firms in the process of production activities accumulate capital. A firm's investment in additional means of production and profit is called an investment.

Before deciding on capital investments, a firm needs to carry out calculations of their economic efficiency.

Economic efficiency - relative a value that is calculated as the ratio of the effect to the costs incurred.

The effect can be an increase in profits, a decrease in costs, an increase in labor productivity, an increase in quality, an increase in production volumes, etc.

Payback period Is the minimum time interval from the start of the project, beyond which the integral effect becomes and then remains non-negative.

Investments do not give an effect immediately, but only after certain periods of time, i.e. when the projected efficiency is achieved.

The time gap between the implementation of the project (capital investment) and the receipt of the effect is called lag... The shorter the lag, the higher the efficiency.

The objects of investment can be:

enterprises, buildings, structures under construction, reconstructed or expanded (fixed assets);
programs of the federal, regional or other level. In this case, as a result of investment, complexes of objects under construction or reconstructed can also be created, focused on solving one problem (program);
production of new products (services) at existing production facilities.

The set of works performed to substantiate the effectiveness of investments in an enterprise is called investment project... An investment project for a specific enterprise is a system of organizational, legal, settlement and financial documents containing a program of actions aimed at the effective use of investments.

Preparation of an investment project is a lengthy and sometimes very expensive process, consisting of a number of acts and stages. In international practice, it is customary to distinguish three main stages of this process: NSre-investment; investment; operational.

The time interval between the moment the project appears and its liquidation is called life cycle of the project. Pre-investment phase contains four stages:

search for investment concepts (business ideas);
preliminary preparation of the project;
final formulation of the project, assessment of its economic and financial acceptability;
final consideration of the project and making a decision on it.

Investment phase includes a wide range of consulting and design work, mainly in the field of project management. Project management Is the process of planning, organizing and controlling the distribution and movement of human, financial and material resources throughout the entire life cycle of a project. Project implementation is provided by the project participants. The main participant in the project is the customer, represented by the organization for which the project is being carried out.

Methods for assessing the effectiveness of investment projects are ways to determine the feasibility of long-term capital investment in various objects in order to assess the prospects for their profitability and payback.

Currently, the generally accepted method for evaluating investment projects is discounting method, i.e. bringing income and expenses at different times carried out within the framework of an investment project to a single (base) point in time.

The effectiveness of the project is characterized by a system of indicators reflecting the ratio of costs and benefits in relation to the project participants.

Estimation of forthcoming costs and results in determining efficiency is carried out within the calculation period, the duration of which is called "Calculation horizon"... The calculation horizon is measured steps of calculation, and the calculation step in determining the efficiency is a month, quarter or year. All calculations are carried out in basic, forecast and calculated prices.

When evaluating the effectiveness of investment projects, the comparison of indicators at different times is carried out by bringing (discounting) their value to the initial version. To bring all costs and benefits, use discount coefficient(the same as the reduction factor) L t is calculated as follows:

L t- coefficient of reduction;
E- discount rate;
t- number of the calculation step (time period, which is determined in years, quarters, months).

The discount rate is determined equal to the rate of return on capital (interest rate determined by the Central Bank).

The following four criteria are calculated on its basis:

1. Net present value (netpresentvalue — NPV) or net present value (NPV), equal to the integral effect is determined by the formula:

R t- the result achieved at the t-th calculation step;
З t- costs at the same step (for the same period);
T- calculation horizon

I- investment costs;
CF- net cash income for the period of operation of the investment object (cash flow);
E- discount rate;
t- step of the billing period.

The essence of the criterion is to compare present value future cash receipts (present value - PV) from the implementation of the project with the investment costs necessary for its implementation.

Net cash income is calculated in one of three alternative ways:

by net profit;
by net profit, taking into account depreciation charges;
by net profit, taking into account depreciation charges and the residual value of fixed assets.

If the present value

there will be more investment costs, i.e. the value of the net present value (NPV) is positive, then this corresponds to the feasibility of the project, and the higher the value of the criterion, the more attractive the investment project.

2. Profitability of the project (Profitabilityindex — PI) or profitability index (ID) is the ratio of the sum of the reduced effects to the amount of capital investment.

TO- the amount of discounted capital investment

K t- the sum of investments at the t-th step (in a certain year, month, quarter).

It is obvious that the value of the criterion PI> 1, indicates the feasibility of the project, and the more PI exceeds 1 , the greater the investment attractiveness of the project.

3. Payback period (Paybackperiod — PB).

The point is to determine the period of time required to recover the investment, for which the return on investment is expected from the income received from the implementation of the investment project.

There are two calculation methods:

a) the amount of the initial investment is divided by the value of the average annual cash receipts. It is used when cash receipts are approximately equal over the years:

where I 0 initial investment.

b) cash receipts are deducted from the amount of the initial investment on an accrual basis until their difference becomes equal to 0. Accordingly, this period is the payback period of the investment.

4. Internal rate of return (Internalrateofreturn — IRR) or internal rate of return represents the rate of discount E ex, at which the magnitude of the reduced effects is equal to the reduced investment

E vn Is the internal discount rate.

Here are two definitions of this criterion.

a) The internal rate of return is understood as the calculated interest rate at which the capitalization of regularly received income gives the money supply equal to the investment, and, therefore, the investment is a payback operation.

b) Indicator IRR is a calibration discount at which the return on the investment project is equal to the initial investment in the project.

Or, in other words, when the discount rate that brings investment costs and net income to one point in time becomes the value at which they are equal and correspond to the concept of the internal rate of return of the project ( IRR = E).

None of the above indicators is in itself sufficient to make a decision on a project, should be taken into account all indicators based on opinion all participants project, opinions of budgetary efficiency plus socio-economic, environmental. and other factors (political).

The given system of indicators reflects the ratio of costs and benefits in relation to the interests of its participants, and to determine the effectiveness of an investment project as a whole, indicators of commercial, budgetary and economic efficiency are calculated

The commercial efficiency of the project is determined by the ratio of financial costs and results that provide the required rate of return. Commercial efficiency is calculated both for the project as a whole and for its individual participants.

When calculating commercial efficiency the net liquidation value of the object is also determined, which is the difference between the market price and taxes.

Book value object is defined as the difference between the initial costs and the accrued depreciation.

A necessary criterion for accepting an investment project is a positive balance of accumulated real money in any time interval where this project participant bears costs and receives income, and NPV, IRR, ID are additionally taken into account.

Economic activity is subject to uncertainty, as it is associated with the market situation, the behavior of other organizations (enterprises), their expectations and decisions. Any investment activity contains a known share of the risk that the entrepreneur assumes. When the goals of the investment project are achieved, unforeseen circumstances may arise. These unforeseen circumstances or hazards are usually called risks.

When evaluating projects, the following types of uncertainty and investment risks seem to be the most significant:

The risk of instability in economic legislation and the current economic situation;
External economic risk(the introduction of restrictions on the supply of goods, the closure of borders;
Uncertainty of the political situation and unfavorable socio-political changes in the country, region;
Market fluctuations, exchange rate prices;
Uncertainty of natural and climatic conditions;
Industrial and technological risk(equipment failures, accidents, etc.) [rely on the latest equipment models];
Uncertainty of goals, interests and behavior of participants;
Incompleteness or inaccuracy of information about the financial situation, the goals of the participants.

To account for uncertainty and risk factors, it is recommended to apply the following methods:

sustainability design method;
method - adjustment of project parameters and economic parameters;
formalized description of uncertainties.

The first method provides for the development of various options for scenarios for the implementation of the project, and for each option it is investigated how the economic and organizational mechanism of the project implementation will operate. Income and expenses, losses for all participants are determined. A project is considered sustainable and effective if, in all cases, the interests of all its participants are respected. At the same time, the degree of stability is determined by the maximum level of sales volumes, the level of prices, income, costs, etc., while the break-even point is necessarily calculated.

In practice, a break-even point is calculated to assess risk.

The break-even point is understood as the level of production volume, business activity, sales, at which the total costs are equal to the total revenue, i.e. total operating expenses are equal to the total income from the project.

Q- the number of products required to reach the break-even point;
And post- conditionally fixed costs;
And lane- conditionally variable costs per unit of production;
C- unit price.

Based on the calculation of the break-even point, the level of the safety range is determined:

U r- the level of the reserve of profitability (security);
Q prog- projected sales volume.

The lower the value of the safety margin, the higher the risk.

The uncertainty of the second method takes into account the timing of the construction of the project and the implementation of construction and installation works, the average duration of construction, the average values of the cost of construction, late receipts of funds, irregular supply of raw materials and equipment, and standards of economic efficiency.

The most accurate, but also difficult, is the third method. It involves the following steps:

description of the entire set of possible conditions for the implementation of the project;
transformation of the initial information into the corresponding economic indicators;
determination of performance indicators for the project as a whole, taking into account uncertainties.

In this case, the expected integral effect is calculated (for the whole project):

E live eff- the expected integral effect;
E i- the integral effect under the i-th condition of the project implementation;
P i- the probability of this condition being realized.

The most effective option is considered to be where the expected integral effect is minimal.

To combat risk, there are the following methods used in the investment phase of the project:

distribution of risk between project participants (transfer of part of the risk to co-executors);
insurance;
reserve funds to cover unforeseen expenses;
neutralization of private risks;
reducing risks in terms of financing.

Practically risk sharing implemented in the process of preparing the project plan and contract documents. It should be remembered that the more risk the project participants are going to impose on investors, the more difficult it will be to find investors. Therefore, the project participants should, in the process of negotiations with the investor, show maximum flexibility as to how much of the risk they agree to take on.

Risk insurance there is essentially a transfer of certain risks to the insurance company. This is usually done through property and accident insurance.

Funds reservation contingency is a risk management strategy that balances the potential risks affecting the cost of a project and the costs required to overcome project disruptions. For this:

An assessment is made of the potential consequences of risks, that is, amounts to cover unforeseen expenses;
The structure of the contingency reserve is determined;
Determine for what purposes the specified reserve should be used.

It is important to note that a portion of the reserve should always be in the hands of the project manager.

By private we mean risks, associated with the implementation of individual stages (work) on the project, but not directly affecting the entire project as a whole.

Sequence of steps when using the method of private risks next:

The most important risk for the project is considered;
Cost overruns are determined taking into account the likelihood of an adverse event;
A list of possible measures aimed at reducing the importance of the risk (reducing its likelihood or hazard) is determined;
The additional costs for the implementation of the proposed measures are determined;
The required costs for the implementation of the proposed measures are compared with a possible cost overrun due to the occurrence of a risk event;
A decision is made to apply anti-risk measures;
The risk analysis process is repeated for the next most important risk.

Funding risks.

The project financing plan, which is part of the project plan, should take into account the following types of risks:

risk of non-viability of the project that is, investors must be confident that the estimated revenues from the project will be sufficient to cover costs, pay off debts and ensure a return on investment;
tax risk includes the inability to use, for one reason or another, tax benefits provided by current legislation; changes in tax legislation; tax service decision reducing tax benefits. Investors usually protect themselves from tax risk through appropriate guarantees included in agreements and contracts;
risk of non-payment of debts may occur when there is a temporary decrease in income due to a short-term drop in demand for the project's products or a decrease in prices for it. To overcome, such risk mitigation measures are used as the formation of reserve funds, the possibility of additional financing for the project, deduction of a certain percentage of the proceeds from the implementation of the project product;
construction in progress risk... Investors are concerned about the risk of additional costs associated with the late completion of the construction base of the project due to inflation, currency fluctuations, environmental problems, government regulations. Therefore, before starting construction, the project participants must come to an agreement on guarantees of its timely completion.