Return on assets is defined as. Return on assets - the formula for calculating the balance

Role economic analysis efficiency of use fixed assets it is impossible to overestimate for the successful functioning of the entire enterprise. In this case, three main indicators are usually used - capital productivity, capital intensity and capital-labor ratio. As a rule, their change in dynamics is considered.

Based on the results of the study, conclusions are drawn about the rationality or irrationality of the use of available funds, errors and problems are revealed, reserves for increasing the efficiency of the use of fixed assets are revealed.

Average annual cost of fixed assets

To calculate the indicators of capital intensity, capital productivity and capital-labor ratio, the value is used "Average annual cost of fixed assets"... The formula for determining this indicator is as follows:

ОC medium = ОC ng + ОC int * N1 / 12 - ОC select * N2 / 12

OC ng- the cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year,
OS entered- the cost of fixed assets put into operation during the year,
OS select- the cost of fixed assets retired during the year,
N1- the number of months of use of the entered fixed assets,
N2- the number of months during which the retired fixed assets were not used.

The cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year can be taken from the balance sheet. To determine the value of the fixed assets put into operation, you need to familiarize yourself with the debit turnover on account 01 "fixed assets" (the source of information can be turnover balance sheet on this account). To calculate the value of funds written off from the balance sheet, it is enough to look at the credit turnovers for the same account.

Return on assets

The return on assets ratio is calculated as follows:

Return on assets = Volume of all products / Average annual cost of fixed assets

The return on assets shows how much of the finished product falls on 1 ruble of fixed assets. That is, the higher the value of return on assets, the more efficiently the enterprise uses its fixed assets. Accordingly, the increase in the indicator in dynamics is assessed positively.

If the opposite situation takes place, this is a serious reason to think about the reasons for the irrational use of existing equipment. Indeed, over time, problems can lead the company itself to significant losses.

Capital intensity

The capital intensity indicator is the inverse of the capital productivity indicator and is calculated by the formula:

Capital intensity = Average annual value of fixed assets / Volume of products produced.

The value of capital intensity shows what amount of fixed assets falls on each ruble of finished goods. Naturally, the lower this indicator, the more efficiently the enterprise equipment is used. A decrease in the indicator over time is a positive trend in the development of the enterprise.

Capital intensity (PU) and capital productivity (FO) are paired, interrelated indicators. If one quantity is known, the other can be found by subtracting the known indicator from one.

If there is a situation at the enterprise in which the phraseological unit increases, and the physical unit falls, this means that production capacity are used irrationally, their workload is not complete enough. Accordingly, the search for additional reserves should be started as soon as possible.

For example, it might be worth increasing the number of shifts or making the work week six days (which does not mean that each individual employee will work 6 days a week, it comes only about the redistribution of labor resources).

Capital-labor ratio

The capital-labor ratio reflects provision of employees enterprises with fixed assets and is calculated using the following formula:

Capital-to-labor ratio = Average annual cost of fixed assets / Average number of employees.

It is possible to draw conclusions about the change in this indicator only in relation to the value of labor productivity. If the growth rate of labor productivity lags behind the growth rate of capital-labor ratio, this indicates the irrational use of the enterprise's resources. Perhaps we are talking about the multiplicity of the management apparatus of the organization or the unmotivated growth of the passive part of fixed assets.

The analysis of these three simple indicators will allow you to recognize in time the problems that threaten the profitability of the enterprise, and find ways to eliminate them.

One of the main generalizing indicators characterizing the level of efficiency of using the main production assets, is the return on assets.

Return on assets is an indicator of the efficiency of using fixed assets, calculated as the annual output divided by the cost of fixed assets with which these products are produced; in the most generalized form, the return on assets characterizes the level of use of fixed assets (funds).

Capital productivity is defined as the ratio of output (gross, marketable, net) to the average annual value of fixed assets. The rate of return on assets is used in the analysis of the level of use of fixed assets, the planned justification of production volumes and the increase in new capacities.

where VP is the production output, thousand rubles.

Fsr - the average annual cost of fixed assets, thousand rubles.

The return on assets shows how many products in value terms were produced in a given period per 1 ruble of the cost of fixed assets. The better used fixed assets, the higher the rate of return on assets.

The level and dynamics of capital productivity across the enterprise is influenced by:

Production volume in physical terms and product price;

The composition and structure of fixed assets (in particular, the age structure, specific gravity active part of fixed assets);

Productivity, price and other technical and economic indicators of machinery and equipment; the level of wear and tear of the elements of fixed assets;

The share of unused elements of fixed assets; the degree of loading of machines and equipment; utilization rates of the production area and production capacity of the enterprise.

Capital intensity

Capital intensity - an indicator inverse to capital productivity; characterizes the cost of production fixed assets per 1 ruble. products.

The capital intensity of products is used to determine the need for fixed assets when developing long-term plans, choosing effective options for technical development, for studying economic efficiency operating production.

Depending on the participation of fixed assets in the production of products, the capital intensity is subdivided into direct, indirect and full.

Straight- takes into account the cost of fixed assets of a particular enterprise.

Indirect- includes only the cost of fixed assets that functions at other enterprises and indirectly participates in the creation of component products for this enterprise.

Full- the total value of direct and indirect capital intensity.

production economic resource material

There are also incremental capital intensity indicator... It is calculated as the ratio of the increase in fixed assets to the increase in production over a certain period of time (month, quarter, year). Incremental capital intensity is usually used to establish the reasons that influenced the level of capital intensity in the analyzed year.

With the help of indicators of capital intensity, it is possible to trace the dynamics of the level of use of fixed assets, to identify the relationship between productivity and capital-labor ratio, to evaluate the effectiveness of forms of intensive expanded reproduction.

Capital-labor ratio

The capital-labor ratio is an indicator characterizing the equipment of employees of enterprises in the sphere material production main production facilities. Capital-to-labor ratio is defined as the ratio of the value of fixed assets of an enterprise to the average annual payroll number of employees.

where H is the average number of employees.

There is a relationship between capital productivity and labor productivity and capital-labor ratio:

where Fo is the return on assets, rubles;

VP - production volume, thousand rubles;

Fsr - the average annual cost of fixed assets, thousand rubles;

H - the average number of employees, people.

PT - labor productivity, thousand rubles;

Фв - capital-labor ratio, thousand rubles.

To increase capital productivity, it is necessary that the growth rate of labor productivity outstripped the growth rate of its capital-labor ratio.

Profitability of fixed assets

Along with the above indicators, when analyzing the economic efficiency of using fixed assets, the profitability of fixed assets is calculated:

where P - annual amount profit, thousand rubles;

Fsr - the average annual cost of fixed assets, thousand rubles.

The profitability indicator of fixed assets depends on the structure of fixed assets, their size and use, the range of manufactured products, prices for finished products and raw materials.

The value of the rate of return on assets for a specific period shows how many rubles of revenue was brought by one ruble invested in fixed assets. The rate of return on assets in dynamics helps the management and economists of the enterprise assess how effectively and efficiently their fixed assets are used.

In the literature, you can also find other names for this coefficient - for example, the efficiency of non-circulating capital.

The easiest way to find the value of the rate of return on assets is to divide the sales proceeds by the cost of fixed assets.

SOF - the cost of fixed assets;

However, to obtain a more accurate and up-to-date value, it is necessary to take the average annual cost of fixed assets, and not the cost at the beginning or end of the period, since in this case some distortion of the data is inevitable.

The average annual cost of fixed assets is found as a simple arithmetic mean - by adding the cost of fixed assets at the beginning and end of the period and dividing the resulting result by 2.

SSOF - the average annual cost of fixed assets;

SOF n.p. - the cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the period;

SOF kp - the cost of fixed assets at the end of the period.

The data for calculating the return on assets are taken from the balance sheet and the report on financial results, and therefore, for convenience, you can use the formula for calculating the return on assets by lines of financial statements.

Capital intensity is a coefficient that is directly opposite to the capital productivity ratio. It can be used to judge how many rubles invested in fixed assets fall on a ruble of proceeds.

In other words, the capital intensity ratio demonstrates how much the organization had to spend on fixed assets in order to get the actual amount of revenue.

Analysis of capital productivity ratios

For the rate of return on assets, no standard value has been established that is universal for all enterprises.

This indicator can vary greatly depending on the level of inflation, the industry specifics of the enterprise, the revaluation of fixed assets and a number of other factors.

However, according to the dynamics of capital productivity it is still possible to judge about a decrease or increase in the efficiency of using fixed assets in the studied enterprise.

So, the factors that reduce the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets include:

input new technology into operation;
forced increase in costs for ergonomics and safety technology;
lowering the shift ratio of the funds;
increase in the duration and amount of equipment downtime;

If the first of the two listed factors can be considered a favorable trend, which will subsequently increase the productivity and efficiency of the enterprise, then the other two factors are an alarming signal and require urgent action by the organization's management.

The main factors that can increase the efficiency of the use of fixed assets are:

increasing the productivity of installed equipment;
increase in the shift ratio;
more efficient use enterprise capacity and working time;

If, according to the analysis carried out, the capital intensity at the enterprise is growing, and the return on assets is decreasing, this indicates the irrational use of production capacities. The reason for this may be, for example, their incomplete workload or the unsatisfactory condition of the funds themselves.

In order to quickly and at the lowest cost fix the problem of low capital productivity, it is best to carry out a factor analysis of this coefficient.

As factors, the cost of equipment, the number of machines, as well as the number of hours worked by funds, the duration of the analyzed period, etc. can be taken into account.

Ways to increase the rate of return on assets

Based on the factors listed above that can improve or worsen the performance of fixed assets, the following measures can be developed to increase the return on assets:

To improve the performance of the equipment, it is recommended:

update production facilities in a timely manner keeping them at an optimal level;
carry out technical re-equipment of production as necessary, to equip the enterprise with new, more powerful and modern funds;
construction is possible in some cases new production facilities or reconstruction of existing ones for the changed needs of the enterprise;

Sometimes, to eliminate them, it is necessary to revise the personnel shift schedule, and in other cases, the introduction of a system of preventive maintenance has a good effect.

This system is a series of measures for the maintenance, control and repair of installed equipment, thereby reducing the number of breakdowns and, as a result, unplanned repairs.

But before introducing it at the enterprise, it is necessary to take into account the accompanying disadvantages.

Such activities are quite laborious and may cause the need for additional recruitment of labor, and a large number of scheduled repairs will slow down the production process somewhat, increase costs and may cause an increase in the number of refusals from potential customers.

It is possible to increase the capacity of the enterprise and the efficiency of the use of working time in the following ways:

process automation, the maximum rejection of manual labor in favor of machine;
high-quality development of new capacities(including and by timely upgrading the qualifications of personnel serving the equipment);
reduction in unit cost both re-equipped and newly introduced funds;

The above methods are aimed at increasing capital productivity through the management of the state of fixed assets.

However, we must not forget that this ratio is influenced not only by fixed assets, but also by the amount of revenue received by the organization in the study period. Consequently, if the volume of proceeds increases, then, other things being equal, the return on assets will also increase.

The most appropriate measures to increase revenue is to improve the quality and competitiveness of products, as well as the development of a distribution network of buyers, the search for new markets and sales channels and other marketing activities.

Capital productivity of fixed assets at factor analysis is determined by the formula for which you need to know:

T is the average number of technological equipment;

B is the operating time of a piece of equipment;

Sun - average hourly production in value terms;

CC is the average annual cost of equipment.

The formula is: (T x B x Vs) / SS.

Return on assets management

Now that we have looked at how to calculate the return on assets, we need to figure out whether it can be controlled. The value of the coefficient in dynamics should grow, that is, the efficiency of the use of funds should increase. The formula for calculating this indicator includes revenue - the totality of money earned by the enterprise. Therefore, the most obvious option is to increase income. What are the options:

to increase the productivity of labor and equipment;
increase the load of equipment;
automate the work process, use new technologies and look for options to optimize all processes;
work to reduce costs;
stimulate sales with advertising, promotions, discounts;
improve the quality of goods and create new competitive advantages.

Kf = Vn / OSng

where Кф is the rate of return on assets (rubles),

OSng - fixed assets at the beginning of the year (average annual cost in rubles),

VP - sales proceeds (rubles).

The return on assets ratio is the reciprocal of the capital intensity, so it can be found using the following formula:

Kf = 1 / capital intensity

The capital productivity ratio is not standardized, for each company the management determines its own levels of permissible turnover of production assets. The return on assets must be analyzed over several years in dynamics to assess the nature of the trend.

The formula for return on assets on the balance sheet

When calculating the return on assets, you need to use two forms of accounting:

Balance sheet, referred to as Form No. 1;
Statement of financial results (profit and loss statement), referred to as form No. 2.

The amount of revenue is taken from the statement of financial results, and the value of fixed assets is calculated according to the balance sheet. The formula for return on assets balance sheet:

Ф = (p. 2110 / p. 1150) * 100%

where Ф is the return on assets (in percentage);

line 2110 - proceeds from the statement of financial results (in rubles);

p. 1150 - fixed assets calculated according to the balance sheet (in rubles).

To obtain a more accurate result, the average annual value of fixed assets is determined by adding up the indicators of line 1150 of the balance sheet of the beginning and end of the period and dividing them by 2.

When calculating, instead of revenue, profit from sales is often used, while line 2200 (OFR) is substituted into the return on assets formula instead of line 2110 (OFR).

What the formula for return on assets shows

Return on assets is a basic indicator of turnover, reflecting the efficiency of the company and the actual (potential) volume Money in response to financial investments.

Simply put, the return on assets reflects how many rubles of income will fall on each ruble of the value of fixed assets.

Most enterprises consider the rate of return on assets in dynamics, carrying out the calculation over several periods. This makes it possible to assess the performance picture with higher accuracy. If the cost of fixed assets increases sharply (for example, a new shop is launched), then the rate of return on assets may sharply decrease. For this reason, it is recommended to analyze the remaining characteristics that are associated with the use of the company's property and its profits.

When assessing the efficiency of management of production funds, it is required to use the following indicators:

Return on assets,
resource intensity,
resource efficiency,
material consumption.

In general, an increase in the number of fixed assets in dynamics leads to an increase in capital productivity, which shows an increase in the intensity of the use of fixed assets.

Return on assets management

You can manage the return on assets by managing the size of fixed assets and the company's revenue.

The increase in capital productivity is achieved through the following activities:

Increase in labor and equipment productivity,
Automation of production;
Increased equipment utilization;
Distribution network development;
Improving the quality and competitiveness of goods;
Introduction of new technologies and innovations into the production process.

Examples of problem solving

Unit price (P) - 15 rubles,

Production volume (Q) - 153690 pieces,

The cost of fixed assets at the beginning of 2016 is 116,000 rubles,

The cost of fixed assets at the end of 2016 is 140,000 rubles.

We calculate the cost of fixed assets using the following formula:

Where OS is the average annual cost of OS,

OSng - OS at the beginning of the period,

OSkg - fixed asset at the end of the period.

OS = (116,000 + 140,000) / 2 = 128,000 rubles.

We can determine the return on assets using the following formula:

Kf = Vn / OSng

Kf = 230535/128000=1,8

Fixed assets (p. 1150):

As of 12/31/15 - 140 thousand rubles.

As of 12/31/16 - 116 thousand rubles.

The company's revenue (line 2110):

2015 - 210 thousand rubles,

2016 - 190 thousand rubles.

F (2016) = 190/116 = 1.64 rubles.

Conclusion. We see that in 2016 the capital productivity increased in comparison with 2015, which reflects the positive dynamics in the work of the enterprise.

Sources of

I. A. Kudryavtsev, N. A. Ratinova. Criminal aggression; Moscow State University Publishing House - Moscow, 2013 .-- 192 p.
Jean, Michel Lambert Little Judge / Jean Michel Lambert. - M .: Progress, 2016 .-- 352 p.
Melnichenko R.G. Universal rules for success; Centerpolygraph - M., 2013 .-- 216 p.
Korniychuk G.A. Arbitration procedural law. Answers to exam questions; Exam - Moscow, 2010 .-- 288 p.
Your home lawyer. Emergency legal assistance. Lawyer's advice. - M .: World of books, 2016 .-- 448 p.

Capital productivity formula for calculating the balance

How is the formula for capital productivity and capital intensity useful for an entrepreneur? Knowledge of these economic indicators gives a full-fledged objective idea of the efficiency of using equipment and other means of production. Success in the market cannot be imagined without high-quality analytics. We will tell you how to calculate the return on assets and capital intensity using specific examples, as well as whether they have a standard value.

Among all the economic indicators of the enterprise, a very important place is the return on assets of fixed assets. It is a coefficient that reflects how efficiently a company uses all of its capital goods. That is, real estate, land, equipment, transport. The meaning of the term actually lies in its name: what kind of “return” does the business get from its funds? The synonym for this term is the "fixed assets turnover ratio" literally translated from English.

The rate of return on assets characterizes the quality of use of the means of production. It can be calculated for the entire enterprise, as well as for a department or, on the contrary, for a network of companies. Thus, you can find out how much revenue falls on one unit of the fund's value. The unit of measurement is percent (for this, the result of the calculations must be multiplied by 100%).

Among all indicators of the economic efficiency of an enterprise, capital productivity and capital intensity are of fundamental importance.

Normative value

The company monitors the return on assets in dynamics, since this indicator itself is devoid of standard values. Under normal conditions, the coefficient increases over time: that is, the quality of use of fixed assets is growing.

It is a good idea to compare the rate of return on assets of one company with the data of its competitors in the same industry. For example, compare two manufacturers of clothing, footwear, or building materials... But the problem is that the data required for calculations is usually protected by trade secrets. You won't be able to recognize them just like that. Therefore, you can limit yourself to tracking the indicator for your companies and attend to its positive dynamics. It is the stable growth that is the normative value of the return on assets.

Calculation formula

How to calculate the return on assets? The formula is quite simple and assumes knowledge of only two indicators: revenue for the reporting period and the average annual cost of fixed assets. Everything is elementary - it is the ratio of the proceeds to the average annual value of the assets.

Return on assets= revenue: average annual value of funds

or = revenue: ((value of funds at the beginning of the year + value of funds at the end of the year): 2)

Balance calculation formula= st 2110: ((line 1150 at the beginning of the year + line 1150 at the end of the year): 2)

In principle, it is clear what revenue is. This is all the money earned by the company. But with the fact that the average annual cost may arise questions. Sometimes the initial cost of the equipment is used for the calculation. For example, companies bought a crumb rubber machine for 170 thousand rubles and from year to year they use this initial cost in the formula. It is not correct. The equipment is gradually being depreciated, its cost is constantly decreasing. The use of the residual value in this case is more correct.

The average annual value is obtained by adding the fund value at the beginning and end of the year and dividing the result by 2. Why should the average annual value be used for the calculation? This option is most accurate when it comes to a long period of time. If we take data on the cost only at the beginning of the year, the coefficient will be underestimated. If only at the end - overestimate. Using the average annual cost will help you strike the right balance.

Calculation example

Consider how to find the return on assets using a specific example. This is actually a very simple operation. Suppose the company earned 2.5 million rubles in the first year of operation, and 3.1 million rubles in the second. The initial cost of the funds was 450 thousand rubles, which by the end of the first year had decreased to 420 thousand rubles, and by the end of the second - to 380 thousand.

An example of calculating the return on assets:

In the first year = 2,500,000 / ((450,000 + 420,000) / 2) = 5.74.
In the second year = 3,100,000 / ((420,000 + 380,000) / 2) = 7, 75.

Thus, the return on assets shows that in this example the enterprise effectively uses all its means of production. By the end of the second year, the ratio had increased by 35%.

Brief information and the formula for return on assets

What is capital intensity

Another important coefficient characterizing the efficiency of the use of the means of production is called capital intensity. This indicator is considered opposite or inverse in relation to the return on assets. The capital intensity shows how much of the value of the funds falls on 1 ruble of finished goods.

We have already learned that capital productivity should grow, but capital intensity should decline. It is the decrease in the coefficient, that is, the reduction in the costs of funds for the products, that is the normative value, the positive dynamics. In the case when the value of the indicator in two compared periods has increased, the company unreasonably plans the production process. If at the same time the return on assets has decreased (which is almost inevitable, since the indicators are inverse to each other), there is a risk of losses.

How to calculate the indicator

Now let's look at how to find this indicator and interpret the calculation results. The capital intensity formula is the reverse of the return on assets calculations and uses the same data.

Capital intensity= value of fixed assets / revenue

or = ((value of funds at the beginning of the year + value of funds at the end of the year) / 2) / revenue.

However, the calculations themselves will not provide any information. They need to be interpreted in dynamics, the results of calculations should decrease with each new reporting period.For example, let's calculate and analyze the data from the previous example:

revenue - 2.5 million at the end of the first year and 3.1 million at the end of the second;
the value of the funds was initially 450 thousand, at the end of the first year 420 thousand, at the end of the second 380 thousand.

We calculate the capital intensity:

For the first year = ((450,000 + 420,000): 2): 2,500,000 = 0.174.
For the second year = ((420,000 + 380,000): 2): 3,100,000 = 0.196.

Based on the results of the calculations, it became clear that the capital intensity increased. This is an alarming indicator. This means that the enterprises began to spend more means of production per 1 ruble of production. It is necessary to revise the workflow, identify the cause of inefficiency and eliminate it.

Quick Reference and Capital Intensity Formula

Factor analysis of return on assets

Factor analysis is a method of studying and characterizing the relationships between variables. It can also be used to analyze the coefficients described above. The size of capital productivity and capital intensity is influenced by the same set of indicators, namely, the company's revenue and the cost of funds. These are the so-called direct factors of influence, since it is from them that the value of the coefficients is added.

But if residual value assets are a fairly stable characteristic, which is problematic to manage; revenue can be influenced in several ways. For example, to hold promotions with discounts, to reduce the cost of production, to raise prices. Anything that affects revenue indirectly affects the return on assets.

The capital productivity of fixed assets in factor analysis is determined by the formula for which you need to know:

T is the average number of technological equipment;

B is the operating time of a piece of equipment;

Sun - average hourly production in value terms;

CC is the average annual cost of equipment.

The formula is: (T x B x Vs) / SS.

Return on assets management

to increase the productivity of labor and equipment;
increase the load of equipment;
automate the work process, use new technologies and look for options to optimize all processes;
work to reduce costs;
stimulate sales with advertising, promotions, discounts;
improve the quality of goods and create new competitive advantages.

Conclusion

This material provides information in accessible language on how to determine the coefficients of capital productivity and capital intensity. These are inverse indicators that characterize the efficiency of the enterprise's use of the means of production. The productivity of assets should grow, and the capital intensity should decrease. Both indicators are calculated on the basis of data on revenue and the cost of capital goods. These coefficients can not only be calculated and compared over time, but also directly controlled. For example, increase revenue and cut costs.

The efficiency of the use of fixed assets is characterized by the rate of return on assets, calculated as the ratio of the volume of output per year (at the enterprise level) to the average annual full cost... At the level of industries, output or gross value added is used as an indicator of output, and at the level of the economy as a whole, value is used.

Return on assets this is the volume of output divided by the average amount of industrial and production fixed assets by original cost.

The rational use of fixed assets is necessary to increase the production of the social product and.

An increase in the level of use of fixed assets makes it possible to increase the size of production output without additional capital investments and more short time... Accelerates, reduces the cost of reproducing new assets and reduces.

The economic effect of increasing the level of use of fixed assets is the growth of social labor productivity.

The return on assets shows how much production (or profit) the organization receives from each ruble of its fixed assets.

Let us define by the method of absolute differences the influence on the volume of production of two factors associated with fixed assets:

quantitative (extensive) factor - the amount of fixed assets;
qualitative (intensive) factor - return on assets.

Table No. 1.

To increase product output against previous year influenced by the following factors:

an increase in the amount of fixed assets could increase production by the amount of +6174 x 1.01 = +6235.7 thousand rubles.
a decrease in capital productivity reduced production by the amount of (-0.18) x 27985 = - 5037.3 thousand rubles. The total influence of two factors (balance of factors) is: +6235.7 - 5037.3 = +1198 thousand rubles.

Capital intensity

Capital intensity is the reciprocal of capital productivity... It characterizes how many basic production assets fall on 1 ruble of manufactured products.

Capital intensity is average amount industrial production fixed assets at initial cost divided by the volume of production.

Reducing capital intensity means labor saving.

The value of return on assets shows how much production is received from each ruble invested in fixed assets, and serves to determine the economic efficiency of using existing fixed assets.

The value of capital intensity shows how much money needs to be spent on fixed assets in order to get the required volume of production.

In this way - capital intensity shows, how many fixed assets are for each ruble of manufactured products. If the use of fixed assets improves, then capital productivity should increase, and capital intensity - decrease.

When calculating the return on assets from the composition of fixed assets, working machines and equipment are allocated (the active part of fixed assets). Comparison of the growth rates and the percentage of fulfillment of the plan for capital productivity per 1 ruble of the cost of fixed industrial and production assets and per 1 ruble of the cost of working machines and equipment shows the effect of changes in the structure of fixed assets on the efficiency of their use. Under these conditions, the second indicator should outpace the first (if the proportion of the active part of fixed assets increases).

Capital-labor ratio

The capital-labor ratio has a huge impact on the value of capital productivity and capital intensity.

The capital-labor ratio is used to characterize the degree of equipment of workers' labor.

Capital-to-labor ratio and capital productivity are linked through the indicator labor productivity(Labor productivity = Output /).

Thus, capital productivity = labor productivity / capital-labor ratio.

To improve production efficiency, it is important that outrunning growth in production was ensured in comparison with the growth of fixed assets.

Using the problem, we will consider a method for calculating capital intensity, capital-labor ratio and capital productivity.

Task

	Base period		Reporting period
Company	Volume of production	Average cost of OF	Volume of production	Average cost of OF
1	18	15	36	24
2	140	35	158,4	36

Find

Coefficient of dynamics of the average capital productivity of the concern;
The absolute impact on the change in the average capital productivity of the change in capital productivity at each enterprise and changes in the capital structure.

Solution

Impact of a change in capital productivity of a change in fixed assets

Analysis of the condition and use of fixed assets

The volume of production depends on many factors, which can be grouped into three main groups:

factors related to availability, use, i.e. basic industrial and production Funds (funds);
factors related to security () and their use;
factors related to availability, movement and use.

The analysis should examine and measure the impact of these factors on. At the same time, the influence of each group of factors (resources) is determined, all other things being equal, i.e., it is assumed that the factors related to other groups acted as it was envisaged.

Consider the first group of factors (resources) that affect the volume of production. All other things being equal, the volume of production will be the greater, the more amount fixed assets and the better their use.

The main sources of information for the analysis of fixed assets are: f. # 5 annual report"Appendix to the balance sheet", inventory cards for accounting of fixed assets, acts of transfer and acceptance of fixed assets, invoices for the internal movement of fixed assets, acts of transfer and acceptance of repaired, reconstructed, modernized fixed assets,

Fixed assets (funds) are instruments of labor used to manufacture products or to service the production process.

The analysis should start by studying structure of fixed assets, i.e. ratios different groups fixed assets in total amount their cost.

Necessary so that in the structure of fixed assets the proportion of their active part increased, i.e. working machines and equipment that directly affect the objects of labor, i.e. for materials. At the same time, the return on the use of fixed assets increases.

Then you should check how fixed assets are updated, and calculate the following indicators:

fixed assets
fixed assets

These ratios should be calculated over several periods and track the dynamics of renewal, disposal and growth of fixed assets.

Then you need to study age composition of equipment, which is very important for characterizing the technical condition of fixed assets. For this purpose, the equipment is grouped by service life.

This grouping shows the proportion of new equipment, the return on the use of which is the highest, the proportion of equipment with average service life, as well as the percentage of obsolete means of labor.

Comparison of these indicators over several years shows the tendencies of their change (it should be borne in mind that the rates of renewal and disposal are calculated for a given period, and the rates of wear and tear - at the beginning and end of the period).

Technological level of equipment

It is necessary to study the technological level of the equipment.

For this, the equipment is divided into the following groups:

manual equipment;
partially mechanized simple equipment;
fully mechanized simple equipment;
partially automated equipment;
fully automated equipment;
automated and programmable equipment;
flexible, automated and programmable equipment.

In the process of analysis, the technological level of equipment is expressed by the following indicators:

Mechanization level machinery and equipment is the total cost of equipment of types 2 - 7 divided by the total cost of equipment of types 1 - 7.

Automation level machinery and equipment is the total cost of equipment of types 4 - 7 divided by the total cost of equipment of types 1 - 7.

Complex automation level machinery and equipment is the total cost of equipment of types 5 - 7 divided by the total cost of equipment of types 1 - 7.

Indicators of maintenance of machinery and equipment

Labor mechanization level it is the number of workers serving mechanized equipment divided by the total number of production workers.

Labor automation level it is the number of workers servicing automated equipment divided by the total number of production workers.

Analysis of the use of fixed assets

Having analyzed the state of fixed assets, we proceed to the analysis of their use. The most general indicators of the use of fixed assets are: capital productivity, capital intensity and capital-labor ratio (see the beginning of the article).

Equipment utilization rates

After studying overall indicators use of fixed assets it is necessary to consider the use of equipment as the most active part of fixed assets, on which the output of products mainly depends.

Extensive use equipment can also be characterized by the equipment extensive utilization ratio.

Equipment extensive utilization rate Is the actual number of machine-tool hours worked by the equipment divided by the basic (planned) number of machine-tool hours worked by the equipment.

To ex= Actual operating time of the equipment, hour / Operating time of the equipment at the rate, hour

Having considered the extensive use of equipment, let us move on to studying its intensive use, i.e. use but performance. It is analyzed by comparing the actual indicators of product removal for one machine-hour (machine-hour) with the planned, with indicators previous periods, as well as with the indicators of other enterprises of a related profile by groups of the same type of equipment

Equipment use in terms of productivity, it can be characterized by the coefficient of intensive use of equipment.

Equipment intensive use ratio is the actual average output per one worked machine-hour divided by the base (planned) average output per one worked machine-hour.

Integral use of equipment, i.e. simultaneously in terms of time and productivity, expressed integral equipment utilization factor, which is defined as the product of the coefficients of extensive and intensive use of equipment.

In conclusion, the analysis should summarize the reserves for increasing production output associated with fixed assets.

Such reserves can be:

commissioning of uninstalled equipment;
increasing the shift in the work of equipment;
elimination of the causes of over-scheduled integral and intra-shift equipment downtime;
reduction of the planned losses of equipment operation time;
implementation of organizational and technical measures aimed at reducing the time spent on equipment operation for the release of a unit of production.