Accounting for contracts in foreign currency with their payment in rubles. Indicating the contract price in foreign currency is not prohibited by law, however, the parties should keep in mind the possible risks associated with such a condition. How to pay an invoice issued in dollars

Our company supplies agricultural products to traders, who then sell them abroad. Accordingly, they make money from the fall in the ruble exchange rate, despite the fact that everything possible risks as producers we bear the responsibility. Now we want to stipulate in contracts with traders a price in foreign currency. The counterparties are not against it, but we have a question: is it possible to do this? We, of course, know that in practice companies write this way, but how legal is it?
After all, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation directly states that monetary obligations on the territory of the Russian Federation must be expressed in rubles. Traders, like us, are a Russian company.
Question from the site www.eg.online.ru

Doubts about the legality of the terms of the contract price expressed in currency between currency residents RF are clear - clause 1 of Art. 317 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation directly states that monetary obligations must be expressed in rubles. The truth is in the same article. 317 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation there is clause 2, according to which a monetary obligation may stipulate that it is payable in rubles in an amount equivalent to a certain amount in foreign currency or in conventional monetary units(ecu, “special drawing rights”, etc.). In this case, the amount payable in rubles is determined at the official exchange rate of the relevant currency on the day of payment, unless a different rate or another date for its determination is established by law or by agreement of the parties.

Moreover, even if the contract monetary obligation expressed in foreign currency without indicating its payment in rubles, then in accordance with clause 3 of the information letter of the Presidium of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation dated November 4, 2002 No. 70 “On the application arbitration courts articles 140 and 317 Civil Code Russian Federation“(hereinafter referred to as letter No. 70), the court will consider such a contractual condition as provided for in paragraph 2 of Art. 317 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, unless when interpreting the contract in accordance with the rules of Art. 431 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the court will not come to a different conclusion.

If the contract stipulates that a monetary obligation is expressed and paid in foreign currency, but due to the rules of currency legislation, this obligation cannot be fulfilled in foreign currency, then the court will also consider such a contractual condition as provided for in paragraph 2 of Art. 317 Civil Code of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the recognition by the court as invalid of the terms of the agreement in which the monetary obligation is expressed in foreign currency does not entail recognition invalid contract, if it can be assumed that the contract would have been concluded without this condition (Article 180 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Accordingly, recalculation of the contract price in this case will be carried out at the official rate on the date of actual payment (clause 13 of letter No. 70).

In other words, there should be no problems with indicating the price in foreign currency. It is quite legal to indicate the contract price in foreign currency - arbitrage practice proceeds from the fact that in this way the parties establish either a method for determining the price in the contract (Article 424 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), or the possibility of changing the price in the future (clause 1 of Article 450 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Another thing is that this condition comes with some risks and difficulties.

For example, if the parties do not disclose the price clause in the contract in more detail, there may later be disagreement about what constitutes the date of actual payment. Since this date is determined exchange rate and the final price of the contract is calculated, then in conditions of high exchange rate volatility this date is of great importance for the parties.

Thus, the question may arise as to whether the date of actual payment is considered to be the date provided for by the contract, or the date when the funds were actually transferred by the party (see, for example, the resolution of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Volga District dated June 26, 2014 in case No. A55-17440/2013). In this case, the date of actual payment in practice is considered to be the date of transfer Money.

It should be noted that direct linking of the contract price to a specific currency, although simple, carries the risk of too significant changes in the exchange rate. And both up and down. To protect against such a risk, the parties should indicate in the contract the maximum and minimum exchange rates for converting the price into rubles. The wording in the contract may look something like this: “The cost of the goods is so many euros. Payment is made within ten days from the date of delivery at the official rate, established by the Bank Russia on the day of payment, but not less than such and such an amount in rubles and no more than such and such an amount in rubles per euro.”

To protect against economic risks associated with exchange rate fluctuations, the parties can also set the contract price in rubles, but provide in the contract the possibility of recalculating the established price in the event of a significant fluctuation in the exchange rate. What rate jump is significant is specified by the parties in the contract, for example, in percentage terms.

In this case, essentially we're talking about about a transaction under a suspensive condition - when the contract price in rubles may change depending on exchange rate fluctuations.

If the parties choose this format for determining the price, they should pay attention to exactly how and in what order the contract price changes. Various options are possible here: automatically or after unilateral notification of the counterparty, etc.

For your information

If a dispute arises between the parties regarding the date on which the exchange rate should be determined to calculate the price of the contract, and the condition in the price contract is formulated unclearly and the practice of relations between the parties does not allow determining how exactly this condition is interpreted by the parties, the court may apply paragraph 11 of the Plenum Resolution Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation dated March 14, 2014 No. 16 “On freedom of contract and its limits.” It says that when resolving disputes arising from contracts, in the event that the terms of the contract are unclear and it is impossible to establish the actual common will of the parties, taking into account the purpose of the contract, including based on the text of the contract, negotiations preceding the conclusion of the contract, correspondence of the parties, the practice established in mutual relations of the parties, customs, as well as subsequent behavior of the parties to the agreement (Article 431 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), the court’s interpretation of the terms of the agreement must be carried out in favor of the counterparty of the party who prepared the draft agreement or proposed the wording of the corresponding condition.

Hello Tatiana!

I advise you to draw up a single agreement for the supply of equipment and its commissioning.

Based on principles Russian legislation, which provide for freedom of contract, you can independently, through negotiations, come to a common opinion with the supplier.

The advantage of a single Agreement will be that the main thing for you is not just to receive the product, but to put it into operation so that it works and makes a profit.

If you have two contracts, the supplier will actually fulfill it by delivering the goods. If problems arise during installation, this will happen during the execution of another contract. The price of the second contract, as I understand it, in this case will be much lower, but for you it will be the most important point, since simply the equipment is not so important for you. Therefore, losses and penalties will be calculated from the price of the second contract, which is lower than the first.

Therefore, it is better to state in the Agreement that the supply agreement is in the CONDITIONS AND DELIVERY PROCEDURE section, to state that the delivery is carried out in several stages, payment for which is linked to the PRICES AND PAYMENT PROCEDURE section, in which to indicate that for the first few stages payment will be made in conventional units linked to the euro exchange rate (on the day of concluding the contract, on the day of signing the acceptance certificate, etc.) and the last stage of payment is made in rubles

Well, maybe this will be useful to you too

The contract must indicate the delivery time of the goods, and ahead of schedule delivery can be carried out only with the consent of the buyer, otherwise he may simply not be able to accept and (or) pay for the goods; delivery of goods by default (that is, unless otherwise specified in the contract) is carried out by the supplier at his expense and by his efforts by shipping to the warehouse the buyer or in another place specified by him; the contract for the supply of goods must establish the moment of transfer of ownership of the goods, thereby determining the moment of transfer of responsibility and risks from the supplier to the buyer; the order of delivery of the goods - whether it is shipped at the buyer’s warehouse, transferred to the supplier’s warehouse or in another place; for transportation of goods, containers and packaging must be used that can ensure its safety; the supplier may unilaterally refuse to fulfill the contract if the buyer significantly violates its terms - repeated violation of payment terms for the goods or repeated failure to pick them up (if the buyer does not pick up the goods from the supplier’s warehouse if there is such an obligation in the contract); conditions for terminating the contract - often contracts contain a provision for automatic prolongation of validity contracts for new term, unless one of the parties notifies the other in advance of its termination; the contract for the supply of goods must clearly state the cases of liability of the parties and the amount of this liability.

The conclusion of a type of agreement, when an agreement in foreign currency is paid in rubles, is available to any company and can be carried out in any currency, subject to the obligatory indication of the exchange rate in relation to the ruble. The conversion rate, as we have already noted in another material, may be equal to the official exchange rate of the Central Bank, may be some fixed value or “corridor” of values, or may be individual for each specific agreement of the parties.

We will look at the accounting procedure for such agreements using an example.

Example
Let us assume that the Resident company has entered into an agreement for the sale of goods with the Russian buyer Resident-1 for total amount 1180 euros, including VAT - 180 euros. The goods were shipped in August 2014, the euro/ruble exchange rate is equal to the official Central Bank exchange rate. The exchange rate on the date of shipment of the goods is 50 rubles/euro.
Option 1. Subject to full prepayment, “Resident” received the full amount from “Resident-1” in July 2014. The Central Bank exchange rate on the date of transfer was 46 rubles/euro.
The currency amount is recalculated on the date of payment, and at the time of shipment the ruble value of the goods is already known. It is this that is indicated in all documents, and no exchange rate differences are created. Accounting entries are formatted similarly, except that sums of money are received not to a currency account, but to a ruble account, and in the transactions, account 52 is changed to account 51. Amounts tax accounting also coincide with accounting.
Option 2. Subject to receipt of part of the amount before shipment of the goods and part after the “Resident” received from “Resident-1” in July 2014 590 euros (including VAT - 90 euros) at the rate of 46 rubles / euro and in September 2014 - another 590 euros (including VAT - 90 euros) at the rate of 56 rubles/euro.
The following entries are made in accounting:

• in July 2014, funds are transferred to the ruble account at the rate on the date of payment (590 euros * 46 rubles/euro):

Debit account 51 Credit account 62- 27,140 rub.

• in July 2014, VAT is taken into account on the prepayment received (RUB 27,140 * 18 / 118):

Debit account 62 Credit account 68/VAT- 4,140 rub.

• in August 2014, after the goods are shipped, revenue from sales is recognized for monetary value in rubles in the paid part - at the rate that was in effect on the date of prepayment (590 euros * 46 rubles / euro), and in the unpaid part - at the rate on the date of delivery of the goods (590 euros * 50 rubles / euro):

Debit account 62 Credit account 90- 56,640 rub. (RUB 27,140+ RUB 29,500)

• in August 2014, VAT is charged on sold goods. (RUB 56,640 *18 / 118). Unlike example 1.b, here for the purposes of calculating VAT, revenue is recognized in the same manner as in accounting, at the time of shipment of goods (clause 4 of Article 153 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Debit account 90 Credit account 68/VAT- 8,640 rub.

• in August 2014, the amount of VAT taken into account from the prepayment received can be deducted:

Debit account 68/VAT Credit account 62- 4,140 rub.

• in September 2014, funds are transferred to the ruble account at the rate on the date of payment (590 euros * 56 rubles/euro)

Debit account 51 Credit account 62- 33,040 rub.

• in September 2014 on the day of final settlements with the buyer and closing accounts receivable a positive exchange rate difference is accrued in that part of the cost of goods that has not yet been paid at the time of shipment (590 euros * (56 rubles/euro - 50 rubles/euro)

Debit account 62 Credit account 91- 3,540 rub.
The tax accounting amounts in this example also coincide with the accounting amounts. However, the differences, which in accounting are exchange rates, in tax accounting (under our current condition of making calculations not in currency, but in rubles) will be called sum differences. In accordance with paragraphs. 11.1 art. 250 Tax Code of the Russian Federation and paragraphs. 5.1 clause 1 art. 265 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, they, like exchange rate differences, will be included in non-operating income and expenses.
Option 3. Subject to postpayment, “Resident” received the full amount from “Resident-1” in November 2014. The Central Bank exchange rate on the date of transfer was 58 rubles/euro. The Central Bank exchange rate as of September 30, 2014 is 57 rubles/euro (conditional value).
The following entries are made in accounting:

• in August 2014, after the shipment of goods, revenue from the sale of services is recognized in rubles at the rate in effect on the date of shipment (1180 euros * 50 rubles/euro):

Debit account 62 Credit account 90- 59,000 rub.

• in August 2014, after the shipment of goods, for the purposes of calculating VAT, the same sales revenue is recognized as for accounting, since the moment the VAT tax base arises occurs at the moment of transfer of ownership of the goods:

Debit account 90 Credit account 68/VAT- 9,000 rub.

• in September 2014, on the 30th day to draw up a balance, a recalculation of accounts receivable is made, the positive exchange rate difference is accrued to other income (1180 euros * (57 rubles/euro - 50 rubles/euro):

Debit account 62 Credit account 91- 8,260 rub.

• in November 2014, funds are transferred to the ruble account at the rate on the date of payment (1180 euros * 58 rubles/euro)

Debit account 52 Credit account 62- 68,440 rub.

• in November 2014, on the day of final settlements with the buyer and closing of receivables, a positive exchange rate difference is accrued (1180 euros * (58 rubles/euro - 57 rubles/euro). The tax base VAT calculated at the time of shipment of goods is not recalculated.

Debit account 62 Credit account 91- 1,180 rub.

IN in this example specifically, the dates for the provision of services and settlement with the buyer are placed in different reporting periods. This allows us to notice the following feature: in accounting, the exchange rate difference as of September 30, 2014 will be recalculated, but in tax accounting, the amount difference is recognized only at the time of repayment of the obligation (clause 7 of Article 171 and clause 9 of Article 172 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation) in the total amount is RUB 9,480. Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation does not provide for the recognition of amount differences at the end of the reporting period. This is confirmed by Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 17, 2008 No. 03-03-06/1/190. So, if at the end of the reporting period the liabilities include those that are denominated in foreign currency, then a temporary difference is formed between accounting and tax accounting, which will disappear after the debt is repaid and final settlements are made under contracts concluded in foreign currency.
So, we have looked at what accounting will look like for contracts concluded before 01/01/2015. And there will be new rules in accounting related to contracts concluded in 2015. Therefore, starting from the new year, there is a need to renew agreements with foreign currency, under which there is long-term cooperation, and not one-time transactions. And then, quite legally, in accounting for these contracts there will be no concept of “amount differences” at all (clauses 6, 8 of Article 1 of Law No. 81-FZ). These differences in tax accounting, which will now be called “exchange rates”, will be taken into account according to the same rules that are now in effect in accounting for current exchange rate differences (clause 8 of article 271, clause 10 of article 272 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation as amended by p. . clauses 10 and 11 of Article 1 of Law No. 81-FZ). Thus, we say goodbye to the concept of “temporary differences”. Such changes are good news, because they bring tax and accounting closer together and reduce the complexity of the work of accountants.

1. Preparation of primary documents under supply contracts in conventional units

Good afternoon Our suppliers have switched to a new scheme of working under supply contracts and transfer of non-exclusive rights in conventional units. At the same time, they posted information on the Procedure for preparing primary documents on their website:

"When using unified forms of primary documents, it is allowed to include any additional details in them. (Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated March 24, 1999 No. 20). An organization, when preparing shipping documents under a contract in conventional units (invoices, acts), has the right to indicate in them, in addition to the ruble price information about the equivalent value in foreign currency. When shipping goods or transferring non-exclusive rights, the organization transfers the following set of documents to buyers:

Invoice for payment - the cost is reflected in dollars;

A consignment note (TORG-12) or an act of acceptance and transfer of non-exclusive rights - have a measurement of value in two currencies: rubles at the exchange rate on the date of shipment and dollars;

Invoice is a document for tax deduction VAT, the amount is reflected only in rubles."

Question: To what extent is it legal to introduce additional column (column) No. 16 “Amount including VAT, USD” into the invoice under the guise of additional details? Issuing an invoice in dollars?

Answer:

The inclusion of additional details in the “primary document” (including the delivery note) is legal. In addition to the document that you mentioned, this is also provided for in paragraph 13 of the Accounting Regulations and financial statements in the Russian Federation, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n. I will quote verbatim from this paragraph: “... depending on the nature of the operation, the requirements of regulations, methodological instructions By accounting and technologies for processing accounting information in source documents Additional details may be included."

Exactly the same rule is contained in paragraph 2.6. Regulations on documents and document flow in accounting, approved by the Ministry of Finance of the USSR on July 29, 1983 No. 105 in agreement with the Central Statistical Office of the USSR. This document is still used today to the extent that it does not contradict the Federal Law of November 21, 1996 No. 129-FZ “On Accounting”. It says that “...if necessary, the primary document may contain... other additional details determined by the nature of the documents being documented. business transactions».

Moscow tax officials adhere to a similar point of view. See, for example, letter of the Federal Tax Service of Russia for Moscow dated December 14, 2005 No. 20-12/93198. At the same time, they emphasize that the procedure for supplementing unified forms with new details should be fixed as an element of the accounting policy of the supplier company (that is, the company that issues them). The right to include additional lines or columns in the primary data is confirmed by the Ministry of Finance of Russia (letters of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 31, 2007 No. 07-05-06/143, dated April 24, 2007 No. 07-05-06/106).

In your case, the need for additional details (that is, indicating certain amounts not only in rubles, but also in US dollars) is determined by the nature of the operation being carried out.

The second question is somewhat more complicated. To answer this, you need to decide whether the invoice is a primary document. I’ll say right away that its form is not included in the albums of unified forms of the primary accounting documentation approved by Rosstat (formerly Goskomstat of Russia). Therefore, from a formal point of view, the account is not “primary”. In fact, this is only an instrument of contractual relations - an offer (by) the person who issued the invoice to conclude an agreement. If this offer is accepted and the invoice is paid (accepted), then it is considered that a corresponding agreement has been concluded between the parties (and in writing). Simply put, an invoice is a contract, and everything is written down in it. essential conditions(price of the product, its quantity, etc.). Therefore, this document can be issued in any way and in any currency.

At the same time, if this document contains everything necessary details"primary" (they are listed in Article 9 Federal Law dated November 21, 1996 No. 129-FZ “On Accounting”) and approved by the company that issues it as a primary document (for example, in an order on accounting policy), then it is a “primary”. In this situation, its registration only in foreign currency is unlawful (see letter of Rosstat dated May 31, 2005 No. 01-02-9/381).

2. Refund of advance payment under the agreement in U.E.

Please give a reasoned answer. Refund of the advance (part of the advance) under the agreement in USD occurs at what rate? Thank you in advance.

Answer:

In theory, the answer to this question should be governed by the terms of the contract. I assume that nothing is said about this case. In such a situation, you must return money in an amount equal to the cost of the goods for which the advance payment was received. When calculating in c.u. it is usually determined based on the exchange rate of a conventional unit on the day the buyer transfers funds. This is where we need to start. Simply put, the buyer will receive the amount of money that he actually transferred. Recalculate the advance based on the exchange rate. There is no need for a refund on the date of return. Such a recalculation procedure is simply not established by the agreement. In this case, the buyer who transferred the advance has the right to demand compensation for losses that he incurred in connection with the termination of the contract. Of course, if it occurred through the fault of the seller.

3. Accounting for expenses when making payments in foreign currency

Good afternoon Tell me how to properly account for expenses? We have an agreement for the provision of communication services. Is payment for it made in foreign currency at a fixed rate of 30 rubles and at the rate on the day of payment? How should invoices be formatted correctly?

Answer:

From your question it is not entirely clear at what rate the calculations are carried out: fixed or on the day of payment. Let's consider both options. In the first case, everything is simple. The cost of services is multiplied by a fixed rate. As a result, you get their ruble valuation. There are no exchange rate (in accounting) or amount (in tax accounting) differences. A small example. Let's assume that the cost of communication services per month is 354 USD. (including VAT - 54 USD). According to the agreement, payment is made at a fixed rate - 30 rubles/cu. Accordingly, when reflecting these costs in accounting, you will make the following entries:

DEBIT 19 CREDIT 60
- 1620 rub. (54 cu X 30 rubles/cu) - VAT on communication services is taken into account;

DEBIT 26 (44) CREDIT 60
- 9000 rub. ((354 c.u. - 54 c.u.) x 30 rub./c.u.) - the costs of paying for communication services are taken into account;

DEBIT 68 CREDIT 19

DEBIT 60 CREDIT 51
- 10,620 rub. (354 cu X 30 rubles/cu) - communication services have been paid for.

In this situation, the invoice can be issued in rubles. After all, at the end of the month it is reliably and precisely known what amount in rubles you must transfer for these services. In this situation, the supplier can issue an invoice in the foreign currency to which the cu are equated. (judging by the exchange rate - US dollars). But in this situation there is no need for this. Such a bill will only cause additional and unnecessary disputes with tax authorities.

In the second case, you will most likely have exchange rate (amount) differences in accounting. The fact is that the exchange rate on the date the costs are reflected in accounting and on the date they are paid will differ. Exchange differences are reflected in accounting as other income (positive) or expenses (negative). Totals in tax accounting - as part of non-operating income (positive) or expenses (negative).

One more example. Let's assume that the cost of communication services per month is 354 USD. (including VAT - 54 USD). According to the agreement, cu are equal to US dollars. Payment of the invoice is made at the official dollar exchange rate on the day the funds are transferred. The rate was: on the date of provision of communication services (end of the month) - 30 rubles/USD; on the day of payment - 31 rubles/USD. In this situation, you must make the following accounting entries:

DEBIT 19 CREDIT 60
- 1620 rub. (54 USD X 30 rubles/USD) - VAT on communication services is taken into account;

DEBIT 26 (44) CREDIT 60
- 9000 rub. ((354 USD - 54 USD) x 30 rubles/USD) - costs of payment for communication services are taken into account;

DEBIT 68 CREDIT 19
- 1620 rub. - accepted for deduction of VAT on communication services;

DEBIT 60 CREDIT 51
- 10,974 rub. (354 USD X 31 rubles/USD) - paid for communication services.

DEBIT 19 CREDIT 60
- 54 rub. (54 USD X (31 rub./USD - 30 rub./USD)) - the amount of VAT has been additionally charged on the costs of paying for communication services;

DEBIT 91-2 CREDIT 60
- 300 rub. ((354 USD - 54 USD) X (31 rub./USD - 30 rub./USD)) - reflects a negative exchange rate difference;

DEBIT 68 CREDIT 19
- 54 rub. - the additional accrued amount of VAT is accepted for deduction.

Now regarding invoices in this situation. According to Tax Code, if the obligations under the contract are expressed in foreign currency, then the invoice can also be issued in foreign currency. Therefore, the service provider is entitled to issue you an invoice indicating their cost in the amount of, returning to our example, $354. However, recently tax service for some reason I decided that issuing invoices in foreign currency is possible only in one case: if settlements for the transaction will also take place in foreign currency (see letter of the Federal Tax Service of Russia dated August 24, 2009 No. 3-1-07/674). In all other cases (including yours), you must request a ruble invoice. I’ll say right away that this opinion of the tax authorities is not even controversial. It simply does not comply with current legislation and directly contradicts it. In their opinion, this is how you should act. First of all, ask for an invoice indicating the ruble cost of services (at the US dollar exchange rate on the day of their provision). After paying the invoice, request that it be corrected. The supplier must recalculate all figures based on the US dollar exchange rate on the day of payment. What exactly should you be guided by? current legislation or these requirements), it's up to you to decide.

4. Algorithm for calculating exchange rate differences

In 1C, to comply with the principles of accounting and tax accounting, the following algorithm is used:

1. Several prepayments were made to the supplier; on the date of the last prepayment, by calculation we get the exchange rate 956.459.13/ 21.583.49 = 44.3144 (we divide the balance on account 60.6 in rubles by the balance on the same account in cu)

2. Receipt of materials is carried out at the rate on the date of receipt:
D10.1 K60.6 233.564.73/ 5.216.06 = 44.7780

3. At the same time, a “sort of” revaluation of capitalization is performed at the prepayment rate: D10.1 K60.6 -2,418.24 (231,146.49/ 5,216.06 = 44.3144).

4. In tax accounting, posting N08 2,418.24 reflects the amount difference.

In accounting, revaluations do not occur on account 91. How correct is the above method of reflecting calculations?

Answer:

It's hard to tell from your example. You did not write the most important thing - at what rate the materials should be paid under the terms of the contract. I will assume that at the exchange rate on the date of transfer of funds to the seller. In this case, the calculation method you specified is incorrect. The example shows that the capitalized materials have been paid in full (the amount of the transferred advances is greater than the cost of the capitalized materials). At the time of full payment of valuables, their ruble value is determined. It is calculated at the exchange rate on the day the funds are transferred. It is not subject to recalculation in the future. And at the time of posting of materials, no amount differences arise. The reason is that they are calculated at the exchange rate on the day the money is paid. Let me explain what I said with an example. Let's say you buy 100 units of materials. Their cost is set in US dollars and is $5 per unit. According to the agreement, materials are paid at the rate on the day the money is transferred. Materials were paid in full in advance. Let's assume that the dollar exchange rate is:

At the time of transfer of money - 30 rubles/USD;

At the time of receipt of materials - 32 rubles/USD.

To simplify the example, we do not consider the amount of “input” VAT on materials.

At the time of payment of the advance, the ruble cost of the materials is determined. It will be:

30 rub./USD x 5 USD x 100 units. = 15,000 rub.

When transferring money, you make a transaction:

DEBIT 60 CREDIT 51
- 15,000 rub. - an advance payment has been made to pay for materials.

Based on this cost, the materials arrive. When they arrive, they make a note:

DEBIT 10 CREDIT 60
- 15,000 rub. - materials have been capitalized.

As you can see, under such conditions, neither exchange rate (in accounting) nor amount differences (in tax accounting) arise in principle. In this situation, the conversion of the currency value of materials into rubles is done only once - on the day the advance is transferred to the seller.

5. Contract in euros

We issue a sales contract in euros. Payment is made in rubles at the official Euro to ruble exchange rate Central Bank RF on the date of actual debiting of funds from the Buyer’s account. With 100% prepayment, we issue shipping documents in rubles for the full amount received from the Buyer. What to do in case of 30% prepayment and 70% payment after signing the goods acceptance certificate? Should shipping documents be issued in euros? How to take into account exchange rate differences? How to properly issue an invoice?

Answer:

Let's make a reservation right away. Shipping documents (in particular, invoices) are issued only in rubles. For any payment options, you cannot issue them in foreign currency. The only thing that is possible is to indicate both rubles and euros in the primary account. This will require entering additional graphs to the primary. I have already written about this in more detail in this conference. Now let's look at your situations.

With the first case everything is clear. You must issue invoices and invoices in rubles based on the euro exchange rate valid on the day the buyer transfers the money. In this situation, no exchange rate or amount differences arise. The cost of the goods is determined on the day the funds are written off. The second case is more complicated. I would recommend doing it this way. Prepare all primary documents and invoices in rubles. An advance payment of 30% is recalculated at the rate in effect on the date the buyer's funds are written off. The remaining amount (70%) is converted into rubles on the day of execution of the goods acceptance certificate. Based on the data received, shipping documents and an invoice are filled out. After receipt of funds from the buyer, changes are made to the invoice (as recommended in the letter of the Federal Tax Service of Russia dated August 24, 2009 No. 3-1-07/674). Invoice data is reflected based on the amount of funds recalculated at the euro exchange rate on the date of debiting the funds from the buyer’s account. Moreover, the recalculation concerns only 70% of the funds paid by the buyer. The 30 percent advance received earlier cannot be recalculated.

Let me explain what I said with an example. Let's assume the cost of the product is 1180 euros. (including VAT - 180 EUR). According to the agreement, the buyer pays for the goods at the euro exchange rate on the day the funds are debited from his account. In this case, the buyer made an advance payment in the amount of 30% of the cost of the goods (354 EUR). Let's assume that the euro exchange rate was: on the date of transfer of the prepayment 40 rubles/EUR; on the day of shipment of goods and execution of the act - 42 rubles/EUR; on the date of final settlement - 44 rubles/EUR.

1. The cost of goods, which must be indicated in the documents upon shipment (waybill, invoice, certificate), is:
354 EUR x 40 rub./EUR + (1180 EUR - 354 EUR) x 42 rub./EUR = 14,160 rub. + 34,692 rub. = 48,852 rub. (including VAT - 7452 rubles).

2. When determining the final cost of the goods, corrections will need to be made to the invoice. The cost of the goods according to the corrected document will be:
354 EUR x 40 rub./EUR + (1180 EUR - 354 EUR) x 44 rub./EUR = 14,160 rub. + 36,344 rub. = 50,504 rub. (including VAT - 7,704 rubles).

In this situation, the exchange rate difference will be equal to:
(1180 EUR - 354 EUR) x (44 rubles/EUR - 42 rubles/EUR) = 1652 rubles. (including VAT - 252 rubles).

Its amount is reflected in the company's other income.

6. VAT on contracts in U.E.

Hello, Vladimir! Please help us finally resolve the problem of calculating VAT on contracts in foreign currency. Situation: An agreement was concluded in USD. payment for which is made in rubles. Partial advance payment received. At the time of shipment, the seller becomes obligated to calculate VAT. From what value should VAT be calculated: from the contract value of the product in c.u. at the exchange rate on the date of shipment, or from the amount of revenue recognized in accounting (the difference is due to the fact that an advance payment was received, and advances are not revalued according to PBU 3)? Should I issue an additional invoice upon receipt of final payment for exchange rate differences? How does the buyer act in this case? How much is the buyer entitled to deduct? Should he require an additional invoice from the seller when making the final payment?

Answer:

Unfortunately, you did not write at what rate the goods should be paid by the buyer. Several options are possible. For example, at the rate on the day of shipment or at the rate on the day the money was transferred. The most common option is the second. I'll assume this is your case. In such a situation, after receipt of partial advance payment, the cost of the goods will be divided into two parts:

1) ruble (in terms of the advance received);

2) currency (in the part of the cost of the goods not paid by the buyer).

When shipping goods, you need to convert the currency part of the cost of the goods into rubles. This is done at the exchange rate on the day of shipment. Then the ruble part of the cost is added to it (point 1). As a result, you receive the preliminary cost of the goods in rubles. It is indicated in all shipping documents and invoices. Based on this value, VAT is also calculated on sales proceeds. After receipt of funds from the buyer, the currency part of the cost of the goods is recalculated again. As a result, either a positive (which is most likely) or a negative amount difference arises in accounting. The sales price of the goods is adjusted to it based on which VAT was previously accrued. A positive difference increases taxable income, and a negative difference reduces it. Conclusion: ultimately, the tax is calculated based on the contract value of the goods in monetary units, calculated at the exchange rate on the date of receipt of funds from the buyer.

Once the final payment has been received from the buyer, corrections are made to the original invoice. Of course, if on the date of payment for goods the exchange rate has changed. The document indicates the cost of the goods, which is calculated based on the amount of funds received. This is prescribed by the letter of the Federal Tax Service of Russia dated August 24, 2009 No. 3-1-07/674. The Buyer shall deduct the amount of VAT that will be indicated on the corrected invoice. Accordingly, he needs to demand not an additional invoice for the amount difference, but a corrected document issued upon shipment of goods. I have already discussed a similar situation in more detail in this conference. I also provided a digital example of calculations ().

What account currency is accepted to top up the card? How to calculate the payment amount? Based on the current rate or the one valid during the transaction period? The answers are in the article.

Paying an invoice in foreign currency: nuances and limitations

There are 4 ways when paying an invoice in foreign currency is as simplified as possible:

1. Opening a special foreign currency account in a credit (banking) organization.
2. Payment without a special invoice directly to the specified addressee.
3. Transfer via electronic banking system.
4. Using the terminal.

When using remote banking, it is necessary to take into account the commission directly for the transaction performed, % for transferring money between wallets (for exchange transactions).

Remember, anyone can top up a card account, but you can top up a foreign currency account.

In which currency is it more profitable to open an account?

Factors that have a direct impact on the upcoming choice of currency servicing the account:

• output tools;
• service centers;
• the purpose of the account;
• price for exchange and other transactions.

When going to Europe, consider which currency is the priority in the selected country, understanding which currency to open an account in? It is better to navigate by the duration of use of the currency.

In Poland, both dollars and euros are equally useful to you, in France – dollars, in Germany – euros. Manager financial institution will justify several proposals and you will make significant savings.

Where to open an account in foreign currency?

You can legally open an account in foreign currency at any accredited bank. Prepare:

1. Passport.
2. Template statement.
3. Amount for minimum .

You may need less money, but usually around $5 is required. They are the account activator and belong to the account owner. The procedure takes 2-7 minutes.

A universal account may be offered. Thanks to this, you will have trouble-free payments in foreign boutiques, shops, and salons. Remember, you must receive the appropriate card (Visa, Master Card).

Based on the law, you have the right to create several personal accounts. The use of different accounts serves as a risk diversifier and is often practiced by domestic entrepreneurs.

What to do if the account is in foreign currency, payment is in rubles?

A similar question may arise not only when settling with a regular seller, but also with a supplier during wholesale shipments. The contract may provide for various payment options convenient for legal entities.

As a rule, the technique is used during a crisis or force majeure. You have been provided with an account in foreign currency, and payment in rubles is more convenient for the company. Pay for the goods at the current rate.

A separate clause of the contract may provide for other conditions with the exchange rate fixed at a specific date. Thus, the difference in the payment amount occurs when the payment is divided into parts and does not exist when making a one-time prepayment.

An enterprise can reflect the difference in revenue in the “Amount Differences” subaccount, helping the accountant see the source of discrepancies in tax and business accounting.

Who can make a currency transfer without opening an account?

Any citizen can make a currency transfer without opening an account in the Russian Federation.
However, only non-residents can transfer foreign capital. For the latter persons, the transaction amount is unlimited.

Russians transfer foreign currency using a special foreign currency account.

For a regular internal translation, it is enough to know:

• recipient details;
• bank details;
• department number.

Remember, payments between legal entities, non-residents and residents can only be made by non-cash method.

Paypal: account currency and conversion features

When engaging in trading on online platforms, entrepreneurs and individuals are often faced with the fact that payments are quoted only in USD.

Our compatriot has to pay twice for purchasing currency in Paypal:

1. When debiting an amount from a ruble account.
2. When performing a mutual settlement transaction between counterparties.

There are three ways to avoid loss:

• offer your partner another option for mutual settlement;
• write to Paypal technical support: the account currency is not identified correctly;
• include the difference in the price or receive a discount equal to the financial loss from the transaction.

Account currency designation

There are many currency classifiers. They can be global, interstate (for example, between countries Customs Union), national, industry. The global designation of account currency is regulated by the ISO 4217 standard. The standard establishes a three-character designation. Currencies use three letters and three numbers (for example, RUB and 643 for Russian currency, USD and 840 for American). ISO4217 is used in international transactions, as well as documents and related communications, banking and other commercial activities as an abbreviation. The current standard is designated ISO 4217:2008.

Transactions on a foreign currency account

Operations by foreign currency account it can be carried out by the owner or a representative (authorized representative) of the owner. These include:

• transfer of funds to another person (legal or individual);
• receiving funds from a resident or non-resident of the state;
• transfer of funds from one currency to another.

Article 9 of Law No. 173 of December 10, 2003 defines cases of legal

conducting transactions with foreign currencies between residents of the Russian Federation. Operations in other situations are considered illegal. Transactions between a resident and a non-resident are possible.

Purpose of a foreign currency account

The main purpose of a foreign currency account is transactions with foreign currency. This could be accepting payments and paying for services/goods to a resident or non-resident of the Russian Federation, lending, accumulating funds, playing on exchange rate differences. In the business sphere, it is opened for transactions with foreign counterparties, short-term lending (up to 180 days), direct or portfolio investment in business projects, as well as for other purposes.

The account can be intended only for transferring funds, or for accumulating and receiving dividends from the bank.

Types of currency accounts

There is no separate group for foreign currencies, and banks can open any accounts in rubles, dollars, and euros. The main types of foreign currency accounts are current (for individuals), settlement, budget, correspondent, deposit - for individual organizations, special. There are also accounts trust management, separate – for courts, notaries, bailiffs, law enforcement agencies.

Deposit accounts are opened for storing and accounting for funds placed in the bank for the purpose of accumulating and generating income.

Account 52 “Currency accounts”

Account 52 “Currency accounts” is used in accounting to designate accounts opened in foreign currency and record the movement of funds on them. They are used for transactions with foreign counterparties and repayments. Cash can only be used to pay for business trips abroad. With some exceptions, foreign currency accounts can only be used for transactions with residents of other countries.

Legal entities registered in the Russian Federation may have a foreign currency account in any foreign bank. Transactions on it are also recorded in reporting.

Foreign currency accounts of legal entities

Currency accounts legal entities can be opened in Russian or foreign banks. These include settlement, correspondent, special, deposit, and transit accounts. Main types special accounts: “F” (for providing and receiving loans from non-residents), “P1” (for loans and purchases and sales valuable papers, bills), “P2” (for the sale and purchase of securities, as well as additional settlements).

A legal entity has the right to register line of credit in foreign or Russian bank in foreign currency.

Foreign currency accounts of individuals

Foreign currency accounts of individuals can be current or deposit, and if the person is individual entrepreneur- and calculated. In addition, there are multi-currency accounts that allow you to exchange currencies without fees or delays.

Use this banking instrument to save funds, make a profit on a deposit or by playing on the difference in rates, to receive and pay a loan, various calculations. You can withdraw cash in rubles, after conversion at the current rate, and in some cases - in foreign currency.

Individuals also have the right to open an account in a foreign bank.