The external factors of liquidity of commercial banks include. Liquidity of commercial banks: concepts, indicators, factors, methods of regulation

The bank's liquidity is its ability to fulfill its obligations to depositors, creditors and other customers in a timely manner and without loss. The bank's liabilities are made up of real and conditional.

Real obligations are reflected in the bank's balance sheet in the form of demand deposits, time deposits, attracted interbank resources, creditors' funds.

Contingent liabilities expressed as off-balance sheet passive (guarantees and guarantees issued by the bank, etc.) and off-balance sheet active operations (unused credit lines and issued letters of credit).

To fulfill its obligations, the bank uses the following liquid assets:

cash, expressed in cash balances on hand and on correspondent accounts (with the Bank of Russia and other commercial banks);

assets that can be quickly turned into cash;

interbank loans, which, if necessary, can be obtained from the interbank market or from the Bank of Russia;

other funds raised, such as the issuance of certificates of deposit and bank notes.

Distinguish between liquidity accumulated by the bank(cash, highly liquid securities), and purchased(newly acquired) (attracted interbank loans, issue of bank bills, deposit and savings certificates). Compliance with these signs of the bank's liquidity (timely and lossless fulfillment of obligations) is due to internal and external factors that determine the quality of the bank's activities and the state of the external environment.

To the number internal factors include: the quality of the bank's assets, the quality of funds raised, the contingency of assets and liabilities by maturity, competent management, the image of the bank.

The quality of a bank's assets reflects three properties: liquidity, riskiness, profitability.

Liquidity of assets- the ability of assets to be transformed into cash without loss through their sale or repayment of obligations by the debtor (borrower), while the degree of possible losses is determined by the riskiness of the assets. According to the degree of liquidity, the bank's assets are divided into several groups. first group make up first-class liquid assets:

the bank's funds in its cash desk and on correspondent accounts;

government securities held in the bank's portfolio.

A higher share of this group of liquid assets (primary and secondary reserves) is necessary for banks that have significant and unstable deposits or an increase in demand for loans is expected.

In second group includes: short-term loans to legal entities and individuals; interbank loans, factoring operations; corporate securities held for sale. They have a longer period of conversion into cash.

Third group assets covers long-term investments and investments of the bank, including long-term loans, leasing operations, investment securities.

Fourth group assets - illiquid assets in the form of overdue loans, certain types of securities, buildings and structures.

The less liquid the assets, the higher their riskiness, i.е. the potential for loss when converting assets into cash.

Return on assets is their ability to generate income for the bank. According to this criterion, assets are divided into income-producing (loans, investments in securities, etc.) and non-income-producing (cash on a correspondent account with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, buildings and structures, etc.).

Bank liquidity is also determined the quality of funds raised, i.e. liquidity of liabilities, stability of deposits and moderate dependence on external borrowings.

Liquidity of liabilities characterizes the speed of their repayment and the degree of renewability for the bank while maintaining the total volume of attracted funds at a certain level, reflects their term structure.

The bank's liquidity has a significant impact conjugation of assets and liabilities by amounts and terms. The fulfillment by the bank of its obligations to the client involves the coordination of the terms for which the funds are invested with those for which they were provided by their depositors. Ignoring this rule by a bank operating mainly on borrowed resources leads to the impossibility of timely fulfillment of its obligations to creditors.

The ratio of the assets and liabilities of the bank, as well as its contingent liabilities for the period (as of a specific date) determines bank's liquidity position. When evaluating the impact of the state of a bank's liquidity position on its liquidity, it is important to keep in mind not so much the presence of mismatches in the volume of assets and liabilities by maturity, but the level of this mismatch in relation to total liabilities, as well as the dynamics of such mismatches.

The bank's internal liquidity factors include management, i.e. a system for managing the bank's activities in general and liquidity in particular. The quality of bank management is determined by: the content of banking policy; a rational organizational structure that allows solving strategic and current tasks; a mechanism for managing the bank's assets and liabilities; clarity of procedures, including those related to the adoption of responsible decisions.

The liquidity of a bank is determined by such a factor as image. The positive image of the bank gives it an advantage over other banks in attracting resources, ensures the stability of the deposit base and the development of relations with foreign partners.

The external factors of banks' liquidity include: the political and economic situation in the country, the development of the securities market and the interbank market, the system of refinancing of commercial banks by the Bank of Russia, and the effectiveness of its supervisory functions.

Russian practice of assessing the liquidity of commercial banks

In modern Russian practice, two methods for assessing liquidity are used: by means of coefficients and based on cash flow. The basis of the coefficient method is the estimated liquidity indicators established by the Bank of Russia. There are currently three indicators:

H2 is the bank's instant liquidity ratio. Regulates the risk of a bank losing liquidity within one business day. Limit value ≥ 15%;

H3— the bank's current liquidity ratio. Regulates the risk of loss of liquidity by the bank within 30 calendar days closest to the date of calculation of the standard. Limit value ≥ 50%;

H4— the bank's long-term liquidity ratio. Regulates the risk of a bank losing liquidity as a result of placing funds in long-term assets. Limit value ≤ 120%

Along with the state regulation of the liquidity of banks through the establishment of economic standards, Russia is developing an assessment of liquidity based on the calculated liquid position: overall and in the context of different currencies. With this method, liquidity is understood as a flow (with the method of coefficients - as a stock).

The liquid position of the bank reflects the ratio of its monetary claims and liabilities for a certain period. If over the period (by a certain date) claims on customers (assets) exceed the bank's liabilities, there will be an excess of liquidity, if liabilities, meaning cash outflows, exceed claims (receipts), there will be a lack of liquidity.

The state of liquidity is assessed for the current date and all subsequent ones, i.e. for the future. To determine the liquid position, a restructured balance sheet is drawn up, in which assets and liabilities are classified by maturity and demand.

Foreign experience in assessing the liquidity of commercial banks

In foreign practice, liquidity is measured on the basis of:

1) financial ratios calculated on balance sheets and reflecting the liquidity of the balance sheet;

2) determining the need for liquid funds, taking into account the analysis of turnover on assets and liabilities of the bank's balance sheet in the relevant periods.

Coefficient method involves the establishment of quantitative relationships between balance sheet items. In some countries, these ratios are prescribed by the authorities, in others, as in the United States, the banks themselves introduce them.

The experience accumulated by banks has led to the most frequent use of certain indicators.

When determining ratio of liquid assets and deposits two metrics are used:

1) [Primary Reserves (Cash + Correspondent Account with Central Bank)] / Deposits;

2) [Primary + Secondary reserves (government securities)] / Deposits.

Through these indicators, a direct link is established between liquid assets and liabilities in the form of deposits subject to fulfillment. The level of the first indicator to ensure the liquidity of the bank is taken at a rate of at least 5-10%; the level of the second is not less than 15-25%. The second indicator is also used in Japan (as mandatory for all banks), where its level should not be less than 30%.

In the US, indicators are used to assess liquidity the ratio of the amount of loans issued and deposits(the more it exceeds 1, the lower the bank's liquidity) and share of loans in total assets as a reflection of the diversification of assets (this indicator is considered to be optimal at a level of 65-70%).

To assess liquidity, an indicator is also used that reflects the ability of an asset to quickly exchange for cash. It is calculated as ratio of liquid assets to total assets. Liquid assets include only cash balances, cash in transit, in foreign currency accounts, balances on NOSTRO accounts with the central bank and other banks. The higher this indicator, the higher the liquidity and the lower the yield. The goal of management in the field of liquidity management is the optimal ratio of liquidity and profitability.

Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the structure of attracted resources, the stability of the deposit base. In terms of stability, deposits are divided into main(persistent) and " volatile". The main (sustainable) deposits are deposits that are attached to the bank and do not leave it. The more of them, the higher the liquidity of the bank. The main deposits may be among demand deposits, term and savings accounts and deposits. The stable part of deposits is higher among demand deposits. For term and savings deposits, a higher percentage is set than for demand deposits. The fee for time and savings deposits is different in different banks, they are more subject to movement, which determined their name - "volatile".

The indicator characterizing the stability of deposits is calculated as the ratio of the amount of the main deposits to their total amount. A bank is considered liquid if the share of main deposits in the total amount of deposits is at least 75%.

Another indicator that reflects the stability of the deposit base is the ratio of term and savings deposits to the total amount of deposits. Term and savings deposits are related to the resources of the bank, they are more sensitive to changes in interest rates. Increasing their share increases the volume of "volatile" deposits and reduces the bank's liquidity.

The quality of the bank's resource base is also assessed by an indicator indicating the availability of a commercial bank for external sources (interbank credit) (KVI):

KVI \u003d Sat / ATP,

where Cb - loans received from other banks, including the central bank;
ATP - the amount of funds raised.

The ability to quickly attract resources from the interbank market and from the central bank at a moderate fee, if necessary, and to eliminate a temporary lack of liquidity is seen as a sign of high liquidity of the bank, and a large share of external borrowing indicates a low liquidity of the bank. Therefore, we further analyze:

1. frequency of borrowings;
2. terms of borrowing (with or without collateral);
3. reasons for raising funds;
4. interest on loans.

In many countries, the liquidity ratios of commercial banks are calculated on the basis of the ratio of active and passive balance sheet items, grouped by maturity. In France, such a period is three months with an indicator value of at least 60%, in England - one month (liquidity ratio of at least 12.5%). In Germany, commercial banks report monthly to the German Federal Bank on the liquidity status of their balance sheets. The required level of coefficients within 100% implies the possibility of partial coverage of longer-term investments by less short-term resources. Along with the coefficient method in Japan, the United States and many European countries, the assessment of bank liquidity based on cash flow has been developed. Great importance is attached abroad to limiting credit risks to ensure the liquidity of banks.

Irina Dmitrievna Mamonova

; through the sale of assets; by attracting additional financial resources from external sources at an affordable price. Liquidity is determined by the degree of compliance of the bank's assets and liabilities in terms of volumes and terms.

To fulfill its obligations, the bank uses the following liquid assets:

- cash, expressed in cash balances on hand and on correspondent accounts (with the Bank of Russia and other commercial banks);

— assets that can be quickly turned into cash;

Distinguish between liquidity accumulated by the bank (cash, highly liquid securities), and purchased (newly acquired) (attracted interbank loans, issuance of bank bills, deposit and savings certificates). Compliance with these signs of the bank's liquidity (timely and lossless fulfillment of obligations) is due to internal and external factors that determine the quality of the bank's activities and the state of the external environment.

Internal factors include:

— the quality of the bank's assets,

— the quality of funds raised,

— conjugation of assets and liabilities by terms,

the image of the bank.

The quality of a bank's assets reflects three properties: liquidity, riskiness, profitability.

Liquidity of assets is the ability of assets to be transformed into cash without loss through their sale or repayment of obligations by the debtor (borrower), while the degree of possible losses is determined by the riskiness of the assets.

According to the degree of liquidity, the bank's assets are divided into several groups. The first group consists of first-class liquid assets:

- the bank's funds in its cash desk and on correspondent accounts;

A higher share of this group of liquid assets (primary and secondary reserves) is necessary for banks that have significant and unstable deposits or an increase in demand for loans is expected.

The liquidity of the bank determines such a factor as the image. The positive image of the bank gives it an advantage over other banks in attracting resources, ensures the stability of the deposit base and the development of relations with foreign partners.

Economy

Moscow Finance and Law University (MFLA) Coursework Discipline: "Fundamentals of banking" Topic: "Liquidity of a commercial bank" Completed by: Bugaev A.Yu. Checked by: Olshanskaya R.R. Group: 14BDo8281 Course: 2 Specialty: “Banking” Moscow, Zelenograd 2014 Contents Introduction ………………………………………………….……………… 3 Chapter 1. Essence liquidity of a commercial bank ……………………………………………………….…….…….. 6 1.1 The concept of liquidity in modern economic literature …………………………… …….……...…… 6 1.2 Bank liquidity factors …………….……………...…. 8 1.3 The concept of liquidity risk in banking ……………………………………………. 11 1.4 Liquidity ratios …………………..…………………….. 13 Chapter 2. Assessment of liquidity and solvency of the Bank JSC Bank Petrocommerce …………………………………… ..…… 15 2.1 Analysis of the balance sheet of OJSC Bank Petrocommerce …………………. sixteen

2.2 Calculation of liquidity ratios ……………………...……. eighteen

2.3. Analysis of the structure and dynamics of expenses of OJSC Bank Petrocommerce ……………………………………...……. 21 2.4. Analysis of the structure and dynamics of profit of JSC Bank Petrocommerce …………………………………..….… 23 Chapter 3. Recommendations for increasing the liquidity of the bank and the solvency of the bank …………………………… ……… 26 3.1. General recommendations for increasing liquidity and

solvency of the bank ………………………………………..… 27

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 32 Introduction The term liquidity comes from the Latin Iiquidus, which means fluid, liquid, i.e. liquidity gives this or that object a characteristic of ease of movement, movement. In Russia, the term "liquidity" was borrowed from the German language at the beginning of the 20th century. and was essentially used only in the banking aspect. Liquidity meant the ability of assets to be quickly and easily mobilized. The main phenomena of banking liquidity have been reflected in Russian economic literature since the second half of the 19th century. in connection with the unprofitability of the activities of state banks, as well as with the process of formation of commercial banks. In particular, economists wrote about the importance of observing the correspondence between the terms of active and passive operations from the standpoint of liquidity at the end of the 19th century. The concept of "liquidity" means the ease of implementation, sale, transformation of material values and other assets into cash. The concept of "solvency" also includes the bank's ability to timely and fully fulfill its payment obligations arising from trade, credit and other transactions of a monetary nature. Thus, liquidity acts as a necessary and obligatory condition of solvency. Currently, there are many publications devoted to the theory and practice of ensuring the liquidity and solvency of commercial banks, discussions and seminars are held with the participation of business circles and representatives of government structures, and various practical recommendations are made on the issues raised. The problems of liquidity and solvency are reflected in the works of modern specialists in Russian banking and representatives of domestic science. The following works can be singled out: Tarkhanova E.A., Smirnova A.V. Pomorina M.A., Polushkina V.Yu., Lavrushina. O.I., Kosmacheva A.N., Ivanova V.V. and a number of others. However, in the field of studying the liquidity and solvency of banks, there are many unresolved problems, both theoretical and applied. The effective operation of a commercial bank depends on the right balance of risk and income. Risks relate to the full range of expected returns on all types of active and passive operations and represent the possibility that financial problems could adversely affect a bank's performance and financial position. Therefore, when planning bank operations, it is necessary to determine the profitability and cost of each type of active operations and operations to attract resources necessary to achieve the goals and tasks of the bank, maintain liquidity and solvency. The liquidity of the bank is determined by the balance of its assets and liabilities of the bank, the degree of compliance with the terms of the placed assets and attracted liabilities. A bank that has a sufficient supply of liquid assets to maintain current liquidity may lose it over time due to the excess of the flow of liabilities over the flow of converting investments into liquid assets. The assessment of liquidity is the most problematic, as it is associated with the assessment of the risk of the bank's active operations. With such an approach, the liquidity characteristic should take into account not only the data of the bank's balance sheets, but also information on the structure of the profit and loss account, the report on the movement of sources of financing, the report on changes in share capital and other financial information. The purpose of this work is a theoretical study of the solvency and liquidity of commercial banks, their risks and methods of maintaining, consideration of liquidity and solvency on the example of the bank OJSC Bank Petrocommerce. Tasks: 1. Define the concept of liquidity and solvency of a commercial bank. 2. To study the concept of liquidity risk of a commercial bank. 3. To study methods for assessing the liquidity and solvency of a commercial bank. 4. Analyze methods for optimizing the liquidity risk of a commercial bank. 5. Based on the reporting data, analyze the liquidity and solvency of the commercial bank "Petrocommerce", draw conclusions about the liquidity and solvency of the bank. 6. Based on the conclusions about the liquidity and solvency of Petrocommerce Bank, propose measures to improve them. Chapter 1. The essence of the liquidity of a commercial bank. 1.1 The concept of liquidity in modern economic literature The concept of "liquidity of a commercial bank" means the ability of a bank to timely and fully ensure the fulfillment of its debt and financial obligations to all counterparties, which is determined by the presence of sufficient equity capital of the bank, the optimal placement and amount of funds under the assets and liabilities of the balance sheet with given the relevant timeframes. In modern economic literature, the terms "liquidity" and "solvency" are sometimes mixed and substitute for each other. Indeed, these concepts are similar in their meaning, but it is necessary to distinguish between these categories. The liquidity of a commercial bank should be understood as the bank's ability to provide timely financing of its needs at minimal cost. The liquidity of the bank is determined by the balance of assets and liabilities, the degree of compliance of the terms of the placed assets and the liabilities attracted by the bank, and also implies the ability to sell liquid assets and acquire funds through various financial instruments in the shortest possible time and with the least losses. The term "solvency" is somewhat broader, since it is interpreted as the ability of a bank to meet its obligations on time and in full. Liquidity acts as a necessary and mandatory condition for solvency, in addition, solvency depends on such factors as the political and economic situation in the country or region, the state of the money market and the securities market, the reliability of bank customers and partner banks, the level of management and diversification of banking products and services and the like. In the theory of financial analysis, there are two approaches to characterizing liquidity. Liquidity can be understood as a stock or as a flow. Currently, the most common is the first approach - according to the principle of stock (residues). It is characterized by: determination of liquidity based on data on the balances of assets and liabilities of the bank's balance sheet as of a certain date (possible changes in the volume and structure of assets and liabilities in the course of banking activities, i.e. within the past period, are not taken into account); a measure of liquidity that evaluates only those assets that can be turned into liquid funds and is carried out by comparing the available stock of liquid assets with the need for liquid funds at a certain date (i.e., it does not take into account liquid funds that can be obtained in the money market in the form of an inflow of income); assessment of liquidity only according to the balance sheet data relating to the past period (although it is the state of liquidity in the upcoming period that is important). Thus, the liquidity of a commercial bank is the ability to use its assets as cash or quickly turn them into cash. A bank is considered liquid if the amounts of its funds, which the bank has the ability to quickly mobilize from other sources, allow timely fulfillment of obligations under liabilities. It should be emphasized that in order to maintain its stability, the bank must have a certain liquid reserve to meet unforeseen obligations, the emergence of which may be caused by a change in the state of the money market, the financial position of the client or the partner's bank. Solvency is understood as reliability, that is, the ability to fulfill the obligations assumed in any situation on the market, and not in accordance with the upcoming payment deadlines. In modern economic literature, the term "liquidity" has a wide range of applications and characterizes completely different objects of the economy. In addition to the definitions already given, it is used in combination with both the concept relating to specific objects of economic life (goods, securities) and subjects of the national economy (bank, enterprise, market), as well as to determine the characteristic features of the activities of economic entities. The liquidity of an asset, according to American economists S. Lippman and J. McCall, is understood as "the optimal expected time for the transformation of an asset into money." The liquidity of a bank's balance sheet in modern literature is defined as follows: a balance sheet is considered liquid if its condition allows it to cover urgent liability obligations through the rapid sale of assets. In understanding the liquidity of the bank, there are two most common points of view. One is to identify the liquidity of the bank with the amount of available cash and quickly convertible assets, the other interprets liquidity as a qualitative characteristic of the object of economic relations, namely the ability to repay its obligations on time. 1.2 Bank liquidity factors A bank's liquidity is affected by a number of factors. Some of them are obvious, their influence is undoubted, others have an indirect impact on the liquidity of the bank, so they can be identified only after appropriate analysis. An important factor determining the degree of bank liquidity is the quality of its deposit base. The deposit base is formed by funds of legal entities and individuals accumulated by the bank in the form of funds on settlement and current accounts, in time deposits and savings deposits. The criterion for the quality of deposits (on demand, urgent and savings) is their stability. The larger the stable part of the deposits, the higher the bank's liquidity, since in this part the accumulated resources do not leave the bank. An increase in the stable part of deposits reduces the bank's need for liquid assets, as it implies the renewal of the bank's liabilities. An analysis of the state of various types of deposits, conducted by foreign researchers, showed that demand deposits have the greatest stability. This type of deposits does not depend on the level of interest rate. Its belonging to a particular bank is largely due to such factors as the quality and speed of service; the reliability of the bank; variety of services offered to depositors; the proximity of the bank to the client. Therefore, opening a settlement or current account in a bank that meets the specified requirements, the client establishes long-term relationships with the bank, systematically spending and replenishing funds on the account. Less stable, according to a survey of foreign researchers, are the balances of fixed-term and savings deposits. Their attachment to a particular bank is seriously affected by the level of interest rates. Therefore, they are subject to migration in the event of certain fluctuations in the level of deposit interest set by different banks. The bank's liquidity is also determined by its dependence on external sources, which are interbank loans. Interbank credit within certain limits does not pose a threat to liquidity, on the contrary, it allows you to eliminate the short-term lack of liquidity. If the interbank credit occupies the main place in the attracted resources, the unfavorable conjuncture in the interbank market can lead to the collapse of the bank. The bank, which is highly dependent on external sources, does not have its own base for business, it has no prospects for development and is exposed to a significant risk of instability of its resource base. A serious impact on the bank's liquidity is exerted by the conjugation of assets and liabilities in terms of amounts and terms. The fulfillment by the bank of its obligations to the client involves the coordination of the terms for which the funds are invested with those for which they were provided by their depositors. Ignoring this rule in the activities of a bank operating primarily on attracted resources will inevitably lead to the impossibility of timely and complete fulfillment by the bank of obligations to creditors. Of course, not all deposits are withdrawn at the same time, a certain part of them is renewed, however, for the main share of assets and liabilities, compliance with this rule is indispensable. The internal factors that determine the degree of liquidity of the bank also include management, i.e. a system for managing the bank's activities in general and liquidity in particular. The quality of bank management is expressed in the presence and content of banking policy; rational organizational structure of the bank, which allows to solve strategic and current tasks at a high level; in the development of an appropriate mechanism for managing the bank's assets and liabilities; in a clear definition of the content of various procedures, including those related to the adoption of the most responsible decisions. Analysis of liquidity based on the principle of flow (turnover) gives a deeper assessment of the degree of liquidity. In this case, liquidity analysis is carried out continuously (rather than from date to date), and is not limited to balance sheet analysis, it becomes possible to take into account the bank's ability to obtain loans and ensure cash flow from current operating activities. Such an analysis involves the use of more extensive information, in particular, data on the dynamics of the bank's income over the past period, the timeliness of repayment of loans, the state of the money market, etc. This approach has not yet received wide distribution due to the undeveloped methodology for conducting such an analysis. When liquidity is considered in accordance with the principle "> The liquidity of the bank balance sheet is influenced by many factors, among which the following can be distinguished: * the ratio of the terms of attracting resources and the terms of placement of funds; * structure of assets; * the degree of riskiness of active operations; * the structure of liabilities; * quality management of the bank.So, the bank's liquidity depends not only on internal banking, but also on external factors, such as the level of development of market relations in various segments of the economy, the quality of the central bank.But we should also not forget about such factors that have an extremely unfavorable effect on all sectors of the economy, including the banking sector, such as budget deficit, inflation, imbalance of effective demand for goods and their supply.As a result of the influence of these factors, even in the absence of shortcomings in the bank's activities, liquidity problems may arise. efficiency Commercial banks in the course of their activities, as well as any economic entities operating in a market economy, are aimed at obtaining maximum profit. However, it should be borne in mind that almost any operation carried out by the bank is accompanied by the risk of incurring losses. Risk control is extremely important in banking. Any management decision in banking is risky, difficult to predict and determine, since the financial sector is very sensitive not only to various socio-economic factors, but also to political ones. The slightest instability in society has a very painful effect on the state and dynamics of all segments of the financial market. And since macroeconomic indicators are difficult to predict, it is simply impossible to completely avoid risk when making managerial decisions. Therefore, the main task of banking risk management is to correctly assess the possibility of risk during a particular operation and reduce it to a minimum level. Risk is understood as the threat of losing part of their resources, shortfall in income or additional expenses as a result of financial transactions (the amount of possible losses determines the level of riskiness of these transactions). Risks appear as a result of the discrepancy between forecasts and actual developments. Commercial banks manage their solvency using methods for recognizing, assessing and controlling the risk of loss of liquidity and solvency. Of particular importance in the process of regulating the activity of banks is the management of liquidity risk. Naturally, banks, like other economic entities, need funds in liquid form, i.e. assets that can easily be converted into cash with little or no risk of loss. The concept of liquidity risk is given various definitions in the literature. On the one hand, liquidity risk arises due to the inability of the bank to fulfill all its obligations in a timely manner without incurring unacceptable losses, on the other hand, liquidity risk is associated with the impossibility of a quick conversion of financial assets into solvent funds without loss. Liquidity management risk has a price component (the risk is due to the price at which assets can be sold and the interest rate at which liabilities can be attracted) and quantitative components (the risk is due to the location of assets in the bank that can be sold and the ability to acquire funds on the market). at any price). Liquidity risk in most cases manifests itself through two other risks for modern banks, i.e. interest rate risk and exchange rate risk. The most common instruments for measuring liquidity risk are the term structure of assets and liabilities, as well as various coefficients characterizing the adequacy of the volume of highly liquid assets: instant, current, long-term and general liquidity ratios, the procedure for determining which and their standard value are regulated by Instruction No. 1 "On the procedure for regulating activities credit institutions". Given the above, the concept of liquidity risk can be formulated as follows. Liquidity risk is the risk of adverse changes in the financial position of the bank due to the inability to quickly obtain means of payment by borrowing or selling assets. Thus, the art of bank management is to ensure the highest rate of return on capital invested in assets, while not going beyond the accepted liquidity standards. Liquidity ratios are set in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents. 1.4 Liquidity ratios In order to control the bank's liquidity, that is, its ability to ensure the timely and complete fulfillment of its monetary and other obligations arising from transactions using financial instruments, instant, current, long-term liquidity ratios are established that regulate (limit) the risks of loss liquidity bank and are defined as the ratio between assets and liabilities, taking into account the terms, amounts and types of assets and liabilities, and other factors. The instant liquidity ratio (N2) is the ratio of the amount of highly liquid assets of the bank to the amount of the bank's liabilities on demand accounts and is determined by the formula H2 = LAm 100% / OBm, (1) where LAm - highly liquid assets; OVm - demand obligations. The minimum allowable value of the H2 standard is set at 20%. The economic meaning of this indicator is that for every 10 rubles in demand accounts, commercial banks must keep at least 2 rubles in reserve. By increasing the value of this indicator, the Central Bank reduces the possibility of creating new money on passive accounts, and by decreasing it, it expands the issuing capabilities of banks. If the value of H2 for a commercial bank is more than 20%, then this means that the bank is able to make current and forthcoming payments in the next month. The current liquidity ratio (N3) is the ratio of the amount of the bank's liquid assets to the amount of the bank's liabilities on demand and for up to 30 days N3 = LAt 100% / OBt, (2) where LAt - liquid assets; OBT - obligations on demand and for up to 30 days. The minimum allowable value of the standard is set at 70%. The calculation of this ratio makes it possible to regulate the active and passive operations of banks in order to maintain the required level of liquidity in their balance sheets. The actual values of the estimated indicator can be used in the analytical work of the institutions of the banking system. The long-term liquidity ratio (H4) is the ratio of all debt to the bank over a year to the bank's capital, as well as the bank's liabilities on deposit accounts, loans received and other long-term liabilities for a period of more than a year and is calculated by the formula H4 = Krd 100% / (K + OD ), (3) where Krd - loans issued by the bank, including in precious metals, with a maturity of more than a year remaining to maturity; OD - the bank's liabilities on loans and deposits received by the bank, as well as on the bank's debt obligations circulating on the market with a maturity of more than a year. The maximum allowable value of the H4 standard is set at 120%. Chapter 2. Assessment of liquidity and solvency of the Bank of OJSC Bank Petrocommerce 2.1 Analysis of the balance sheet of OJSC Bank Petrocommerce The assessment of the liquidity of OJSC Bank Petrocommerce should begin with an analysis of the bank's balance1. Bank balance analysis

OJSC Bank Petrocommerce is carried out on the basis of the bank's annual reports for 2010-2011.

We present the data of the analysis of the dynamics of the structure of the bank's balance sheet assets in Table 2.1. Table 2.1 Analysis of the dynamics of the asset structure of the balance sheet of JSC Bank Petrocommerce, thousand rubles. Continuation of Table 2.1 Analyzing the structure of the balance sheet asset, we can say that as of 01.01.10 the largest share is net loan debt (61.72%), the smallest share is net investments in investment securities held to maturity (0.003%). As of 01.01.11 the situation has not changed, there is an increase in net loan debt (+10.84%) and a decrease in the share of net investments in investment securities held to maturity (-0.001%). There is a slight decrease in the share of cash (-0.81%) and fixed assets (-0.78%), an increase in net investments in trading securities (+1.53%), as well as interest claims (+0.06 %). There is a significant decrease in the share of funds in the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (-4.43%). Thus, there is a decrease in the share of highly liquid assets of the first group (funds in the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, cash), which means that the bank is not exposed to the risk of excess liquidity. But it also indicates that the main risk factor for the bank is the possible fluctuations in funds in settlement and current accounts. The growth of net investments in trading securities (highly liquid assets of the second group) shows that the bank, by increasing the share of these assets, thereby seeks to reduce the risk of unbalanced liquidity. Also, to reduce this risk, you can offer the bank to increase investments in investment securities held to maturity and in securities available for sale. For a complete picture of assessing the liquidity potential and solvency of a bank, it is not enough to analyze only its assets. Let's analyze the balance sheet liability data of Bank Petrocommerce OJSC, shown in Table 2.2. Table 2.2 Analysis of the dynamics of the structure of the bank's liability of Bank Petrocommerce Thus, from the analysis of the dynamics of the structure of the liabilities of the bank's balance sheet, we see that the share of own funds is decreasing and the share of the stable part of the bank's liabilities is increasing. Conclusion: thus, from the analysis of the structure of the bank's balance sheet, it can be concluded that a decrease in the share of highly liquid assets and a decrease in the share of own funds in the bank's balance sheet can lead to the risk of unbalanced liquidity and a decrease in the bank's solvency. Looking forward to 2011 and subsequent years, regulation of the balance sheet structure is required to increase the liquidity and solvency of the bank.

2.2 Calculation of liquidity ratios Formulas for calculating liquidity ratios, their allowable and critical values are presented in Table 2.3 Table 2.3 Liquidity ratios2

These economic standards make it possible to reliably analyze the relationship between various items of the bank's assets and liabilities, give a generalized description of the state of liquidity, and identify the risk of insufficient liquidity. Violation of the maximum levels of mandatory ratios indicates that the risk of unbalanced liquidity has been exceeded, but if the ratio is met, it is difficult to determine how high the risk is. Calculation of liquidity ratios for OJSC Bank Petrocommerce is given in Table 2.4 Table 2.4 Calculation of liquidity ratios for OJSC Bank Petrocommerce. 51.01% as of 01.01.2011, this ratio increased by more than 2 times and amounted to 106.05%. Thus, we can say that the value of the bank worked with an increase in current liquidity. This means that the bank will have enough liquidity to, in the event of claims on all demand obligations, repay them, while maintaining its solvency. Rating: high. 2. A significant decrease in the instant liquidity ratio for term liabilities to 12.87% as of January 1, 2011 indicates a state close to critical, since this ratio was below the norm of 15%. This was mainly due to an increase in the amount of term liabilities rather than an increase in the amount of liquid assets. Thus, the bank does not have liquid funds to pay off the required share of term liabilities. The bank needs to analyze the probability of repayment of loans that have expired, as well as other sources of replenishment of liquid assets. Rating: low. 3. Examining the current liquidity ratio, we can say that for the bank OJSC Bank Petrocommerce it is not lower than the permissible norm, which indicates that the bank is able to repay 51.08% of obligations for up to 30 days within this period of time. It follows from this that the bank has enough liquid funds and capital investments to guarantee repayment of 51% of liabilities for up to 30 days. Rating: high. 4. As of January 1, 2010, the long-term liquidity ratio was 65.64%; as of January 1, 2011, this ratio increased and amounted to 70.39%. This means that as of January 1, 2011, 70.39% of the bank's long-term investments were secured by long-term resources. Rating: high. Thus, the calculation of liquidity ratios confirmed the results of the one carried out on the basis of tables 2. 1 - 2.2 of the analysis of the activities of the bank OJSC Bank Petrocommerce. Based on the calculation of liquidity ratios, it can be said that OJSC Bank Petrocommerce has a low degree of it in terms of instant liquidity, in terms of other liquidity ratios, its position is stable, hence there may be a risk of unbalanced liquidity, which will not allow it to function if its management does not take a number of decisive measures to improve reliability and sustainability. 2.3. Analysis of the structure and dynamics of expenses of OJSC Bank Petrocommerce The expenses of a commercial bank are the expenses of the bank's funds for performing operations and ensuring the functioning of the bank. The analysis of expenses as a whole is carried out primarily with the identification of a part of interest and non-interest expenses.3 Table 2.5 Dynamics of the structure of expenses of OJSC Bank Petrocommerce. So from table 2.5 it follows that non-interest expenses occupy a large share in the structure of expenses of OJSC Bank Petrocommerce (71.1 - 81.3%), but during the year we see a decrease in their share by 10.2%. When analyzing bank expenses, the role and place of each group of expenses in their total amount is determined. Table 2.5 confirms that 2011 expenses account for 54.2% of the bank's 2010 expenses. The decrease occurred in almost all items of expenditure, but the most significant decrease was due to a decrease in the cost of maintaining the apparatus, with a reduction in the number of employees. The downward change for them amounted to 69.1%. 1.4 times. Also, a significant reduction in expenses was due to a decrease in expenses on foreign currency transactions - 53.3, i.e. almost 2 times. But in addition to the decrease, there was also an increase in expenditures, which occupy a small share in the structure of gross expenditures, and therefore their increase had little effect on the increase in total expenditures. Thus, the increase in expenses occurred as a result of an increase in: - interest paid on rent - 8.7%; –other expenses – 10.8%; – operating costs – 19.6%. The largest share in the structure of expenses is occupied by expenses from foreign currency transactions, the reduction of which reduced expenses the most, their share decreased from 50.4% to 43.5% over the year. Table 2.6 Elements of expenses of OJSC Bank Petrocommerce Summing up, it should be noted that the reduction of the bank's total expenses is facilitated by: - reduction of non-interest expenses, due to a reduction in the number of full-time employees, as well as expenses from foreign currency transactions; – optimization of the structure of the resource base; - reduction of borrowed funds. 2.4. Analysis of the structure and dynamics of profits of JSC Bank "Petrocommerce" The profit of a commercial bank is the financial result of a commercial bank's activity in the form of an excess of income over expenses. Profit analysis should begin by looking at the overall picture of the profitability of banking operations. The analysis should be detailed in dynamics by studying the profitability of articles for certain types of activities. Detailed profit structure of JSC Bank Petrocommerce by types of activity where the excess of expenses over income has decreased; mainly due to a reduction in the cost of maintaining the device (+139,780 tr.), which by 2011 decreased by almost 3 times, as well as an increase in profits from other current sources (+15,866 tr.), income growth from operations with foreign currency (+3,321), decrease in losses from operations for the purchase and sale of shares and other property by 816 thousand rubles; secondly, an increase in other profits by 12,350 tr. or by 64.6%. Losses from operations for the purchase and sale of shares and other property can be explained by market conditions, or by the irrational policy of the bank. But by 2011, it is clear that the bank changed its strategy, forming securities with fixed income and reducing losses by 816 tr. The main source of profit is the profit from the bank's operating activities, that is, the bank's profit was formed mainly (74.2%) due to stable sources of income - loans provided to other customers, interest placed in banks, which is a positive moment in the work of the enterprise. The main factor that reduces profits is the excess of expenses over income from operations for the purchase and sale of precious metals, securities and other property. In 2010 - (-2528 tr.), 2011 - (-1712 tr.) 2010, but in 2011 we get profit due to their reduction. Chapter 3. Recommendations for increasing the liquidity of the bank and the solvency of the bank. 3.1. General recommendations for increasing liquidity and

bank solvency.

As a result of all of the above in this course work, we can provide recommendations that help increase the liquidity and solvency of the bank, which found itself in a position of risk of liquidity imbalance. According to certain liquidity standards, the bank has low indicators, and this is possible due to errors in its policy, underestimation of the market, shortcomings in analytical work and other reasons, and which is forced to resort to urgent measures. First, the bank needs to assess the liquidity of the balance sheet by calculating liquidity ratios. In the process of analyzing the balance sheet for liquidity, deviations towards both a decrease in the minimum allowable values and their significant excess can be identified. In the first case, commercial banks need to bring liquidity indicators in line with the normative values within a month. This is possible by reducing, first of all, interbank loans, accounts payable and other types of attracted resources , as well as by increasing the bank's own funds. However, it should be borne in mind that raising additional capital in the form of new shares will cause a reduction in dividends and disapproval of shareholders. On the other hand, for a commercial bank, like any other enterprise, the general basis of liquidity is ensuring the profitability of production activities (operations performed). Thus, if the actual value of the main regulatory liquidity ratio turns out to be much higher than the established minimum allowable one, then the activities of such a bank will be negatively assessed by its shareholders, in terms of unused opportunities for profit. The experience of commercial banks shows that banks receive more profit when they operate on the verge of the minimum allowable liquidity ratios, that is, they fully use the rights granted to them to raise funds as credit resources. At the same time, the peculiarities of its work as an institution that bases its activities on the use of customer funds dictates the need to use liquidity indicators. Maximum liquidity is achieved by maximizing cash and correspondent account balances relative to other assets. But it is in this case that the profit of the bank is minimal. Profit maximization requires not holding funds, but using them to make loans and make investments. Since this requires keeping cash on hand and correspondent account balances to a minimum, profit maximization jeopardizes the continuity of the bank's fulfillment of its obligations to customers. Consequently, the essence of banking liquidity management is the flexible combination of opposing liquidity and profitability requirements. The target function of liquidity management by a commercial bank is to maximize profits with the obligatory observance of economic standards established and determined by the bank itself. Secondly, the bank must determine the need for liquidity, at least for the short term. As already noted, the forecasting of this need can be carried out in two ways. One of them involves the analysis of loan needs and the expected level of deposits of each of the leading clients, and the other - forecasting the volume of loans and deposits. Both of the considered methods have a drawback: they rely on the average rather than the marginal level of liquidity. This may be sufficient to assess the liquidity of the banking system as a whole, but it will not tell the management of an individual bank what its cash balance should be next week to cover withdrawals and loan applications. Only an analysis of the accounts of individual bank customers will allow him to determine the need for cash at the moment. A preliminary study of the economic and financial conditions in the local market, the specifics of the clientele, opportunities to enter new markets, as well as the prospects for the development of banking services, including opening new types of accounts, conducting trust, leasing, factoring and etc. Moreover, in addition to local factors, it is also necessary to take into account national ones. For example, changes in monetary policy, legislation, etc. The study of all this, as well as forecasting, will help the bank to more accurately determine the required share of liquid funds in the bank's asset. In this case, the bank should rely on its experience. Based on the predicted amount of required liquid funds, the bank needs to form a liquid reserve to meet unforeseen obligations, the emergence of which may be caused by a change in the state of the money market, the financial position of the client or partner bank. Fourthly, maintaining liquidity at the required level is carried out with the help of a certain policy of the bank in the field of passive and active operations, developed taking into account the specific conditions of the money market and the characteristics of the operations performed. That is, the bank must develop a competent policy for managing active and passive operations. Conclusion In the first chapter of the course work, the concepts of liquidity and solvency of a commercial bank were given and the difference between these concepts was indicated: The liquidity of a commercial bank is the ability to use its assets as cash or quickly turn them into such. Solvency is understood as reliability, that is, the ability to fulfill the obligations assumed in any situation on the market, and not in accordance with the upcoming payment deadlines. A review of the liquidity ratios of a commercial bank was also given, which led to the following conclusion:

Liquidity risk is the risk of adverse changes in the bank's financial position due to the inability to quickly obtain means of payment by borrowing or selling assets.
The art of bank management is to ensure the highest rate of return on capital invested in assets, while not going beyond the accepted liquidity standards.
Liquidity ratios are set in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents. These standards take into account all aspects of banking activity, enabling a commercial bank to avoid loss of reliability.

In the first chapter, it was also indicated that the bank's liquidity assessment is carried out not only as compliance or non-compliance with liquidity norms, but also as a result of calculating liquidity ratios. Ways to ensure the required level of liquidity are: withdrawal or conversion of loans; sale of part of the portfolio of loans and investments; allocation of assets and liabilities by compiling a table of all liability accounts in order to determine how much of each type of liability should be placed in liquid asset items to maintain certain liquidity ratios; expanding the scale of passive operations to raise funds from clients; issuance of negotiable certificates of deposit, bonds, etc.; obtaining loans from the Central Bank, etc. In the second chapter, an analysis of the results of the activities of the commercial bank OJSC Bank Petrocommerce was considered. The analysis was carried out on the basis of the organization's data for the period from 01/01/2010 to 01/01/2011. The analysis was carried out by three methods - analytical, statistical and computational. When analyzing the data, a fairly good potential for liquidity and solvency of this bank was established, which was confirmed by further calculation of liquidity ratios, which turned out to be in line with the standards, as soon as the instant liquidity ratio turned out to be below the norm. In the third chapter, several general recommendations were proposed for the bank's exit from the crisis situation and the restoration of liquidity and solvency. The modern Russian banking system is a little over 19 years old. For the rest of the world, which has been building a market economy and a banking system adequate to it for centuries, this period is negligible. The experience accumulated in Russia in the activities of commercial banks is undoubtedly valuable, but nevertheless, domestic banks cannot always conduct their activities efficiently, which was illustrated by the example of the activities of OJSC Bank Petrocommerce, however, each commercial bank has prospects and opportunities for further development and prosperity. List of used literature

“Regulations on Disclosure of Information by Issuers of Equity Securities”, approved by Order of the Federal Financial Markets Service No. 06-117/pz-n dated October 10, 2006.
Federal Law No. 395-1 of December 2, 1990 (as amended on July 23, 2010) "On Banks and Banking Activity"
Instruction of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated January 16, 2004 No. 110-I "On the mandatory ratios of banks."
Indication of the operational nature of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated June 23, 2004 No. 70-T “On Typical Banking Risks”
Polushkin V.Yu. Analysis of the liquidity of commercial banks / Accounting and banks, 2003, No. 9.
Krylova L.V. Money, Credit, Banks study guide 2008
Annual report of the bank OJSC Bank "Petrocommerce" for 2010-2011
Lipka V.N. Bank liquidity management // Banking technologies. - No. 3. 2009.
The main directions of the unified state monetary policy for 2009-2011. // Money and credit. - 2008. No. 12
http://www.banki.ru/banks/bank/
http://www.pkb.ru/
http://www.cbr.ru/
http://www.minfin.ru/ru/

Letter of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated June 27, 2000 No. 139-T "On recommendations for analyzing the liquidity of credit institutions"
Instruction of the Central Bank of January 16, 2004 No. 110-I "On the mandatory ratios of banks"
Argunov I.A. Profitability and liquidity: analysis of the financial condition of the bank // Banking edition - No. 3. 2008.

Liquidity management of a commercial bank is an important area of banking financial management, as it provides a high level of stability, sustainability and reliability of activities.

There are the following concepts of liquidity:

market liquidity – a sufficient amount of funds from market participants to ensure its normal functioning;
to mobilize funds from various sources to fulfill their obligations to customers and counterparties;
liquidity of the balance - compliance of the ratio of individual balance sheet items with the established standards;
liquidity of assets - the speed and availability of opportunities for the transformation of their individual types into cash without a significant loss of value.

The tasks of liquidity management are to ensure a balance in the balance between the amount and term of the release of funds on the asset and the amount and term of the forthcoming payment on the bank's obligations, as well as maintaining the optimal ratio between the liquidity of the balance sheet and the profitability of activities.

Bank liquidity is affected by two groups of factors:

1) external:

political situation in the country or region;
the state of the economic situation (the possibility of refinancing in the Central Bank; the level of development of the stock market, the level of GNP, inflation, competition, etc.);
perfection of banking legislation and others.

2) internal:

provision with own capital of the bank;
use of reserve capital (insurance funds) for lending and other active operations;
liquidity of assets - the greater the share of first-class liquid assets in the total amount of assets, the higher the liquidity of the balance sheet and, accordingly, the liquidity of the bank;
the degree of risk of individual active and passive operations - the higher the share of high-risk assets (liabilities) in the bank's balance sheet, the lower its liquidity;
the structure of liabilities - an increase in the share of demand deposits and a decrease in the share of term deposits reduce bank liquidity;
the level of management in the bank - the unreliability of accounting and analysis conclusions; banking abuse; professional mistakes in management, in particular, incorrectly developed economic tactics and strategy of the bank's activities in the field of banking; professional weakness of performing personnel; frequent change of the board of the bank and redistribution of functional responsibilities among the members of the Board of the bank.
other.

According to the level of liquidity, bank assets are usually divided into three groups:

first-class liquid (instantly liquid) funds that are in immediate readiness, or: cash on hand; precious metals; funds on a correspondent account with the Central Bank; first-class bills suitable for rediscounting in the Central Bank; government securities;
current liquid funds at the disposal of the bank, which can be converted into cash: loans and payments in favor of the bank with a maturity of up to 30 days; conditionally realizable securities listed on the stock exchange; other values (including intangible assets);
illiquid assets: overdue loans; unquoted securities; bad debts; buildings and structures of the bank; real estate investment, other expenses.

Bank liquidity management is carried out both at the state level and at the level of a commercial bank.

The Central Bank of the Russian Federation in order to manage banking liquidity, based on its powers in the field of state monetary policy, the implementation of the functions of banking regulation and supervision of the activities of credit institutions, in accordance with Instruction No. 110-I "On the mandatory ratios of banks" dated 16.01.2004 . established from April 1, 2004 mandatory economic standards for commercial banks, presented in table 3.

The following designations are used in the table:

LAm - highly liquid assets;

OBm - demand liabilities;

lat - liquid assets of the bank;

OBT − liabilities on demand and for up to 30 days;

Krd - loans issued by the bank in rubles and foreign currency with a maturity of more than a year, as well as 50% of guarantees and guarantees issued by the bank with a validity of more than a year;

K - the bank's own capital, determined in accordance with the Regulation of the Central Bank No. 215-P;

ML - debt obligations in rubles and foreign currency circulating on the market with a maturity of more than a year;

RC* m - the value of the minimum aggregate balance of funds on demand accounts of individuals and legal entities (except for credit institutions);

OV* t - the value of the minimum aggregate balance of funds on accounts of individuals and legal entities (except for credit institutions) on demand and with a maturity date of obligations in the next 30 calendar days;

M* - the value of the minimum total balance of funds on accounts with a maturity of up to 365 calendar days and on demand accounts of individuals and legal entities (except for credit institutions) that are not included in the calculation of the ML indicator;

Аi − i-th asset of the bank;

Крi is the risk coefficient of the i-th asset, determined according to the table in Appendix B;

Ркi - the amount of the reserve for possible losses or the reserve for possible losses on loans, on loan and equivalent debt of the i-th asset;

KRV - the amount of credit risk on contingent liabilities of a credit nature;

KRS - the amount of credit risk on futures transactions;

РР is the amount of market risk;

Krz - the total amount of the bank's claims against the borrower (a group of related borrowers) on loans, discounted promissory notes, on deposits in precious metals and amounts not collected under bank guarantees, as well as off-balance sheet claims (guarantees, sureties) of the bank in relation to this borrower (borrowers), providing for execution in cash. The total amount of the bank's claims against the borrower includes overdue loans, overdue debt on operations with precious metals, as well as acquired debt obligations of the borrower (excluding interest on promissory notes);

Σ Kcr is the total value of large loans. A large loan is an amount issued to one borrower (a group of related borrowers) and exceeding 5% of the creditor bank's capital;

Σ Kra - the total amount of all claims of the bank (including off-balance sheet claims), taking into account the risk and claims of the bank in rubles, foreign currency and precious metals in relation to its shareholders (participants);

Σ Kin - own funds of credit institutions used to acquire stakes (shares) in other legal entities.

Compliance with these standards by commercial banks is controlled by the Central Bank departments at the location of these banks. The basis of their calculation are the balance sheets of banks and the actual values of the established standards. If the liquidity level of the balance sheet is violated, commercial banks are ordered to take measures to improve their financial situation within a month.

In relation to banks that systematically violate the standards, economic sanctions can be applied: an increase in the standard for depositing funds (but not more than the maximum established), limiting the amount of refinancing, etc.

Liquidity management at the level of a commercial bank is based on the following theories.

The theory of commercial loans has its origins in classical English banking practice of the 19th century; it is characteristic of the initial, low level of development of banking, when, in order to maintain the liquidity of their institution, bankers were forced to hold funds only in short-term loans, secured by goods in the process of production or goods in transit to the place of sale.

An essential condition for the practical application of this theory is the timely repayment of loans in the normal state of business activity, as well as the Central Bank's role as a lender of last resort.

With an economic downturn, a financial crisis, the weakening of some and the bankruptcy of other potential borrowers, defaults and high systemic risk in banking, the return of even short-term loans becomes problematic, which makes it difficult to use the theory of commercial loans.

In addition, this theory limits the participation of banks in investment projects for the expansion and technical re-equipment of enterprises, mortgage programs, etc.

The theory of displacement, or transferability, was first published in 1918 by the American scientist H.J. Moulton. It states that liquidity can be provided if a certain proportion of deposits is directed to the acquisition of such assets for which there is a secondary market. That is, in order to meet the requirements of depositors who want to withdraw their money, and the increased demand for a loan, the bank sells highly liquid assets.

Therefore, the theory of movement assumes the presence of a number of types of investments that the bank, if necessary, can realize quickly enough and without loss. This theory has certain disadvantages:

- the sale of many types of assets is associated with the payment of commissions to intermediaries;

– in case of urgent sale, a forced sale of assets below the actual value is possible.

Thus, the use of the transfer theory in the practice of bank liquidity management is effective if there are sufficiently stable markets that meet the following requirements:

- the turnover and frequency of transactions in the market must be such as to definitely confirm the existence of the market itself;

- there is a price dynamics for liquid assets, market patterns of the relationship between supply and demand are observed;

- the risk of non-return of the initial investment is minimal.

In world practice, the main financial instruments that act as secondary reserves are investments in government securities.

In addition, short-term interbank loans, REPO transactions, bank acceptances, commercial paper, loans in Eurocurrency and Eurodollars, etc. can be used as secondary reserves.

The presence of a secondary securities market and, in particular, the work of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation with the securities of various issuers expand the range of opportunities for banks to manage liquidity.

For example, in the event of default on a loan secured by securities, the bank should be able to either sell the pledged securities or obtain a loan from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation against the security of these securities. In our country, at present, the list of securities that the Central Bank of the Russian Federation accepts as collateral for pawnshop loans includes only government securities (including bonds of the Bank of Russia, federal subjects), bonds of mortgage agencies, corporate bonds of reliable issuers, bonds with mortgage coated, bonds of international financial organizations.

Single Reserve Fund Approach(“common pot”) was formulated by US bankers during the Great Depression and considers all bank funds raised as a single fund. Funds from this fund are distributed as follows: first, primary reserves are replenished (cash and a correspondent account with the Central Bank). Then secondary reserves are formed from among short-term highly liquid securities (with this approach, secondary reserves are the main means of providing liquidity for the bank). Further, the funds of the fund go to finance all eligible loan applications, and the loan portfolio is not considered a means of providing liquidity. After that, the remaining funds are directed to the purchase of long-term securities, which, on the one hand, are a source of income, and on the other hand, replenish secondary reserves as their maturity approaches.

The use of the single reserve fund approach in the long term when stabilizing the economic situation in the country has a number of disadvantages:

- focuses on maximizing highly liquid funds that do not provide a sufficient level of profitability, which in the long term adversely affects the financial stability of the bank;

– does not take into account the urgency of various types of deposits: demand deposits are intended for settlements, while savings and time deposits are placed to generate income and have significant retention periods;

– does not take into account the liquidity of the portfolio of loans issued.

The theory of expected income was developed by G. Proshnov in the 1950s. and implies that mortgage loans and long-term coupon-yielding securities provide a constant inflow of income, thereby increasing the bank's liquidity.

The essential point of this theory is the presence in the economy of a wide range of active operations for banks in a stable or at least predictable state of the economy.

The application of the theory of expected income is associated with the difficulties of forecasting the future receipt of funds in conditions of high inflation and massive non-payments.

The theory of liability management implies the possibility of attracting additional resources from the money market to maintain the liquidity of the bank. arising obligations to cover from sources such as interbank loans, etc. The main advantage of this theory is that, at first glance, without increasing the bank's liquidity risk, it allows optimizing its costs for ongoing operations.

At present, the following opportunities are available for Russian banks to quickly raise funds in the money market:

– interbank loans;

– term deposits and certificates of deposit. The widespread use of this source in our country is impossible due to the limited funds of most domestic enterprises and organizations;

– REPO operations;

- loans from the Central Bank.

The application of the theory of liability management is associated with a certain risk associated with the inability to find resources at a low price and the need to make up for the lack of funds by raising attraction rates.

The approach of convertibility of bank funds is based on the variety of sources of raising free cash. Each source has its own volatility, cost, and certain requirements are imposed on it, therefore it is advisable to consider each source of funds separately and correlate it with assets with similar maturities. For example, most of the demand deposits should be used to replenish primary and secondary reserves, and the proceeds from the placement of bonds should be used to finance long-term loans.

The main advantage of this approach is the emphasis on the need to achieve bank profitability. In theory, maintaining a match between active and passive operations would provide one hundred percent liquidity for the bank. However, in practice, factors whose dynamics are difficult to predict have a great influence. For example, the timely repayment of a loan by a client depends not only on the desire of the bank to return the funds and not only on the good faith of the client, but also on a number of risks related to both the borrower and his counterparties, as well as country, political risks.

Over the past decade, in the practical activities of Russian banks, liquidity management has used all theories in one way or another. The choice of one or another theory is determined by the size of the bank, the volume of active and passive operations, the characteristics of the clientele, the development of the money market in the region, and many other factors.

The success of the business of a commercial bank is provided by three components:

- High profitability of banking, creating an opportunity to pay dividends to bank shareholders, increase own funds (capital), create insurance reserves, development funds, etc.
- Liquidity, i.e. the ability to quickly (if possible without loss of profitability or additional costs) the transformation of the bank's assets into means of payment for the timely repayment of its debt obligations.
- Solvency, i.е. the ability to respond in due time and in full for its debt obligations to creditors - the state represented by the central bank, commercial banks - partners (interbank credit) and depositors - individuals and legal entities, etc.

Two concepts are often confused - liquidity and solvency.

At the heart of the "life" of a commercial bank lies, above all, liquidity. In the absence of liquidity, a bank can hardly be solvent. The loss of liquidity by the bank leads to its insolvency, after which bankruptcy occurs.

The liquidity of a commercial bank is determined by assessing the liquidity of its balance sheet. The bank's balance sheet is considered liquid if the funds on the asset allow, at the expense of the available means of payment, or the rapid sale of assets on the placed funds, to pay off term debt obligations on the balance sheet liability.

The higher the liquidity of any asset in the bank's balance sheet, the lower its profitability, and vice versa.

When managing the liquidity of a commercial bank, all its active operations can be classified according to the following economic features:

1) by the level of profitability - these are operations, as a result of which the bank receives the greatest income;
2) by the level of liquidity - these are operations that provide the possibility of using an asset as a means of payment or relatively quickly turning it into such; in relation to the bank's balance sheet, all items on the asset, reflecting the active operations of the bank, are arranged from top to bottom in descending liquidity level;
3) according to the degree of risk, these are those active operations and services of a commercial bank for which there is a potential probability of non-return of the money resources placed by banks in order to make a profit.

The higher the profitability of the bank's assets, the higher the risk of operations on them, but the lower the level of liquidity of the balance sheet, and, consequently, the bank is less solvent and vice versa.

Providing liquidity and managing it are complex and problematic tasks not only for commercial banks themselves, but also for the entire banking system of the state as a whole.

For commercial banks, the complexity of solving these problems lies in the fact that the level of bank liquidity and the degree of profitability are inversely proportional: the higher the level of bank liquidity, the lower its profitability, and vice versa.

The Bank of Russia, based on its functional responsibilities as a "bank of banks" and the target legislative task - "development and strengthening of the banking system of the Russian Federation Bank of Russia", as well as in order to regulate (limit) the risks assumed by banks by Instruction "On mandatory ratios of banks" No. 100 - And dated January 16, 2004 "established numerical values and a methodology for calculating the mandatory ratios of banks.

The regulatory role of the mandatory ratios established by the Bank of Russia is to ensure that the activities of banks are maintained at such a relatively stable, reliable, liquid, profitable and solvent level that would guarantee the equally equivalent interests of all participants in the banking business: customers, the bank itself and the state.

For the purpose of control by the Bank of Russia over the sustainable activities of commercial banks, the standards for instant, current, long-term and general liquidity are established:

1. Instant liquidity () is defined as the ratio of the amount of highly liquid assets () of the bank to the amount of the bank's liabilities on demand accounts ():

The minimum allowable value of the standard is set at 20%. Compliance with this standard means the bank's ability to fulfill its obligations to depositors at the current time.

2. Current liquidity () is defined as the ratio of the amount of liquid assets () to the amount of bank liabilities on demand accounts and for up to 30 days ()

The minimum allowable value is set to 50%. This ratio shows the extent to which the liquid part of all assets of the bank's balance sheet can be used for a one-time repayment of demand liabilities, for which depositors can demand a refund at almost any time. Maintaining the ratio at the required level (corresponding to the level of liquidity) means that the bank must ensure that the terms for which certain amounts of depositors' funds are attracted correspond to the terms and amounts of funds for which these funds attracted in the form of "on demand" deposits are placed by the bank through its active operations, services, transactions.

From the standpoint of the supervisory functions of the Bank of Russia, the provision by commercial banks of the minimum allowable level of the standard is a direct form of state protection of the interests of the country's population on deposits of citizens "on demand".

3. Long-term liquidity () is defined as the ratio of the entire debt of the bank over a year () to the bank's capital (K), as well as the bank's liabilities on deposit accounts received loans and other debt obligations for a period of more than a year ():

The maximum allowable value of the standard is set at 120%. In this case, the authorized capital acts as a real guarantee that the bank will fulfill its debt obligations, thereby ensuring its liquidity and reliability.

4. Total liquidity () is defined as the ratio of liquid assets () and total assets (A) of the bank:

The minimum allowable value of the standard is set at 20%. This ratio shows what the minimum share of liquid assets in the total amount of assets should be in order to simultaneously ensure both the proper level of balance liquidity and a high level of profitability of the bank on active operations. In the event of a decrease in the minimum allowable value of the ratio, the bank loses its liquidity, and, consequently, the ability to pay off its debt obligations on time. If the minimum allowable value of the ratio is overstated, the bank will incur real losses in terms of income from active operations, which indicates its inability to manage liquidity and effectively carry out activities in general.

Along with a group of mandatory standards related directly to assessing the liquidity of a bank (,), the Bank of Russia, in order to increase the overall financial stability of the Russian banking system and its possible integration into the global banking community, has established a number of other standards in Instruction No. 110-I that are as close as possible to global standards .

This group of standards, by setting acceptable risk levels in the activities of the bank, in its passive and active operations, transactions, services, in its direct calculation does not assess the liquidity of the bank, but, following the requirements of the "golden banking rule", each standard of this group is the most direct way affects the formation of the real level of liquidity of the bank as a whole.

The key in banking practice is bank capital adequacy ratio(), which is defined as the ratio of the bank's own funds to the total volume of risk-weighted assets. The minimum allowable value of the ratio () is set depending on the size of the bank's own funds: over 5 million euros - 10%; less than 5 million euros - 11%.

Important is the maximum risk ratio for one or a group of related borrowers (), defined as the ratio of claims to a borrower or a group of related borrowers for loans (including interbank loans), placed deposits, discount notes, loans. The allowable value of the standard is 25%.

In order to provide banks with liquidity and solvency, the Bank of Russia has established such an important standard as the maximum amount of large credit risks (), which is defined as the ratio of the total amount of large credit risks and the bank's own funds. A large credit risk is an amount issued to one borrower that exceeds 5% of the creditor bank's capital. The maximum allowable value of the standard is set at 800%.

Of great practical importance in ensuring the required level of bank liquidity is the mandatory standard established by the Bank of Russia for the maximum amount of loans, bank guarantees and guarantees provided by the bank to its participants (shareholders), designated as. This standard regulates the bank's credit risk in relation to the bank's participants and determines the maximum ratio of the amount of loans, bank guarantees and guarantees provided by the bank to its participants to the bank's own funds.

Liquidity management of a commercial bank.

To solve the problems of liquidity regulation, the so-called portfolio approach is used. Portfolio management is the simultaneous management of both assets and liabilities of the bank in order to achieve liquidity, profitability and solvency, ensuring the stability and reliability of its work as a whole.

When assessing the liquidity of a bank, one should take into account the level of liquidity of a particular asset, the degree of its profitability and the degree of risk at the same time. The higher the profitability of the bank's assets, the greater the risk of operations on them, but the lower the level of liquidity of the bank as a whole, and hence its solvency, and vice versa.

The portfolio principle of bank asset management, pursuing the achievement of the goals of profitability, solvency and liquidity of the bank at the same time, is based on the formation of "reserves" and their management. Reserves are groups of bank assets in terms of their liquidity.

The main method of managing liabilities in order to ensure the liquidity of commercial banks is the use of managed liabilities.

The essence of this method of liquidity management is that banks that need liquid funds to pay off their debt obligations do not wait for the arrival of clients with their deposits, but are actively looking for additional sources of funds. They are not limited to traditional deposits and a narrow region, but enter the national and, in some cases, even world markets. Thus, managed liabilities are certain sources of monetary resources that the bank is able to attract independently by using a combination of a number of financial instruments. These include: large certificates of deposit, bonds, loans from other banks, Eurocurrency loans.

The main advantage of managed liabilities is the ability to quickly obtain the necessary liquid resources to ensure the sustainable and reliable functioning of commercial banks.

Central banks require commercial banks to maintain a certain level of equity, which should be sufficient to cover potential losses from a possible default by the borrower of loan funds on time, and also, if necessary, to protect depositors from insolvency and bankruptcy of the bank itself.

Thus, the bank's own capital as the initial source of bank funds determines the minimum allowable level of liquidity, acts as a guarantor of the stability and reliability of commercial banks. Financial instruments for managing the liquidity of Russian commercial banks through managed liabilities are currently limited. This is due to a number of reasons related both to certain difficulties and complexities in the development of market relations, and to the fact that the Russian banking system is still in its infancy.

The external factors of liquidity of commercial banks include. Liquidity of commercial banks: concepts, indicators, factors, methods of regulation

2.2 Calculation of liquidity ratios ……………………...……. eighteen

solvency of the bank ………………………………………..… 27

2.2 Calculation of liquidity ratios Formulas for calculating liquidity ratios, their allowable and critical values ​​are presented in Table 2.3 Table 2.3 Liquidity ratios2

bank solvency.

2.2 Calculation of liquidity ratios Formulas for calculating liquidity ratios, their allowable and critical values are presented in Table 2.3 Table 2.3 Liquidity ratios2