8.417 physical units. Physical units

(ST SEV 1052-78)

USSR STATE COMMITTEE ON STANDARDS
Moscow

DEVELOPED USSR State Committee for Standards

CONTRACTORS

Yu.V. Tarbeev, Dr. Tech. sciences; K.P. Shirokov, Dr. Tech. sciences; P.N. Selivanov, Cand. tech. sciences; ON. Eryukhina

INTRODUCED USSR State Committee for Standards

Member of the State Standard OK. Isaev

APPROVED AND COMMITTED INTO ACTION Decree State Committee USSR according to standards dated March 19, 1981 No. 1449

STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF SSR

By the decree of the USSR State Committee for Standards dated March 19, 1981 No. 1449, the introduction period was established

from 01.01 1982

This standard establishes units of physical quantities (hereinafter referred to as units) used in the USSR, their names, designations and rules for the use of these units

The standard does not apply to units used in scientific research and in the publication of their results, if they do not consider and use the results of measurements of specific physical quantities, as well as units of quantities evaluated according to conventional scales *.

* Conventional scales mean, for example, Rockwell and Vickers hardness scales, photosensitivity of photographic materials.

The standard corresponds to ST SEV 1052-78 in part general provisions, units The international system, units that are not included in the SI, the rules for the formation of decimal multiples and sub-multiples, as well as their names and designations, the rules for writing the designations of units, the rules for the formation of coherent derived SI units (see. reference annex 4).

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. Subject mandatory application units of the International System of Units *, as well as decimal multiples and sub-multiples of them (see Section 2 of this standard).

* International system of units (international abbreviated name - SI, in Russian transcription - SI), adopted in 1960 by the XI General Conference on Weights and Measures (GCMW) and refined at subsequent GCMV.

1.2. It is allowed to use on a par with the units of clause 1.1, units that are not included in the SI, in accordance with clauses. 3.1 and 3.2, their combinations with SI units, as well as some decimal multiples and sub-multiples of the above units that have found wide application in practice.

1.3. It is temporarily allowed to use, along with the units of clause 1.1, units that are not included in the SI, in accordance with clause 3.3, as well as some that have become widespread in practice in multiples and sub-multiples of them, combinations of these units with SI units, decimal multiples and sub-multiples of them and with units according to clause 3.1.

1.4. In newly developed or revised documentation, as well as publications, the values ​​of quantities should be expressed in SI units, decimal multiples and sub-multiples of them and (or) in units allowed for use in accordance with clause 1.2.

It is also allowed in the specified documentation to use units according to clause 3.3, the expiration date of which will be established in accordance with international agreements.

1.5. In the newly approved normative technical documentation measuring instruments must be calibrated in SI units, decimal multiples and sub-multiples of them, or in units allowed for use in accordance with clause 1.2.

1.6. The newly developed normative and technical documentation on methods and means of verification should provide for the verification of measuring instruments, calibrated in newly introduced units.

1.7. The SI units established by this standard and the units allowed for use in clauses 3.1 and 3.2 should be applied in the educational processes of all educational institutions, in textbooks and teaching aids.

1.8. Revision of the regulatory, technical, design, technological and other technical documentation, in which units are used that are not provided for in this standard, as well as bringing them into conformity with paragraphs. 1.1 and 1.2 of this standard, measuring instruments calibrated in units to be withdrawn are carried out in accordance with clause 3.4 of this standard.

1.9. In contractual and legal relations for cooperation with foreign countries, when participating in the activities of international organizations, as well as in technical and other documentation supplied abroad together with export products (including transport and consumer packaging), apply international designations units.

In the documentation for export products, if this documentation is not sent abroad, it is allowed to use Russian designations of units.

(New edition, Amendment No. 1).

1.10. In the normative and technical design, technological and other technical documentation for various types of products and products used only in the USSR, preferably Russian designations of units are used. At the same time, regardless of which designations of units are used in the documentation for measuring instruments, when specifying units of physical quantities on the plates, scales and shields of these measuring instruments, international designations of units are used.

(New edition, Amendment No. 2).

1.11. In printed publications, it is allowed to use either international or Russian designations of units. Simultaneous use of both types of designations in the same edition is not allowed, with the exception of publications on units of physical quantities.

2. UNITS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM

2.1. The basic SI units are given in table. 1.

Table 1

(Modified edition, Amendments No. 2, 3).

2.2. Additional SI units are given in table. 2.

table 2

(Modified edition, Amendment No. 3).

2.3. SI derived units should be formed from basic and additional SI units according to the rules for the formation of coherent derived units (see mandatory Appendix 1). SI derived units with special names can also be used to form other SI derived units. Derived units with special names and examples of other derived units are given in table. 3 - 5.

Note. SI electrical and magnetic units should be formed in accordance with the rationalized form of the electromagnetic field equations.

Table 3

Examples of SI derived units, the names of which are formed from the names of basic and additional units

Table 4

SI derived units with special names

(Modified edition, Amendment No. 3).

Table 5

Examples of SI derived units, the names of which are formed using the special names given in table. 4

3. UNITS NOT INCLUDED IN THE SI

3.1. The units listed in table. 6, are allowed for use without any time limit on a par with SI units.

3.2. Without limiting the term, it is allowed to use relative and logarithmic units, with the exception of the unit neper (see p. 3.3).

3.3. The units shown in table. 7 is temporarily allowed to be applied pending the adoption of relevant international decisions on them.

3.4. Units, the ratios of which with SI units are given in reference annex 2, are withdrawn from circulation within the time frames provided for by the programs of measures for the transition to SI units, developed in accordance with RD 50-160-79.

3.5. In justified cases, in sectors of the national economy, it is allowed to use units that are not provided for by this standard, by introducing them into industry standards in agreement with the State Standard.

Table 6

Non-SI units allowed for use on a par with SI units

(Modified edition, Amendment No. 3).

Table 7

Units temporarily admitted for use

(Modified edition, Amendment No. 3).

4. RULES FOR THE FORMATION OF DECIMAL MULTIPLE AND PRICE UNITS, AS WELL AS THEIR NAMES AND DESIGNATIONS

4.1. Decimal multiples and sub-multiples, as well as their names and designations, should be formed using the factors and prefixes given in table. eight.

Table 8

Multipliers and prefixes for the formation of decimal multiples and sub-multiples and their names

4.2. Joining the name of a unit of two or more prefixes in a row is not allowed. For example, instead of the name of the micromicrofarad unit, you should write picofarad.

Notes:

1 Due to the fact that the name of the basic unit - kilogram contains the prefix "kilo", to form multiple and sub-multiple units of mass, a sub-multiple unit of gram (0.001 kg, kg) is used, and prefixes must be attached to the word "gram", for example, milligram ( mg, mg) instead of microkilograms (mkg, μkg).

2. Fractional unit of mass - "gram" is allowed to be used without attaching a prefix.

4.3. The prefix or its designation should be written together with the name of the unit to which it is attached, or, accordingly, with its designation.

4.4. If the unit is formed as a product or ratio of units, the prefix should be attached to the name of the first unit included in the work or in the relation.

It is allowed to use the prefix in the second multiplier of the product or in the denominator only in justified cases when such units are widespread and the transition to units formed in accordance with the first part of the paragraph is associated with great difficulties, for example: ton-kilometer (t × km; t × km), watt per square centimeter (W / cm 2; W / cm 2), volt per centimeter (V / cm; V / cm), ampere per square millimeter (A / mm 2; A / mm 2).

4.5. The names of multiples and sub-multiples of a unit raised to a power should be formed by attaching a prefix to the name of the original unit, for example, to form the names of a multiple or sub-multiple of a unit of area - a square meter, which is the second degree of a unit of length - a meter, the prefix should be attached to the name of this last unit: square kilometer, square centimeter, etc.

4.6. The designations of multiples and sub-multiples of a unit raised to a power should be formed by adding the appropriate exponent to the designation of a multiple or sub-multiple of this unit, and the indicator means raising a multiple or sub-multiple to a power (together with a prefix).

Examples: 1.5 km 2 = 5 (10 3 m) 2 = 5 × 10 6 m 2.

2.250 cm 3 / s = 250 (10 -2 m) 3 / (1 s) = 250 × 10 -6 m 3 / s.

3.0.002 cm -1 = 0.002 (10 -2 m) -1 = 0.002 × 100 m -1 = 0.2 m -1.

5. RULES FOR WRITING THE DESIGNATIONS OF UNITS

5.1. To write the values ​​of quantities, the designation of units by letters or special characters (... °, ... ¢, ... ¢¢) should be used, and two types of letter designations are established: international (using letters of the Latin or Greek alphabet) and Russian (using letters of the Russian alphabet) ... The unit designations established by the standard are given in table. 1 - 7.

International and Russian designations for relative and logarithmic units are as follows: percentage (%), ppm (o / oo), ppm (ppm, ppm), bel (V, B), decibel (dB, dB), octave (-, oct), decade (-, dec), background (phon, background).

5.2. Letter designations of units should be printed in roman type. In the notation of units, the dot is not used as a sign of abbreviation.

5.3. Unit designations should be used after numeric: values ​​of quantities and placed in a line with them (without wrapping to the next line).

A space should be left between the last digit of the number and the designation of the unit, equal to the minimum distance between words, which is determined for each type and size of font in accordance with GOST 2.304-81.

Exceptions are designations in the form of a sign raised above the line (clause 5.1), before which no space is left.

(Modified edition, Amendment No. 3).

5.4. If there is a decimal fraction in the numerical value of a quantity, the unit designation should be placed after all digits.

5.5. When specifying the values ​​of quantities with maximum deviations, the numerical values ​​with maximum deviations should be enclosed in brackets and the designation of the unit should be impeded after the brackets or the designations of the units should be put down after the numerical value of the quantity and after its maximum deviation.

5.6. It is allowed to use the designations of units in the headings of the columns and in the names of the rows (sidebars) of the tables.

5.7. It is allowed to use the designations of units in the explanations of the designations of quantities to formulas. Placement of unit designations on the same line with formulas expressing dependencies between quantities or between their numerical values ​​presented in alphabetic form is not allowed.

5.8. The letter designations of the units included in the product should be separated by dots on the middle line, like multiplication signs *.

* In typewritten texts, it is allowed not to raise the point.

It is allowed to separate the letter designations of the units included in the work with spaces, if this does not lead to a misunderstanding.

5.9. In letter designations of unit ratios, only one slash should be used as a division sign: a slash or a horizontal. It is allowed to use the designations of units in the form of a product of the designations of units raised to powers (positive and negative) **.

** If for one of the units included in the ratio, the designation in the form of a negative power is set (for example, s -1, m -1, K -1; s -1, m -1, K -1), apply a slash or horizontal bar not allowed.

5.10. When using a slash, the designations of units in the numerator and denominator should be placed in a string, the product of the designations of units in the denominator should be enclosed in brackets.

5.11. When specifying a derived unit consisting of two or more units, it is not allowed to combine letter designations and names of units, i.e. give designations for some units, and names for others.

Note. It is allowed to use combinations of special characters ... °, ... ¢, ... ¢¢,% and o / oo with letter designations of units, for example ... ° / s, etc.

APPLICATION 1

Mandatory

RULES FOR FORMATION OF COHERENT SI UNITS

Coherent derived units (hereinafter referred to as derived units) of the International System, as a rule, are formed using the simplest equations of communication between quantities (defining equations), in which the numerical coefficients are equal to 1. For the formation of derived units, the quantities in the coupling equations are taken to be equal to SI units.

Example. The unit of speed is formed using the equation that determines the speed of a straight-line and uniformly moving point

v = s / t,

where v- speed;

s- the length of the covered path;

t- point movement time.

Substitution instead of s and t their SI units gives

[v] = [s]/[t] = 1 m / s.

Therefore, the SI unit of speed is the meter per second. It is equal to the speed of a rectilinear and uniformly moving point, at which this point in time 1 s moves at a distance of 1 m.

If the relationship equation contains a numerical coefficient other than 1, then to form a coherent derivative of the SI unit, values ​​with values ​​in SI units are substituted into the right side, giving, after multiplying by the coefficient, a total numerical value equal to 1.

Example. If the equation is used to form a unit of energy

where E- kinetic energy;

m is the mass of a material point;

v- the speed of the point,

then the coherent unit of SI energy is formed, for example, as follows:

Therefore, the unit of SI energy is the joule (equal to the Newton meter). In the examples given, it is equal to the kinetic energy of a body with a mass of 2 kg, moving at a speed of 1 m / s, or a body with a mass of 1 kg, moving at a speed

APPLICATION 2

Reference

The ratio of some non-SI units to SI units

Revised edition, Rev. No. 3.

APPLICATION 3

Reference

1. The choice of a decimal multiple or sub-multiple of a SI unit is dictated primarily by the convenience of its use. From the variety of multiples and sub-multiples that can be formed using prefixes, a unit is chosen that leads to numerical values ​​of a quantity that are acceptable in practice.

In principle, multiples and sub-multiples are chosen so that the numerical values ​​of the quantity are in the range from 0.1 to 1000.

1.1. In some cases, it is advisable to use the same multiple or sub-multiple unit, even if the numerical values ​​are outside the range from 0.1 to 1000, for example, in tables of numerical values ​​for one value or when comparing these values ​​in the same text.

1.2. In some areas, the same multiples or sub-multiples are always used. For example, in drawings used in mechanical engineering, linear dimensions are always expressed in millimeters.

2. Table 1 of this annex shows the recommended multiples and sub-multiples of SI units for use.

Presented in table. 1 multiples and sub-multiples of SI units for a given physical quantity should not be considered exhaustive, since they may not cover the ranges of physical quantities in the developing and newly emerging fields of science and technology. Nevertheless, the recommended multiples and sub-multiples of SI units contribute to the uniformity of the representation of the values ​​of physical quantities related to various fields of technology.

The same table also contains multiples and sub-multiples of units used on a par with SI units, which have become widespread in practice.

3. For values ​​not covered by the table. 1, multiples and sub-multiples should be used, selected in accordance with paragraph 1 of this appendix.

4. To reduce the likelihood of errors in calculations, decimal multiples and sub-multiples are recommended to be substituted only in the final result, and in the process of calculations, all values ​​should be expressed in SI units, replacing prefixes with powers of 10.

5. Table 2 of this annex shows the common units of some logarithmic quantities.

Table 1

(Modified edition, Amendment No. 3).

table 2

GOST 8.417-81

This standard (GOST 8.417-81) establishes units of physical quantities (hereinafter referred to as units) used in the USSR, their names, designations and rules for the use of these units.
Standard (GOST 8.417-81) does not apply to units used in scientific research and when publishing their results, if they do not consider and use the results of measurements of specific physical quantities, as well as units of quantities evaluated according to conventional scales *.
The standard corresponds to CT SEV 1052-78 in terms of general provisions, units of the International System, units not included in the SI, rules for the formation of decimal multiples and sub-multiples, as well as their names and designations, rules for writing unit designations, rules for the formation of coherent derived SI units ( see reference annex 4).
* Conventional scales mean, for example, Rockwell and Vickers hardness scales, photosensitivity of photographic materials.
GENERAL PROVISIONS according to GOST 8.417-81
1.1. Units of the International System of Units *, as well as decimal multiples and sub-multiples of them are subject to mandatory use (see Section 2 of this standard).
1.2. It is allowed to use on a par with the units of clause 1.1, units that are not included in the SI, in accordance with clauses. 3.1 and 3.2, their combinations with SI units, as well as some decimal multiples and sub-multiples of the above units that have found wide application in practice.
1.3. It is temporarily allowed to use, along with the units of clause 1.1, units that are not included in the SI, in accordance with clause 3.3, as well as some that have become widespread in practice in multiples and sub-multiples of them, combinations of these units with SI units, decimal multiples and sub-multiples of them and with units according to clause 3.1.
1.4. In newly developed or revised documentation, as well as publications, the values ​​of quantities should be expressed in SI units, decimal multiples and sub-multiples of them and (or) in units allowed for use in accordance with clause 1.2.
It is also allowed in the specified documentation to use units according to clause 3.3, the withdrawal period of which will be established in accordance with international agreements ...

STATE SUPPORT SYSTEM
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

UNITS OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

GOST 8.417-81

(ST SEV 1052-78)

USSR STATE COMMITTEE ON STANDARDS

Moscow

STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF SSR

from 01.01 1982

This standard establishes units of physical quantities (hereinafter referred to as units) used in the USSR, their names, designations and rules for the use of these units.The standard does not apply to units used in scientific research and when publishing their results, if they do not consider and use the results measurements of specific physical quantities, as well as units of quantities, assessed according to conventional scales *. * Conventional scales mean, for example, Rockwell and Vickers hardness scales, photosensitivity of photographic materials. The standard corresponds to ST SEV 1052-78 in terms of general provisions, units of the International System, units that are not part of the SI, rules for the formation of decimal multiples and sub-multiples, as well as their names and designations, rules for writing unit designations, rules for the formation of coherent derived SI units ( see reference annex 4).

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

2. UNITS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM

Table 1

table 2

Table 3

Examples of SI derived units, the names of which are formed from the names of basic and additional units

Table 4

SI derived units with special names

Table 5

Examples of SI derived units, the names of which are formed using the special names given in table. 4

3. UNITS NOT INCLUDED IN THE SI

Table 6

Non-SI units allowed for use on a par with SI units

Table 7

Units temporarily admitted for use

4. RULES FOR THE FORMATION OF DECIMAL MULTIPLE AND PRICE UNITS, AS WELL AS THEIR NAMES AND DESIGNATIONS

Table 8

Multipliers and prefixes for the formation of decimal multiples and sub-multiples and their names

5. RULES FOR WRITING THE DESIGNATIONS OF UNITS

APPLICATION 1

Mandatory

RULES FOR FORMATION OF COHERENT SI UNITS

v = s / t,

Where v- speed; s- the length of the covered path; t- point movement time. Substitution instead of s and t their SI units gives

[v] = [s]/[t] = 1 m / s.

Therefore, the SI unit of speed is the meter per second. It is equal to the speed of a rectilinear and uniformly moving point, at which this point in time 1 s moves at a distance of 1 m. If the relationship equation contains a numerical coefficient other than 1, then to form a coherent derivative of the SI unit, values ​​with values ​​in SI units are substituted into the right side, giving, after multiplying by the coefficient, a total numerical value equal to 1. Example. If the equation is used to form a unit of energy

Where E- kinetic energy; m is the mass of a material point; v is the speed of movement of a point, then a coherent unit of SI energy is formed, for example, as follows:

Therefore, the unit of SI energy is the joule (equal to the Newton meter). In the examples given, it is equal to the kinetic energy of a body with a mass of 2 kg, moving at a speed of 1 m / s, or a body with a mass of 1 kg, moving at a speed

APPLICATION 2

Reference

The ratio of some non-SI units to SI units

APPLICATION 3

Reference

Table 1

table 2

APPLICATION 4

Reference

INFORMATION DATA ON COMPLIANCE WITH GOST 8.417-81 ST SEV 1052-78