Methodology for internal audit of commodity operations. Audit of commodity transactions The audit organization should begin planning the audit before writing the engagement letter and before concluding the audit agreement

3.1 Goals, objectives and audit program for commodity transactions

Audit activity, audit - entrepreneurial activity for independent verification of accounting and financial (accounting) statements of organizations and individual entrepreneurs.

The purpose of the audit is to express an opinion on the reliability of the financial (accounting) statements of the audited entities and the compliance of the accounting procedure with the legislation of the Russian Federation. Reliability is understood as the degree of accuracy of financial (accounting) reporting data, which allows the user of these reporting, based on its data, to draw correct conclusions about the results of economic activity, the financial and property status of the audited entities and make informed decisions based on these conclusions.

When performing his professional duties, the auditor must be guided by the norms (professional standards) established by professional audit associations of which he is a member, as well as the following ethical principles:

Independence;

Honesty; objectivity;

Professional competence and integrity;

Confidentiality;

Professional conduct.

The auditor, during the planning and conduct of the audit, must exercise professional skepticism and understand that there may be circumstances that entail a material misstatement of the financial (accounting) statements. The exercise of professional skepticism means that the auditor critically evaluates the strength of the audit evidence obtained and carefully considers audit evidence that contradicts any documents or statements of management or calls into question the reliability of such documents or statements. Professional skepticism should be exercised during the audit to, among other things, avoid overlooking suspicious circumstances, making unwarranted generalizations in drawing conclusions, or using erroneous assumptions in determining the nature, timing and scope of audit procedures or in evaluating their results.

When planning and conducting an audit, the auditor should not assume that the management of the entity being audited is dishonest, but should not assume that management is unconditionally honest. Oral and written statements by management are not a substitute for the auditor's need to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to form reasonable conclusions on which to base the audit opinion.

The main regulatory document for auditing activities in the Russian Federation is the Law “On Auditing Activities” dated 08/07/2001. No. 119-FZ (as amended on December 30, 2001).

The purpose of the audit of commodity transactions is to form an opinion on the reliability of reporting indicators for items of material assets “Inventories” and on the compliance of the organization’s accounting and taxation methodology for commodity transactions with the regulatory documents in force in the Russian Federation. This is achieved by conducting materiality tests, control structures and accounting systems, and assessing audit risk, which depends on the nature of the entity's inventories and their importance to the accounting records. Verification of commodity transactions is considered as the main part of the audit at those enterprises where their value is significant.

During the audit process, the auditor must determine:

· the reality of the availability and existence of goods;

· whether all commodity transactions that should be reflected in the accounting accounts are actually represented in them;

· whether the organization is the owner of all goods, i.e. whether there are property rights to them, and whether the amounts reflected as debt are liabilities;

· correct valuation of goods and related obligations;

· whether the principles of accounting for goods were correctly selected and applied.

The auditor must study these basic issues, evaluate them, express a judgment in the audit report and make suggestions on identified violations and deviations from established accounting rules.

LLC "Gorod" is a legal entity, the main activity is trade. The goods are delivered by road. Sales of goods are carried out for cash and non-cash payments. Thus, for this organization, commodity transactions occupy the main place in accounting.

Audit program

The specifics of an economic entity, the volume and complexity of the work to audit it each time require the determination of a clear sequence of steps when conducting an audit and the correct distribution of responsibilities between auditors if the audit is carried out by several specialists. When developing an audit plan and program, the audit standard “Audit Planning” is used.

The audit plan reflects enlarged groups of audit work by objects and groups of business operations, deadlines for completing work and performers. The plan is drawn up in writing. The purpose of drawing up a plan: to preliminarily determine the volume and nature of the necessary tests; estimate the time and labor required to carry them out; reach an understanding with the client on all major issues before the inspection begins; have evidence of the validity of the audit and the quality of its implementation for this client. For a detailed audit of commodity transactions, a general audit plan has been developed, which serves as a guide in developing the audit program. It is advisable to carry out an audit of commodity transactions in the following sequence:

Studying the provisions of the accounting policy in the areas of this audit area;

Assessing the degree of reliability of the internal control system in relation to commodity transactions, for this purpose:

· conduct an inspection of warehouse facilities and the condition of warehouse premises;

· study the organization of financial responsibility and reporting of financially responsible persons;

· analyze the composition of goods at the reporting date;

· checking the status and organization of synthetic and analytical accounting of commodity transactions.

The detail of the general audit plan is the audit program, which is a list of audit procedures for each type of audit work. Audit procedures can be defined as a set of data processing operations performed to achieve audit objectives when checking specific business transactions using certain audit techniques.

The audit program specifies:

· Documents used;

· The nature of the inspection (continuous, selective, visual, etc.);

· Assigning responsibilities to members of the audit team;

· Estimated duration of the inspection and its start and end dates.

In accordance with the above plan, we will develop a program for auditing commodity transactions (Table 6).

Table 6

Commodity Transactions Audit Program

Inspected organization __________________ LLC "Gorod"

Audit period _________________________________01.01.2005-01.01.2006

Number of man-hours _____________________________________6 h/h

Auditor _____________________________________________ Ivanov V.V.

Planned audit risk______________________ medium

Planned level of materiality ______________36 thousand rubles.

And it offers consumers a large number of ready-made solutions and customizable program configurations. These programs allow you to automate operational accounting, statistical accounting and accounting (synthetic and analytical), generate reports, automate retail and wholesale trade and production, maintain warehouse records and personnel records. At the core of functioning is truly...

Fixed assets have been put into operation; there is a properly executed invoice for the purchased fixed assets. CHAPTER 3. ACCOUNTING AND AUDIT OF DEPRECIATION OF FIXED ASSETS 3.1 Accounting for depreciation of fixed assets To account for accrued depreciation, a passive, contra account 02 is used - “Depreciation of fixed assets”, which always has a credit balance, ...

2. Planning an audit of commodity transactions

One of the pressing problems of modern Russian audit is the choice of the optimal way to conduct an audit, subject to maintaining high quality of work, making a profit from the activity, as well as the ability to document at any stage of the work the feasibility, sufficiency and consistency with the customer of the performed and further actions. Each auditor independently looks for ways to solve this problem, using a variety of techniques, using accumulated experience and creating internal audit standards, in particular, for effective audit planning. The developed method allows the auditor, as a result of planning specific procedures to a certain extent and determining the sequence of actions, to assess and regulate the labor intensity of the audit, calculate and measure risks, and also be responsible for the objectivity of the audit results.

In accordance with auditing rule (standard) No. 3 “Audit planning”, the audit organization must agree with the client on the main organizational issues related to the audit before concluding the contract. Planning is carried out with the aim of:

· establishing the scope of work in the audited organization, the time of verification, as well as the group of auditors involved for it;

· determining the list of audit procedures and methods of their application;

· determining the list of information that the client must provide for selective control methods.

When planning an audit, the following stages should be highlighted:

1) preliminary planning;

2) preparation and drawing up of a general audit plan;

3) formation of an audit program.

Preliminary planning, being the initial stage of audit planning, provides for familiarization with the financial and economic activities of PKF ViAS LLC and obtaining information about:

External factors influencing the economic activities of the enterprise and reflecting the economic situation in the region as a whole and its industry characteristics;

Internal factors influencing the economic activities of an organization and related to its individual characteristics.

The auditor should also be familiar with:

v organizational and management structure of the company;

v types of activities and product range;

v the presence of an internal control system;

v main buyers and suppliers, etc.

The sources for obtaining information about PKF ViAS LLC for the auditor should be:

- registration documents;

- accounting policy;

² financial accounting statements for 2010;

- statistical reporting;

² sales and purchase agreements, supply agreements;

- materials of tax audits;

- internal organizational and administrative documents;

- primary documents (cash, bank, accounting of commodity transactions);

- accounting and tax registers;

- information obtained from conversations with management and executive personnel;

- and other materials.

At the next stage of planning, the auditor needs to draw up and document an overall audit plan, describing the expected scope and procedure for conducting the audit. The general audit plan should be sufficiently detailed to serve as a guide in developing the audit program, which indicates the types and sequence of audit procedures, the period of their implementation, performers, and working documents.

When starting to develop a general plan and audit program, the audit organization is based on preliminary knowledge of PKF ViAS LLC, as well as on the results of the analytical procedures performed. When drawing up a general plan and audit program, the audit organization should take into account the degree of automation of the processing of accounting information, which will also make it possible to more accurately determine the scope and nature of audit procedures. The contents of the general audit plan for commodity transactions are given below.

General plan for auditing the availability and movement of inventory items at PKF ViAS LLC

Certified auditor Kamina E.V.

When preparing the general audit plan, the audit organization should establish the level of materiality and audit risk acceptable to it, allowing it to consider the financial statements reliable. Using the established risks and level of materiality, the audit organization identifies areas that are significant for the audit and plans the necessary audit procedures.

Materiality is the limiting, that is, maximum, value of an error (distortion of financial information), after which a qualified user with a high degree of probability loses the ability to draw correct conclusions based on this information. In Russia, the problem of materiality in the audit regulation system is addressed by Rule (standard) of auditing activities No. 4 “Materiality in auditing”.

The economic literature describes quite a lot of methods for determining the level of materiality. One of the main ones is the ranking of the basic values ​​based on the auditor’s professional judgment about their relevance for the financial statements of a particular client, the determination (based on the obtained ranking of indicators) of their specific weights and the calculation of the average value of the amounts determined by a set percentage of the basic values, taking into account their specific weight. This method is considered using the example of PKF ViAS LLC, and the percentage expression of the materiality of the balance sheet currency is set at 5%. To determine the level of materiality, the average indicators of the enterprise’s balance sheet, reflected in Table 1, are used.

Materiality of the balance sheet asset = 421111207*5% = 21055560.35 rubles.

By comparing the materiality of the balance sheet asset with the values ​​of the balance sheet asset items, basic indicators are selected (Table 2).

Table 2 – Basic indicators of the asset balance sheet of PKF ViAS LLC as of June 30, 2010. and determining their level of materiality

The level of materiality in terms of reserves, calculated taking into account the numerical values ​​of the basic indicators of the financial and economic activities of PKF ViAS LLC, amounted to RUB 8,338,603.22.

Auditor risk (audit risk) means the likelihood that the financial statements of an economic entity may contain undetected significant errors or distortions after confirming their accuracy, and that they contain material distortions, but in fact there are no such distortions in the financial statements. Audit risk consists of three components:

T inherent risk;

T risk of controls;

T risk of non-detection.

The term “inherent risk” means the exposure of an accounting balance or a group of similar transactions to distortions that may be significant given the absence of necessary internal controls. Having considered a number of factors, both at the level of financial statements and at the level of balances in accounting accounts or a group of similar transactions, the inherent risk in PKF ViAS LLC can be assessed as medium. This judgment is based on the following facts. The company's management has quite a lot of experience and knowledge in wholesale trade, the chief accountant has been working at PKF ViAS LLC for more than nine years, the organization rents warehouse premises, including heated ones, and has a security service. However, the company has a high turnover of personnel, especially warehouse workers (storekeepers, loaders), and there have also been repeated cases of theft and misappropriation of goods.

The term “control risk” means the risk that a misstatement that may occur in an account balance or a group of similar transactions and be material will not be prevented or detected and corrected in a timely manner by the accounting and internal control systems.

The internal control system includes three components:

1. control environment (at PKF ViAS LLC there is strict subordination of some employees to others, as well as the distribution of responsibilities and powers, but there is no internal audit service);

2. accounting system (the accounting department of PKF ViAS LLC consists of four accountants, a senior accountant, a chief accountant and two ordinary accountants, each of whom has a higher accounting education, and the chief accountant has a certificate of a professional accountant; there is a strict distribution of responsibilities between accounting employees and powers, thanks to this the process of preparation and storage of documents is well organized);

3. control procedures (PKF ViAS LLC periodically conducts internal audits, as well as checking arithmetic entries in analytical accounts and turnover sheets).

Thus, giving a preliminary assessment of the reliability of internal control over the availability and movement of inventory, we can talk about its average effectiveness, as evidenced by the results of a survey of some employees of PKF ViAS LLC, systematized in Table 3.

Table 3 – Tests of internal control tools for the availability and movement of inventory in PKF ViAS LLC

The term “detection risk” expresses the likelihood that the performance of all audit procedures and the proper collection of evidence will not detect errors exceeding an acceptable value. Detection risk determines the number of documents the auditor plans to collect. There is an inverse relationship between detection risk and the combination of inherent risk and control risk. In view of the above, the audit risk in PKF ViAS LLC is low.

At the final stage of audit planning, an audit program is formed, which is a development of the overall plan. It represents a detailed list of audit procedures necessary to implement the audit plan. The program provides detailed instructions for auditors and also serves as a means of monitoring the timing and quality of work performed.

The audit program for commodity transactions for PKF ViAS LLC is presented below.

Audit program for the availability and movement of inventory items at PKF ViAS LLC

The purpose of the check is to confirm the balances on the corresponding account for accounting for inventories, in particular in the subaccounts for accounting for goods and containers in retail enterprises (41-2 “Goods in retail trade” and 41-3 “Containers under goods and empty”), which are reflected in financial statements of the organization under the item “Inventories”. The specific objectives of the audit are:

• 1) control of the documentary validity and legality of business transactions reflected in the relevant accounting accounts (subaccount 41-2 “Goods in retail trade”);
• 2) control of the validity of the correspondence of accounts made and the assessment of business transactions on this account;
• 3) study of the state of internal control over the accounting of goods in retail trade.

When checking commodity transactions in retail, we proceed from the fact that it is characterized by features inherent in the formation of accounting value, provided for in PBU 5/2001 “Accounting for inventories”, according to which retail enterprises can record goods on account 41 “Goods” » at sales prices, including mark-up, with its segregation in accounting in a separate account 42 “Trade mark-up”. As for wholesale trade, it is provided for the assignment of goods and materials to account 44 “Sales expenses”. At the same time, the right is retained to apply the procedure for assigning goods and materials not to account 44 “Sales expenses”, but to account 41 “Goods”. However, trade organizations do not use this right, and the established methodology for accounting for commodity transactions in retail is:

• 1) bringing in accounting the cost of goods in account 41 “Goods” to sales prices, including VAT, by posting: Debit account 41 “Goods” Credit account 42 “Trade margin”;
• 2) reflection in the balance sheet of inventory balances at purchase prices calculated as follows:

Account balance 41 “Goods” - Account balance 42 “Trade margin” + + Account balance 44 “Sales expenses”;

3) accounting for goods and materials under account item 44 “Sales expenses”.

In addition, most retail trade enterprises do not keep quantitative and total records of the disposal of goods, since if the enterprise does not have scanning cash register equipment, then it is impossible to determine the number of disposed goods by type and name based on the amounts entered in receipts. This leads to a lack of quantitative and total accounting of goods. Since commodity and cash reports for stores display the balances of goods only in total terms for all goods without analytical accounting by item, accordingly, the result of inventories is displayed in total terms, which means it is impossible to determine the amount of surplus or shortage for specific goods. For containers, quantitative and total accounting is carried out in the usual mode and the inventory result is displayed, as expected, for each type and grade of container.

Therefore, when auditing commodity transactions, it is advisable to check the correctness of the indication of prices in the inventory sheets, the correctness of the calculation of the totals on the pages and in the statement as a whole, in order to make sure that there are no errors when deducing the actual availability of goods and inventory results.

After this, they begin to check the correctness of the posting of goods, which consists of studying in a selective manner the invoices for the posting of goods, the correctness of determining the trade margin, the cost of goods received as assessed at purchase prices, i.e. Particular and total amounts for transactions are subject to verification: debit 41 “Goods” and credit 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, 42 “Trade margin”. Using the report form, the total amounts for transactions are recalculated, as well as the total turnover for receipts.

Then they check the expense part of the report, which mainly consists of information about the reported revenue according to the readings of the summing counters of cash register equipment.

It is necessary to make sure from the books of the cashier-operator that the volume of revenue according to the counters is determined correctly and the proceeds that were not handed over to the central cash desk from the operating cash desk, left as small change at the beginning of the next day, were credited to the central cash desk.

On the expense side of the report, commodity losses are written off, with the exception of natural loss, which is written off when displaying inventory results only if there is an identified shortage. For all write-offs of commodity losses, you should make sure that there is an act filled out by a commission consisting of at least three people independent of the sellers. The act must be approved by the head of the organization and contain explanations from the materially responsible persons and the manager’s decision on the fact of damage. By checking the methodology for reflecting damage, the auditor determines which estimate takes into account losses in the debit of account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables.”

The expenditure side of commodity and cash reports reflects the delivery of boxes and bags to packaging organizations or suppliers. It is necessary to check the correctness of the documentation of these operations, the presence of stamps or seals of suppliers on the shipping documents, powers of attorney, counter receipt notes confirming delivery. A counter receipt invoice or container acceptance certificate helps to correctly draw up accounting entries to reflect differences in the valuation of containers and glassware, determine the amount of container actually accepted by the supplier and the valuation made. All differences in packaging are regulated in correspondence with account 91 “Other income and expenses”, which reflects expenses and income related to packaging in accordance with the Chart of Accounts, PBU 9/99, PBU 10/99. Amounts and transactions on them are controlled.

In terms of consumption, commodity-money reports also reflect small-scale wholesale operations associated with the shipment of goods in small quantities to wholesale buyers and individuals - individual entrepreneurs. When checking them, it should be taken into account that during release discounts can be made from the retail price, but this does not mean a markdown of goods, since discounts are made within the limits of the previously made markup. Therefore, you should check whether too large discounts have been made that go beyond the previously made markup. Naturally, they check the presence of a power of attorney from the buyer and the entries made by the accountant.

In retail trade enterprises, due to the fact that goods are accounted for at retail (sales) prices, additional valuations or markdowns of goods are possible, which are associated with changes in the previously made trade margin. Trade margins may change for various reasons. For example, when the sales period expires, discounts can be made on the price, and vice versa, additional valuations can be made in the case when a new product from the same supplier arrives at the store, but at higher purchase prices, if there are unsold inventory from the previous batch. Then the remaining unsold goods are revalued to new retail prices.

Markdowns and revaluations are reflected by the following entries:

Debit account 41 “Goods” Credit account 42 “Trade margin” (in black or red).

If the markdown is entered into debit 42 “Trade margin” and credit 41 “Goods”, then this will not be a significant qualitative distortion, since essentially nothing will change. Markdowns and revaluations are documented in acts drawn up by the commission. When checking these transactions, always pay attention to the commission structure. The commission must consist of at least three people from persons not associated with the trading floor, i.e. not from financially responsible persons.

The verification of retail trade transactions ends with a reconciliation of the balances that are listed in the last report of financially responsible persons for the month, in the general ledger and in the balance sheet, taking into account that the balance sheet shows the balances of account 41 “Goods” minus the trade margin and increased by the balance not written off from account 44 “Sale expenses” of transportation and procurement expenses.

During the audit it is necessary:

1. analyze the essence of contracts (purchase and sale agreement, commission agreement, barter, etc.);

2. establish the correctness of the receipt of goods;

3. examine the procedure for reflecting the sale of goods, incl. in retail trade, monitor the correctness of calculation of trade margins and their write-off for goods sold;

4. establish the correctness of tax calculations.

In trade, the sale of goods is regulated by contracts of purchase and sale, delivery, barter, commission, etc.

Under a purchase and sale agreement, one party (seller) undertakes to transfer the property (goods) to the other party (buyer), and the buyer undertakes to accept this product and pay a certain amount of money (price) for it.

Under a supply agreement, the supplier-seller engaged in business activities undertakes to transfer, within a specified period or terms, the goods produced or purchased by him to the buyer for use in business activities or for other purposes not related to personal, family, home and other similar use.

Under an exchange agreement, each party undertakes to transfer one product into the ownership of the other party in exchange for another.

Under a commission agreement, one party (the commission agent) undertakes, on behalf of the other party (the principal), for a fee, to carry out one or more transactions on its own behalf, but at the expense of the principal (Article 990, clause 1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

The accounting procedure for trade transactions and the procedure for their taxation depend on the type of agreement.

When checking the completeness of the receipt of goods, the correctness of the execution of primary documents is established, on the basis of which goods are accepted into the warehouse, the main of which are: waybill, invoices, and when accepting cargo from the railway - freight receipts.

If the supplier's invoice was paid before the goods arrived, and upon acceptance of the goods received into the warehouse, a shortage was discovered in excess of the amounts stipulated in the contract against the invoiced quantity, VAT must be charged on the goods received and on the shortage within the limits of natural loss. Transport and procurement costs should be written off similarly. Next, you need to check the statements of claims made to the supplier. It is possible to capitalize undelivered goods and charge VAT on this value of the goods only after they have been received at the warehouse.

Next, the organization of warehouse and analytical accounting of goods and their safety is checked. The auditor checks the existence of orders for hiring financially responsible persons and their approval by the chief accountant, as well as the existence of agreements on full financial responsibility. To establish the qualifications of financially responsible persons, they become familiar with the results and quality of inventory materials. It is determined whether the deadlines for submitting primary documents from warehouses to the enterprise accounting department are met, the validity and timeliness of recording and counting turnover and balances in warehouse accounting cards by the warehouse manager. The auditor needs to check the existence of an order on a permanent inventory commission, as well as the procedure for reflecting the results of the inventory in accounting and reporting. It is also necessary to establish whether the requirements for organizing the accounting of material assets (goods) are met.

The organization of the work of collecting audit evidence for checking primary documents for the receipt of goods is as follows: the receipt documents of selected goods and cash reports are reviewed, the name of the supplier of goods is written down; Next, a folder with contracts, purchasing acts, transaction agreements, application letters and telegrams for the supply of goods is viewed. Then the availability of supplier invoices for each specific delivery is checked.

One of the most important areas of the audit of commodity transactions is checking the correctness of the formation of the initial cost of goods in accordance with clause 6 of PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories”.

Purchased goods are accepted for accounting at actual cost, i.e. the amount of all costs associated with the purchase of goods, excluding refundable taxes (VAT).

When conducting an audit, it is very important to compare the conditions for accounting for the costs of transporting goods, enshrined in the accounting policy, with the actual accounting and distribution of transport costs.

Synthetic and analytical accounting of the movement of goods. Accounting for the receipt of goods at the enterprise. Accounting for the sale of goods at the enterprise. In addition, not only trade enterprises are engaged in the purchase and sale of goods.

If this work does not suit you, at the bottom of the page there is a list of similar works. You can also use the search button