Centers of economic power in Asia. Five centers of overseas Asian economics
The economy of the region as a whole is characterized by the following features:
- Most countries are characterized by a transition period from feudalism to capitalism.
- The economy of most countries is developing quite rapidly, which ensures an increased role of the region as a whole in the world economy.
- The specialization of the countries in the region is very diverse.
- In the international division of labor it acts, first of all, as a major supplier of mineral and agricultural raw materials to the world market. The share of Overseas Asia in the world's manufacturing industry, especially heavy industry, is small. Its leading industries (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and textile industries) are mainly represented by their enterprises in Japan and China and in a small group of developing countries that have recently achieved significant success in developing their economies (India, the Republic of Korea, Hong Kong, Iran, Iraq). Large metallurgical plants have been created in China, Japan and Turkey.
- The leading sector of the economy of the vast majority of countries in Foreign Asia is. The majority of the economically active population is employed in agriculture.
Agriculture of Foreign Asia
The peculiarities of agriculture in Foreign Asia are the combination of commercial and consumer farming, landowner and peasant land use, as well as the predominance of food crops over industrial crops and.
The main food crop of Foreign Asia is rice. Its countries (China, India, Japan, etc.) provide over 90% of world rice production. The second most important grain crop in Foreign Asia is wheat. In coastal, well-moistened areas, winter wheat is grown, and in the arid continental part - spring wheat. Among other grains, corn and millet are significant. Despite the fact that Foreign Asia produces the vast majority of rice and about 20% of the world's wheat, many of its countries are forced to buy grain, since their food problem has not been solved.
Foreign Asia occupies a prominent place in the world in the production of soybeans, copra (dried coconut pulp), coffee, tobacco, tropical and subtropical fruits, grapes, and various spices (red and black pepper, ginger, vanilla, cloves), which are also exported.
The level of development of livestock farming in Foreign Asia is lower than in other regions of the world. The main ones are cattle breeding and sheep breeding, and in countries with a non-Muslim population (China, Vietnam, Korea, Japan) - pig breeding. Horses, camels, and yaks are bred in desert and highland areas. Export livestock products are insignificant and mainly consist of wool, hides and skins. In coastal countries, fishing is of great importance.
The distribution of agriculture in the vast area of Foreign Asia is highly dependent on environmental factors. In general, several have formed in the region.
- The monsoon sector of East, Southeast and South Asia is the main rice growing area. Rice is sown in river valleys on flooded fields. In the higher parts of the same sector there are tea plantations (China, Japan, India, etc.) and opium poppy plantations (Laos, Thailand).
- Subtropical farming region - coast. Fruits, rubber, dates, and almonds are grown here.
- The area of grazing livestock - and South-West Asia (here livestock farming is combined with oases).
In most developing countries of Foreign Asia, industry is represented primarily by mining industries. The reason for this is their good supply and the general low level of development of processing (end) industries.
However, the differences in the level of economic development of various countries and regions of Foreign Asia are so significant that it is advisable to consider the region’s economy regionally.
If we proceed from the ten-member structure of the world economy, then within Foreign Asia there are five centers (among them, three centers are individual countries):
- China;
- Japan;
- India;
- Newly industrialized countries;
- Oil exporting countries.
China Since the 70s, he began an economic reform (“Gaige”), based on a combination of planned and market economies. As a result, there has been unprecedented growth in the country's economy. In 1990, China already ranked 3rd in GDP after Japan, and by 2000 it was ahead. However, based on GDP per capita, China still lags significantly behind leading countries. Despite this, China largely determines the progress of the entire Asia-Pacific region. Modern China is a powerful industrial-agrarian country, occupying important positions in (first place in coal and steel production, production of cotton fabrics, televisions, radios, gross grain harvest; second place in the production of electricity, chemical fertilizers, synthetic materials, etc. The face of China is primarily determined by its severity.
Japan came out of the 2nd World War with a completely destroyed country. But it not only managed to restore the economy, but also became the No. 2 power in the world, a member of the G7, and came out on top in many economic indicators. At first it developed primarily along an evolutionary path. Using imported raw materials, such basic industries as energy, metallurgy, automotive, shipbuilding, chemical, petrochemical, and construction industries were created almost anew. After the energy and raw materials crises of the 70s, the revolutionary path of development began to prevail in Japanese industry. The country began to limit the growth of energy-intensive and metal-intensive industries and focus on the latest knowledge-intensive industries. It has become a leader in the field of electronics, robotics, biotechnology, and has begun to use energy. Japan ranks first in the world in terms of the share of spending on science. Since the 90s, the “Japanese economic miracle” has faded and the pace of economic development has slowed down, however, the country still maintains a leading position in many economic indicators.
India is one of the key countries in the developing world. She began economic reform in the 90s and achieved some success. However, it remains a country of very great contrasts. For example:
- it ranks fifth in the world in terms of total industrial production, but 102nd in terms of national income per capita;
- powerful enterprises equipped with the latest technology are combined with tens of thousands of handicraft industries (“industry at home”);
- in agriculture, large farms and plantations are combined with millions of small peasant farms;
- India ranks first in the number of cattle and one of the last in the consumption of meat products;
- in terms of the number of scientific and technical specialists, India is second only to Russia and the United States, but occupies a leading position in “brain drain”, which has affected almost all areas of science and technology, and at the same time half of the population is illiterate;
- In Indian cities, modern, well-appointed areas coexist with slums, home to millions of homeless and unemployed people.
Among the rest of the countries of Foreign Asia, Türkiye, Iran, Pakistan, Israel, etc. stand out in terms of level of economic development.
ASEAN - Association of Southeast Asian Nations was founded on August 8, 1967 in Bangkok. It included Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines, then Brunei Darussalam (in 1984), Vietnam (in 1995), Laos and Myanmar (in 1997), Cambodia (in 1999). Papua New Guinea has special observer status. Goals of creation: to promote the development of socio-economic and cultural cooperation of the member countries of the organization; promoting peace and stability in Southeast Asia (SEA). The transformation of ASEAN into one of the global political and economic centers of a multipolar world has stimulated this regional grouping of countries to actively solve a number of extremely important tasks: the formation of a free trade zone and an investment zone; the introduction of a single currency and the creation of a comprehensive economic infrastructure, the formation of a special management structure. ASEAN - Association of Southeast Asian Nations was founded on August 8, 1967 in Bangkok. It included Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines, then Brunei Darussalam (in 1984), Vietnam (in 1995), Laos and Myanmar (in 1997), Cambodia (in 1999). Papua New Guinea has special observer status. Goals of creation: to promote the development of socio-economic and cultural cooperation of the member countries of the organization; promoting peace and stability in Southeast Asia (SEA). The transformation of ASEAN into one of the global political and economic centers of a multipolar world has stimulated this regional grouping of countries to actively solve a number of extremely important tasks: the formation of a free trade zone and an investment zone; the introduction of a single currency and the creation of a comprehensive economic infrastructure, the formation of a special management structure.
OREC is the Organization of Oil Exporting Countries, an international intergovernmental organization created by oil-producing countries in order to stabilize oil prices. OPEC consists of 12 countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador and Angola. The headquarters is located in Vienna. OREC is the Organization of Oil Exporting Countries, an international intergovernmental organization created by oil-producing countries in order to stabilize oil prices. OPEC consists of 12 countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador and Angola. The headquarters is located in Vienna.
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) The main objectives of the organization are strengthening stability and security in a wide area uniting member states, combating terrorism, separatism, extremism, drug trafficking, developing economic cooperation, energy partnership, scientific and cultural interaction. Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) The main objectives of the organization are strengthening stability and security in a wide area uniting member states, combating terrorism, separatism, extremism, drug trafficking, developing economic cooperation, energy partnership, scientific and cultural interaction.
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Australia Australia Brunei Vietnam Hong Kong Indonesia Canada China Republic of Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New Guinea Peru Russia Singapore United States of America Thailand Taiwan Philippines Chile Japan Brunei Vietnam Hong Kong Indonesia Canada China Republic of Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New Guinea Peru Russia Singapore United States of America Thailand TaiwanPhilippinesChileJapan Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum of 21 Asia-Pacific economies for cooperation in regional trade and investment facilitation and liberalization. APEC's goal is to enhance economic growth and prosperity in the region and strengthen the Asia-Pacific community. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APEC includes: Australia Brunei Vietnam Hong Kong Indonesia Canada China Republic of Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New Guinea Peru Russia Singapore United States of America Thailand Taiwan Australia Brunei Vietnam Hong Kong Indonesia Canada China Republic of Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New Guinea Peru Russia Singapore United States of America ThailandTaiwan Philippines Chile JapanPhilippinesChileJapan Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC is a forum of 21 Asia-Pacific economies for cooperation in regional trade and investment facilitation and liberalization. APEC's goal is to enhance economic growth and prosperity in the region and strengthen the Asia-Pacific community. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APEC includes: Australia Brunei Vietnam Hong Kong Indonesia Canada China Republic of Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New Guinea Peru Russia Singapore United States of America Thailand Taiwan Australia Brunei Vietnam Hong Kong Indonesia Canada China Republic of Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New Guinea Peru Russia Singapore United States of America islandTaiwan Philippines Chile JapanPhilippinesChileJapan
FIVE COUNTRIES OF ECONOMIC POWER IN ASIA
CENTERS
FEATURES OF THE FARM
1. China
2. Japan
3. India
4. NIS countries
5. Oil exporting countries
By GDP level
1990 – 3rd place in the world
2011 – 2nd place in the world
- Since the 70s of the 20th century, radical economic reform began to be implemented, based on a combination of planned and market economies.
- It is at the industrial stage of development.
- In terms of per capita economic indicators, it lags behind not only European countries, but also many countries in the South.
Using Figure 59 on page 228, write down in the table what types of products China is among the top three in the world for?
Robot model from Japan
- GDP - 4th place in the world;
- part of the "big"
sevens";
- pace of socio-economic
the country's development has slowed down;
Using Figure 59 on page 228, write down in the table what types of products Japan is among the top three in the world for?
The main features of the economic development of modern India.
- GDP - 3rd place in the world (2011);
- ranks 9th in the world after countries
G7 and China by volume
industrial production;
- one of the world's largest centers
information technologies;
"first echelon"
"second echelon"
Developed industries:
- automotive
- oil refining
- petrochemical
- shipbuilding
- electrical engineering
- electronic
- South Korea
- Singapore
- Hong Kong
- Taiwan
- Malaysia
- Thailand
- Indonesia
Newly industrialized countries are a group of developing countries that have experienced a qualitative leap in socio-economic indicators over the past decades. The economies of these countries in a short period of time made the transition from a backward economy, typical of developing countries, to a highly developed one. They are now competing with the US, Japan and the European Union. In these countries, the proportion of literate people has increased, education has become free and accessible to all. Gross domestic income per capita is about $15,000, and its annual growth has stabilized at 7%.
- large oil and gas production areas;
- petrochemistry and metallurgy are developed,
service sector;
- use drip irrigation,
controlled computer.
GRAZING AREAS
RICE GROWING AREAS
"TEA LANDSCAPE"
AREAS
SUBTROPICAL AGRICULTURE
FOREIGN ASIA
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
PLAN - LESSON OUTLINE
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREIGN ASIA
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
TERRITORIAL COMPOSITION
SUBREGIONS OF ASIA
HETEROGENEITY OF COUNTRIES
POPULATION
DEMOGRAPHIC SITUATION
ACCOMMODATION
ETHNIC COMPOSITION
Lesson questions:
1. What are the features of GPs in foreign Asia?
2. How many states are there in modern foreign Asia?
3. What subregions is Asia divided into?
4. How is the heterogeneity of the countries of foreign Asia manifested?
5. What is the demographic situation in overseas Asia?
6. How is the population distributed across the territory of foreign Asia?
7. What are the levels and rates of urbanization in Asia?
8. What are the features of the ethnic composition of the population?
NATURAL RESOURCES
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF FOREIGN ASIA
The territory of foreign Asia stretches from north to south for almost 7 thousand km, and from west to east for more than 10 thousand km.
Most Asian countries are large, China and India are giants, but there are also microstates - Singapore, Bahrain, Qatar.
In the EGP of the region we can distinguish
three features:
1. Neighborhood status of countries (unites the region)
2. The coastal location of most countries (provides access to the seas of 3 oceans)
3. Depth position
some countries (makes it difficult to communicate with other countries)
Exercise. Justify these features and provide specific examples.
General characteristics of Foreign Asia.
48
states
SUB REGIONS
Eastern
and Central
Asia
South-Eastern
Asia
South
Asia
5 states
11 states
Square
32 million km2
Population
3.7 billion people
1. China
2. Mongolia
3. DPRK
4. South Korea
5. Japan
Southwestern
Asia
Average
Asia
7 states
20 states
5 states
1. Myanmar
2. Laos
3. Vietnam
4. Thailand
5. Cambodia
6. Malaysia
7. Brunei
8. Singapore
9. Indonesia
10. East Timor
11. Philippines
1. Pakistan
2. India
3. Nepal
4. Butane
5. Bangladesh
6. Sri Lanka
7. Maldives
1. Georgia* 12. Iraq
2. Armenia* 13. Kuwait
3. Azerbaijan.* 14. Bahrain
4. Syria 15. Qatar
5. Türkiye 16. UAE
6. Cyprus 17. Oman
7. Lebanon 18. Afghanistan
8. Jordan 19. Iran
9. Palestine 20. Yemen
10. Israel
11. Saudi Arabia
1. Kazakhstan*
2. Uzbekistan*
3. Turkmenistan*
4. Tajikistan*
5. Kyrgyzstan*
(* - states
within the CIS)
REGIONAL ASIAN
Share of Asian regions in area and population
32 million km2 = 20% land area
3.7 billion people = 60%
HETEROGENEITY
ASIAN COUNTRIESAsian countries are very different. They differ in the size of the territory and natural resources, level of development, political structure, etc. These are huge China and India, and the tiny Republic of Maldives. This is Kuwait, in the depths of which billions of tons of oil are hidden and where per capita
For annual national income is more than $25,000, and the poorest countries have incomes of less than $200 (Afghanistan, Bhutan). These are semi-feudal monarchies (Nepal), bourgeois and socialist republics, etc.
The differences became especially sharp after World War II. Japan made an unprecedented leap in the development of productive forces, surpassing dozens of countries. Malaysia, Singapore, and South Korea have achieved notable success.
Heterogeneity
Asian countries
Oil producing
countries
Developing
super countries
Least
developed
* EDC - economically developed countries
* NIS - new industrial countries
* RS - developing countries
Others
RS*
Israel
Japan
South Korea
Singapore
China
India
The heterogeneity of countries and the colonial past aggravate territorial, political and interethnic problems in the region.
Territorial disputes:
India-Pakistan
Iran - Iraq
India - China
Japan - Russia
Greece - Türkiye
Korea is divided by a demarcation line into the DPRK and the Republic of Korea.
Relations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority are still far from being fully resolved.
In 1948 in Northern
Korea came to power
communist party. Five years of struggle led to the fact that in 1953 the Korean Peninsula was divided into two countries.
POPULATION OF ASIA
Population reproduction in Asia is characterized by high natural growth (see the map of the atlas “Natural population growth”), in most countries it is more than 20 people/year per 1000 inhabitants. In the countries of East and Central Asia, demographic policy has already led to a significant decrease in the birth rate and natural population growth.
Natural population growth
Over 30
- 25 - 30
- 20 - 25
- 15 - 20
- 10 - 15
- 5 - 10
Kazakhstan
Conclusion:
The reproduction of the population of foreign Asia is characterized by:
fast pace;
average life expectancy - 64 years
* - sex-age structure
Next
slide
SEX AND AGE STRUCTURE
POPULATIONS OF ASIAThe high proportion of EAN* has caused labor migration in the region. The countries of South-West Asia have become the center of attraction for labor migrants. For example, in the UAE and Kuwait, 80 - 90% of all employees are migrants.
Main areas of activity of migrants:
- oil industry;
- transport;
- services sector;
- construction.
* - economically active population
S. and S.E. A.
WORK MIGRATION
ZAP. EUROPE
NORTH AMERICA
Slide No. 10
POPULATION PLACEMENT
The distribution of the population is highly uneven; population density varies from country to country: in Bangladesh it is 950 people/km2, while in Mongolia it is 1.5 people/km2.
Mongolia
Bangladesh
Primorskie
plains,
valleys and
river deltas
Deserts,
half empty-
neither, high
mountain, trail
forests
Analyze the map.
Which subregion of Asia has the highest population density and which has the lowest?
NUMBER
1. China - 1.3 billion people.
2. India - 1 billion people.
3. Indonesia - 200 million
4. Bangladesh - 150 million
5. Pakistan - 140 million
6. Japan - 125 million
Slide No. 11
POPULATION PLACEMENT
The main impact on the distribution of the population is the process of urbanization, the share of the urban population is growing rapidly in the region, there is an “urban boom”, China and India occupy respectively 1 and 2 places in the world in terms of the number of urban residents, however, as the large diagram shows proportion of the population lives in rural areas.
Rural settlement is characterized by a village form. Among the Mongols, Afghans and other peoples who maintain a nomadic lifestyle, the main type of dwelling is a yurt or tent.
Philippine
village
LEVELS OF URBANIZATION
Japan - 80%
China - 35%
India - 30%
1st and 2nd place
number of citizens
AGGLOMERATION
Tokyo - 18.5 million people.
Shanghai - 13.4 million people.
Kolkata - 12 million people.
Bombay - 11 million people.
High growth rates of the urban population lead to the emergence of slum areas, i.e. the process of false urbanization is expressed.
Slide No. 12
ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION OF ASIA
Ethnic composition of foreign Asia
It's very mosaic!
1000 nations
600 languages
MOST COUNTRIES ARE MULTINATIONAL
(INDIA AND INDONESIA - MORE THAN 150 PEOPLES, PHILIPPINES - 100, CHINA - MORE THAN 50, VIETNAM, MYANMAR, THAILAND - MORE THAN 30 PEOPLES.
ASIA IS THE HOMELAND OF ALL RELIGIONS OF THE WORLD
The complexity of the ethnic and religious composition of a number of countries leads to the emergence of interethnic
religious and religious conflicts, many of which occur under the slogans of separatism - a policy with the main goal of creating its own national state formation. (For example, the Kurds are a people numbering about 20 million people. Historically, they found themselves part of Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria. For a long time, the leaders of the Kurdish national movement have been seeking the creation of an independent state of Kurdistan, including by armed means.
World-important reserves of iron and manganese ores lie in the depths of India, and chromite reserves in Turkey and the Philippines. The world's largest tin-tungsten belt stretches from Myanmar to Indonesia.
1. Find and show on the map:
a) highly developed states that form the framework of the world economy;
b) underdeveloped countries.
a) USA, China, Germany, Japan
b) Zimbabwe, Chad, Bhutan, Cambodia
2. Give examples of the socio-economic heterogeneity of the world.
The world is extremely heterogeneous in its socio-economic nature. Currently, three groups of countries can be distinguished: industrialized countries with market economies, forming, as it were, the framework of the world economy; developing countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America and Oceania (or third world countries); countries with economies in transition, represented mainly by the states of Eastern Europe and the CIS, which are on the path to developing new forms of economic management.
3. What is national wealth? How is it calculated?
National wealth is the totality of material wealth accumulated in the process of labor that belongs to the state. It can be calculated in different ways. in accordance with the approach adopted in the USSR (and still used by the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation) the main thing in calculating national wealth is the sum of material goods (productive and non-productive capital).
Some scientists believe that the main wealth of a country is its people. However, the size of a country's population does not automatically lead to its prosperity. The main thing is the educational and professional level of the population, the spiritual potential of the nation, its entrepreneurship, etc.
4. Economic and political centers of the early 21st century. - This:
1) USA, Western Europe, Canada, Japan;
2) USA, Western Europe, Japan, China;
3) USA, Europe, Japan, China.
2 - USA, Western Europe, Japan, China
5. By what indicators can we judge the level of socio-economic development of a country? Explain why.
The level of socio-economic development of a country can be judged by such indicators as the volume of GDP, the level of GDP per capita, the degree of participation in world trade, the share of exports (primarily science- and technology-intensive), the quality and standard of living of the population, since they most adequately reflect the economic potential and competitiveness of an individual state. The level of socio-economic development of a country also depends on sound government, democracy, maximum use of the creative potential of the people, an atmosphere of competition, etc.
6. Do you agree that the standard of living of people is usually compared with the standard of living in the USA? Give reasons for your point of view.
I agree, since today the United States is the leading economy in the world and occupies one of the leading positions in terms of the standard of living of the population.
7. How do you understand the words of the famous economist P. Baur: “The polarization of society contributes to the bitterness of the poor and the indifference of the rich”?
The polarization of society contributes to the fact that the two extreme layers of the population (conventionally, the poor and the rich) diverge even further, that is, the rich become richer, and the poor, accordingly, become poorer. Rich people live in abundance and have the opportunity to satisfy their needs, which grow without limit. The rich begin the pursuit of more and more material wealth and prestige. The rest of the needs are satisfied and they believe that life is going on as usual, as it should be, i.e. they become indifferent. Poor people, becoming poorer, often do not have the opportunity to satisfy even basic needs (food, housing, clothing, security). They begin to look at how others live because they feel deprived and seek justice. When they see the enormous wealth of others, the thirst for justice, retribution, “to take from the rich and give to the poor,” intensifies. This promotes bitterness.
