Economic development after the abolition of serfdom presentation. Socio-economic development after the abolition of serfdom

The industrial revolution in Russia, which began in the 30s of the 19th century, predetermined the beginning of industrial growth and the development of commodity-money relations. Social and economic development received a particularly powerful impetus after the abolition of serfdom.

Economic development of Russia after the Peasant Reform

A necessary condition for the transition to a new level of market-capitalist relations was the transformation of auxiliary infrastructure - the construction of new highways, shipping fairways, railways and stations.

Railway transport

The issue of railways was especially acute in the Russian Empire. The first railway was built between St. Petersburg and Moscow on November 1, 1851. In the mid-60s, railway construction accelerated. Moscow became the central axis of construction.

On August 1, 1862, the first train left Nizhny Novgorod for Moscow. In 1869, a road was built that connected the southern provinces with Moscow. Railways also entangled Siberia, so in 1891 the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway was largely completed. By the mid-90s, the total length of Russian railways was 28.7 thousand miles.

Thanks to the railroads, small county towns developed, towns that no one had heard of. Conversely, large cities could find themselves in a peripheral zone, far from the railways. For example, in 1871, from the merger of two small villages of Ivanovo and Voznesensk, a large industrial center Ivanovo-Voznesensk with a developed textile industry arose. But the nearby city of Vladimir gradually began to stop developing, since it was quite far from the railway.

Rice. 1. Ivanovo-Voznesensk. Factory N. Garelin.

Metallurgical industry

After the Peasant Reform, the country's industrial sector slowed down a little in its development, as many industries, including metallurgy, switched from forced labor to civilian labor. In addition, many enterprises needed to be re-equipped in a new way.

Only by the beginning of the 70s of the 19th century did iron smelting reach the volumes of the late 50s. Such slow growth rates were due to a complete restructuring of the equipment of the Ural factories.
At the same time, there is an accelerated growth rate of the mining and metallurgical industry in the Donetsk basin.
Mechanical engineering in the Russian Empire was underdeveloped and could not fully provide the railway with rolling stock. Therefore, locomotives and carriages were imported at that time mainly from England, since there was practically no domestic mechanical engineering.
Alexander II did everything possible to encourage domestic mechanical engineering, and in the early 70s, it was finally put into production. By the beginning of the 80s, basically the entire railway fleet consisted of domestically produced carriages and steam locomotives.

From the late 60s to the mid-80s of the 19th century, the main industrial regions were formed in the Russian Empire - St. Petersburg, Moscow, Ural and Southern. Textile production was concentrated in the Moscow industrial region, and the St. Petersburg industrial region was a center of mechanical engineering. The Southern and Ural industrial regions were the main metallurgical bases of the Russian Empire.

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Socio-economic development of agriculture

The development of agriculture in the Russian Empire after the Peasant Reform of 1861 was not as successful as in the industrial sector. True, by 1881 Russia came out on top in the world in bread exports.

After the abolition of serfdom in 1861, landowners had to re-adapt to the new economic conditions of the market and rebuild their economy anew. The meager “cuts” created during the reforms forced the peasants to bow to the landowner in order to rent land from him.
What could a peasant offer to a landowner for renting plots? Often nothing but your own work. The peasant continued to work off his corvée for the landowner, only now with his own equipment and his own horses. Such labor was a semi-serf relic and hampered the further development of market relations.
Progressive landowners sought to build their farms with a capitalist bent. They raised their own livestock, bought equipment, introduced technical innovations into agriculture, and hired workers for piecework wages. However, not everyone was able to withstand competition with bonded forms of exploitation.
After 1861, a clear stratification of the peasantry began to be observed in the village: the family, which had a surplus of harvest, and which no longer had to be shared with the landowner, gradually became prosperous. On the other hand, ruined peasants appeared in the village, eking out a miserable existence and could not do anything to improve their situation. The bulk of the peasants living in the volosts and districts consisted of the poor and middle peasants. On average, almost every peasant family received up to 34 rubles in annual payments, which had a devastating impact on the finances of any family.

Rice. 2. Return of peasants from funerals in winter. V. P. Perov 1880.

After the Peasant Reform of 1861, the landowner's attitude towards the peasants changed greatly. If earlier the landowner could still come to the aid of the peasant (because he was the property of the landowner), now the former owner squeezed the last strength out of the peasant when he worked off the corvee. Only a few of the most humane landowners tried to mend the broken relationship between the landowner and the peasant. All this led to further class contradictions between the landowner and the peasant.

Socio-economic development in the Black Earth Region gradually picked up pace. The first generation of peasants managed to partially pay off their plots after the Peasant Reform. Land plots began to be inherited.
Things proceeded completely differently in the non-black earth provinces. Here plots of land did not bring such profitability. The allocated plots did not pay for themselves at all. This forced peasants to move to the city to work. Although at the same time, the peasant did not have the right to get rid of the allotment without paying for it.

Rice. 3. Peasants go to work in the city.

Many workers broke with the countryside and remained in the city forever. Thus, the cities were replenished with population due to peasants who came to work.

Social and economic processes in the Russian Empire proceeded far differently in different parts of the vast country. However, despite all the inconsistency and incompleteness of the reforms, they accelerated the transition from subsistence farming to commodity-market relations of the capitalist structure. The Industrial Revolution was largely completed by the 1990s. By this time, the Russian Empire had reached the world level in many indicators of light and heavy industry.

What have we learned?

The abolition of serfdom in 1861 and liberal reforms significantly improved the conditions for the development of productive forces and the formation of new capitalist relations. This process was controversial and far from ambiguous, which showed the imperfection and incompleteness of the liberal reforms of Alexander II.

Test on the topic

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The basis of agriculture after the reform is landowners and peasant farms. Agriculture What are the positive and negative aspects in the development of: A) landowner, B) peasant farming in post-reform times (p).

Conclude: Lack of money to pay wages to employees; economic development. The existence of a labor system The temporary obligation of peasants The increase in rent for land Redemption payments The existence of a peasant community The pace of transition of the economy to capitalist rails is slow

Development of capitalism Indicate which facts of the development of Russia at the end of the 19th century relate to feudal remnants and which to capitalist ones. Feudal Capitalist Preservation of the labor system. Opening of State Bank. Redemption payments. Liberation of the peasants. Preservation of the peasant community. Preservation of landownership. Conclusion

Fact 1. The assigned peasants who worked in factories and factories, having received freedom, gave up forced labor and returned to the village. Development of industry Fact 2. In 1861 A global trade and industrial crisis broke out and cotton prices rose sharply. The Russian cotton industry worked mainly on imported cotton. What conclusion can be drawn by analyzing these facts?

UralMetallurgical production Southern Russia (Donbass) Mining of coal, iron ore, metallurgical industry Caucasus (Baku region) Oil production Center of Russia (Moscow province) Large mechanical engineering St. PetersburgLarge mechanical engineering Central Asia Cotton and paper industry Central Russia Beet sugar industry Economic development of the country

State Bank Financial reform 1. Financing of enterprises 2. Promoting the development of industries: metallurgical; textile; sugar; mechanical engineering V.A. Kokorev

Donetsk Coal Basin Textile industry Central economic region Ural economic region. Metallurgical industry Sugar industry Chernigov, Kharkov Textile industry Poland Putilov machine-building plant Industrial revolution of the XIX century in the XIX century.

History test Socio-economic development after the abolition of serfdom for 8th grade students with answers. The test includes 2 options, each option has 5 tasks.

1 option

1. The emergence of what concept is associated with the Peasant Reform of 1861?

1) corvee
2) month
3) redemption payments
4) state peasants

2. What phenomenon of economic life in Russia dates back to the 1870s?

1) liberation of the serf workers of the Urals
2) issue of the first paper money - banknotes
3) the emergence of the Southern industrial region
4) creation of the State Bank

3. What was one of the manifestations of the problems in the development of heavy industry in Russia in the 1870-1880s?

1) low technical equipment of enterprises
2) preservation of serf labor in industry
3) lack of machine-building enterprises
4) absence of government orders

1) lack of railways
2) large military expenditures by Russia due to the war with Turkey
3) the absence of a government agency that provided loans to entrepreneurs
4) lack of natural resources for industrial development

5. Name at least two reasons why peasant farms experienced a crisis after the abolition of serfdom.

Option 2

1. The spread of which concept in Russia in the second half of the 19th century? Is it primarily due to the growth of the labor movement?

1) blockade
2) strike
3) manifestation
4) demonstration

2. What was one of the manifestations of the lag of heavy industry in Russia in the 1870-1880s. from the industry of Western countries?

1) lack of machine-building enterprises
2) strong dependence of enterprises on supplies of raw materials from abroad
3) preservation of serf labor in industry
4) low level of production per capita

3. What phenomenon of economic life in Russia dates back to the late 1860s - early 1870s?

1) railway fever
2) the beginning of the industrial revolution
3) the emergence of the Ural industrial region
4) issue of the first paper money - banknotes

4. What was one of the reasons for the slow growth of the Russian economy in the early 1880s?

1) lack of natural resources for industrial development
2) government ban on attracting foreign capital
3) ruin of the peasantry due to high taxes and redemption payments
4) complete lack of government support for entrepreneurs

5. Name at least two reasons why landowners' farms experienced a crisis after the abolition of serfdom.

Answers to a history test: Socio-economic development after the abolition of serfdom
1 option
1-3
2-3
3-1
4-2
5. Insufficient plots; ruinous taxes and redemption payments; inhibiting influence of the peasant community.
Option 2
1-2
2-4
3-1
4-3
5. The inability or unwillingness of a number of landowners to rebuild their farms in a new way: previous debt of landowners’ farms, lack of funds received when purchasing land; large unproductive expenses of landowners.

In the 17th century The foundation of the Russian economy was still agriculture, based on serf labor. Agricultural technology remained virtually unchanged for centuries. Three-field farming prevailed, but undercutting also remained, especially in the north of the country. They sowed rye, oats, wheat, barley, buckwheat, peas, and flax and hemp among industrial crops. The economy was still subsistence in nature. The growth of agricultural production was achieved through extensive methods - through the development of new lands.

In the 17th century there was a further growth of feudal land ownership. After the turbulent events of the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries. There was a kind of redistribution of land within the ruling class. The new Romanov dynasty, strengthening its position, made extensive use of the distribution of land to the nobles. In the central regions of the country, land ownership by black-growing peasants has practically disappeared. Noble land ownership widely penetrated the Volga region, and by the end of the 17th century, into the developed areas of the Wild Field.

The state took the path of assigning peasants to their owners. In 1619, a five-year search was again announced, and in 1637, a nine-year search for fugitives. In 1642, a decree was again issued on a ten-year period for the search for fugitives and a fifteen-year search for peasants who were forcibly taken out. The Council Code of 1649 completed the process of legal registration of serfdom (since the meaning of the Council Code goes beyond this framework, defining all aspects of Russian life, see the next chapter for details).

A new phenomenon in the development of the economy compared to previous times was the strengthening of its connection with the market. Nobles, boyars, and especially monasteries became increasingly involved in trade and fishing activities.

By the end of the 17th century. In accordance with natural and geographical conditions, handicraft production areas have mainly developed. The centers of metallurgy and metalworking received further development, and the jewelry business flourished. Significant centers for the production of textiles and flax appeared. Not only cities, but also a number of quitrent villages became centers of handicraft production.

Simple commodity production becomes capitalist only when it becomes widespread and labor power is transformed into a commodity. In Russia in the 17th century. Such phenomena were episodic and temporary. The centers of free labor that appeared were suppressed by serfdom and, as a rule, soon ceased to exist.

The development of small-scale production prepared the basis for the emergence of manufactories. In the 17th century There were approximately 30 manufactories in Russia. The first state-owned manufactories arose in the 16th century. (Pushkarsky Dvor, Mint). In the 17th century metallurgical plants were built in the Urals and in the Tula region, tanneries in Yaroslavl and Kazan, Khamovny (textile) yard in Moscow. The Nitsinsky copper smelter in the Urals, built in 1631, is usually considered the first privately owned manufactory.

Since there were no free workers in the country, the state began to assign, and later (1721) allowed, the purchase of peasants to factories. The assigned peasants had to work off their taxes to the state at a factory or plant at certain prices. The state provided assistance to enterprise owners with land, timber, and money. Manufactories founded with the support of the state were later called “possession”

In the 17th century The role and importance of the merchants in the life of the country increased. The constantly gathering fairs, where merchants carried out large wholesale and retail trade at that time, became of great importance.

Along with the development of domestic trade, foreign trade also grew. Until the middle of the century, foreign merchants derived enormous benefits from foreign trade by exporting timber, furs, hemp, potash, etc. from Russia. Suffice it to say that the English fleet was built from Russian timber, and the ropes for its ships were made from Russian hemp. Arkhangelsk was the center of Russian trade with Western Europe. There were English and Dutch trading yards here. Close ties were established with the countries of the East through Astrakhan, where the Indian and Persian trading yards were located.

The Russian government supported the growing merchant class. In 1667, the New Trade Charter was published, developing the provisions of the Trade Charter of 1653. The New Trade Charter increased duties on foreign goods. Foreign merchants had the right to conduct wholesale trade only in border trading centers.

In the 17th century The exchange of goods between individual regions of the country expanded significantly, which indicated the beginning of the formation of an all-Russian market. The merging of individual lands into a single economic system began. Growing economic ties strengthened the country's political unity.

Social structure of Russian society. The highest class in the country was the boyars, which included many descendants of former great and appanage princes. About a hundred boyar families owned estates, served the tsar and held leadership positions in the state. By the end of the 17th century. The boyars increasingly lost their power and became closer to the nobility.

The nobles made up the upper layer of the sovereign's service people in the fatherland. They owned estates by inheritance if their children continued to serve after their parents. The nobility significantly strengthened its position at the end of the Troubles and became the support of the royal power. This layer of feudal lords included persons who served at the royal court, as well as city officials, that is, provincial nobles and children of boyars.

The lowest stratum of service people included service people by appointment or recruitment.

The rural peasant population consisted of two main categories. The peasants who lived on the lands of estates and estates were called possessory or privately owned. Another large category of the peasant population was the black-sowing peasantry. They lived on the outskirts of the country and united into communities. The middle position between the black-sown and privately owned peasants was occupied by palace peasants, who served the economic needs of the royal court.

The top of the urban population were merchants. The richest of them were declared “guests” by royal command. Many wealthy merchants united in two Moscow hundreds - the “living room” and the “cloth store”.

The bulk of the urban population were called townspeople. They united into a draft community. The bourgeoisie in the cities has not yet developed. In many Russian cities, military officials and their families predominated among the residents, and large landowners played a decisive role in urban life.

Urban artisans were united along professional lines into settlements and hundreds. They carried out duties in favor of the state, elected their elders and councilors. In addition to them, in the cities there were white settlements that belonged to boyars, monasteries, and bishops. These settlements were “whitewashed” from the population of the city tax in favor of the state. Before Peter the Great's time, a significant number of slaves - serfs - lived both in cities and in rural areas.

A special class was the clergy. It included bishops and monks - the black clergy and priests - the white clergy. The Council Code of 1649 prohibited monasteries from acquiring new estates.

Free and walking people (free Cossacks, children of priests, servicemen and townspeople, hired workers, wandering musicians and buffoons, beggars, vagabonds) did not end up in estates, estates or city communities and did not bear the state tax. From their number, service people were recruited according to the instrument. However, the state tried in every possible way to bring them under its control.

New phenomena in the economy were under the strong influence and control of the feudal system. And this was at a time when bourgeois revolutions took place in the most developed countries of the West (Holland, England), while in others a capitalist economic system was taking shape, based on personal freedom and private property.

One part of Soviet historians unjustifiably connected the beginning of the “new period” with the formation of capitalism in Russia and the emergence of bourgeois relations in the country’s economy. Another part of them believed that the 17th century. was a time of “progressive feudalism” and until the second half of the 18th century. in Russia there were no stable bourgeois relations and a capitalist structure in the economy.

The vast, but sparsely populated and poorly developed territory of Russia with a multinational ethnic composition adhering to different religious denominations, in the context of an ongoing struggle with external dangers, the last of which was foreign intervention during the Time of Troubles, developed at a slower pace than Western countries. This affected the development of the country and the lack of access to ice-free seas, which became one of the tasks of foreign policy.

Conclusion

Summing up the consideration of the socio-economic development of Russia in the 17th century, it should be said that in Russia the feudal-serf system dominated in all spheres of the economic, social and cultural life of the country.

Bibliography

Skrynnikov R.G. Russian history. IX-XVII centuries

History of Russia: textbook. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional / A.S. Orlov, V.A. Georgiev, N.G. Georgieva, T.A. Sivokhina. - M.: TK Welby, Prospekt Publishing House, 2006.

The history of homeland. Directory Katsva L.A.